======Language in www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 Vol. 18:5 May 2018 India’s Higher Education Authority UGC Approved List of Journals Serial Number 49042 ======Gurezi Shina: A Typological Sketch

Amreen Qadir, M.A. and Tanima Anand, M.A., B.Ed., NET

======Abstract The present study aims at exploring the phonological and morpho-syntactic traits of Gurezi, which is a dialect of . The Shina language, itself belongs to the Dardic sub-group of Indo-Aryan . This language is primarily spoken in -, , Dah Hanu, Gurais and in India. The alternate names of the language are Shinaki and Sina. The language shows its various speech varieties such as Gilgiti, Astori, Chilasi, Kohistani, Drasi, Gurezi, Jalkoti, and Palasi. The Gurezi dialect of Shina is spoken in the Gurais region of in the Republic of India. As far as the phonology of Gurezi Shina is analysed, it comprises of segmental vowel phonemes, suprasegmental phonemes and consonant phonemes which are described in the paper. The morphology of Shina language is also examined while taking the Nouns, numbers, pronoun, gender, and case suffix into consideration. The data for the research is purely descriptive and it has been compiled because of a number of field trips to the valley of .

Keywords: Shina; morphology; phonology; Indo-Aryan; Dardic; morpho-syntactic.

INTRODUCTION The Shina language is a Dardic language that is affiliated to Indo-Aryan language family. This language is primarily spoken in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan, Dah Hanu, Dras and Gurais regions in the valley of Kishenganga1,2. It is also spoken in various regions of small scattered villages in Yasin3 and

1 Mosaic of Jammu and Kashmir 2 Robert I Crane. Area Handbook on Jammu and Kashmir State. University of Chicago: university of Chicago for the Human Relations Area files, 179 3 . “wikipedia. Accessed february 2, 2018. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasin_Valley ======Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 18:5 May 2018 Amreen Qadir, M.A. and Tanima Anand, M.A., B.Ed., NET Gurezi Shina: A Typological Sketch 43

Ishkoman valleys4, lower Valley5, Astor vale6, various regions of Kharmang7, Kachura8 and Eastern part of Kohistan district9, Sazin, and Harban.

According to the census of 1997, there were 21,000 native speakers of the language in Republic of India10. In Pakistan, there were about 500,000 native speakers of this language cited according to the census of 1981-199811. The alternative names given to this language in these areas is Gilgiti (Spoken in Gilgit,Punial,Hunza , Bunji and Harmosh), Astori (Astor, Gurais, Dras, Satpora, Karmangi), Chilasi-Kohistani (,Darel,Tangir,Sazin,Harben)12

Shina language is hierarchically classified into Indo- European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, North western Zone, Dardic and Shina. In Baltistan and , Shina speakers are known by the name of and thus, their language is termed as Broksat13. It is pertinent to mention here that Broksat is employed semi officially in India to refer to a divergent variety of Shina spoken by both Shia and Sunni Muslims14 and Buddhists as well.

The various dialects of Shina include Gilgiti (Bagrote, Bunji, Gilgit, Harmosh, Hunza nagar, Punyal, Rondu), Astori (Astor, Dras, Gurezi, Kharmangi, Satpora), Chilasi Kohistani ( Chilas, Darel, Harban, Sazin, Tangir), The lexical similarity within these dialects of Shina are mentioned in the table below: Table 1: Lexical similarity within the dialects of Shina.

4 ishkoman valley. “wikipedia. Accessed february 2, 2018. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ishkoman_Valley 5 “Hunza valley. “Wikipedia, accessed February 2, 2018. , https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunza_Valley 6 “Astore valley. “Wikipedia, accessed February 2, 2018. , https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astore_Valley 7“Kharmang valley.“Wikipedia, accessed February 2, 2018. , https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharmang_District 8 “Kachura district.“Wikipedia, accessed February 2, 2018. pakistanpaedia.com/land/baltistan/valleys-of-pakistan_baltistan.html 9 “Kohistan district.“Wikipedia, accessed February 2, 2018. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohistan_District,_Pakistan 10Zahid Samoon, “Shina Language -Dedicated to Late Haji A.A.Samoon”, accessed February 2, 2018. , http://gurais.wikifoundry-mobile.com/ 11 Shina at Ethnologue (18th ed. ,2015) Kohistani Shina at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) 12 Robert I Crane, Area Handbook on Jammu and Kashmir state (university of Chicago: university of Chicago for the Human Relations Area files), 179

13 “Shina language,“Wikipedia, accessed February 3,2018, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shina_language 14 “Brokskat A language of India ISO/DIS 639-3: bkk,” “Wikipedia, accessed February 3,2018, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Astore_Valley

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Gilgiti dialect sub Astori dialect sub Chilas dialect sub group group group 79%-99% 81%-96% 84%-98%

Moreover, SIL in 2017 documentation of Shina identified Shina as Scl.15

Identifier Scl Name Shina Status Active Code set ISO 639-3 Scope Individual Type Living

Gurez or Gurãai in the local language of Shina16, is a valley located in high about 53 miles from district and 76 miles from in northern Kashmir and southern Gilgit- Baltistan17. Since the valley of Gurez is closer to the Burzil pass, which is an entrance to Astor, a district of Gilgit-Baltistan, the natives are called as Dards or Shin people18. Therefore, their primary language is Shina language and the dialect spoken by people of Gurez is Gurezi dialect. It varies from the Drasi dialect spoken in Dras,.The table below shows the difference in both the Drasi and Gurezi dialect of Shina. Table 2: Difference between Gurezi dialect of Shina and Drasi Shina Name of the Spoken in Family Words Gloss Dialect

/ʃdɪ/̃ Monkey /bɪr̃ ɪ/ Lake Drasi Dras Indo-Aryan /mu:s/ Flood

/dok/ Mud /krokus/ Crow Words Gloss /pʌ́nzu/ Monkey /yɛb/ Lake Guraisi Gurais Indo-Aryan /ɛpu/ Flood

15 Herald Hammarstrom, Robert Forkel, and Martin Haspelmath, eds., Shina Glottolog 3.0, (jena Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History,2017) 16“ Gurez, “Wikipedia, accessed 24 March, 2018 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurez 17“ Gurez, “Wikipedia, accessed 24 March ,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurez, accessed on 24 March,2018 18 “Gurez, “Wikipedia, accessed 24 March, 2018, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurez ======Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 18:5 May 2018 Amreen Qadir, M.A. and Tanima Anand, M.A., B.Ed., NET Gurezi Shina: A Typological Sketch 45

/tʃi:tʃil/ Mud /kaa/ Crow

1.1 Historical Significance of Guerz Gurez used to be an important part of , stretching between Sharada Peeth and Minimarg and Dras and Bagtore in the south19. The valley used to be a stopover of ancient silk route between , connecting it with Gilgiit-Baltistan and continuing further to Kashgar. George Grierson puts forward that Shina, which is the native language of Dards or the people of Gurais is the origin of . He also provides an evidence for it as he argues that the original script of Kashmiri language is the Sharda script. The Sharda university as well Shardha temple are present in the Neelum valley which used to be a part of Gurez). It was Maharaja Gulab sing who conquered Ladakh, an area in northern Jammu and Kashmir and the Valley of Gurez which was earlier a part of Dardistan in 1840 and in the same period, Gulab adjoined the Valley of Gurez with Jammu & Kashmir state.20

The natives of the valley of Gurez are also referred as Dards because of the Shina language which is the Dardic sub-group of Indo-Aryan language family. It was George A. Grierson who acknowledged that the languages spoken in the mountainous regions of Northern Kashmir, Afghanistan and Pakistan’s Gilgit-Baltistan should all be known as Dards21. Grierson argued that Dardic, which is related to the Indo-Aryan group of languages, encompasses three other groups22 including: (1) The Kafir group, (2) The Khowar group and (3) The Dard group proper.

Georg Morgenstierne has refuted the linguistic basis of categorization put forward by Grierson23 . He argues that, “... Dardic is simply a convenient term to denote a bundle of aberrant IA [Indo- Aryan] hill languages which in their relative isolation have been in a varying degree sheltered against the expanding influence of IA midland (Madhyadesha) innovations being left free to develop on their own.”24

1.2 Previous Studies and Mentions In 1919, Sir George Grierson (Linguistic Survey of India, Vol. VIII, Part II) made a mention about Dards and said that all the languages spoken in mountainous regions of Pakistan, Afghanistan and Northern Kashmir should be called as Dards. Moreover, Ruth Laila Schmidt and

19 “Gurez, “Wikipedia, accessed 25 March, 2018 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurez#cite_note-3 20 “Cosmic Prince, “Maharaja Gulab Singh of Jammu and Kashmir, accessed 25 March, 2018 http://islamicglobalhistory.blogspot.in/2009/02/maharaja-gulab-singh-of-jammu-and.html 21 George A. Grierson, Linguistic Survey of India (Vol. viii, part ii) 22 Grierson, Linguistic Survey, (1919:2) 23 Masica, Collin P., The Indo-Aryan Languages ( Cambridge University press,1993) 462. 24 Georg Valentin von Munthe af Morgenstierne , Morgenstierne (1961: 139, cited in Peterson : 2006:22)

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Razwal have worked on “A Grammar of the Shina language of the Indus Kohistan”25. It was Dr. B. B. Rajapurohit who worked on the Grammar of Shina Language (Based on the Dialect spoken around Dras)26. Apart from that, Grammar of the Shina (Ṣiṇā) language: consisting of a full grammar, with texts and vocabularies of the main or Gilgiti dialect and briefer grammars (with vocabularies and texts) of the Kohistani, Gurezi, and Drasi dialects was studied by Thomas Graham Bailey27 in 1924.

1.3: Gurezi Dialect of Shina: An Under-documented Language Gurezi dialect of Shina language comes under the living under documented languages. The present paper is an effort to examine and establish an updated status of Gurezi dialect of the Shina language. Shina is not a language, but it is a cluster of Indo-Aryan varieties which are mutually comprehensible but are distinctive linguistically. Moreover, Shina is one of the few Indo-Aryan languages with a written tradition.28 However, Shina used to be an unwritten language a few decades ago.29 There is not a standard orthography for the language yet.30 ince a language dies about every two weeks with the loss of its last speakers31, similarly, Shina is in a danger of extinction because younger generation tends to have an affinity to the more dominant languages. The threat is from the spread of Kashmiri and , the most dominant languages spoken in Northern Kashmir as the younger generation go to schools where they pick up and learn both these languages fluently, therefore Gurezi Shina is prone to extinction. The inhabitants of the Valley of Gurez primarily use Gurezi Shina as their mother tongue to a lesser extent and Urdu serves as the lingua franca.

1.4 Research Questions Q1. Is the vocabulary for certain Shina words different in Drasi dialect as compared to the Gurezi dialect spoken in north of Kashmir? Q2. Why is the status of a phoneme attributed to 38 consonants only even though there are 49 consonants in Shina? Q4. How many types of consonant modifications are recognized in Shina?

25 Ruth Laila Schmidt and Razwal Kohistani, A grammar of the Shina language of Indus Kohistan (2008) 26 Dr. B. B. Rajapurohit, Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary(Based on the dialect spoken around Dras) 27 Bailey, T. Grahame, Grammar of the Shina (Sina) Language (1924).

28 , Dardic (Routledge language family series. Y. London: Routledge, 2003), 818-94

29 Ruth Laila Schmidt, The Oral history of the Darma lineage of Indus Kohistan (2003-2004), 61. 30 Ruth Laila Schmidt and Razwal Kohistani, A grammar of the Shina language of Indus Kohistan” (2008),14.

31 K.David Harrison, “Koro language discovered in India”, accessed March 15, 2018, https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Latest-News-Wires/2010/1006/Koro-language-discovered-in- India ======Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 18:5 May 2018 Amreen Qadir, M.A. and Tanima Anand, M.A., B.Ed., NET Gurezi Shina: A Typological Sketch 47 Gloss Lexime By foot /pɛ́:dʌɫ/ Leaves /pʌ́:ʈe/ Darkness /tʱʌ́p/ Q5. What are the different Forest /dʒe:ɫ/ types of vowel modifications Fire /pʱu:/ examined in Shina? Q6. What is the current Cold /ʈʂʌyé/ status of Shina language? Q7. What are the different types of numbers, pronouns, gender, and case suffixes employed in Shina? Q8. How does the phenomenon of Language Shift make Shina language spoken in the Valley of Gurez prone to extinction?

2. Phonology 2.1 Vowels Shina has 10 segmental vowels32 system as given in the below table. Table 3: Segmental Vowels

Front Central Back

High /i/ /u/

Lower High /e/ /o/

Higher Low /ɛ/ /ə/ /ʌ/, /ɔ/

Low /a/

The various vowels which are short and long vowels33 present in the above examples are ɛ, a, u, which are used by the natives of the valley of Gurez.

2.2 Consonants There are about 49 consonants34 in the Shina language but out of 49, only 38 35consonants have the status of a phoneme. Other consonants which are 1136 in number are taken from other languages including Urdu, Balti, Kashmiri and English. Thus, the 38 consonant phonemes are mentioned in the table given below on the basis of their articulatory properties.

32 Dr. B.B. Rajapurohit, Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary, (Based on the dialect spoken around Dras), 28. 33 Rajapurohit, Grammar of Shina, 28. 34 Ibid., 33. 35 Ibid., 33. 36 Ibid., 33 ======Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 18:5 May 2018 Amreen Qadir, M.A. and Tanima Anand, M.A., B.Ed., NET Gurezi Shina: A Typological Sketch 48

Table 4: Consonants in Shina

2.3 Marginally occurring consonants

Bilabia-l Labio Alveola Retrofle Palata Vela Uvula Glotta - -r -x -l -r -r -l dental S vl- P t ʈ k t un- o vl- pʱ tʱ ʈʱ kʱ p as- S vd- b d ɖ g Un- Af vl- ts ʈʂ tʃ fr un- ic vl- tsʱ ʈʂʱ tʃʱ at as- es vd- dz dʒ un- Nasals M n ɳ ŋ Lat.Approxi 1 mant Trill r Frica- vl s ʂ ʃ X h z ʐ ʒ ɣ ɦ vd- Approximan ⱱ y ts

There are 11 consonants in Shina which do not have the status of a phoneme as they are picked from Kashmiri, Urdu or Balti languages as already mentioned above. The reason being that natives from the valley of Gurez have migrated from their homeland to other places that has led to the influence of other languages on Shina. These 11 consonants are specified as under: q ʔ ɱ ɲ ɾ ɽ ɸ β f w ð χ

These 11 consonants also occur in free variations or certain environments. For instance, if we take the example of [q], it has a free variation with [k]. For example: [qa:lɪ́:n] which means Carpet [Kúm:boq són] which means [Bishops weed]

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Similarly, [ʔ] has a free variation with its absence. For example; [ʔóŋo] ̃[óŋo] which mean sickle.

3. Noun Morphology Shina nouns are inflected for gender, number and case by morphosyntactic categories. Nouns are masculine or feminine, and count or non-count. All nouns in Shina are thus given a grammatical gender which may or may not coincide with natural gender. e.g. /pənkʱa/ ‘Fan’ is masculine; /atʃʱi/ ‘eye’ is feminine. The distribution of gender to non-living objects may be either masculine or feminine and one can’t reason why one has assigned masculine or feminine to them.

Most males are masculine nouns in Shina. Most of the masculine nouns get suffixed with /o/ sound, and the rest is consonant ending. For example, /dá:do/ ‘grand-father’, / káko/ ‘brother’, & /bábo/ ‘father’. Similarly, most of the feminine nouns get suffixed with /i/ and the rest is consonant ending. For example, /dá:di/ ‘Grand-mother’, / káki/ ‘sister’, & ʃúŋi ‘bitch’. There are many Shina words or lexemes which are inflectional for gender, number, and person, which are discussed in detail as:

3.1 Gender Shina language has a gender similar to and gender is natural in some words and gender marker is suffixed on others37.

Table 5: Masculine gender in Shina S. No. Noun Masculine 1. Man / mʌnũʐo/ 2. Grandson /pó:ʈʂo/ 3. Boy /b:ál/ 4. Father /mʌ́lu/ 5. He-Goat /tʃʱətí:lo/ 6. Bear /iʂ/

7. Wolf /úruk/ 8. Child /tʃúɳo bá:l/ 9. Horse / áʃup/ 10. Lion /ʃé:re bəbə́r/

Table 6: Feminine gender in Shina S. No Noun Feminine 1 Woman /tʃéɪ̃ /̃ 2 Grand-daughter /pá:ʈʃi/

37 Ibid., 45 ======Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 18:5 May 2018 Amreen Qadir, M.A. and Tanima Anand, M.A., B.Ed., NET Gurezi Shina: A Typological Sketch 50

3 Girl child /tʃúɳi mulʌ́i/ 4 Mother /á:ʒe/ 5 Female Bear /kɪʂ́̃ / 6 Sow /úrkui/ 7 Mare /só:ʈʃi áʃhup/ 8 Goat (she) /ʔái/ 9 Lioness /sámiɳi/ 10 Girl / mulʌi/

It should be noted that in case of feminine nouns, gender marker /i/ is suffixed as shown in above table. Moreover, the gender marker /e/ is also suffixed in case of a female noun. For e.g. /sin/ ‘river’ after adding the gender marker /e/ becomes /sine/ is rivers and similarly, /kʌ́ʃ/ ‘marriage’ becomes / kʌ́ʒe/ ‘marriages’.

3.2 Singular and Plural In case of pluralisation in Shina, the vowel sounds such as /ē/, /eh/, /i/38 are employed as a plural suffix, therefore without bringing any change to the singular forms. The various examples are cited below;

Table 7; Singular & plural in Shina S. No. Words Singular Plural 1. Book /kitáp/ /kitápe/ 2. Man /mʌnúʐo/ /mʌnúʐe/ 3. Cat /píʃu/ /píʃe/ 4. Cow /gá:wo / /gá:we/ 5. Puppy /kʱukúr/ / kʱukúri/ 6. Orchid /bá:k/ /bʌkéh/ 7. Carrot /ga:dʒʌ́r/ /ga:dʒréh/ 8. Apple /pʌló/ /pʌle/ 9. Star /táro/ /táre/ 10. Tree /byẽɪ/̃ /byẽɪe/̃

3.3 Personal Pronouns There are about 7 personal pronouns39 in Shina and they are given in the Table 8 below; Singular Plural 1st person I /mo/ We /bẽɪ/̃

38 Ibid .,41. 39 Ibid., 44 ======Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 18:5 May 2018 Amreen Qadir, M.A. and Tanima Anand, M.A., B.Ed., NET Gurezi Shina: A Typological Sketch 51

2nd person You /tu/ You /tʃʱo/ 3rd person He /a:v/ They /a:/ She /a:v/ They /a:/ It /ʌnu/ They /a:/

Plural /a:/ is generally employed in case of third person singular masculine (He), feminine (She) and for neutral genders. Moreover, in the third person singular and plural, the usage of various pronouns is made applicable in order to indicate the proximate and remote objects as well as persons. Various examples have been given in the table below; Table 9: pronouns Singular Plural Proximate He a:v, /ʐo/ (proximate) They (m) a:, /ʐe/ (proximate) Remote Neutral /pʌra:v/ They (neutral) /pʌra:/ Proximate She a: /ʐe/ They (f) /əya:/ /ʐɛ/

3.4 Case Suffix There are about seven cases in Shina40 that are nominative, accusative, instrumental, dative, ablative, genitive and locative and these cases are in correspondence with the structure of Hindi, which is again an Indo-Aryan language.

Table 10: Cases in Gurezi Shina Singular Plural Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine Nom: -∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ (excl) (Trans.) -su -su -su -su Acc: -∅ ∅ ∅ ∅ Inst: -ʒo -ʒo -ʒo -ʒo Dat: -re -re -re -re Abl: -ʒo -ʒo -ʒo -ʒo Gen: -yo: -ye: ∅ -éi Loc: - ʒa - ʒa - ʒa - ʒa

40 Ibid.,46 ======Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 18:5 May 2018 Amreen Qadir, M.A. and Tanima Anand, M.A., B.Ed., NET Gurezi Shina: A Typological Sketch 52

3.5 Basic Syntax of Shina A simple sentence of Shina is a combination of subject and predicate. The predicate of a sentence consists of the verb as well as objects and therefore gives the information about the subject.

3.6 Word Order The word order of Shina is similar as the sentence structure of Hindi, spoken in India and other Indo-Aryan languages of Dardic sub-group. Its subject comes in the first place, an object comes in the middle, and the verb comes in the final position and its primarily ‘SOV’ type. A few examples of the syntax structure of Shina language are given below:

(14) Ram só brɪ́ũ̃ kʱeʋ ‘Ram ate food.’ N.M V N

The subject Ram comes first in the sentence. The object brɪṹ̃ ‘food’ comes in the middle, and verb kʱeʋ ‘eats’ comes in the last. In English, the order of object and verb is inverted from OV to VO. Here the verb kʱeʋ ‘eats’ agrees with the subject Ram. We can also write the sentence as:

(15) brɪ́ũ̃ kʱeʋ Ram só Food.N eat.V Ram.N.M Aux. ‘Ram eats food.’

(16) brɪ́ũ̃ Ram só kʱeʋ Food Ram Aux. Eat N N.M AUX. V ‘Ram eats food.’

(17) Ram só tʃa: pyo Ram drank tea N.M V N

(18) tʃa: pyó Ram só Tea.N drink.V Ram.N.M Aux ‘Ram drinks tea’.

(19) tʃa: Ram só pyó Tea Ram Aux. V N N.M Aux. V ‘Ram drank tea’.

(20) Ram só kitap raʒó Ram read a book

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N.M V N

(21) kitap raʒó Ram só Book.N read.V N Aux. ‘Ram read a book’.

(22) kitap Ram só raʒó Book Ram Aux V ‘Ram read a book

The word order in Shina is flexible to an explanation for the subject and the object as well. The word order of an assertive, negative, interrogative, and imperative remain different from each other. Moreover, the changes in person, number gender, case, aspect, tense, and mood are also observed in the Shina language.

3.7 Verb Morphology A verb in a sentence plays a very significant role to tell us about the time and nature of the event. Similarly, in Shina language ‘-o:no’ suffix is employed as an infinitive marker when verbs are in isolation. Various examples are given in the Table 11 below:

Gloss -o:no Suffix To sit /beyó:no/ To pull /ʌlyó:no/ To eat / kʱó:no/ To reduce /kʌm tʱyó:no/

/-to/ is added to the verbs in Shina in case of the Conditional participles. The suffix /-to/ is an equivalent for ‘if’ in English.

Table 12: Conditional participles Conditional participles /-to/ If done /tʱyó:nto/ If reduced /kʌm tʱyó:nto/ If pulled /ʌlyó:nto/ If brought /ʌryó:nto/

In terms of 7 basic personal pronouns, the table below illustrates the use of intransitive and transitive verbs in Shina language;

The intransitive verbs are the basis for the simple present tense verbs.

Table 13: Intransitive Verbs in Gurezi Shina ======Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 18:5 May 2018 Amreen Qadir, M.A. and Tanima Anand, M.A., B.Ed., NET Gurezi Shina: A Typological Sketch 54

Singular Plural (mf) /be oʒnʌs/ First person (mf) /mu boʒó:mos/ (m) /bẽɪ ̃ boʒnʌs/ (f) /bɛ ̃ boʒinʌs/

Second person (mf) /tu bo/ (m) /tsʱo bo:ʒa:/ (f) /tsʱɛ bo:ʒa:/ Third person (m) /a:v bo:ʒʌɱ/ /a: boʒna:/ (f) /a: bo: ʒɪ:/̃ (mfn) /a: boʒna:/ (n) /a:v bo:ʒʌɱ/ /a: boʒna:/

Simple present tense in Shina is formed by transitive verbs. The following are the examples of transitive verbs for the verb /dyó:no/ “to give”:

Table 14: Transitive Verbs in Shina Singular Plural (mf) /besu dyó:nʌs/ First person (mf) /mus dyó:mos/ (m) /bẽɪsũ dyó:nʌs/ (f) /bɛsũ dyóinʌs/ Second person (mf) /tusu dyó/ (m) /tsʱosu dyóa:/ (f) /tsʱɛsu dyóã:/ Third person (m.) /a:vsu dyóʌɱ/ /a:su dyó:na:/ (f) /a:su dyó:ɪ:/m̃ ( mfn) /a:su dyó:na:/ (n) /a:vsu dyó:ʌɱ/ /a:su dyó:na:/

Thus, the transitive verbs are employed for the formation of simple present tense verbs41. For Example: First person Singular

(17) mu boʒó:mos mʌdʌrsá: I. go. School. I go to School

Second person plural

(18) be oʒnʌs mʌdʌrsá: we go school We go to school

First person singular

(19) tu bo mʌdʌrsá

41 Ibid., 54 ======Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 18:5 May 2018 Amreen Qadir, M.A. and Tanima Anand, M.A., B.Ed., NET Gurezi Shina: A Typological Sketch 55

You go school You go to school

Second person plural

(20) tsʱo bo:ʒa: mʌdʌrsá: You go school You go to school

Third person singular

(21) a:v bo:ʒɪ ̃ mʌdʌrsá: She goes school She goes to school Third person plural

(22) a: boʒna: mʌdʌrsá: They go school They go to school

Similarly, in case of transitive verbs, the simple past tense verbs in a sentence will be:

First person singular

(23) musu dyó:mos zʌkʌt I. SG give. V charity. N I give charity

Second person plural

(24) besu dyó:nʌs zʌkʌt We.PL give. V charity.N We give charity

First person singular

̊(25) tusu dyó zʌkʌt You.SG give. V charity. N You give charity

Second person plural

(26) tsʱosu dyóa: zʌkʌt ======Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 18:5 May 2018 Amreen Qadir, M.A. and Tanima Anand, M.A., B.Ed., NET Gurezi Shina: A Typological Sketch 56

You.PL give.V charity.N You give charity

First person singular

(27) a:vsu dyó:ɪ:̃ zʌkʌt They.SG give.V zakat.N They give charity

Second person plural

(28) a:su dyó:na: zʌkʌt They.SG give.V charity.N They give charity.

3.8 Equational and Existential verbs:

The verb /hãʋ/ ‘to be’ is used as copula in equational sentences.42various examples which can be used in order to illustrate the verb / hãʋ/ are under:

(29) pʌrá:de púʃe ʈʂe: hã There.Adv cats.N three.Num verb There are three cats.

(30) á:nni ʃúŋŋi du hã: here dogs.N two.Num verb Here are two dogs

(31) á:ni pʌnzé du hɛ ̃ here monkeys.N two.Num verb Here are two monkeys

4. Morpho-syntactic Features of Gurezi Shina

4.1 Adjectives Adjectives as qualifiers are of two types in Shina: Variable and Variant. They generally precede the noun they qualify. Adjectives in direct form, end in /o/ in singular masculine gender, and /i/ in singular feminine gender. For Example: (32)ʐó hú dʒáro manúʐo He.SG is.AUX old.ADJ man.N

42 Ibid., 55 ======Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 18:5 May 2018 Amreen Qadir, M.A. and Tanima Anand, M.A., B.Ed., NET Gurezi Shina: A Typological Sketch 57

He is an old man.

(33)tʃúɳo bá:l si biskú:ʈ kʱeⱱ small.ADJ boy.N biscuit.N ate.V small boy ate the biscuit

(34)ʐo hú bʌɽo tolʏá: It is.AUX big.ADJ towel.N It is a big towel

Therefore, it should be noted here that all the final vowels end with /o/ in case of masculine nouns. Similarly, in case of feminine nouns, the vowels end with /i/.

For Example:

(35) ʐé hɛ dʒári dádih She.SG is.Aux old .Adj woman.N She is an old woman.

(36)bo:tól tʃuni me:súdʒ tʃiré Bottle.N small.Adj table.N keep.V Keep the bottle on the small table

4.2 Agreement of Adjectives

The nouns or pronouns with genitive case suffix function as adjectives of the noun that follows it43 :

When a noun is plural, the final vowel of the noun is changed from /o/, /u/ to /e/.

For Example:

Singular Plural

(37) myé kitáp myé kitaṕe My.SG book. N My.SG books.PL My book My books.

(38) myé pɪ́ʃi myé pɪʃ́ e My.SG Cat.N My.SG Cats.PL My cat. My cats.

(39) ʐenni gá:ⱱ ʐenni gá:ⱱe

43 Ibid., 50 ======Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 18:5 May 2018 Amreen Qadir, M.A. and Tanima Anand, M.A., B.Ed., NET Gurezi Shina: A Typological Sketch 58

Their.PL cow.N Their.PL cows.PL Their cow. Their cows.

4.3 Ordinal Adjectives

Numerals also belong to the class of adjectives and in Shina, there are Ordinal adjectives.

For example, in case of masculine nouns, we have:

The ordinal form for /ek/ ‘one’ in Shina is /ekmúko/

The ordinal form for /du:/ ‘two’ in Shina is /dumó:go/ The ordinal form for /ʈʂe/ ‘three’ in Shina is /ʈʂemó:go/

(40) ʐo hu myó tʃálúkú ba:l He.SG is.Aux my.N first.OAdj boy.N He is my first boy.

(41) ʐo hu myó dumó:go ba:l He.SG is.Aux my.N second.OAdj boy.V He is my second boy.

(42) ʐo hu myó ʈʂemó:go ba:l He.SG is.Aux my.N third.OAdj boy.N He is my third boy.

The final vowel and the preceding consonant changes44 in case of the ordinals of the female nouns. For example:

(43) ʐé hɛ myé tʃalúkí sʌs She.SG is.Aux. my.N first.OAdj sister.N She is my first sister.

(44) ʐé hɛ myé dumó:ki sʌs She.SG is.Aux my .N second.OAdj sister.N She is my second sister.

(45) ʐé hɛ myé ʈʂemó:ki sʌs She.SG is.Aux my.N third.OAdj sister.N She is my third sister.

4.4 The Agreement of Adjectives with the Noun in Number

44 Ibid; 50 ======Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 18:5 May 2018 Amreen Qadir, M.A. and Tanima Anand, M.A., B.Ed., NET Gurezi Shina: A Typological Sketch 59

(46) myo ʃáko ‘my arm’ (47) mye ʃáke ‘my arms’

(48) tʱo gáːʋ ‘your cow’ (49) tʱe gáʋe ‘your cows’.

(50) ʐesso ʃúŋ ‘his dog’ (51) ʐenne ʃúɳe ‘his dogs’

(52) ʐessu ʌʈʂɪ́ː ‘her eye’ (53) ʐesse ʌʈʂéː ‘her eyes’

It is noticeable here that the final vowel if the above pronouns changes from –o/-ɪ/ to –e, when the nouns are plural.

5. Current Status of Shina According to the Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption level, abbreviated as EGID (Lewis and Simon, 2010), the EGID level for the Shina language45 in its primary country, Pakistan is 6A (Vigorous) - meaning that the language is used for face-to-face communication by all generations and the situation is sustainable.

Fig: Graph showing EGIDS level for Shina language46

The graph above highlights the place of Shina language within the cloud of various other living languages in the world in the EGIDS level. The Shina language is represented by the large green coloured dot. Green = 6A (Vigorous)- The language is not standardized and is in vigorous use among all generations.

45 Ethnologue Languages of the World, Shina, A language of Pakistan, accessed February 20, 2018, https://www.ethnologue.com/language/scl 46 Shina Ethnologue, ‘Wikipedia , accessed February 20, 2018 , https://www.ethnologue.com ======Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 18:5 May 2018 Amreen Qadir, M.A. and Tanima Anand, M.A., B.Ed., NET Gurezi Shina: A Typological Sketch 60

As far as the current status of Shina in north Kashmir’s valley of Gurez is taken into consideration, according to the questionnaires prepared, the natives have agreed upon the fact that they have lost their mother language to the ongoing clash between the youngsters and old generation in which the youngsters are prioritizing Kashmiri, Urdu and English taught in the educational institutions, thereby forgetting their own mother tongue. The elders of one of the villages of Gurez valley expressed their vows against the authorities in power who have been compelling them to vacate from their respective land because of the establishment of Kishenganga dam project. They have been vocal about the fact that the government has not been much successful in preserving the Shina language as well as the culture of Dards. They believe that a time will come when Shina will totally get vanished from the face of North Kashmir’s Gurez. After highlighting these facts, Shina language in the valley of Gurez can for sure be treated as a threatened language which would soon become extricated if a serious commitment and contemplation is not shown by the natives and the authorities to safeguard its rich language and cultural diversity.

6. Reviving the Shina language Shina language has only 37,992 speakers in the valley of Gurez47, due to a number of reasons. The ongoing Kishenganga Project, by the government of India, has compelled the natives to migrate from their motherland towards other places. Many natives have moved from their respective valley to district Bandipora, (Madar, Ahamshareif, Lawdara, Bankoot, Matrigham) and the city of Srinagar occupying the areas of , Shalteng, Chanpora, and Kralpora.

Moreover, because of the Economic mobility, inter-cultural marriages as well as the intra- migration, Shina speakers have lost their mother language and have gravitated towards Kashmiri and Urdu languages. Since language is a medium or carrier of culture and traditions, therefore this so- called language shift has led to the adulteration of the life-long history of the culture of Dards. Therefore, the phenomenon of language shift and the Dards living in minority among the dominant group of people, where Kashmiri and Urdu have the upper hand over Shina, it has caused the language itself to be prone to extinction. Dards from the valley are suffering from identity crisis and the loss of Dardic culture. The main obstacle is the laxity and carelessness of both the native speakers of the language as well as the authorities who do not demand a status of a language for Shina.

Shina has a rich cultural as well as linguistic diversification as any other spoken languages in its phonology, morphology, as well as syntax. It is the mother language of the natives of Dras, Kargil, and the Valley of Gurez in northern Kashmir of India. Therefore, this language can be effectively used as a medium of instruction in the primary schools as well. Moreover, the first academic dissemination entitled, Shina Zaban: Sauti Nizam Aur Rasm ul Khat (Shina language, phonetics and Script) has been declared publicly and the research-based publication is accredited to Masood Samoon.

47 “Gurez Tehsil- Bandipora, (census 2011). Accessed on March 10, 2018, https://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/40-gurez-bandipora-jammu-and-kashmir.html ======Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 18:5 May 2018 Amreen Qadir, M.A. and Tanima Anand, M.A., B.Ed., NET Gurezi Shina: A Typological Sketch 61

The paper aims at bringing back Shina as a means of expression and medium of instruction. A serious dedication and commitment from the natives and authorities is highly demanded. Shina should be also welcomed as a third language in educational institutions just like Kashmiri, Hindi and Urdu. The writers should be encouraged to write in their mother tongue as Shina has a script like any other language. Culture and traditionalism of the natives is to be preserved through documentation and similarly other necessary steps have to be taken in favour of the language to protect it from a sudden death and extinction.

8. Conclusion The paper summarizes some grammatical features of Shina language. Due to the prolonged contact with Hindi, Kashmiri and Urdu speakers, the natives of Gurez have burrowed the script and few lexical items from these languages. Despite this, Shina is a different language and does not show any mutual intelligibility with Hindi, Kashmiri and Urdu. ======References “Mosaic of Jammu and Kashmir.” Hammarstrom, Harold; Forkel ,Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds., “Shina” Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=scl

Samoon Zahid, “Shina Language-Dedicated to Late A.A.Samoon”,accessed February 2, 2018, http://gurais.wikifoundry-mobile.com/

Shina at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)

Crane, Robert I..Area Handbook on Jammu and Kashmir state. University of Chicago for the Human Relations Area Files,1956.

Bashir, Elena. Dardic. London: Routledge, 2003

Schmidt, Laila, Laila. The Oral history of the Darma lineage of Indus Kohistan, 2003

Schmidt and Razwal Kohistani, A grammar of the Shina language of Indus Kohistan. 2008

Rajapurohit. Grammar of Shina (Based on the dialect spoken around Dras). 2012

Ethnologue languages of the world. A language of Pakistan. ======Amreen Qadir, M.A. [email protected]

======Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 18:5 May 2018 Amreen Qadir, M.A. and Tanima Anand, M.A., B.Ed., NET Gurezi Shina: A Typological Sketch 62

Tanima Anand, M.A., B.Ed., NET, Research Scholar [email protected]

School of Languages & Literature Shri Mata Vaishnu Devi University Katra 182320. Jammu & Kashmir, India

======Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 18:5 May 2018 Amreen Qadir, M.A. and Tanima Anand, M.A., B.Ed., NET Gurezi Shina: A Typological Sketch 63