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Japan-Africa Relations T Japan-Africa Relations T. Lumumba-Kasongo ISBN: 9780230108486 DOI: 10.1057/9780230108486 Palgrave Macmillan Please respect intellectual property rights This material is copyright and its use is restricted by our standard site license terms and conditions (see palgraveconnect.com/pc/info/terms_conditions.html). If you plan to copy, distribute or share in any format, including, for the avoidance of doubt, posting on websites, you need the express prior permission of Palgrave Macmillan. To request permission please contact [email protected]. Japan-Africa Relations Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to University of Groningen - PalgraveConnect - 2011-08-27 - PalgraveConnect of Groningen - licensed to University www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright 10.1057/9780230108486 - Japan-Africa Relations, Tukumbi Lumumba-Kasongo 9780230619326_01_prexvi.indd i 2/26/2010 6:19:37 PM This page intentionally left blank Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to University of Groningen - PalgraveConnect - 2011-08-27 - PalgraveConnect of Groningen - licensed to University www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright 10.1057/9780230108486 - Japan-Africa Relations, Tukumbi Lumumba-Kasongo Japan-Africa Relations Tukumbi Lumumba-Kasongo Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to University of Groningen - PalgraveConnect - 2011-08-27 - PalgraveConnect of Groningen - licensed to University www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright 10.1057/9780230108486 - Japan-Africa Relations, Tukumbi Lumumba-Kasongo 9780230619326_01_prexvi.indd iii 2/26/2010 6:19:37 PM JAPAN-AFRICA RELATIONS Copyright © Tukumbi Lumumba-Kasongo, 2010. All rights reserved. First published in 2010 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United States—a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN: 978–0–230–61932–6 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lumumba-Kasongo, Tukumbi, 1948– Japan-Africa relations / Tukumbi Lumumba-Kasongo. p. cm. ISBN 978–0–230–61932–6 (alk. paper) 1. Japan—Foreign relations—Africa. 2. Japan—Foreign economic relations—Africa. 3. Africa—Foreign relations—Japan. 4. Africa—Foreign economic relations—Japan. 5. Japan—Economic policy. 6. Africa— Economic conditions. I. Title. DS849.A78L85 2010 327.5206—dc22 2009035109 A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: April 2010 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the United States of America. Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to University of Groningen - PalgraveConnect - 2011-08-27 - PalgraveConnect of Groningen - licensed to University www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright 10.1057/9780230108486 - Japan-Africa Relations, Tukumbi Lumumba-Kasongo 99780230619326_01_prexvi.indd780230619326_01_prexvi.indd iivv 22/26/2010/26/2010 6:19:376:19:37 PPMM This book is dedicated to my parents: My mother Pala Dembo Louise Kasongo and my father Disashi Jerôme Kasongo, who as teachers taught me how to read and who provided me with experiences and skills of hard-work ethic. Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to University of Groningen - PalgraveConnect - 2011-08-27 - PalgraveConnect of Groningen - licensed to University www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright 10.1057/9780230108486 - Japan-Africa Relations, Tukumbi Lumumba-Kasongo 9780230619326_01_prexvi.indd v 2/26/2010 6:19:38 PM This page intentionally left blank Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to University of Groningen - PalgraveConnect - 2011-08-27 - PalgraveConnect of Groningen - licensed to University www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright 10.1057/9780230108486 - Japan-Africa Relations, Tukumbi Lumumba-Kasongo Contents List of Tables ix Preface xi One General Introduction 1 Two Approaches, Theoretical Perspectives, and Assumptions on Relations of Political Economy 41 Three The Bandung Conference (1955): Ideology of Non-Alignment and Pragmatism of Afro-Asian Alliances 61 Four Contextualizing Contemporary Japanese Politics and Japanese Nation-State in the “Caricature” and Reality of Bipolar World since the 1970s 79 Five A Reflection on African Conditions in the Period of the Recent Global Reforms 95 Six International Cooperation between Western Powers and Africa: A Comparative Reflection 119 Seven Concept of Peace and the Japanese Economic Development Model 143 Eight Japanese Foreign Policy toward Africa during and after the Cold War Era: “Pax Nipponica” versus “Pax Africana” 163 Nine Official Development Assistance (ODA) to Africa: - 2011-08-27 - PalgraveConnect of Groningen - licensed to University www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright Old and New Trends 183 Ten Japan’s Relationship with Africa in Post-Bipolarity: A Reflection on the Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD) 201 10.1057/9780230108486 - Japan-Africa Relations, Tukumbi Lumumba-Kasongo 9780230619326_01_prexvi.indd vii 2/26/2010 6:19:38 PM viii / contents Eleven The Role of Education in the Japanese International Cooperation with Africa: Earlier and Recent Trends 219 Twelve Conclusion 233 Notes 243 References 247 Index 265 Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to University of Groningen - PalgraveConnect - 2011-08-27 - PalgraveConnect of Groningen - licensed to University www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright 10.1057/9780230108486 - Japan-Africa Relations, Tukumbi Lumumba-Kasongo 99780230619326_01_prexvi.indd780230619326_01_prexvi.indd vviiiiii 22/26/2010/26/2010 6:19:386:19:38 PPMM Tables 5.1 External Debt of Net-Debtor African Countries in Total, 1989–1999 105 5.2 Debt Relief and Debt in US$ Millions of Selected Poor Countries in 1998 107 5.3 Changes in Human Development over Time: Selected Countries 110 5.4 The 32 Poorest Countries in the World as Measured by the UNDP’s Human Development Index (HDI) 111 9.1 Major Developing Countries’ Recipients of Japan’s Bilateral ODA, 1996–1998 192 9.2 Major African Recipients of Japan’s Bilateral Assistance by Aid Type, 1998 196 9.3 List of African Countries to Which Japan Was the Top Donor, 1993–1996 197 9.4 Import from Africa to Japan in the Agricultural Sector in 2001 (Million Yen) 199 Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to University of Groningen - PalgraveConnect - 2011-08-27 - PalgraveConnect of Groningen - licensed to University www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright 10.1057/9780230108486 - Japan-Africa Relations, Tukumbi Lumumba-Kasongo 9780230619326_01_prexvi.indd ix 2/26/2010 6:19:38 PM This page intentionally left blank Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to University of Groningen - PalgraveConnect - 2011-08-27 - PalgraveConnect of Groningen - licensed to University www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright 10.1057/9780230108486 - Japan-Africa Relations, Tukumbi Lumumba-Kasongo Preface The status of Japan in the post–War World II period as a militarily defeated power by the United States and its allies, and as a dependent and clientelist state, and that of Africa as a colonized continent by Western European powers but embroiled in the decolonization process, theoretically com- plicates the study of Japan-African relations as the paradigms constructed on a linear thinking do not apply. Japan’s relations with Africa cannot be fully understood and appreciated using existing classical theories of international relations, despite their relative validity. Japan and Africa, as a continent, met during a very complex era in world politics—the Cold War, and their objectives were located within the state centric deontology of self-centered, political decolonization in Africa, and interests of global capitalism—with its claimed borderless settings. The thinking about writing a book on Japan-Africa relations and the act of writing such a book have been a long and gradual process that was enriched with my expanded scholarship and world experience. Despite the popularity of “Made-in-Japan” since the second half of the twentieth century, Japan was still an enigma for me until I came to study at the University of Chicago in the mid 1970s. My fascination with Japan, its people, its culture, and its history started to be invigorated after taking two graduate courses in the Department of Political Science with Professor Bernard Siberman on modernization of Japan and Japan’s Meiji Restoration. My passion was concentrated on the nature of the absolute Japanese imperial power and its relationship with its subjects. This fasci- nation pushed me to investigate how a single imperial decision to open up to the West, led Japan on an extraordinary journey of studying Western philosophies, technologies, medicine, sciences, and the arts in the Western - 2011-08-27 - PalgraveConnect of Groningen - licensed to University www.palgraveconnect.com material from Copyright institutions which contributed significantly to the Japanese progress. My curiosity made me raise the
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