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Building Community Resilience from Post-Disaster Recovery a Case Study from the Philippines

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Building Community Resilience from Post-Disaster Recovery a Case Study from the Philippines BUILDING COMMUNITY RESILIENCE FROM POST-DISASTER RECOVERY A CASE STUDY FROM THE PHILIPPINES Tuuli Valo 2015 Supervisor: Senior Lecturer Paola Minoia, Ph.D UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI DEPARTMENT OF GEOSCIENCES AND GEOGRAPHY DIVISION OF GEOGRAPHY P.O. Box 64 (Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2) FI-00014 University of Helsinki Finland HELSINGIN YLIOPISTO HELSINGFORS UNIVERSITET – UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI Tiedekunta/Osasto Fakultet/Sektion ) Faculty Laitos Institution ) Department Faculty of Science Department of Geosciences and Geography TekijäFörfattare ) Author Tuuli Valo Työn nimi Arbetets title ) Title Building community resilience from post-disaster recovery – a case study from the Philippines Oppiaine Läroämne ) Subject Regional studies Työn laji Arbetets art ) Level Aika Datum – Month and Year Sivumäärä Sidoantal – Number of Pages Master’s thesis May 2015 101 + appendices Tiivistelmä Referat ) Abstract This research investigates the post-disaster recovery following typhoon Haiyan that hit the Philippines November 2013. The empirical study was conducted one year after by interviewing crisis-affected people. The first objective of this study is to evaluate the success of post-disaster early recovery from a social perspective focusing on three sectors: livelihoods and income restoration, adequate housing and disaster preparedness. The second objective aims at investigating the disaster resilience of the affected communities and individuals. The factors contributing to disaster resilience are partly deriving from humanitarian aid programs and partly from communities’ own systems. In order to build the capacity of at- risk communities to cope with the disasters, the importance of implementing disaster resilience in humanitarian aid has been recognized among researchers. On a broader scale this topic is connected to the role of humanitarian aid in post-disaster recovery. Humanitarian aid is traditionally perceived as a short-term help whereas development aid aims at longer term changes, for instance impacting structural issues in societies. However during the last years the role of the humanitarian aid has been recognized as an initiator for longer term development. Discussion around the different goals of humanitarian and development aid acts as an important part of theoretical framework. Referring to this theoretical discussion this study aims at finding out if any steps have been taken towards longer term goals and bridging relief to development in post-disaster recovery. The evaluation of early recovery is based on different policy papers such as guidelines, plans and standards that provide a frame to analyze the recovery critically. The assessment of early recovery and examination of disaster resilience is conducted through a qualitative case study of three typhoon-affected communities in the province of Samar in Eastern Visayas. Primary data was collected on a field trip in Oct- Nov 2014 in barangays Salvacion, Sawa and Ferreras. Qualitative data collection methods were employed in order to understand the social realities of people’s daily lives. The key data collecting method in this study was individual semi-structured interview with crisis-affected people, in addition to which group discussions and key informant interviews were employed to support and challenge the data acquired from individual interviews. Both the policy papers and the data collected from the field were analysed using discourse analysis which emphasizes critical thinking towards the social dynamics and the role of power in each text. The study findings show that a year after the disaster people’s major problems were drastically dropped income levels, inadequate housing and inability to restore livelihoods. Emergency phase had been successful however the critical shift from short-term aid to long-term development framework had not yet been purely successful. Nevertheless some important steps had been taken. Humanitarian assistance was not only distributing goods but it included housing programs, emergency employment and livelihood support. Communities’ own resilience systems in terms of social capital played an important role in disaster recovery. Avainsanat – Nyckelord ) Keywords disaster, humanitarian aid, early recovery, community resilience, post-disaster recovery Säilytyspaikka – Förvaringställe – Where deposited University of Helsinki, Kumpula Science Library Muita tietoja ) Övriga uppgifter ) Additional information HELSINGIN YLIOPISTO HELSINGFORS UNIVERSITET – UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI Tiedekunta/Osasto Fakultet/Sektion ) Faculty Laitos Institution ) Department Matemaattis-luonnontieteellinen tiedekunta Geotieteiden ja maantieteen laitos TekijäFörfattare ) Author Tuuli Valo Työn nimi Arbetets title ) Title Building community resilience from post-disaster recovery – a case study from the Philippines Oppiaine Läroämne ) Subject Aluetiede Työn laji Arbetets art ) Level Aika Datum – Month and Year Sivumäärä Sidoantal – Number of Pages Pro gradu Toukokuu 2015 101 + liitteet Tiivistelmä Referat ) Abstract Tässä pro gradu-työssä tarkastellaan katastrofin jälkeistä toipumista Filippiineille marraskuussa 2013 iskeneen taifuuni Haiyanin seurauksena. Suoritin empiirisen tutkimuksen vuoden kuluttua katastrofista haastattelemalla taifuunin kokeneita paikallisia. Tutkimuksen ensimmäinen päämäärä tarkastelee varhaisen toipumisen onnistumista keskittyen kolmeen sektoriin: elinkeinojen ja tulotason palautumiseen, asianmukaiseen asumiseen sekä katastrofiriskien vähentämiseen ja katastrofivalmiuteen. Toinen tutkimuksen tavoitteista on tarkastella yhteisöjen ja yksilöiden katastrofinsietokyvyn roolia toipumisprosessissa, mikä on pitkälti sidoksissa ensimmäiseen tavoitteeseen. Katastrofinsietokykyä rakennetaan ja vahvistetaan osittain humanitaarisella avulla ja osittain yhteisöjen omalla toiminnalla. Tutkijat ovat tunnustaneet, että katastrofinsietokyvyn sisällyttäminen humanitaariseen apuun on erittäin tärkeää, jotta katastrofeille alttiiden yhteisöjen valmiuksia katastrofeista selviytymiseen voidaan vahvistaa. Gradun aihe kytkeytyy laajemmassa mittakaavassa humanitaarisen avun rooliin katastrofin jälkeisessä toipumisessa. Humanitaarinen apu on perinteisesti nähty lyhytaikaisena apuna, kun kehitysapu pyrkii pitkän tähtäimen muutoksiin esimerkiksi vaikuttamalla yhteiskuntarakenteisiin. Viime vuosina humanitaarisen avun rooli on kuitenkin alettu nähdä myös pitkäkestoisempien vaikutusten alullepanijana. Humanitaarisen ja kehitysavun eriävistä päämääristä nouseva keskustelu toimii tärkeänä osana tämän tutkimuksen teoreettista kehystä. Tässä tutkimuksessa pyritäänkin myös selvittämään, onko tarvittavia toimenpiteitä toteutettu pitkäkestoisemman avun tarjoamiseksi katastrofin jälkeisessä toipumisessa. Katastrofin jälkeisen varhaisen toipumisen arviointi perustuu asiaankuuluviin ohjeistuksiin, suunnitelmiin ja kansainvälisiin standardeihin. Varhaista toipumista sekä yhteisöjen ja yksilöiden katastrofinsietokykyä tutkitaan laadullisen tapaustukimuksen avulla. Tapaustutkimus suoritettiin kolmessa eri kylässä, Salvacionissa, Sawassa ja Ferrerasissa, Samarin maakunnassa Itä-Visayasilla. Empiirinen tutkimusaineisto hankittiin kenttämatkalla loka-marraskuussa 2014. Keskeisin menetelmä tutkimusaineiston keräämiseen oli puolistrukturoitu yksilöhaastattelu, jonka lisäksi tein myös ryhmäkeskusteluja ja asiantuntijahaastatteluja tukemaan ja tuomaan lisätietoa aineistoon. Analysoin tutkimusaineiston käyttäen diskurssianalyysia, joka painottaa kriittistä ajattelutapaa ja valta-asetelmien tarkastelua tutkimusaineistossa. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat, että vuoden kuluttua katastrofista ihmisten suurimmat ongelmat olivat romahtanut tulotaso, puutteelliset asumisolosuhteet sekä kyvyttömyys palata taifuunia edeltävien elinkeinojen harjoittamiseen. Ensimmäisen vaiheen hätäapu oli toteutettu suhteellisen onnistuneesti, mutta kriittistä muutosta lyhytaikaisesta avusta kauaskantoisempaan apuun ei ollut tutkimusaineistoa kerättäessä vielä täysin onnistuneesti saavutettu. Siitä huolimatta suunta oli oikea, ja tärkeitä toimenpiteitä oli jo toteutettu. Humanitaarinen apu ei ollut vain hyödykkeiden jakamista, vaan se tarjosi apua myös asumisratkaisuihin, hätäapua työllistymiseen sekä tukea elinkeinojen elvyttämiseen. Paikallisten yhteisöjen omat sietokykysysteemit, erityisesti sosiaalisen pääoman muodossa olivat myös merkittävässä roolissa katastrofista toipuessa. Avainsanat – Nyckelord ) Keywords katastrofi, humanitaarinen apu, varhainen toipuminen, yhteisön sietokyky, katastrofin jälkeinen toipuminen Säilytyspaikka – Förvaringställe – Where deposited Helsingin yliopisto, Kumpulan tiedekirjasto Muita tietoja ) Övriga uppgifter ) Additional information Contents 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Research questions and the aims of the study ............................................................. 2 2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ..................................................................................... 5 2.1. Definitions of the key terms ........................................................................................ 5 2.2. Humanitarian aid and financing – overview ............................................................... 7 2.3. International standards for humanitarian aid ............................................................... 9 2.3.1. Code of Conduct ................................................................................................... 9 2.3.2. The Sphere
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