Kasetsart Veterinarians vol. 20 No. 3. 2010 «“√ “√ —µ«·æ∑¬å ªï∑’Ë Ú ©∫—∫∑’Ë Û ÚııÛ Evaluation of the Efficacy of Deltamethrin against Musca domestica and diaperinus in the Laboratory Trial

Burin Nimsuphan1*, Wissanuwat Chimnoi1, Boy Boonaue1 and Sathaporn Jittapalapong1

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ABSTRACT and 50 ppm deltamethrin. At 60 minutes after spraying, the mortality rates for the were The objective of this study was to evaluate 86.33 and 94%, respectively. At 24 hours after the effectiveness of deltamethrin (Butox50) exposure, the mortality rates increased to 100% against the housefly (Musca domestica) and darkling in both treated groups. The mortality rates for both (Alphitobius diaperinus) by spraying of 25 treatment groups of the were 100%

1 ¿“§«‘™“ª√ ‘µ«‘∑¬“ §≥– —µ«·æ∑¬»“ µ√å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡°…µ√»“ µ√å «‘∑¬“‡¢µ∫“߇¢π °√ÿ߇∑æœ 10900 Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900 * Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] 132 «“√ “√ —µ«·æ∑¬å ªï∑’Ë Ú ©∫—∫∑’Ë Û ÚııÛ after 50 minutes of exposure. The mean of mortality litter material used on the floor. They are known rates for the housefly and darkling beetle between vectors and reservoirs for a number of serious treated groups and between treated group and diseases including aspergillosis, Marekûs control were significantly different (p = 0.05). Thus, disease, infectious bursal disease, and Newcastle deltamethrin is an effective for controlling disease (Bates et al., 2004) and can also act as an the housefly and darkling beetle in poultry houses intermediate host for , cestodes, and and this chemical might also have an effect on . In addition, both larvae and adults can other related . transmit some food-borne pathogens such as Key words: Musca domestica, Alphitobius Salmonella and Campylobacter to (Bates diaperinus, deltamethrin, poultry house et al., 2004; Templeton et al., 2006; Hazeleger et al., 2008; Roche et al., 2009). However, the darkling INTRODUCTION beetle is not a source of Campylobacter from flocks to flocks due to the short period of time for bacterial The housefly, Musca domestica (Linnaeus) carriage by this beetle (Templeton et al., 2006; and darkling beetle, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) Hazeleger et al., 2008). are the major pests in poultry houses in Thailand. A various types of are available Housefly has a cosmopolitan distribution and an for the control of and darkling . important role as a mechanical vector of , However, M. domestica has likely developed virus, protozoa, and eggs of various helminthes insecticide resistance, such as DDT (Chin et al., (Souslby, 1982; Sulaiman et al., 2000). It also acts 2008), 2, 2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate (DDVP) as an intermediate host for parasitic worms of (Acevedo et al., 2009), nicotinoid, and domestic , such as Habronema in horse insecticide (Kaufman et al., 2010) while and Raillietina in poultry and occasionally, it may tetrachlorvinphos was reported losing its follow other blood-sucking flies and feed on effectiveness against A. diaperinus in some poultry decomposing blood and tissue fluid (Souslby, 1982). farms (Kaufman et al., 2008). The pyrethroid M. domestica was found as the potential carrier of insecticides are currently common used in a variety bacteria in northern Thailand. The most common of ways in enclosed space. Deltamethrin is a bacterium isolated from houseflies was coagulase- member of synthetic which is safe for negative staphylococci followed by mammalian and without known carcinogenic, (Sukontason et al., 2007). teratogenic, mutagenic effects. The repeated dermal Darkling beetle is a common cosmopolitan expose with deltamethrin at full dose is not of houses where they are often considered a human or veterinary health risk. found in large numbers, particularly in the bedding Deltamethrin has been used in Thailand for ten «“√ “√ —µ«·æ∑¬å ªï∑’Ë Ú ©∫—∫∑’Ë Û ÚııÛ 133 years. The resistance to pyrethriods has been Insecticide reported in many kinds of mosquitoes throughout Butox 50 (Intervet International B.V., The the country (Paeporn et al., 2004; Yaicharoen et Netherlands) contains 50 mg/ml deltamethrin plus al., 2005; Sathantriphop et al., 2006). However, excipients was used in this study. the information regarding the efficacy of this insecticide to the housefly and darkling beetle is Spray application still limited. Only one report demonstrated that Houseflies were placed inside the meshed the adult populations of housefly and blow fly were cages (40 × 45 × 30 cm) while darkling beetles susceptible to permethrin and deltamethrin are kept in the insectariums (60 × 38 × 38 cm). (Sukontason et al., 2005). There is no report for Deltamethrin was mixed with tap water at two deltamethrin against darkling beetle from the poultry concentrations, 25 and 50 ppm, and applied as house in Thailand. Therefore, the efficacy of spray inside the cages and insectariums. The deltamethrin (Butox 50) against the housefly and volume of diluted deltamethrin was 1 litre/10 m2. darkling beetle was tested in this experiment. The equal number of insects was also applied with tap water spray as the control. The total number MATERIALS AND METHODS of each insect per group was 100 and each experiment was repeated three times. All tests Insect sampling were run at ambient temperature. Houseflies were trapped by using sweeping net at Kasetsart University cafeterias, Bangkhen Measurement campus while darkling beetles were collected The mortality rates for houseflies at 10, 20, directly from the bedding of poultry houses at 30, 40, 50, 60, 90 minutes and 24 hours and for Saraburi province. Houseflies were reared in the darkling beetles at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 120 mesh cages while darkling beetles were maintained minutes and 24 hours after spray application were in insectariums at ambient temperature and relative observed. The comparison between treatment and humidity 69-72% at Department of Parasitology, control group were analyzed. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University. Ten percentages of sucrose solution and diary milk Statistical analysis were supplied as food for the adults of housefly Data were analyzed by using the repeated while rabbit dry feed was used as food for larvae measures ANOVA. Statistical significances were of housefly and darkling beetles. The adults of considered at p = 0.05. housefly and darkling beetle (3-7 day-old) were selected for the experiments. 134 «“√ “√ —µ«·æ∑¬å ªï∑’Ë Ú ©∫—∫∑’Ë Û ÚııÛ RESULTS AND DISCUSSION significant difference of the mean of mortality rates compared between two concentrations of The mortality rates for houseflies and deltamethrin treatment and control group (p = 0.05) darkling beetles after spraying with two different for houseflies and darkling beetles treated with 25 concentrations of deltamethrin are shown in the and 50 ppm deltamethrin (Table 3). All houseflies Table 1 and Table 2, respectively. There was a in deltamethrin-treated groups died after 24 hoursû

Table 1 Mortality rates for houseflies over times after spraying with deltamethrin (Butox 50) at two concentrations (mean ± SE). Time (minutes) Control Butox 50 25 ppm 50 ppm 10 0 59.0 ± 6.55 77.0 ± 11.13 20 0.33 ± 0.57 71.66 ± 8.38 82.66 ± 6.42 30 1.0 ± 0 78.0 ± 8.71 87.66 ± 8.14 40 1.66 ± 0.57 82.0 ± 6.92 90.33 ± 7.57 50 2.0 ± 1.0 83.66 ± 8.50 92.66 ± 5.50 60 2.66 ± 1.52 86.33 ± 8.62 94.0 ± 4.35 90 4.66 ± 3.51 89.33 ± 9.86 95.66 ± 3.51 24 hours 6.33 ± 4.72 100 ± 0 100 ± 0

Table 2 Mortality rates for darkling beetles over times after spraying with deltamethrin (Butox 50) at two concentrations (mean ± SE). Time (minutes) Control Butox 50 25 ppm 50 ppm 10 0 58.66 ± 7.50 87.66 ± 3.05 20 0 93.33 ± 5.50 97 ± 2.0 30 0.33 ± 0.57 98.33 ± 2.08 100 ± 0 40 0.66 ± 1.15 99 ± 1.73 100 ± 0 50 0.66 ± 1.15 100 ± 0 100 ± 0 60 0.66 ± 1.15 100 ± 0 100 ± 0 120 0.66 ± 1.15 100 ± 0 100 ± 0 24 hours 0.66 ± 1.15 100 ± 0 100 ± 0 «“√ “√ —µ«·æ∑¬å ªï∑’Ë Ú ©∫—∫∑’Ë Û ÚııÛ 135 exposure while darkling beetles were killed within Houseflies from poultry farms were reported 50 minutes after treatment in both two in a multi-insecticide resistant pattern. The levels concentrations. Thus, spraying with deltamethrin of resistance in pyrethroids and permethrin of at least 25 ppm was effective to kill the adults of houseflies were reported (Acevedo et al., 2009; houseflies and darkling beetles in the limited cages, Kaufman et al., 2010). Some developed cross- particularly in darkling beetles. resistance to different insecticides within pyrethroid In this study, deltamethrin had an adulticide group including some recently insecticides (Liu and activity in both insects. One of the reasons may Yue, 2000). However, the pattern of resistance is be the duration of use less than 20 years in Thailand different in each area depended on strains and which the insects still do not develop the insecticide sources of insects and local insecticide use histories resistance. However, the efficacy was found in (Lambkin and , 2006; Kaufman et al., 2008). darkling beetle greater than of housefly. This might The exposure of houseflies to small volume of be due to the differences in their biology and life pyrethroids applied on animals as pour-on or cycles. The flying activity of houseflies between spraying might facilitate the increasing of insecticide aerial spraying with deltamethrin can result the resistance. differences in mortality rates in each repeated Thus, the effective insect control programs experiment or even the differences between both should be adopted by using the potential insecticide insects. There were some houseflies exposed to or combined insecticide treatment (Salin et al., 2003; small volume of insecticide which caused them Acevedo et al., 2009; Mee et al., 2009) died later on compared to the others. accompanying with the other tools, such as

Table 3 Multiple comparison tests for all pairwise differences between the means of mortality of houseflies and darkling beetles. Group Count Mean of mortality rate Difference from groups Housefly Control 24 2.33333 25 ppm, 50 ppm a 25 ppm 24 81.25 Control, 50 ppm a 50 ppm 24 90 Control, 25 ppm a Darkling beetle Control 24 0.45833 25 ppm, 50 ppm a 25 ppm 24 93.66666 Control, 50 ppm a 50 ppm 24 98.08334 Control, 25 ppm a note: a - significant difference (p = 0.05) 136 «“√ “√ —µ«·æ∑¬å ªï∑’Ë Ú ©∫—∫∑’Ë Û ÚııÛ electrical grid with UV light or sticky trap. In Relationship of Campylobacter isolated from Malaysia, Assurance Rats Glue applying on yellow poultry and from darkling beetles in New hardboard was the best trap in the farm Zealand. Avian Dis. 48: 138-147. for catching M. domestica (Chin et al., 2008). Chin H.C., S. Sulaiman and H.F. Othman. 2008. Insecticide bait applications have been considered Evaluation of Neopeace, Neopeace-F101, low-impact drivers of resistance in houseflies owing and Malaysia Assurance Rats Glue for to the great mobility exhibited by houseflies and trapping Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) the wide range of acceptable food substrates in the field. J. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 31: 1-5. (Kaufman et al., 2010). Hazeleger W.C., N.M. Bolder, R.R. Beumer and The present study indicates that W.F. Jacobs-Reitsma. 2008. Darkling beetles deltamethrin (Butox 50) can be practically used (Alphitobius diaperinus) and their larvae as for controlling the housefly and darkling beetle. potential vectors for the transfer of Despite yielding better results in darkling beetle and Salmonella enterica compared to housefly, the dose at 25 ppm can be serovar Paratyphi B variant Java between applied as insecticide for pest control in poultry successive broiler flocks. Appl. Environ. houses. Microbiol. 74: 6887-6891. 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