Chapter 1 Back to Basics: A Brief History of Sports

In this chapter I will:

• examine the nature, meaniPressng and relationship between physical education and sport. • learn about the Olympic Games, compare the differences between ancient and modern Olympics, inspect history of the Olympics and its major developments. • assess the influence and effect of mass media and technology on fitness and physical activity. • examine and develop the values that can be learnt from sports and other sporting activities. • examine how sport and related activities can be used to promote peace and build resilience. • discuss the role and importance of policy and decision-making bodies in sports and Universityunderstand the complex hierarchical structure in sporting organisations of different sports. • differentiate between governing bodies at local, national, regional and international level. • analyse current trends and social issues in sports • critique media information on fitness and physical activity issues. • assess the impact of commercialisation of sports and sponsorship.

Cambridge © Warm-up

• Do you think playing sports helps people work better as a team? • Is it good that professional sports are so commercial nowadays? • Name five most-watched sports in the world? • Who do you think is the best athlete in your country? • Which is the biggest international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities? • Where was the 2018 Commonwealth Games held? • John Wooden said: “Sports do not build character. They reveal it.” Do you agree? Press

Back to Basics The ability to perform daily tasks with vigour and energy, to endure stress and carry on without being fatigued displays a person’s level of fitness. Physical fitness is generally achieved through physical activity, exercise, nutrition, good quality sleep, stress management and relaxation. On the other hand, lack of physical activity can increase University the development of preventable diseases such as high blood pressure, diabetes and obesity. It can also lead to mental conditions and disorders such as anxiety, depression, etc. Any movement by the body which causes the muscles to work and requires energy is known as physical activity. It includes activities such as walking, cycling, playing, carrying out household chores, travelling, and other recreational activities.

Fitness on the other hand refers to the capacity Cambridge of a person to meet the physical demands of daily life and carry out the day’s activities without © undue fatigue. It is considered as a measure of the body’s ability to function efficiently and effectively. These demands will vary from person to person, depending on factors like lifestyle and age.

2 Health & Physical Education What is the difference between physical activity and exercise? Physical activity refers to any kind of activity that the body does which requires energy and causes movement. This may include walking, travelling, house chores, dancing etc. Regular physical activity of any sort contributes in improving your health. Exercise is defined as a form of physical activity done primarily to improve health and physical fitness.The difference is that it is planned, often followed as a routine and aims to either improve or maintain fitness levels. Press

What is the differences between Physical Education and sport? Physical Education contributes to the holistic development of a child by instilling values on physical, mental and social levels. They learn about the ways by which they can live a healthy lifestyle, be fit, develop skill sets for different sporting games, gain confidence through competing and much more. Sports University on the other hand involves the knowledge of skill set and rules for a particular game such as football, basketball, hockey, cricket etc. It also contributes in the development of social values such as responsibility, respect, teamwork, sportsmanship, fair play etc. It is also a crucial mode of instruction for physical education.

TimeCambridge to Discuss! According to WHO, physical inactivity has been identified as the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality causing an estimated 3.2 million deaths globally. More than ©80% of the world’s adolescent population is insufficiently physically active. If exercise makes you live a lot longer, why do so many people not bother to do it? Discuss.

Back to Basics: A Brief History of Sports 3 Activity 1

Raquib is in class 9 and has a very busy schedule. He has school, extra classes, tuitions and more which leave him with no time for exercise. His teacher told him how physical activity keeps teenage bodies and minds fit and healthy. It is also a great way to spend time with friends, meet new people and feel refreshed. He has decided to make a list of benefits he can get by including exercise in his busy schedule. Can you help him complete the list?

Key Competency: Living a healthy life Press You will learn about the basic concepts of physical education which will encourage you to live a healthy life. You will understand the relationship between your lifestyle and health and why regular physical activity and rest are important.

Ask Yourself!

The World Health Organisation recommends that children between the ages 5-17 should spend at least 60 minutes every day doing some sort of physical activity. • What comes to mind when you hear the word ‘exercise’?University • Do you have an exercise routine? If yes, what is your exercise routine? • Why is exercise so important? • Why do many people do not exercise? • What is the best time for you to exercise and why? • Do you think there should be a law that requires everyone to exercise? • Is it more fun to exercise alone or with other people? • Do you need advice about how to exercise? Cambridge ©Activity 2 Raquib has decided to exercise regularly. To ensure that he follows this habit thoroughly he has made a time table where he will record his activity. Make a table for yourself with columns for every day of the week. Keep a track of what you do in day by tracking it on an hourly basis.

4 Health & Physical Education The importance of healthy body in Islam :saying as (ﷺ) Messenger Allah’s reported Huraira Abu

A strong believer is better and is more lovable to Allah than a weak believer, and there is good in everyone, (but) cherish that which gives you benefit (in the Hereafter) and seek help from Allah and do not lose heart, and if anything (in the form of trouble) comes to you, don’t say: If I had not done that, it would not have happened so and so, but say: Allah did that what He had ordained to do and your” if” opens the (gate) for the Satan. Press The Olympic Games The Olympic Games or Olympics is an international sporting event where thousands of athletes from around the world participate in a variety of competitions. Citius, Altius, Fortius which is Latin for ‘Faster, Higher, Stronger’ is the Olympic motto.

The Games have two major categories, summer and winter sports competitions, which occur alternatively every two years. Apart from Summer and Winter Olympic Games, there are other sporting events such as the Paralympic Games for athletes University with a disability and the Youth Olympic Games for teenage athletes.

The first modern Olympic Games were held in Athens in 1896 with 280 participants from 13 nations, competing in 43 events. But did you know that the Olympic Games began over 3,000 years ago in Olympia, Greece? Let us find out about the ancient Olympics and how they differ from modern Games.

Key Competency:Cambridge Practising Islam The knowledge, skills and attitudes learned will enable students to make healthy food choices, conserve resources and understand the consequences of choosing ©to live a healthy life. It will encourage students to exercise in order to be strong and fit, which is strongly emphasised in Islam. Students will be nurtured in the Islamic faith and enhance their understanding of Islam as a complete way of life which is imperative for them to function as practising Muslims.

Back to Basics: A Brief History of Sports 5 Activity 3

The first ancient Olympic Games can be traced back to 776 BCE. More of a religious festival, it was held in honour of Zeus, the king of the gods. In 393 CE Emperor Theodosius banned the games putting an end to the Olympic tradition. It was revived in the late 19th century by Baron Pierre de Coubertin (1863-1937) of France when he set up the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1894. He also created the Olympic flag in 1914. “The Olympic flag has a white background, with five interlaced rings in the center: blue, yellow, black, green and red. This design is symbolic; it represents the five continents of the world, united by Olympism, while the six colours are those that appear on all the national flags of the world at the present time.” — Pierre de Coubertin (1931)Press Research on the ancient Olympic Games in groups using reliable sources and make a Powerpoint presentation to show your research.

In the ancient Olympics, a fire was kept burning throughout the duration of the games. The modern tradition of moving the Olympic Flame was started in 1936 by Carl Diem at the Summer Olympics in Berlin. The Olympic Flame was lit on a torch and carried by various people who eventually took it to the Opening Ceremony venue where it was used to light a cauldron and signify the beginning of University the Games. Since the Olympic Games are as much about peace as it is about competition, the torch and the flame act as a symbol of peace and unity.

Ancient Games Modern Games Only men could participate in athletics and Both men and women participate in every combat sports; Women were allowed to sport. compete in equestrian events as owners of the horses and chariots. The Games were always held at the same The Games are held in different countries site in Olympia every four years.Cambridge every two years which alternate between Summer and Winter Games. There was a single winner who was awarded © There are three winners in every category. an olive-wreath crown. There were no silver They are awarded Gold, Silver and Bronze or bronze medals. medals.

6 Health & Physical Education Only people of Greek descent could People from all over the world can participate. participate. Only a few hundred athletes participated. More than 10,000 athletes participate. There were no Winter Olympics back then. The first winter Olympics was held in 1924 in Chamonix, France.

Press Olympia, Greece—Site of the Beijing National Stadium—Site for 2008 Summer Ancient Olympic Games Olympics and Paralympics; 2022 Winter Olympics

Activity 4

Given below are case studies on two legendary athletes. What do you learn from their victories? What does their story teach you? Discuss your report in the class.

Also known as the ‘Baltimore Bullet’, Michael Phelps is the most University decorated Olympian of all time. With a total of 28 Olympic medals to his name, including 23 golds, he holds the record for most Olympic medals won, most gold medals won at the Olympics (male), and most medals won at the Olympics for swimming (male). He had announced his retirement from competitive swimming at London 2012, after winning the 22nd Olympic medal of his career. He qualified for Rio 2016, and at the age of 31, won more medals than anyone with a gold in the 200m butterfly, 200m medley, 4x100m freestyle, 4x200m freestyle and 4x100m medley relay.

“I’ve been able to do everything I ever put my mind to in the sport. Just being able to finish this way is special because now Cambridge I’m able to start the next chapter in my life.”

© — Michael Phelps

The king of Olympic track and field, Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt is the first person to win gold each in 100m and 200m in three consecutive Games at Beijing in 2008, London in 2012 and at Rio

Back to Basics: A Brief History of Sports 7 in 2016. At the 2008 Olympic Games, Bolt became the first man since American Carl Lewis in 1984 to win the three titles in a single Olympics and the first ever to set world records at 9.69 sec, 19.30 sec and 37.10 sec respectively in all three events. He published a memoir in 2012 titled The Fastest Man Alive: The True Story of Usain Bolt.

“There you go, I’m the greatest. I am just relieved. It’s happened. I am just happy, proud of myself. It’s come true. The pressure is real. I look at it as an accomplishment.”

— Usain Bolt

Activity 5 Press

Inspect history of the Olympic Games and make a list of major developments over the years. Include a list of Olympic legends, all-time winners, exceptional victories and other fascinating facts. Share your findings with the class.

Time to Discuss! • Do you think it’s fair that an athlete who lives in one country and competes in another University country can come back to his/her home country to be part of the Olympic team? • Is it good for the country that holds a championship or Game? • Who do you think is the greatest ever Olympian? Why? • Many time in the history of Games, countries have boycotted the Games for political reasons. To what extent is it justified? Discuss.

Cambridge ©Key Competency: Living a healthy life You will learn about the basic concepts of physical education which will encourage you to live a healthy life. You will understand the relationship between your lifestyle and health and why regular physical activity and rest are important.

8 Health & Physical Education Influence of mass media and technology Anything that is up there on social media is something that young people have quick access to. Recently it has become a platform from where people find motivation to get off the couch, get moving, improve diet, lose weight, track fitness and much more. It is a carefully crafted system which floats information through targeted campaigns that tend to influence individual behaviour and change social norms related to physical activity.

Gadgets such as smart phones, fitness trackers and even applications follow the same pattern and have been actively selling the concept of getting fit. From a positive perspective, technology can help make an activity more fun and hence last as an everyday habit. Press

Even people with hardly any time on the busy schedules track targeted workouts or personal training techniques of 10 to 15 minutes from videos, blog posts, apps and other sources which can help them stay fit. Therefore, it is correct to say that social media has taken fitness marketing to a new level with Facebook pages, blogs, Twitter handles and YouTube videos. The presence of online ‘communities’ takes the idea further which ensures that people stick to their goals, give new information regularly and keep people updated. University Mass media and technology has a lot to offer us to improve our fitness. But it depends on us whether we want to stay awake all night surfing through possible exercise routines, harming our sleep cycle and causing eyestrain or get up and actually utilise those options. Until those options are realised in real time, all they do is contribute to physical inactivity by giving us content which makes for an interesting read while we sit, stand or lie in bed.

Activity 6

Look up Cambridge the internet and research on the latest gadgets used in recording and time- keeping in sports events. Make a report about your findings and make a Powerpoint presentation to show to the class.©

Back to Basics: A Brief History of Sports 9 Impact of media and technology on sporting events Technology and media coverage of sporting events has both positive and negative effects. It is because of technology and media that people can watch all sorts of games and tournaments and even learn the rules of the sport from watching them. It creates opportunities for people to find their role models or people they admire and aspire to be. It even encourages people to pursue sports and familiarise yourself with techniques to enhance one’s performance. But the growing importance of mass media has created the issue of corporate sponsorship and commercialisation of sports and sporting championships. Since media companies pay for the rights to show a sporting event, they tend to control what they intend to project. Also a very clear bias is visible since only popular sports are aired. This clearly brings to the fore the politics involved. For example if a sport like gymnastics does not get much viewership, it will not be aired when compared to any other sport which gives a higher audience rating. Earlier there was only a channel Press or two dedicated to sports but now there are a number of channels which tend to repeat the same sport. Also, people in sports receive celebrity status and hence there is constant focus on their private lives.

Is media and technology a boon or a bane for the sports industry? What do you think?

Sports and values Sports instills in us a number of strong values which become a part of our personal characteristics with time. Players respect their opponents on the field and despite being someone that they have to University defeat, they are always respected. Similar habits correspond in real life with people developing respect for colleagues, acquaintances, strangers and more. Sports embed in us certain qualities such as discipline, respect, responsibility, persistence and self-discipline. Especially in an environment such as the school field, peers learn about following rules, being a sport, being fair, not resorting to cheating, accepting defeat, managing stress and much more from each other.

Since everything that happens on the field is impromptu, it teaches Cambridgeus to be prepared for whatever challenge lies ahead and be prepared to deal with it under any circumstance and hence teaches us a crucial skill for life. It also teaches a strong sense of work © ethic. Practice makes one perfect and any person who plays any sport truly understands what it means. Regular practice which may take several hours on a daily basis in order to improve the existing skill set is what defines a sportsman. Qualities learnt here such as hard work, patience, and perseverance pay off in life as well.

10 Health & Physical Education Building teamwork, learning how to win and accept defeat with head held high, learning from the mistakes we make, being both a leader and follower are some other qualities we learn from engaging in any sport which become a guiding light in life.

Time to Discuss! • How do you think athletes who cheat should be treated? Should they be disqualified, banned, stripped off their medals or given a second chance? • How do athletes serve as role models for young sport competitors? • What is the difference between sporting behaviour and deviant behaviour in sport?Press

Activity 7

Given below are statements which show different behaviours observed on the field. Put a tick against those which are good and a cross against those which are bad. Look up the internet to find more examples of real-time incidents where good and bad sporting behaviours were seen on the field. Discuss them in class.University 1. Aisha and the other players shook hands with the umpire. 2. Junaid helped Aamir get up after he fell despite the fact that he was from the other team. 3. Yuhan blamed Mushan for his poor passing skills and called him the reason behind their team’s loss. 4. As the captain of the team Faraha encouraged Zaira to run faster with motivating words. 5. Nissa and Alisha were passing remarks on a girl from the opponent’s team since she was from a different country. 6. Hassan helped his competitor by stretching his legs when he caught a cramp in the Cambridge middle of the game. 7. Both teams congratulated each other after the match for the excellent effort put by © them. 8. Anaan pushed Aamir in the middle of the game to prevent him from scoring a goal.

Back to Basics: A Brief History of Sports 11 9. To get a needed time out, the coach instructed the player to fake an injury. 10. As the team captain, Rahla used foul language and insults to motivate the players. 11. The wrestling coach instructed an athlete to attack a recent injury of the opponent. 12. During a match of basketball, a player commits a deliberate foul to stop the clock in the final minute of play.

Press Role of governing bodies in sports Sports is a global, rapidly growing industry which is composed of numerous organisations such as amateur sports, professional sports, sporting goods manufacturers, sport goods retailers, sport management consultants, sport agencies and more which work on the local, national and international levels. Sports is a multibillion-dollar industry and hence the role of governing bodies and organisations is very important. An area of study that analyses the A governing body is a group of people who are elected, hired or University structure and design nominated to a body to form policies, regulate rules, make decisions of organisations in and steer the overall direction of an organisation. As a regulatory order to understand body, it is a collective unit which makes and implements decisions the pattern of on behalf of members of the organisation keeping in mind the work within an concerns of athletes and the need of the sport. The most important organisation, function of any governing body is decision-making. They have to causes and decide which rules and regulations are to be followed keeping consequences of in mind the collective opinions of the members and ensure that events and impact actions are taken to implement in a cohesive manner. Development of decisions is of strategic rules and goals, decision making, monitoring the called organisational Cambridgeimplementation of the decision, promotion of sports, and keeping theory. in mind the best interests of the members are important functions © of any governing body in sports. Their roles are as follows: • Establishment of rules concerning the practice of respective sports • Enforcement of the rules and regulations while ensuring they are applied

12 Health & Physical Education • Ensure the development and promotion of sports • Establish criteria of eligibility for the competitions • Encourage and support measures relating to the medical care and health of athletes

Peace through sport • Fight for Peace is an NGO located in the favelas in Rio de Janeiro which hosted the 2016 Olympic Games. Through its “Community Champions” project, it uses sports such as boxing and martial arts along with education to train young people of communities affected by crime, violence and social exclusion. • The IOC along with International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), the Jamaican Red Cross and the Jamaican Olympic Committee support communities Press in Jamaica with a history of violence. They aim to teach courage, strength and build resilience in young people through the medium of sports and physical education as they are likely to become violent. • DIAMBARS is a project that creates football schools to train and educate children in Senegal. • Sport for peace in Central American countries is a regional programme in El Salvador which aims to promote physical education and sport as means to prevent violence, delinquency and drug consumption. University These efforts are carried out through after-school, sports- based development programmes with their main focus on behavioural change.

“The practice of sport is a recognised instrument for promoting peace, as it disregards both geographical borders and social classes. It also plays a significant role as a promoter of social integration and economic development in different geographical, cultural and political contexts. Sport is a powerful tool to strengthen social ties and networks, and to promote ideals of peace, fraternity, solidarity, non-violence, tolerance and justice. Tackling problems in post conflict situations can be eased as sport has the ability to bring people Cambridge together.” © —UNESCO

But what makes governance in sports complex is the number of participants involved from different parts of the world. Right from local community clubs to national teams and international

Back to Basics: A Brief History of Sports 13 organisations along with the overarching presence of the media and sponsors makes governance in sports a particularly difficult task.

Time to Discuss! Let us read the incident between National Basketball Association (NBA) and the player Donald Sterling that occurred in 2014.

In April 2014, NBA Commissioner Adam banned Donald Sterling from any association with the NBA and fined $2.5 million because of violation of rules. His usage of offensive words and racist comments were received badly and projected a bad image for the team, the sport and the association. The Constitution of the NBA clearly states the rules and requirements of a team member. Since Donald failed to complyPress by the rules, his career came to a standstill. What do you think about this case? Is it justified to penalise an individual to this extent? Or is the sport more important than the individual?

International charter of physical education and sport As per the International charter of physical education and sport adopted by UNESCO at its twentieth General Conference session in Paris in 1978:

• Article 1. The practice of physical education and sport is a fundamental rightUniversity for all. • Article 2. Physical education and sport for an essential element of lifelong education in the overall education system • Article 3. Physical education and sport programmes must meet individual and social needs • Article 4. Teaching, coaching and administration of physical education and sport should be performed by qualified personnel • Article 5. Adequate facilities and equipment are essential to physical education and sport • Article 6. Research and evaluation are indispensable components Cambridgeof the development of physical education and sport • Article 7. Protection of the ethical and moral values of physical © education and sport must be a constant concern for all • Article 8. Information and documentation help to promote physical education and sport. Therefore, information on the results of research and evaluation studies concerning programmes, experiments and activities have to be circulated

14 Health & Physical Education • Article 9. The mass media should exert a positive influence on physical education and sport • Article 10. National institutions play a major role in physical education and sport. Therefore, it is essential that public authorities at all levels and specialised non-governmental bodies encourage those physical education and sport activities whose educational value is most evident. • Article 11. International co-operation is a prerequisite for the universal and well-balanced promotion of physical education and sport.

Structure of sporting organisations A well-defined and organised structure is very important because it acts as the foundation for any successful sport entity. Every sport Press has a different governing body that can define the way that the sport operates through its affiliated clubs and societies. Organisations and governing bodies at the local, national, and international levels have similar roles and responsibilities as those of corporate boards, governments, or the judiciary. Each sport has governing bodies at the following four levels:

• Local • National • Continental • International For example, football’s local organisation Universitywould be the local association, e.g., the St Elizabeth Football Association (STEFA), which is affiliated with the Jamaica Football Federation (JFF), which is the national body affiliated with the regional body, CONCACAF, and the Federation of International Football Association (FIFA), which is the international organisation for the sport.

Local - St Elizabeth Football Association (STEFA)

National - Jamaica Football Federation (JFF)

ContinentalCambridge - The Confederation of North, Central America and Caribbean Association Football © (CONCAF)

International - Federation of International Football Association (FIFA)

Back to Basics: A Brief History of Sports 15 Local Clubs, leagues and teams which play on a community level and represent various towns and other parts of the country come under local organisation. They act as a link between local clubs and second in hierarchy, the national governing body. Since, they are community based, these organisations regulate sports within their own administrative areas and are responsible for the facilities of the sport in their area of administration. All clubs which are spread out in different parts of the country are affiliated to the local authority of the sport which is headed by a president who represents the clubs in the national organisation.

National Press Every country has their national team which is responsible for developing and promoting sport at a national level. Special care is taken to ensure that top athletes are given the best standard of coaching and support so that major events happen in the country. They recruit players from local teams and clubs for national teams, organise various qualifying stages and national championships and represent the sport at international level.

Continental University Continental organisations often act as a link between national and international organisations. FIFA-member football associations are formed together into continental confederations, which organise continental national and club competitions. The continental organisations of Paralympic Games such as African Paralympic Committee, Asian Paralympic Committee, European Paralympic Committee and Oceania Paralympic Committee act as liaisons of the International Paralympic Committee and are recognised as the sole representatives of IPC members within a specific part of the Cambridgeworld. International © Sport is a universal activity played all over the world and is governed by international bodies for different sports. Their purpose is to promote the sport at a world level to prospective players, spectators

16 Health & Physical Education and fans as well as the organisation of world championships. Although most international federations take care of a particular sport only, some international sports federations may oversee multiple activities. For example, FINA governs swimming, diving, synchronised swimming and water polo as separate ‘disciplines’ within the single ‘sport’ of Aquatics.

Time to Discuss! Management involves four functions: planning, organising, leading, and controlling. Management is important because it establishes objectives for the organisation, maintains a balance among stockholders, and achieves efficiency and effectiveness within the organisation. Discuss. Press

The Olympic Movement The Olympic Movement includes the International Sports Federations (IFs), the National Olympic Committees (NOCs), the Organising Committees for the Olympic Games (OCOGs), all other recognised federations, institutions and organisations, as well as athletes, judges/referees,coaches and other sports technicians. The goal of the Olympic Movement is clearly definedUniversity in the Olympic Charter:

“The goal of the Olympic Movement is to contribute to building a peaceful and better world by educating youth people through sport practised in accordance with Olympism and its values.”

International sports federations form an integral part of the Olympic and Paralympic movements. The Olympic Charter which was adopted by International Olympic Committee (IOC) is a set of rules for the organisation of the Olympic Games and the Olympic movement. Every Olympic sport has a respective international governing Cambridgebody or sport federation which regulates the sport during the Olympic Games as well. At the national level, the sport governing© bodies in each country are just subordinate to their respective International Federations. For a sport to become an Olympic sport, its respective international sport federation must be recognized by the International Olympic Committee.

Back to Basics: A Brief History of Sports 17 Ask Yourself!

• Do you play any sports? What sports are you good at? • What new sports would you like to try? • Who is your favorite professional athlete? Why? • Are you a member of any sports team? If not, have you ever been? • What is the most popular sport in your country? • Have you ever been to watch a professional sporting event?

An example of good governance by the IOC was the creation of Press the IOC 2000 Commission which was set to propose reforms to the IOC’s structure, rules, and procedures. This led to key reforms in the structure and organisation of the IOC. Another example is the creation of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) in 1999. WADA was such a hit that it now receives funding from different governments of the world.

Time to Discuss! • Sometimes sports teams ask the city to help them build a new stadium. Do you University think the city should give money for this? Why or why not? • When the city helps build a new sports stadium, who benefits the most - the team, the city, the nearby businesses, or the sports fans? Discuss.

Key Competency: Making Meaning You will learn about the technical and managerial aspect and their structures in sport which will give you a better insight in the industry. You will also develop a sense of understanding of how organisations are linked to each other to create a Cambridge ©unified body. Types of sports governing bodies • International sports federations: They are responsible for a particular sport or a group of similar sport disciplines and organise international competitions.

18 Health & Physical Education • National federations: They perform the same role as an international federation, but within the scope of one country such as National Olympic Committees. • Trusts: They are groups which control the money such as the Youth Sport Trust. • Multi-sport event organisers: They are responsible for the organisation of an event that includes more than one sport such as the International Olympic Committee which organises the modern Olympic Games. • Professional sports leagues: They usually consist of the best players around the world of a particular sport and work with international federations. Let us look at the governing bodies in the sport of football. Press

International • FIFA or Fédération Internationale de Football Association is the international federation for football with its premier tournament being the quadrennial FIFA World Cup. • NF-Board or New Federation Board represents those countries which are not registered under FIFA with the main tournament being the VIVA World Cup. • ConIFA or Confederation of IndependentUniversity Football represents nations, dependencies, unrecognised states, minorities and regions not affiliated to FIFA. The main tournament is the ConIFA World Football Cup.

Continental • AFC or Asian Football Confederation represents Asian nations in football with the main tournament being the Asian Cup. • CAF or Confédération Africaine de Football represents African nations in football with the main tournament being the African CupCambridge of Nations. • CONCACAF or Confederation of North, Central American and© Caribbean Association Football represents North American, Central American and Caribbean nations with the main tournament being the CONCACAF Gold Cup. • CONMEBOL or Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol represents South American nations in football with the main

Back to Basics: A Brief History of Sports 19 tournament being the Copa America. • OFC or Oceania Football Confederation represents Oceanian nations in football with the main tournament being the OFC Nations Cup. • UEFA Union of European Football Associations represents European nations in football with the main tournament is the UEFA European Championship.

Inter-continental • Some confederations which are members of FIFA cross continental boundaries such as GFU or Gulf Football Union represents Arab nations from the Persian Gulf area with their main tournament being the Gulf Cup. Press • UAFA or Union of Arab Football Associations represents Arab nations from Africa and Asia with the main tournament being the Arab Nations Cup.

Regional • WAFF or West Asian Football Federation and EAFF or East Asian Football Federation are affiliated to AFC or Asian Football Confederation and represents nations at the eastern and western extremesUniversity of the continent. The main tournaments are the West Asian Football Federation Championship and the East Asian Cup. • CFU or Caribbean Football Union is affiliated to CONCACAF or Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football and represents all nations in the Caribbean. The main tournament is the Caribbean Cup.

National • The Football Association of Maldives or FAM was founded in 1982 as the governing body of football in the Republic of Maldives Cambridgeand is responsible for all regulatory aspects of the sport in the Maldives. It became a member of AFC and FIFA in 1986. © • The All India Football Federation or AIFF was founded in 1948 as the governing body of football in India. It became member of FIFA in 148, was one of founding members of the Asian Football Confederation (1954) and is also part of the South Asian Football Federation (1997).

20 Health & Physical Education Local • In the Maldives, local clubs such as Eagles Malé, Maaziya Malé, United Victory Malé, Valencia Malé, Victory Malé and more promote football on a localised level from where players are then selected for the national team. • In India, local clubs such as North East United FC, Guwahati F.C., Delhi Dynamos, Kerala Blasters FC, Mohun Baganand more promote football on a localised level from where players are then selected for the national team.

Example: The Fédération Internationale de Volleyball or FIVB, is the international governing body for the sports of indoor, beach and grass volleyball. It is also responsible for the volleyball games at regional competitions such as Asian Games, Press European Games, Pan American Games and more. The Asian Volleyball Confederation or AVC is the governing body for the sports of indoor, beach and grass volleyball in Asia and Australia. Volleyball Association of Maldives or VAM is the National Governing Body for the sport in the Maldives. Volleyball Federation of India is the National Governing Body for the sport in India.

Activity 8 University

Formulate a list of international, continental and national sporting organisations for the following sports.

1. Cricket 2. Weightlifting 3. Boxing 4. Badminton 5. Tennis 6. HandballCambridge © Current trends and social issues in sports Sports is a very productive and healthy hobby as it encourages social interaction, promotes physical and mental health, instills values of teamwork, trust and care, and improves communication

Back to Basics: A Brief History of Sports 21 skills, negotiation and even leadership skills. But there are many trends as well as social concerns which have been influencing the sport and the sport industry. Let us learn more about such factors.

Media: Media interest in sports has risen to new highs and the recent emergence of social media networks means sports is now subject to a greater level of scrutiny and public interest than ever before. Media influences sport as it has direct impact on the Ask Yourself! popularity of the sport, it also provides free publicity apart from building fan allegiances. On the other • What do you think is the most hand it causes declines in attendance of the games popular sport in the world? since they can be easily watchedPress on televisions and the internet. It also dictates event scheduling • What do you think the top five and promotes gambling. Sport also affects media most watched sports are in the as it takes up a lot of space in print media in the world? form of articles, magazines and advertisements. • Is it good that professional In fact, spectator demographics dictate advertising sports are so commercial and hence fans dictate the coverage of sports in nowadays? different areas. • Do you think athletes earn Commercialisation: Sport has evolved enough money, not enough dramatically in the last 20 years. There has been money or too much money? a transformationUniversity due to the commercialisation of • What is the most dangerous sporting events and athletes. Commercialisation sport? What is the most in sport has created opportunities for athletes that expensive sport? otherwise wouldn’t have been there. They attract • Have you ever been to watch millions of viewers, hundreds of thousands of a professional sporting event? spectators and generate significant revenues but it also impacts the diligence involved in the game. Players and even the sport has become more of a marketing commodity with the focus shifting from the game to their role in the entertainment sector. The amount of money paid to the players added Cambridgewith the sponsorship money, money for commercial advertisements they do and more adds on to the © glamour quotient involved. Sponsorship: In the light of media advancements and commercialisation of the sport sponsorship and merchandising has also grown exponentially. It is now a prominent element of a company’s

22 Health & Physical Education promotional plan. Media is an expensive terrain with a huge audience. In that light, sponsorship is viewed as a cost-effective alternative since the reach of the product will be remarkable. Soda based cold drinks have been a lifelong sponsor for the sport of cricket. Players advertise the drink and is a part of official merchandise yet no one seems to be thinking how bad it is for health. How can something so unhealthy be marketed in sports? How are players okay with such sponsorship?

Time to Discuss! Doesn’t money and stardom come in the way of executing a sport to your best ability? Is it not easy to feel blinded by glamour? Can it not affect your abilityPress to perform your best?

Technology: Technology plays a major role in different aspects of a sport. Officiating, statistics, analyzing performances, in clothing and personal equipment, drug testing equipment, video analysis and more have transformed the face of sports. Many equipment and applications analyse videos of athletes training and critique different aspects of the training depending on the sport to make it better. An analysis with actionable numbers further helps the coach and athlete to improve themselves. Also, Universityfeatures like instant replay and other high-tech aids help referees make the right call. In international cricket, the third umpire sits off the ground with access to TV replays of certain situations such as disputed catches and boundaries to advise the central umpires. In fact technology plays a major role in clothes, shoes, accessories used by athletes as well. For example, the LZR racer swim suit, reduces drag by compressing a swimmer’s body into a more hydrodynamic shape. The Force Platform is an apparatus placed under the feet of the athlete which measures their ‘ground reaction force’ which helps in measuring the force and acceleration throughout the athlete’s performance.Cambridge

Hooliganism, terror and violence: Sports has always experienced hooliganism.© Overexcited fans tend to find a way to show support for their favourite teams through exaggerated ways such as passing racist comments, mob violence and more. Match-fixing, corruption and other criminal activities have arisen in different sports in various territories which has highlighted the vulnerability of sport to

Back to Basics: A Brief History of Sports 23 match fixing and other corrupt practices. During the 1972 Munich Games, terror took a new shape when a Palestinian militant group Black September took the Israeli national team hostage, eventually slaughtering eleven athletes and coaches and one German police officer after a 16-hour standoff. In 1996, Atlanta’s Olympic Park saw thousands of spectators who had gathered for a public concert. A knapsack containing three that was planted under a bench blasted off killing two people and injuring 120. In 2009 the Sri Lankan Cricket Team was travelling to the Qaddafi Stadium in Pakistan where12 gunmen ambushed the athletes, umpires and a referee at a traffic circle near the stadium. The attack resulted in the death of 8 people including six police officers and two bystanders and injured athletes. Press Use of drugs and banned substances: The use of performance- enhancing drugs is a major problem in sports of all kinds. Performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) include steroids, stimulants, growth hormones, supplements which helps the body process testosterone and much more. American professional cyclist Lance Armstrong won the Tour de France, a record seven consecutive times, from 1999 to 2005. In 2012, he was stripped of his Olympic Medal and Tour de France titles and banned for life by cycling’s governing body after he admitted to doping during his career. University Activity 9

Find out the names of some performance enhancing steroids and what effect they have on athletes. Research on the internet to find out about incidents in which athletes have used the above listed substances and the consequences of the same.

Discrimination: Discrimination on the basis of skin colour, race, gender and more are social evils which have plagued society at large as well. It is now generally perpetrated by overenthusiastic Cambridgefans and even commentators and individual athletes. Gender discrimination exists both on the field and in the office. The media © also plays a significant role in reinforcing and challenging gender stereotypes in sports. Women athletes are frequently depicted in a way that contributes to the marginalisation of women’s achievements in sport, due to the emphasis placed on femininity and sexual attraction instead of strength and skills.

24 Health & Physical Education Gambling: Gambling, betting and match fixing is also a major issue in sports. Even exorbitant fines, lifetime bans and other stern punishments do not help to deter other players and executives from travelling that path. Some countries such as Great Britain and Las Vegas even permit legal gambling but the majority market rests on money which is bet on sports illegally. The 1919 World Series was rigged as eight members of the Chicago White Sox were involved in the scandal and were hence banned from the sport for life. In 2018, the Badminton World Federation (BWF) issued suspensions of 15 and 20 years for Malaysian players Tan Chun Seang and Zulfadli Zulkiffli, respectively, for fixing matches during various 2013 tournaments. In June 2018, Argentinian tennis player Nicolas Kicker was banned from the sport for at least three years for match-fixing. Press

Activity 10

Media has a huge impact on the sport industry. With the internet, television, event programming, sponsorship, advertising, broadcast rights, sponsorship, local and national press, sensationalism and more, media is changing the face of the industry in both a positive and negative manner. Research media samples and case studies to analyse the impact it has. Verify and validate media information on fitness, physical activity and sports. You can base your argument around print or video advertisements, slogans, merchandising and more. University

Activity 11

You must have heard about sponsors from local to international level. Make a list of organisations and committees which sponsor sporting events on various levels. Include sponsors which fund youth sport, community or parks programs, nonprofit sport organisations, corporate sponsors and more. Cambridge ©Key Competency: Living a healthy life You will learn about different factors which contribute to social problems in sports. An understanding of how violence, hooliganism, drugs, gambling and other factors impact lifestyle will help warn you from prospective threats and help you continue to live a healthy life.

Back to Basics: A Brief History of Sports 25 Let’s Recap

• Physical Education contributes to the holistic development of a child by instilling values on physical, mental and social levels. • The Olympic Games have two major categories, summer and winter sports competitions, which occur alternatively every two years. • Gadgets such as smart phones, fitness trackers and even applications follow the same pattern and have been actively selling the concept of getting fit. • The growing importance of mass media has created the issue of corporate sponsorship and commercialisation of sports and sporting championships. • Sports instills in us a number of strong values which become a part of our personal Press characteristics with time such as following rules, being a sport, being fair, not resorting to cheating, accepting defeat, managing stress and more. • Sports is a multibillion-dollar industry and hence the role of governing bodies and organisations is very important. • Development of strategic rules and goals, decision making, monitoring the implementation of the decision, promotion of sport, and keeping in mind the best interests of the members are important functions of any governing body in sport. • The International Charter of Physical Education, Physical Activity and Sport is a rights-based document which was adopted by member states of UNESCO. • Clubs, leagues and teams which play on a community level and represent various University towns and other parts of the country come under local organisation. They regulate sports within their own administrative areas and are responsible for the facilities of the sport in their area of administration. • The Olympic Movement includes the International Sports Federations (IFs), the National Olympic Committees (NOCs), the Organising Committees for the Olympic Games (OCOGs), all other recognised federations, institutions and organisations, as well athletes, judges/referees, coaches and other sports technicians. • There has been a transformation due to the commercialisation of sporting events and athletes which has created opportunities for athletes that otherwise wouldn’t have been there.Cambridge ©

26 Health & Physical Education Key Questions

A. Answer the following questions. 1. What impact does lack of physical activity have on your body? 2. What is the differences between Physical Education and sport? 3. Write a brief note on the Olympic Games. 4. List 5 differences between the ancient and the modern Games. 5. What are the issues created due to the growing importance of mass media and technology in the world of sports? 6. What values does sport embed in an athlete? How do they help him/her in life? 7. What role does sport play in promoting peace and building resilience in Press violence-affected communities? 8. What is a governing body? What is the role of a governing body in sports? 9. What does the articles in the International charter of physical education and sport convey? 10. Explain how governing bodies in sports function on the local, national, continental and international level. 11. What is the Olympic Movement? What does it represent? 12. What is commercialisation? How has it impacted the sport industry? Discuss the dark side of the commercialisation of sport. How is it harmful for athletes?University 13. Write a short note on how terror and hooliganism has impacted sports. 14. Reflection on the role of sports in young peoples’ lives and how it affects them in both positive and negative manner. 15. Examine the role played by performance-enhancing drugs in sports.

B. True or false. 1. Fitness is considered as a measure of the body’s ability to function efficiently and effectively. 2. Physical activity helps in the development of social values such as responsibility, respect, teamwork, sportsmanship, fair play and more.Cambridge © 3. Citius, Altius, Fortius which is Latin for ‘Higher, Faster, Stronger’ is the Paralympic motto. 4. Olympic Games began over 3,000 years ago in Olympia, Greece. 5. The Olympic Flame was started in 1936 by Pierre de Coubertin at the Summer Olympics in Berlin.

Back to Basics: A Brief History of Sports 27 6. The Olympic torch and the flame are a symbol of peace and unity. 7. A well-defined and organised structure is very important because it acts as the foundation for any successful sport entity. 8. Every Olympic sport does not have a respective international governing body to regulate the sport during the Olympic Games. 9. WADA stands for World Aquatic and Diving Agency. 10. New Federation Board represents those countries which are registered under FIFA. 11. CONMEBOL represents South American nations in football with the main tournament being the Copa America. 12. WAFF and EAFF are affiliated to CAF or Confédération Africaine de Football. 13. Commercialisation in sport has created opportunities for athletes that otherwise wouldn’t have been there. Press 14. Some countries such as Great Britain and Las Vegas permit legal gambling. 15. The 1919 World Series was rigged as eight members of the Chicago White Sox were involved in the scandal and were hence banned from the sport for life.

C. Fill in the blanks. 1. In 393 CE Emperor ______banned the games putting an end to the Olympic tradition. 2. The modern tradition of moving the Olympic Flame was started in 1936 by ______at the Summer OlympicsUniversity in Berlin. 3. ______contributes to the holistic development of a child by instilling values on physical, mental and social levels. 4. The first winter Olympics was held in 1924 in Chamonix, ______. 5. Jamaican sprinter ______is the first person to win gold in 100m and 200m in three consecutive Games at Beijing in 2008, London in 2012 and at Rio in 2016. 6. The most important function of any governing body is ______. 7. Information and ______help to promote physical education and sport. 8. The Jamaica Football Federation (JFF) is a national body affiliated with the regional bodyCambridge ______. 9. ______is the international organisation for the volleyball. 10. © ______act as a link between national and international governing organisations in sports. 11. FINA governs swimming, diving, synchronised swimming and water polo as separate disciplines within the single sport of ______. 12. The ______includes the International Sports Federations (IFs), the

28 Health & Physical Education National Olympic Committees (NOCs), the Organising Committees for the Olympic Games (OCOGs), all other recognised federations, institutions and organisations, as well athletes, judges/referees, coaches and other sports technicians. 13. For a sport to become an Olympic sport, its respective international sport federation must be recognised by the ______. 14. ______represents Arab nations from Africa and Asia with the main tournament being the Arab Nations Cup. 15. During the ______Games in ______a Palestinian militant group took the Israeli national team hostage and killed eleven athletes, coaches and one German police officer.

Find Out Press

Look up the internet to find out about:

• Sporting organisations of different sports • Role and power of governing bodies at local, national, regional and international level • How local organisations act as a link between local clubs and national governing bodies. • Politics involved in the sporting industry • Sponsors which provide funding to Maldivian sporting teamsUniversity

Self-Assessment Rubric Rate yourself on a I can scale of 1-5 (5 being the highest) understand how physical activity keeps teenage bodies and 1 2 3 4 5 minds fit and healthy and can make a list of benefits make a time table and record my physical activity on a daily basis 1 2 3 4 5 to ensure I am physically fit.Cambridge analyse case studies on famous athletes and learn their 1 2 3 4 5 achievements.© answer questions on different aspects of the games, all-time 1 2 3 4 5 winners, exceptional victories and other fascinating facts.

Back to Basics: A Brief History of Sports 29 Rate yourself on a I can scale of 1-5 (5 being the highest) inspect history of the Olympic Games and make a list of major 1 2 3 4 5 developments over the years. analyse incidents which highlight good or bad sporting spirit. 1 2 3 4 5 verify and validate media information on fitness, physical activity 1 2 3 4 5 and sports. make a list of organisations and committees which sponsor 1 2 3 4 5 sporting events. Press

University

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30 Health & Physical Education