Index

A Beta-oncofetal antigen, 8 , 111 Acid phosphatase, 120 TPA,199 Alkaline phosphatases, 121, Breast cancer, 135-149 CA 15-3,264-281 colonic cancer, 144 CA 19-9,314,322 isotypes, 135 cathepsins, 128 ovary, 142 humans, 162 placentaisozymes, 121, 137 receptors, estrogen, 167 testicular, 138 mucin-like cancer antigen therapy, 144 (MCA),341-354 Alpha-fetoprotein, 2, 31-46 TAG 72,405 affinity electrophoresis, 39 carbohydrates, 36 c diagnosis, 33, 37 heterogeneity,36 CA 15-3,261-307 imaging, 35 assay, 283 lectin binding, 36 breast cancer, 264 prognosis, 41 chemistry,262,268 receiver-operator curves, 14 diagnosis, 264 screening, 6 imaging, 267 secretion, 6 monitoring, 266 synthesis, 32 sensitivity, 283 Analytical assays, 20 specificity, 285 format of assays, 511-517 monitoring, 293-301 marketing of assays, 495-523 epitopes, 271 future, 274 B glycosylation, 272, 282 mucin-like cancer antigen, B cell tumors, 347,350 Bence-Jones proteins, 466 prognosis, 301 Bence-Jones protein, 2 release, 273 isotachophoresis, 461 monoclonal antibody, 262, 271

529 530 Index

non-breast cancer, 288 diagnosis, 419 CA 19-9, 309-339 endometrial cancer, 423 assay, 315 epithelial tumors, 422 benign diseases, 316 ovarian CA 314, 417 breast, 314,315,322 screening, 418 CA50,383 CA 242, 429-436 CA 242, 434 assay, 429 characterization, 310 benign lesions, 430, 431 colon, 312-314,321 characterization, 429 diagnosis, 318-327 colon, 431, 432 Du-Pan 2, 369 diagnosis, 432 effusions, 324 pancreatic, 430, 432 imaging, 327 tissue distribution, 430 immunohistory, 326 Carbohydrates, 207-232 liver, 320 alpha-fetoprotein,36 lung, 322 antigens,207-221 monitoring, 323 biology, 227 normal levels, 315 CA 15-3,272 ovary, 322, 502 CA 19-9 (sialyl Lea), 328 pancreas, 312, 318 CA50,382 prognosis, 318-327 CA 242, 429-436 secretions, 325 chemistry, 211-222 stomach, 312-314, 321, 502 conformation, 222 tissue expression, 311 epitopes, 212-221 CA 50, 375-386 glycoamines, 233-260 assay, 378 glycosylation, 213-219 benign lesions, 377, 379 monoclonal antibodies, characterization, 375 212-227 , 380 mucin-like cancer antigen, diagnostic, 379 341-354 normal levels, 378 Wasserman antibody, 208 , 379 , 3, stomach, 381 47-97 tissue expression, 376, 377 breast cancer, 55 CA 125,417-427 CA 15-3, 290 assay, 417 CA50,383 characterization, 417 CA242,434 cervical CA 424 chemistry,47 Index 531

colon cancer, 49,56 Development of new markers, diagnosis, 49-52 497 genes, 48 Diagnosis, 21 history, 50 alpha-fetoprotein, 33, 37 imaging, 65-81 Bence-Jones proteins, 461 immunohistochemical, 61 CA 15-3,264,281-307 immunotherapy, 81 CA 19-9, 318-327 , 56 CA 50, 379-384 normal levels, 51 CA 125,417,423 polyps, 53 CA242,432 prognosis, 56,58 carbohydrate epitopes, screening, 52 212-227 secretion of, 6 CEA,49-52 Carcinofetal ferritin, 8 Du-Pan 2, 355 Cathepsins, 127 enzymes, 117-134 Cervix, hormones, 167 hormone receptors, 173 multiple markers, 482 CA 125,424 mucin-like cancer antigen, 345 SCCA,442 PSA, 103, 111 Chorionic gonadotropin, 3 squamous cell CNS, antigen, 442 hormone receptors, 177 TAG-n,399 Colon cancer, TPA,193 alkaline phosphatases DNA probes, 520 isozymes, 144 Du-Pan 2, 355-374 CA 15-3,267 body fluids, 366 CA 19-9,312,321 CA 19-9, 369 CA 50, 377, 380 characterization, 358 CEA, 49, 56, 59-61 diagnosis, 355, 364 hormone receptors, 181 immunohistology, 368 ornithine decarboxylase, 122 pancreas, 357 TAG 72, 400, 405 prognostic, 364 Collagenase, 126 tissue distribution, 362 Controls, for assays, 21 E D Embryonic origin of cancer, 526 Dependency, 152 Enzyme markers, 117-134 532 Index

acid phosphase, 120 spheroids, 238 alkaline phosphatase, 121, Glycosyltransferases, 123, 213, 135-149 219, 227, 255, 272 collagenase, 126 cathepsins, 127 H glycosyl transferase, 123 lactate dehydrogenase, 130 Hepatocellular cancer, neuron-specific enolase, 118 alpha-fetoprotein, 33 ornithine decarboxylase, 122 CA 19-9, 320 proteases, 125 Hormone, 151-192 sialyltransferases, 123 assays, 155 terminal deoxynucleotide biochenrical, 155, 164-166 transferase, 129 dependency, 152 Episialin (see CA-15-3) fluorescent, 158 immunochenrical, 156 F immunohistology, 161 immunoperoxidase, 159 Fetal gut antigen, 8 mechanism of action, 153 Fetal sulfoprotein, PAGE # receptors, 152, 162

G I

Galactosyltransferase II, 124,213 Imaging, Gamma-fetoprotein,8 AFP,35 Gastrointestinal cancer antigen alkaline phosphatase, 144 (GICA), see CA 19-9 CA 15-3,267 Glycoanrlnes, 233-260 CA 19-9,327 adhesive, 241, 252 CEA,65-81 biology, 237-245 TAG-72,403 blood group antigens, 253 TPA,202 chenristry,234-237 TSA,109 glycosylation, 255 In situ analysis, 515 immunosuppresion, 241 Isotochophoresis (ITP), 453-471 in vitro, 237 Bence-Jones proteins, 461 metastases, 237-245 counterflow ITP, 457 pathogenesis of cancer, immunoblotting, 458 245-249 principle, 455 pathophysiological,243-245 quantitative multi antigen assay, progression, 249 468 Index 533

results, 461 CA 50, 379-384 technique, 459-461 CA 125,422 CEA, 56-60 K Du-Pan 2, 364 mucin-like cancer antigens Keratin, 196 (MCA),348 multiple markers, 491 L prostate specific antigen, 106 SCCA,443 Lactate dehydrogenase, 130 TAG-72,405 Leukemia, 129 TPA,193 Lewis blood groups, 124, 213, Mucin-like cancer antigen MCA, 253 341-354 Lung, benign disease, 346 CA 19-9,322 breast cancer, 344 hormone receptors, 179 CA 15-3,347,350 SCCA, 443, 445 diagnosis, 344 monitoring, 348 M prognosis, 345, 350 serum levels, 344 Marketing of cancer markers, tissue distribution, 342 495-523 Mucins, claims for use of markers, 506 Du-Pan 2, 355-374 DNA probes, 520 mucin-like cancer antigen, format of testing, 511 341-354 monoclonal antibodies, 520 Multiple markers, use of, 13 regulatory strategy, 509 clinical decision analysis, 486 specimen limitations, 517 diagnostic efficiency, 484 success indicators, 504 diagnosis using, 482 trends in cancer testing, 518 falsely positive results, 477 use of cancer markers, 499 frequency distribution, 480 world market opportunities, 499 monitoring, 491 Melanomas, multivariate time series, 492 hormone receptors, 178 problems and pitfalls, 475 Monitoring, prognostic categories, 489 AFP,35,41 reference regions, 478 Bence-Jones protein, 465 regression analysis, 487 CA 15-3, 266, 293 ROC, 485 CA 19-9,323 sampling, 481 534 Index

scope, 474 mucin-like cancer antigen software programs for, 475 (MCA), 345, 350 Myeloma paraproteins, 2, PSA, 102 453-471 TAG72,401 TPA,194 N , acid prophatase, 108, 120 Neuron specific enolase, 118 digital rectal examination, 104 hormone receptors, 174 imaging, 109 o immunohistology, 110 monitoring, 106 Oncogenes, 520 prostate specific antigen, Ornithine decarboxylase, 142 99-115 , 142 radiotherapy, 107 CA 19-9, 314, 322 staging, 105 CA 125,417-427 ultrasound, 104 hormone receptors, 169 Prostate specific antigen, 7, phosphateisozymes, 142 99-115 SCCA,447 assay, 101 TAG 72,405 bladder cancer, 111 characterization, 100 p immunohistology, 110 monitoring, 106 Pancreatic cancer, prognosis, 102 CA 19-9, 312, 318 radio imaging, 109 Du-Pan 2, 355-374 screening, 103 Papilloma virus, 514 stability, 103 Pregnancy specific protein-I, 8 staging, 105 Prognosis, 26 Prostatic acid phosphatase, AFP, 35,41 108, 120 CA 15-3, 301 Protease, 125 CA 19-9, 318-327 Publications on markers, 2 CA 50, 379-384 CA 125,419 R CA242,433 CEA, 49, 56-59 Receiver-operatorcurve, 14, Du-Pan 2, 364 25,485 multiple markers, 489 Receptors, hormone, 167-182 Index 535

bone, 182 serum levels, 440 breast, 167 skin cancer, 446 CNS, 177 tissue distribution, 438 cervix,173 Stomach, CA, colon, 181 CA 19-9, 312, 321 esphogens, 180 CA 50,381 hematopoietic, 182 hormone receptors, 180 kidney, 182 SCCA,447 lung, 179 TAG72,401 malignant melanoma, 178 Surveillance, 25 ovary, 169 Synthesis, pancreas, 181 AFP,32 prostate, 174 CA 15-3,269 stomach, 180 carbohydrates, 212-227 Regan isozyme, 121, 137 TPA,157 Regulation of use of cancer markers, 509-511 T s TAG-72,387-416 assay, 399 Screening, breast, 405 AFP, 6, 25 CEA,400 CEA,52 characterization, 388 CA 125,418 colon, 405 multiple markers, 486 diagnosis, 399 prostate specific antigen, 106 directed surgery, 408 Sialyl-Lea, see CA 19-9 imaging, 403 CA50, 375 immunohistology, 390 Sialyl transferase, 123, 255 monoclonal antibodies, 395 Small celllung cancer, 118 ovarian cancer, 405 Squamous cell carcinoma antigen, stomach, 404 437-449 tissue distribution, 389 Bence-Jones disease, 441 Terminal deoxynucleotide characterization, 438 transferase (TD1), 129 colon, 447 , 122 cervical cancer, 442 phosphatase isozymes, 138 head and neck, 443, 446 Tissue polypeptide antigen, lung, 443, 445 193-206 ovaries, 447 animal systems, 199 536 Index

assays, 201 biology, 196 blocking, 201 bladder CA, 199 chemistry, 194 clearance, 199 keratin, 196 histology, 200 history, 12, 193 imaging, 202 release, 198 Thends in cancer testing, 518 Tumor-associated antigens, 207 w

Wasserman antibody, 208 World-wide use of cancer markers, 495