LOCAL GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MULTIPURPOSE DISASTER SHELTER PROJECT

DESIGN AND SUPERVISION CONSULTANCY SERVICES CONTRACT PACKAGE NO. LGED/MDSP/D3.2/SD-1 PHASE-1 FINAL REPORT REPORT NO. 10

June, 2016

SUBMITTED BY THE DESIGN AND SUPERVISION CONSULTANTS JOINT VENTURE OF CDM SMITH INC. OF USA AND DDC LTD. OF BANGLADESH ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The MDSP Design and Supervision Consultancy (D & SC) Team wishes to acknowledge the excellent support received from the World Bank Task Team Leader Ms. Anna O’Donnell and the full team at the World Bank Office headed by the Co-Task Team Leader Ms. Swarna Kazi during the implementation of the MDSP Phase-1.

The D & SC Team is extremely thankful to Mr. Abdur Rashid Khan, Project Director (PD)of MDSP, and Mr. Javed Karim, Deputy Project Director (DPD), MDSP for the excellent and valuable guidance and encouragement given, facilitates the Team’s tasks.

The tremendous help received from LGED officials of ECRRP, particularly from Mr. Sheik Anis (DPD) and Mr. Atikul Islam (SRAE) is greatly appreciated.

Cooperation received from the LGED District Executive Engineers, Engineers, Upazila Office Staffs, Local Government Officials, School Management Committee, Union Chairmen and the community members was commendable.

Last but not least, the enormous support and assistance received from the Team Leader of D& S Consultants, ECRRP, is gratefully acknowledged.

i LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

BWDB Bangladesh Water Development Board SPARRSO Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization of Bangladesh CBO Community-Based Organization CPP Cyclone Preparedness Program CS Cyclone Shelter D&S Design and Supervision DMB Disaster Management Bureau DMC Disaster Management Committee DMRF Disaster Management Response Fund/Facility DRR Disaster Risk Reduction ECRRP Emergency 2007 Cyclone Recovery and Restoration Project EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMF Environmental Management Framework EMP Environmental Management Plan FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FGD Focus Group Discussion GIS Geographic information system GOB Government of Bangladesh GPS Global Positioning System ICR Implementation Completion Report IDA International Development Association IEE Initial Environmental Examination KII Key Informant Interview LGED Local Government Engineering Department M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MDSP Multipurpose Disaster Shelter Project MLGCRD Ministry of Local Governments, Cooperatives and Rural Development MOA Ministry of Agriculture MOFDM Ministry of Food and Disaster Management MOFL Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock MOP Ministry of Planning MOWR Ministry of Water Resources MTRR Mid-Term Review Report NGO Non-Government Organization PAP Project Affected Person PIU Project Implementation Unit PDO Project Development Objective RCC Reinforced Cement Concrete TDF Tribal Development Framework TOR Terms of Reference WB World Bank

ii

TABLE OF CONTENT Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………………. I List of abbreviations……………………………………………………………………………… Ii CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION………….………………………………...... 1 1.1 Project Background…………………………………………………………………………………… 1 1.2 Project Development Objectives………………………………………………………………… 2 1.3 Project Extent And Location………………………………………………………………………… 2 1.4 Design And Supervision (D&S) Consulting Services……………………………………… 5 1.4.1 Objectives of the D & S Consultancy…………………………………………………………… 5 1.4.2 Phasing of consulting services……………………………………………………………………. 5 1.5 General scope of consultancy services on the Phase -1…………………...... 6 1.6 Project management and implementation arrangements………………………… 7 1.7 Consultants’ Staff……………………………………………………………………………………… 10 CHAPTER 2 – DATABASE UPDATING……………………………………………………… 11 2.1 DSSP-1 Database………………………………………………………………………………………… 11 2.1.1 Observations of LGED on DSSP-1 Database……………………………………………… 13 2.2 Methodology adopted for updating the ………….………………………………………….. 13 2.2.1 Desk Studies………………………………………………………………………………………………… 14 2.2.1.1 Cyclones in Bangladesh………………………………………………….……………………………. 14 2.2.1.2 Potential Future Inundation Zones in a Changing Climate..………………………… 15 2.2.1.3 District wise desk study findings………………………………………………………………… 17 2.2.2 Field Data Collection…………………………………………………………………………………… 29 2.2.2.1 Consultation and Particpation……………………………………………………………………… 32 2.3 MDSP Database Preparation………………………………………………………………………. 34 2.4 Prioritization of Shelter Locations...…………………………………………………………… 35 2.4.1 Selection of probable sub projects for the project preparation………… 40 CHAPTER 3 – SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT…………………………………………… 44 3.1 Social Issues………………………………………………………………………………………………… 44 3.2 Objectives of Social Impact Assessment……………………………………………………… 45 3.3 Methodology of Social Impact Assessment…………………………….………………… 46 3.4 Outcomes of the Social Assessment……………………………………………………………. 47 3.4.1 Coordination with the Ministry of Primary and Mass Education………………….. 47 3.4.2 Engagement of School Management Committees……………………………………… 47 3.4.3 Strengthening the Cyclone Preparedness Program (CPP) 48 3.5 Review of Applicable Legal Policies and Entitlement Framework……………… 48 3.6 Disclosure, Consultation and Participation……………………………………...... 49 3.7 Institutional Arrangement and Grievance Redress Mechanism………………… 50 3.7.1 GRC at the Grassroots/Sub project Site Level………………………………………………. 50 3.7.2 GRC at the District Level……………………………………………………………………………… 50 3.7.3 Procedure to be followed in forming GRC………………………………………………….. 51 3.8 Social Impacts, Mitigation Plan and Budget….……………………………………………… 51 3.9 Monitoring and Evaluation of Social Mitigation Plan ………..……………………… 53 CHAPTER 4 - RESETTLEMENT ASPECTS…………………………………………………… 55 4.1 Potential Impact under the project….……………………………………………………… 55 4.2 Basic Principles in Selection, Design and Implementation of Sub Projects… 55 4.3 Social Management and Resettlement Policy Framework………………………… 56 4.4 Resettlement in the Legal Context of Bangladesh……………………………………… 57 4.5 Guidelines for using public and private land……………………………………………… 59 4.6 Principles to avoid or minimize land acquisition and displacement…..………... 59

iii

4.7 Principles to be followed to mitigate adverse impact………….……………………… 60 4.8 Land Acquisition…………………….…………………………………………………………………… 60 4.9 Eligibility for getting Compensation/Assistance…………………………………………… 63 4.10 Entitlement Matrix………………………………………………………………………………………. 68 4.11 Preparation of Resettlement Action Plan …………………………….…………………….. 68 4.12 Community Consultation…………………………………………………..………………………… 69 4.13 Grievance Redress Procedure………………………………….…………………………………. 70 CHAPTER 5 - ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT………………………………………… 71 5.1 Environmental Policies and Guidelines……………………………………………………….. 71 5.1.1 Environmental Policies of Bangladesh Government and the World Bank…… 71 5.1.2 Project Category…………………….…………………………………………………………………… 72 5.1.3 Environmental Clearance Procedure………………………………………………………….. 72 5.2 Methodology followed for Environmental Assessment……………………………… 75 5.3 Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures.……………………………………… 77 5.4 Environmental Management Plan/s.....…………………………….…………...... 78 5.5 Institutional Arrangement for Safeguard Compliance.………………………………. 79 5.6 Access to Information…………………………………………………...... 80 CHAPTER 6 - HYDROLOGICAL ASSESSMENT.…………………………………………. 81 6.1 Purpose of the Hydrological Assessment…………………………………………………… 81 6.1.1 Objective of the Hydrological Assessment….…………………………………………….. 81 6.2 Data needed for Hydrological Assessment.………………………………………………… 81 6.3 Geophysical Processes and Geomorphic Expressions through Flood...... 84 6.4 The Hydrology of the Project Area…………………………..…………………………………. 87 6.4.1 The Climate and the Climatic Sub-Regions………………………………………………….. 87 6.4.2 Rainfall and its Intensities throughout the Year…………………………………………… 89 6.4.3 Soil and Surface Runoff in Project Area………………………………………………………. 89 6.4.4 Ground Water Resources and Water Quality……………………………………………… 89 6.4.5 Wind Pattern and Cyclone………………………………………………………………………….. 93 6.4.6 Tropical Cyclone and Storm Surges in the Project Area………………………...... 93 6.5 Hydrological Impact on the Project & Bangladesh…………………………………….. 97 CHAPTER 7 - ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF MDSP……………………………………….. 98 7.1 Project Benefits………………………………………………………………………………………… 98 7.2 Economic Analysis……………………………………………………………………………………… 99 7.3 Overall Economic Internal Rate of Return (EIRR)……………………………………….. 100 CHAPTER 8 - PREPARATION OF FEASIBILITY LEVEL DESIGNS…………………. 106 8.1 General Issues on Designs……………………………………………………………………….. 106 8.2 ECRRP RCC Designs………………………………………………………………………………….. 106 8.3 Review of Designs for the first two packages………………………………………….. 107 8.4 Overall Review of Designs……………………………………………………………………….. 108 8.5 Sub Soil Investigations…………………………………………………………………………….. 112 8.5.1 General Investigation Aspects………………………………………………………………… 112 8.6 Boring Method………………………………………………………………………………………… 112 8.7 Design and Engineering Aspects…………………………………………………………….. 114 8.8 Foundation Analysis and Design…………………………………………………………….. 119 CHAPTER 9 - PROCUREMENT AND FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT...... 120 9.1 Procurement…………………………………………………………………...... 120 9.1.1 Procurement Panel………………………………………………………………………………. 120 9.1.2 Procurement Packaging………………………………………………………………………….. 120 9.2 Tentative Project Implementation Plan………………………………………...... 123

iv

9.3 Financial Management………………………………………………………...... 123 CHAPTER 10 - ICT MONITORING…………………………………………………………. 127 10.1 General Use of ICT Monitoring………………………………………………………………… 127 10.2 Analysis, Design and Development…………………………………………………………. 128 10.3 Training…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 131 10.4 Monitoring and Evaluation Mechanism…………………………………...... 132 10.5 MDSP Monitoring and Evaluation Targets…………………………………...... 134 10.6 Project Key Performance Indicators……………………………………………………….. 135 10.7 Data Collection Forms Developed for Monitoring and Evaluation…………….. 139 CHAPTER 11 - OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE…………………...... 143 11.1 Use of Shelters in Bangladesh in brief………………………………..……………………. 143 11.2 Formation of Disaster Management Committees for MDSP…………………….. 147 11.3 Responsibilities of Shelter Management Committee………………………………… 150 11.4 Information Updating Process of MDSP Shelters………………………………………. 152 Appendix 1 – Data Collection Format …………………………………………………….. 158 Appendix 2 - District-wise Lists of Existing Shelters …………………………….. 170 Appendix 3 - District-wise Lists of Prioritized Shelter Locations……………… 171 Appendix 4 - District wise short- lists of Proposed Shelter Locations in the 172 NineAppendix district 5 – s Environmental recommended Sitefor construction……………………………Clearance Certificate………………………..……….. 173 Appendix 6 – Construction Work Schedule…………………………………………. 175 Appendix 7– ICT Monitoring Training Manual and Survey Forms……………. 177

v

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Background Bangladesh is one of the most vulnerable countries to natural disasters. In particular, cyclones in coastal zone of Bangladesh have accounted for several of the world’s worst natural disasters, such as the super cyclone in 1970, and the cyclone Sidr that hit the southwest coastal region of Bangladesh in 2007 severely affecting 30 , and killing thousands of people.

After the severe cyclone in 1970, which killed an estimated 300,000 people, the Government of Bangladesh pledged to improve protection of the coastal population. In the subsequent decades, the Government constructed a network of cyclone shelters in the coastal areas, and developed an early warning system for local communities entitled the Cyclone Preparedness Program (CPP).

The growing network of cyclone shelters and the community based early warning system have served to save lives and assets in the event of a natural disaster. This is very much evident from the fact that, while the total fatalities from the cyclone in 1970 amounted to 300,000 deaths, super cyclone Sidr caused only around 3,000 deaths, despite similar wind speeds and storm surge patterns.

After the cyclone Sidr made its landfall in 2007, the Government of Bangladesh, with the support of several Development Partners (DPs) including the World Bank (WB), enhanced its efforts of providing multipurpose shelters as a valuable first line defence for coastal population against the cyclones. Under the Emergency 2007 Cyclone Recovery and Restoration Project (ECRRP), which was approved by the World Bank in 2007, and along with its additional finances approved in 2010 and 2013, 330 new shelter are planned to be constructed with 460 to be rehabilitated by the time the project closes in 2017. ECRRP is focused on nine districts in Bangladesh which were heavily affected by the cyclone Sidr.

MDSP is a continuation of the World Bank’s commitment to assist the Bangladesh Government in its efforts of further reducing the vulnerability of coastal population by facilitating the new construction of 556 shelters, rehabilitation of 450 existing ones and the construction/rehabilitation of 550 Km of access roads, by addressing the unmet demands of 4 districts affected by cyclone Sidr, and 5 districts outside the cyclone Sidr landfall.

Shelter locations are chosen for MDSP on the priority basis. Current assignment under MDSP Phase-1 consists of updating the Disaster Shelter System Database in 20 districts altogether, the detailed preparation of the MDSP for the nine districts in which it is proposed to be implemented in the MDSP Phase -II, and preparation of tender packages for 2 districts, and Bola. This is a draft of the final report for the MDSP Phase -I.

1

1.2 Project Development Objectives The project development objectives (PDOs) of MDSP are as follows:

 To reduce the vulnerability of the coastal population across selected coastal districts of Bangladesh to Natural Disasters.

 To provide safe shelter to human beings and their resources including domestic animals during natural calamities like cyclones and tidal surges.

 To create facilities for primary/other education and thereby facilitate education for all.

 To create direct short term employment opportunities through project construction works and some regular employments through other use of shelters.

 To create community facilities for various social and government programs like EPI, NGO training etc.

The results of the project would be measured by the following key indicators; i. Increase in the share of needs met for priority multipurpose disaster shelters in the targeted districts, and ii. The number of project beneficiaries who have access to multipurpose shelters in targeted districts

The Government of Bangladesh has obtained a Credit for Emergency 2007, Cyclone Recovery and Restoration Project (ECRRP). A part of the proceeds of this credit would be used to prepare the proposed Multi-Purpose Disaster Shelter Project (MDSP). The MDSP would build upon the work done by the ECRRP, and strive to further improve the risk mitigation outcomes achieved so far.

1.3 Project Extent and Location Shelter rehabilitation and construction efforts under ECRRP have been concentrated in the nine Sidr-affected districts. MDSP will expand these efforts to five additional non Sidr- affected districts (, Feni, Lakshmipur, Cox’s Bazar and Noakhali) and to four Sidr affected districts (Pirojpur, Barisal, Bhola, Patuakhali), where there is an unmet demand even after the implementation of ECRRP. While the list of all districts in the project is in the Table 1.1 below, the project location with the full area together is shown in the Fig.1.1

Thus the MDSP would cover nine of the fourteen coastal districts where the need for additional shelters is greatest. The aim of the project is to meet at least two thirds of the required shelter demand in all coastal districts identified as Priority 1 by 2020.

The accuracy of information available in the DSS database is of paramount importance in order to ensure that the most critical sites categorized under Priority 1 are chosen for the investment. In responding to this need, LGED has undertaken to update the current DSS

2

database, not only for the nine districts under the MDSP, but to cover 20 districts altogether, which includes several of other districts away from the coastal belt vulnerable to disasters such as frequent flooding.

Table 1.1 Districts included in the two MDSP Phases

S. No Name of District Phase-I Phase-II 1. Barisal √ √

2. Barguna √ 3. Bhola √ √ 4. Pirojpur √ √ 5. Patuakhali √ √ 6. Jhalokathi √ 7. Faridpur √ 8. Madaripur √ 9. Gopalganj √ 10. Rajbari √ 11. Shariatpur √ 12. √ 13. Bagerhat √ 14. Satkhira √ 15. Noakhali √ √ 16. Feni √ √ 17. Lakshmipur √ √ 18. Chittagong √ √ `19. Cox’s Bazar √ √ 20. Chandpur √ Total 20 9

3

Figure 1.1 MDSP Project location Map

4

1.4 Design and Supervision (D&S) Consulting Services Following a two-stage tender process, LGED has engaged the Joint Venture CDM Smith Inc. of USA and the Development Design Consultants Ltd., (DDC) of Bangladesh as its Design & Supervision (D&S) Consultants for MDSP.

1.4.1 Objectives of the D & S Consultancy The main objective of the consulting services is to support Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) in the following: a. Development and updating of comprehensive analysis, strategy and plan for the program with database of Disaster Shelter System (DSS) b. Detailed designs of works to be implemented under the project and preparation of associated environmental and social assessments and management plans c. Preparation of tender documents and support in procurement of works d. Construction supervision and project management support according to international contracting practices

1.4.2 Phasing of Consulting Services The Consulting Services in this project are divided into two phases, as per the TOR.

Phase I is for comprehensive study and establishment of updated DSS database covering all vulnerable areas (Cyclone and Flood affected), optimal selection of MDSP out of country’s DSS, detailed project preparation of MDSP, and preparation of detailed design and bidding documents for two or three packages (RCC & Steel Structure) for the first year’s implementation of Phase- II.

Phase-II is for review & update of the disaster shelter studies, design, supervision, monitoring of phase-I works and also preparation of detailed design and bidding documents, supervision, monitoring & management of construction works under the full Multipurpose Disaster Shelter Project (MDSP).

The physical works under MDSP (As per TOR) would include the following:

1. Construction of new shelters, with killas wherever necessary, to provide greater protection for future disaster events (556 new shelters). 2. Rehabilitation of existing shelters that are damaged or cannot be used as disaster shelters due to some inadequacies, to meet the required standards (improvements to 450 existing shelters). 3. Construction/improvements of roads communication network to the shelters under the project to make them more accessible and effective (550 km of roads).

5

1.5 General Scope of Consultancy Services on the Phase -I The general scope of services of the D&S Consultants as per the TOR is as follows:

 Review related documents & recommendation of relevant studies & projects; discussion with concerned organizations, national & international development partners. This involves the studies carried out and recommendations made under ECRRP, CDMP, DMM, PEDP and various other government and non-governmental organizations.  Review existing database of disaster support system (DSS), survey of existing coastal support system (CSS), establish computerized database, updating appropriate forecasting models. (The latest database the LGED is having on the disaster shelters is DSSP-1, which needs reviewing and updating).  Assess effectiveness of Early Warning System (EWS), transport & mobilization system, adequacy of road networks, public communication facilities for assessing existing shelters. Bangladesh currently has a EWS for the attack by river flood and incoming cyclones, at least 3-4 days ahead, which is a joint program of the government and the Red Crescent Society, named as Cyclone Preparedness Program (CPP).  Identify priority investment (based on technical, socio-economic & environmental consideration) in order to address the needs of the most vulnerable people  Carry out analysis on socio-economic, engineering and designing, environmental and safety net protection ground.  Develop effective asset management plan for prioritization of DSS.  Prepare detailed feasibility studies for MDSP including technical/engineering studies, hydro-meteorological & structural analysis, socio-economic, institutional and environmental studies.  Prepare feasibility design, assist LGED in establishing computerized DSS database & periodical update, project preparation & processing, project institutional arrangement, implementation & procurement plan, financial management system, specifications & contract management, construction supervision plan.  Estimation of O&M plan.  Prepare project cost-benefit estimates, investment scheduling, economic and financial analysis.  Prepare detailed design and bidding documents for first 2, contracts.  Technical support for procurement related works, bidding documents, pre- qualification of contractors, tender evaluation and prepare bid evaluation report, technical assistance and training.  Organize seminars/symposiums/workshops with broad-based stakeholders’ participation.

6

As per the contract agreement between LGED and the Consultants signed on 18th March 2015, the duration of the Phase-I consulting services is considered to be 12 months from 01st April 2015.

1.6 Project Management and Implementation Arrangements Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) within the Division of Local Government under the Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development & Cooperatives (MLGRD&C) is the executing agency for implementation of Multi-purpose Disaster Shelter Project (MDSP) Phase -I, with the assistance of IDA (Credit no. 4507-BD) from World Bank, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The Chief Engineer (CE) of LGED has been designated as the Client’s representative for implementation. The Project Management Unit (PMU) has been established at LGED Headquarter headed by the Project Director (PD) under the Chief Engineer. The D &S Consultants selected for the Project would assist the PMU to carry out the activities of the Project in accordance with the Terms of Reference (TOR) of the Contract for Consultancy Services. The head of PMU of LGED would help the consultant in resolving various administrative issues which may arise during the project duration. The consultant will be readily available during the project implementation.

The consultant shall be responsible for all aspects of performance of services as set forth in the different sections of TOR. LGED would be responsible for providing the existing data and information including all reports prepared so far for the project.

Fig. 1.2 below shows the PMU Organizational Chart.

Figure 1.2: Organization of PMU, MDSP: Assignment Phase-l

Superintending Engineer Project Management Unit

(Region-level), LGED MDSP, LGED

Project Director MDSP- LGED Executive Engineers

(District-level) Deputy Project Director LGED Upazila Engineers MDSP-LGED

LGED Executive Engineer

The organizational chart showing the interrelationship between the PMU of LGED and the Consultant Team is given below in Fig. 1.3, and the Table 1.2 gives the Implementation Arrangement.

7

Fig .1. 3 –Organizational Arrangement of MDSP: Assignment Phase-l Interaction between the PMU and the D & S Consultants

Chief Engineer , LGED Project Steering Committee

Additional CE Project Coordinating & Monitoring Unit Implementat ion

SE Region SE (PM&E) D & S M & E Consultant Consultantss D & S Project Management Unit

Consultants PMU, MDSP, LGED

Executive Project Director MDSP, LGED Procurement Panel Engineer (District) Project Staff of

MDSP, LGED

D & S Consultants

Upazila

Engineers

Team Leader’s Office,

Field Offices

Regional Grievance /District and Redress Site

Committee Staff Grievance Redress School Level Committee District Level

8

Table 1.2: Implementation arrangement

Aspect Arrangement

Implementation Period March 2015 – September 2020

Estimated Completion Date 30 September 2020

Management

i Oversight body Project Steering Committee

Chair: Local Government Division of the

MLGRD&C

Members:

ii. Executing Agency LGED

III. Key Implementing Agencies LGED Divisional, regional , district and Upazila offices

Iv Implementation Units Project Management Unit (PMU) in Dhaka

Regional Project Offices

in Barisal and Chittagong Divisions

Procurement Construction Contracts –Prequalification, ICB

Goods and other – NCB

Consulting Services D&S Consultants - QBS -Phase -I , Phase –II

Individual Consultants -Direct Contracts

Project Financing WB Credit No. 5561-BD- USD 375 million

(Agreement dated January 26, 2015)

Disbursement As per the Loan Agreement and as per the detailed arrangements agreed upon between the GoB and the WB

9

1.7 Consultants’ Staff The Consultants’ staffing is based on the professional inputs identified in the Appendix C of the Consultancy Agreement, the extract of which is in Table1. 3.

Table 1.3 –List of Staff Positions and their Time Durations available for MDSP Phase -1

Sl. Name Post Proposed N Personmonths Key Expertso with International Experience 01. Susil. Somasiri Team Leader 6 Sub Total 6 Key Experts with Local Experience 02. Dr. Nurul Islam/Dr. Parvez Mohit Deputy Team Leader /PM Specialist 10 03. Md. Shams Ul Haque Senior Structural Design Engineer 5 Md. Tahmidul Islam Tanvir Senior Steel Structural Engineer 5 04. Didarul Mawla Database/Monitoring and Evaluation 5 05. Chowdhury Fazle Bari ArchitectureSpecialist and Landscape Specialist 3 06. Md. Anwar Hossain Procurement Specialist 2 07. A.J.M. Alamgir Environmental Specialist 3 08. Md. Nasim Haider Geographical Information System (GIS) 2 Sub TotalExpert 35 Other Experts with Local Experience 09. Md. Shamsul Alam Siddiqui Water Supply Engineer 2 10. A.Z.M.Zalal Uddin Hydrologist/ Hydro-meteorologist 2 11. Md. Emdad Hossin Geotechnical Engineer 2 12. Md. Abdul Quasim Resettlement Specialist/Sociologist 3 13. Subodh Chandra Biswas Electrical Engineer 2 14. A.K.M.Rafiqul Islam Material Engineer 2 15. Syed Humayun Akhter Earthquake Specialist 2 16. Md. Mohinul Hasan Jr. Survey Engineer 4 17. Md. Mahfuzur Rahman Jr. Engineer-1 3 18. Vashkar Saha Jr. Engineer-2 3 18. Shah Md. Ruhul Kabir Auto CAD Specialist 5 19. Md. Mizanur Rahman Financial Management Specialist 1 20. Probir Kumar Dey Project Economist 1 21. Syeda Novera Yasmin Socio-economist/Gender Specialist 1 Sub Total 33 Administrative Support Staff 22. Sk.Md. Shahidul Islam Office Manager cum Accountant 12 24. Md. Shaiful Islam Computer Operator 1 12 Md. Mizanur Rahman Computer Operator 2 12 25 Zillu MLSS 1 12 Arif MLSS 2 12 Sub Total 60 Field Staff Surveyor / Data Collector (20x3) 60 GRAND TOTAL 194

10

CHAPTER 2: DATABASE UPDATING

2.1 DSSP-1 Database LGED has a database of existing and proposed shelter locations in 20 districts, which has been compiled under the Disaster Shelter System Project-Phase1 (DSSP-1). Updating this DSSP-1 database in the context of the present ground situation incorporating all those shelters subsequently constructed by various donor agencies, along with those that have been newly proposed, was the main aim of the MDSP Phase-I. The following Table 2.1 shows the numbers of Existing and Proposed shelter locations included in the DSSP-1 database.

Table 2.1: Existing, Proposed and Total Numbers of Shelters included in the DSSP-1 Database

No. of shelters in DSSP-1 S No. District Existing Proposed Total 1 Barisal 184 472 656 2 Bhola 587 595 1182 3 Jhalokathi 24 220 244 4 Pirojpur 129 504 633 5 Patuakhali 259 539 798 6 Barguna 263 341 604 7 Bagerhat 241 566 807 8 Khulna 160 590 750 9 Satkhira 60 560 620 10 Chandpur 58 529 587 11 Faridpur 41 448 489 12 Gopalgonj 93 306 399 13 Madaripur 76 283 359 14 Rajbari 3 210 213 15 Shariatpur 62 319 381 16 Noakhali 142 419 561 17 Feni 61 314 375 18 Lakshmipur 164 415 579 19 Chittagong 420 1192 1612 20 Cox’s Bazar 329 398 727 Total 3356 9220 12576

11

Key Map

Fig 2.1: 20 Districts in which the Disaster Shelter database was updated through MDSP Phase-I

12

2.1.1 Observations of LGED on DSSP-1 Database The following is a list of LGED observations received from the PMU on DSSP-1 Database, advising the D&S Consultants to pay attention in forming the updated Database.

1. The number of cyclone shelters as included in DSSP-1 is not same in GIS Database; The latitude and longitude is not correctly positioned in some cyclone shelters. 2. Numbering of Selection Method may be provided on the side of each shelter in the proposed Priority-1 and Priority-2 of DSSP-1; Mention as well as how many in different categories. 3. Detailed Economical and Financial Analysis is not given. 4. It is necessary to review whether cyclone shelters were selected according to Selection Method of Priority-1 and Priority-2; For example, of Mathbaria, Bhandaria and later on Zia Nagar should be included in Priority-1 and Priority-2. 5. It is necessary to include the following items in Survey Format: i) School ID ii) Disaster Risk Zone iii) The population within 1.5 km radius of cyclone shelter. 6. It is necessary to fill up the distance from the existing DS in the survey form. 7. The items of Priority Identification, Location and Distribution Details are not provided. 8. The details of predicted population on 2025 are not given. 9. It is necessary to accurately position administrative boundary such as Upazila Boundary and Union Boundary in GIS Database. 10. The information on 90 out of 240 rehabilitated shelters is not provided in DSSP-1 and that can be included. 11. 60 out of 229 newly constructed or under construction shelters is not listed in DSSP-1; The information on 60 + 50 = 110 cyclone shelters is not available in GIS Database. 12. In the District of Barguna, the names of Upazila are not correctly mentioned for 168 shelters. 13. The names of the shelters with photographs may be mentioned for each shelter during data collection. 14. Shelters constructed by other organizations should be included in DSS Database. 15. Those cyclone shelters already surveyed in DSSP-1 list in different Districts should be included in DSSP-1 Priority-1 and Priority-2 list as per selection criteria.

2.2 Methodology adopted for updating the DSSP-1 Database Both desk studies and Field Surveys were carried out to collect data for the database updating. Desk studies were mainly focused on policies and guidelines on shelter building, various published data on risk levels, flood levels wind speeds etc, and the geographic, demographic and socioeconomic data on the beneficiaries. Field Surveys were carried out to collect sub project specific data to verify the desk study results as well as to collect data such as the distance of a proposed shelter location from an existing shelter, catchment populations, high flood levels, social status, housing patterns, accessibility and vulnerability of beneficiaries and their perceptions on the project, and environmental and social

13

implications of the project on the communities in the case of proposed shelter locations. Additional data on the condition of the buildings, services available, year of building, donor agencies involved etc., were collected on the existing buildings.

2.2.1 Desk studies The following documents were reviewed and the data collected were used in the selection and prioritizing the shelter locations, and in updating the understanding on the mitigation measures required to meet the future risks arising from increased occurance of cyclones..  Project related World Bank Documents such as Project Information Reports, Appraisal Report, Bank Safeguard Requirements

 Environmental and Social Framework /Tribal Development Framework prepared for the MDSP

 Cyclone shelter guidelines of the Department of Disaster Management (DDM)

 Cyclone risk maps developed by Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization of Bangladesh (SPARRSO),

 Flood level data from Bangladesh Water Development Board

 Tsunami Risk Maps and Wind Speed Mapping of Bangladesh

 Vulnerability Assessment and Damage Prediction of RCC Buildings (PWD)

 Inundation due to Climate Change (WB)

 2011 Census Report of Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics(BBS)

 Upazila-wise economic and population data

 Comprehensive Disaster Management Project (CDMP) Reports

 Google Maps of Districts and Upazilas, DSSP-1 Reports and GIS Maps

 ECRRP Processes, Procedures and Shelter Options and Designs

2.2.1.1 Cyclones in Bangladesh Bangladesh is positioned with the Bay of and the North Indian Ocean to the south and the Himalayas to the north. It is mainly affected by the cyclone, storm surge, flood and others because of her geographical location and condition. The coastal area of Bangladesh is different from rest of the country for its unique geo-physical characteristics which is almost exposed to the . An extensive river network, a lively estuarine system and a drainage basin divide the coastal zone and made coastal ecosystem as a potential source of natural resources and diversified composition of fauna and flora. The area is very productive for some important agricultural products. Most of the areas are very vulnerable to cyclone and flood.

14

Bangladesh has a 711 km long coastline that consists of a vast network of river systems draining the vast flow of the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna River system (Hossain, 2011). The coastal zone covered by the lowest landmass, is a part of the delta of the Himalayan drainage ecosystem. The coastal zone covers 19 out of 64 districts facing, or in proximity to, the Bay of Bengal, encompassing 153 thanas (subdistricts, formerly called Upazilas) and the EEZ (MoWR, 2005). Coastal Districts spread from Satkhira on the Indian border on the west to Cox’s Bazar on the Myanmar border to the eastern part of the country. Although the zone constitutes 32 percent of the area but 28 percent of the population of Bangladesh live in the place (Islam, 2004). The coastal region contains highly diverse ecosystems which includes the world’s largest single tract of mangroves (the Sundarbans), beaches, coral reefs, dunes and wetlands. It also provides goods and services for the coastal people.

Bangladesh suffers from cyclones almost every year, in early summer during April-May or late rainy season from October to November. There have been 154 cyclones, including 43 severe cyclonic storms, 43 cyclonic storms, 68 tropical depressions during the period from 1877 to 1995. Since 1995, five severe cyclones hit coast of Bangladesh in May 1997, September 1997, May 1998, November 207 and May 2009. The cyclone Sidr in 2007 and Aila in 2009 devastated almost all the coastal districts and caused huge property and livelihood losses. On average, a severe cyclone storm strikes Bangladesh every three years (GoB 2009). UNDP has identified Bangladesh to be the most vulnerable country in the world to tropical cyclones (UNDP, 2004)

2.2.1.2 Potential Future Inundation Zones in a Changing Climate In the world, Bangladesh is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change as well. Scientific evidence indicates that climate change will aggravate storm surge related inundation for two reasons. First, surges will be elevated by a rising sea level as ice caps continue to melt. Second, a warmer ocean is likely to intensify cyclone activity and thus heighten storm surges. The destructive effect will be greater when the surges are accompanied by strong winds and large onshore waves. Large storm surges will increase deapth of inundation and will move further inland threatening larger areas than in the past.

Dasgupta (2010) describes the inundation effect of storm surges as assessed using the two diamensional Bay of Bengal model recently updated and upgraded under the Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme (CDMP) of Bangladesh. The model is said to be based on the Mike21 hydrodynamic modelling system, and its domain covers the coastal region of Bangladesh upto Chandpur and the Bay of Bengal up to 160 latitude. It is understood that, in order to determine potential future inundation zones in a changing climate by 2050, the storm surge model has been run for the five cyclone tracks , namely, 1974, 1988, 1991, 2007, and an artificial track covering respectively the Sunderband coast, the Southwestern Coast (Sunderband to Patuakhali), Bhola and Noakhali coast in the Meghna Estuary and Eastern coast (Shitakunda and Bashkhali ) and the Sandwip coast and part of Noakhali and Chittagong coast at the central region of Meghna Estuary. Figure 2.2

15

shows the five cyclone tracks considered for the determination of inundation zones due to surges induced by climate change incorporating a sea level rise of 27cm, 10% increase in wind speed, and landfall of the cyclones during high tide.

Figure 2.3 is an inundation map for 2050 generated based on the simulation results, taking into consideration the intensification of cyclone induced inundation. The storm surge induced inundation area estimates indicate a potential 69% increase in the vulnerable zone with more than 3m inundation depth and 14% increase in the vulnerable zone with more than 1m inundation depth with climate change by 2050. (Dasgupta et al, World Bank, 2010)

Public Works Department (PWD) of Bangladesh also has published in 2015 the Storm Surge Inundation Depths in Coastal Areas in Bangladesh based on the land topography based on the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) 1991.

Consideration needs to be given to these inundation depths in deciding on the Plinth levels of the future shelters.

Figure 2.2: Cyclone tracks considered for demarcation of vulnerable zone in a changing climate

16

Figure 2.3: Projection of Storm Surge Inundation in a Changing Climate‐2050

2.2.1.3 District wise desk study findings

1. Bagerhat is situated at the fringe of the Bay of Bengal with the plentiful bounties of Sundarbans. It is bounded on the north by the Gopalganj District, on the east by the Pirojpur and Barguna Districts, on the south by the Bay of Bengal and on the west by the . It lies between 21˚49ˊ and 22˚59ˊ north latitudes and between 89˚32ˊ and 89˚98ˊ east longitudes. The total area of the District is 3959.11 sq. km. of which and 1912.82 sq. km. is under forest. About 80% of these two Upazilas covered under Sundarban forests. Annual average temperature is maximum 33.5°C and minimum 12.5°C. Annual rainfall is 1710 mm. Main Rivers of Bagerhat District are Panguchi, Daratana, Madhumati, Pasur, Haringhata, Mongla, Baleswar, Bangra and Goshairkhali. The rivers are tidal estuarine rivers in and around the Sundarban forests. The District consists of 9 Upazilas, 75 unions, 720 mauzas, 1047 villages, 3 paurashavas, 27 wards and 56 mahallas. The Upazilas are Bagerhat Sadar, Chitalmari, Fakirhat, Kachua, Mollahat, Mongla, Morrelganj, Rampal, and Sarankhola. Main crops are paddy, wheat, jute, sugar cane, potato, banana, onion, garlic and spices. Extinct and nearly extinct crops are tobacco, mustard seed and main fruits are sabeda, mango, jackfruit, banana and papaya. Main export Items are paddy, fish (shrimp) coconut, betel nut, betel leaf and honey. The Total population of Bagerhat District is 14, 76,090 where male are 7, 40,138 and female are 7, 35,952 (BBS, 2011). Main sources of income Agriculture 54%, non-agricultural labourer 6.7%, industry 0.87%, commerce 17.28%, transport and communication 3.3%, service 8.05%, construction 1.32%, religious service 0.28%, rent and remittance 0.4% and others 7.8% (Banglapedia, 2015). Southern part of

17

Bagerhat district is most vulnerable zone mainly Sarankhola and Mongla Upazila lies under high cyclone risk zone and other Upazilas are less vulnerable for cyclone but Rampal and Morrelganj are vulnerable for flood due to the major river running through. The major cyclonic storms Sidr and Aila caused much damage in this district in 2007 and 2009. Sidr affected all Upazilas while Aila mainly affected Mongla, Sarankola and Morellganj.

2. The Barguna District was previously a sub-division of Patuakahali District which was upgraded into a District on the 28th February, 1984. It is bounded on the north by Barisal and Patuakhali Districts, on the east by , on the south by the Bay of Bengal and on the west by Pirojpur and Khulna Districts. It lies between 21˚48′ and 22˚29′ north latitudes and between 89˚52′ and 90˚22′ east longitudes. The total area of the zila is 1,831.31 sq. km. (707.07 sq. miles) of which 399.74 sq. km. is riverine and 97.18 sq. km. is under forest. The population of the district is 8, 92,781 in 2011. Annual average temperature is maximum 33.3°C, minimum 12.1°C and rainfall 2506 mm. Among of all water bodies Bishkhali, Baleshwari, Burishwar, Payra, Andharmanik and Gajalia rivers are notable. A major river splitting into two large branches is running through Barguna making a number of minor rivers. This natural path divides the District into three and creates high exposure for cyclones, floods and storm surges. Therefore, Barguna is supposed to be one of the highest disaster prone Districts of the country. The zila consists of 5 Upazilas, 42 unions, 257 mauzas, 560 villages, 4 paurashavas, 36 wards and 51 mahallas. The Upazilas are Barguna Sadar, Amtali, Patharghata, Betagi and Bamna. Paddy and pulse are the main crops whereas Mango, jackfruit, banana, papaya are the main fruits of the district (BBS, 2011). Main sources of income Agriculture 62.67%, non-agricultural labourer 4.48%, industry 0.7%, commerce 13.38%, transport and communication 2.03%, service 6.72%, construction 1.46%, religious service 0.21%, rent and remittance 0.22% and others 8.13% (Banglapedia, 2015). There are some unions in the southern crest of the district are opened to the Bay of Bengal. The two major cyclones Sidr and Aila inundate the area for months in 2007 and 2009. As the district is opened to the Bay of Bengal, natural disaster is their daily fate.

3. Barisal District is comprised of the former Barisal Sadar South and Barisal Sadar North subdivisions of the former greater Barisal District. Barisal District was created in 1983. It is bounded on the north by Madaripur, Shariatpur and Chandpur Districts, on the east by Lakshmipur and Bhola Districts, on the south by Patuakhali and Barguna Districts and on the west by Gopalganj, Pirojpur and Jhalokati Districts. It lies between 22˚27' and 22˚52' north latitudes and between 90˚01' and 90˚43' east longitudes. The total area of the District is 2784.52 sq. km. of which 160.38 sq. km. is riverine. Annual average temperature is maximum 35.1°C, minimum 12.1°C and rainfall 1955 mm. The main rivers are Lower Meghna, Arial Khan, Katcha, Kirtankhola, Tentulia, Naya Bhanga, Jayanti, Shwarupkathi and Amtali. The District consists of 10 Upazilas, 85 unions, 1086 mauzas, 1204 villages, 5

18

paurashavas, 1 City Corporation, 75 wards and 129 mahallas. The Upazilas are Agailjhara, , , Banaripara, , Hizla, Barisal Sadar, , Muladi, and Wazirpur. Ancient name of Barisal was CHANDRADVIPA. The capital of this kingdom was at Bakla. The founder of the kingdom was Danuj Madhav or Danuj Mardhan Dev. The main crops are paddy, jute, oil seed, betel leaf, onion, sugarcane. And the main fruits are mango, jackfruit, banana, coconut, litchi, betel nut, black berry, guava, golden apple, water chestnut (BBS, 2011). Main sources of income Agriculture 48.25%, non-agricultural labourer 4.00%, industry 1.27%, commerce 17.52%, transport and communication 2.83%, construction 2.45%, religious service' 0.29%, service 13.08%, rent and remittance 2.31% and others 8.00% (Banglapedia, 2015). The two major cyclones Sidr and Aila inundate the area for months in 2007 and 2009. As half of the district is opened to the mouth of the rivers, natural disasters are their regular companions.

4. Bhola District is the largest riverine delta of the world became a sub-division in 1845 bearing the name of South Shahbazpur. At that time it was a part of which was then transferred to Barisal District in 1869. The sub-division was renamed as Bhola in 1876 when its head-quarter was shifted from Daulatkhan to Bhola. It is bounded on the north by Barisal District, on the east by Lakshmipur and Noakhali District, on the south by the Bay of Bengal and on the west by Barisal and Patuakhali Districts. It lies between 21˚54ˊ and 22˚52ˊ north latitudes and between 90˚34ˊ and 91˚01ˊ east longitudes. The total area of the District is 3403.48 sq. km. (1314.00 sq. miles) of which 1456.87 sq. km. is under forest. Zahiruddin, Patila, Dhalchar, Kukri-Mukri and such other chars of different sizes have formed at the river mouths. Annual average temperature is maximum 32.7°C and lowest 11.6°C and rainfall 2360 mm. Bhola Municipal town was established in 1920. The District consists of 7 Upazilas, 62 unions, 409 mauzas, 473 villages, 5 paurashavas, 45 wards and 63 mahallas. The Upazilas are Bhola Sadar, Daulatkhan, Burhanuddin, Tazumuddin, Manpura, Lalmohan and Charfasson. A gas field has been traced at Kachi Union under Burhanuddin Upazila. It has been named . Quantity of gas 0.5938 TCF of which 0.3340 TCF gas is procurable. Paddy, potato, onion, chilli, garlic, mustard seed, nut, betel leaf, betel nut etc. are the main crops of the District. Extinct and nearly extinct crops are tobacco, linseed. The main fruits are coconut, jackfruit, papaya, golden apple, banana etc. The main water bodies Meghna, Tentulia, Ganeshpura River and Darogar canal are notable. Total population of the district is 17, 76,795; male 8, 84,069 and female 8, 92,726 (BBS, 2011). Main sources of income Agriculture 63.64%, non-agricultural labourer 4.95%, industry 0.50%, commerce 12.67%, transport and communication 2.47%, service 5.74%, construction 1.55%, religious service 0.35%, rent and remittance 0.44% and others 7.69% (Banglapedia, 2015). The two major cyclones Sidr and Aila inundate the area for months in 2007 and 2009.

19

5. Chandpur District was formerly a sub-division of . It was upgraded to a District on the 15th February, 1984. The District is bounded on the north by Munshiganj and Comilla Districts, on the east by Comilla District, on the south by Lakshmipur and Barisal Districts and on the west by Munshiganj and Shariatpur Districts. It lies between 23˚00ˊ and 23˚30ˊ north latitude and between 90˚32ˊ and 91˚02ˊ east longitudes. The total area of the District is 1,645.32 sq. km. (635.00 sq. miles). River erosion is a common feature in this District. The Padma and the Meghna meet near Chandpur Town and take a vast expanse. Main tributaries of the Meghna are Dakatia, Dhanagada, Matlab and Udhamdi. Ghorgaon Jala is a beel. Annual average temperature is maximum 34.3°C, minimum 12.7°C and rainfall 2551 mm. During the first part of the twentieth century some European and Indian business firms established several jute mills here. But with the partition of Indian sub continent in 1947 most of these business establishments were closed down. This port was an important centre for jute and grain trades. Besides, many other trades on ship building, salt refinery, fishing net making and oil production are present in this port. However, some parts of the town have submerged into riverbed due to erosion and the Puran (old) Bazar is now under threat of river erosion. The District consists of 8 Upazilas, 88 unions, 927 mauzas, 1230 villages, 7 paurashavas, 72 wards and 268 mahallas. The Upazilas are Chandpur Sadar, Hajiganj, Kachua, Faridganj, Matlab Uttar, Matlab Dakshin, Haimchar and Shahrasti. Paddy, jute, mustard seed, supari (nut), wheat, potato and sugarcane are the main crops. Extinct or nearly extinct crops Linseed, sesame, kaun and china, local variety of rice, varieties of dal (pulse). Mango, jackfruit, papaya, banana, papaya, coconut, palm and guava are the main fruits. Total population is 24, 16,018; male 11, 45,831, female 12, 70,187 (BBS, 2011). Main sources of income Agriculture 44.42%, non-agricultural labourer 3.12%, industry 0.91%, commerce 16.17%, transport and communication 3.05%, service 13.24%, construction 2.27%, religious service 0.40%, rent and remittance 4.35% and others 12.07% (Banglapedia, 2015). Chandpur is not in high vulnerability for cyclones, but some of the Upazila are flood prone. The Sidr cyclone in 2007 affected the District, but the cyclone Aila had no significant impacts in 2009.

6. Chittagong, the gateway to Bangladesh has a long tradition of being the most important centre of trade and commerce. The District is bounded on the north by Tripura State of India, on the east by Khagrachhari, Rangamati and Bandarban Districts, on the south by Cox’s Bazar zila and on the west by the Bay of Bengal and Feni and Noakhali Districts. The total area of the District is 5282.92 sq. km. (2039.00 sq. miles) of which 1700 sq. km. (456.37 sq. miles) including coastal area is under forest. The District lies between 21˚54' and 22˚59' north latitude and between 91˚17' and 92˚13' east longitude. Chittagong District is quite different from other Districts of the country for its unique natural beauty characterized by hills, rivers, sea, forests and valleys. Annual average temperature is maximum 32.5°C, minimum 13.5°C and rainfall 2687 mm. The main seaport of Bangladesh is located at the

20

estuary of the Karnafuli River. Chittagong is also called the commercial capital of Bangladesh. The first Export Processing Zone (1983) of Bangladesh is situated here. Chittagong Municipal Committee was established in 1860. At present, it has been turned into Chittagong City Corporation. The District consists of 26 Upazilas/Thana, 194 unions, 890 mauzas, 1267 villages, 1 City Corporation, 46 City Wards, 237 City Mahalla, 10 paurashavas, 90 wards and 199 mahallas. The Upazilas are Anowara, Banshkhali, Boalkhali, Chandanaish, Fatikchhari, Hathazari, Lohagara, Mirsharai, Patiya, Rangunia, Raozan, Sandwip, Satkania and Sitakunda. The Thanas are Chandgaon, Chittagong Port , Double Mooring, Kotwali, Pahartali , Panchlaish, Bakalia , Bayejid Bostami, Patenga, Halishahar, Karnafuli and Khulshi. Main crops are paddy, betel leaf, potato, corn, turmeric, tea, peanut, mustard, heap, brinjal, ginger, cucumber and vegetables. Main fruits are mango, jackfruit, guava, coconut, betel nut, palm, litchi, banana, papaya, watermelon and lemon. Total population is 76, 16,352; male 38, 38,854 and female 37, 77,498 (BBS, 2011). Main water bodies Karnafuli, Halda and Sangu River; Murari canal, Chandahkhali canal, Jalkandar canal and Dhalai beel are notable. Main sources of income Agriculture 33.53%, non-agricultural laborer 4.30%, commerce 16.22%, industry 0.99%, service 17.61%, transport & communication 3.43%, construction 1.32%, religious service 0.44%, rent & remittance 8.48% and others 13.68% (Banglapedia, 2015). The Upazilas Banshkhali, Anowara, Sitakunda, Minsharai and the islands of Sandwip are directly exposed to the Bay of Bengal resulting high risks for cyclones and storm surges. The cyclone Sidr ran across Chittagong and made high losses on the five coastal Upazilas. The strong bad effect of Aila is mainly on three Upazilas including Sandwip. Besides, the entire District falls under seismic zone II with basic seismic coefficient of 0.05, which shows the need of concern of seismic resistant building construction.

7. Cox’s Bazar District Cox’s Bazar is a coastal District which was formerly a sub-division of Chittagong District. It became a sub-division in 1854 and was upgraded to a District in 1984. It is located at the fringe of the Bay of Bengal with an unbroken sea-beach which is the longest one in the world. It is bounded on the north by Chittagong District, on the east by and Myanmar, on the south and west by the Bay of Bengal. It lies between 20˚43' and 21˚56' north latitudes and between 91˚50' and 92˚23' east longitudes. The total area of the District is 2,491.85 sq. km. (962.00 sq. miles) and 940.58 sq. km is under forest. Annual average temperature of the District is maximum 34.8°C, minimum 16.1°C and rainfall 4285 mm. The District having been a coastal region often falls victim to sea storm, tidal bore, hurricane and cyclone. The offshore islands of the District are Maheshkhali, Kutubdia, Matarbari, Sonadia, Shah Pari and St. Martin or Narikel Jinjira. Main rivers and channels are the Matamuhuri, Bakkhali, Reju Khal, Naf, Maheshkhali channel and Kutubdia channel. Main forests areas are Phulchhari Range, Bhumaria-ghona Range, Meher-ghona Range, Bak Khali Range. The District now consists of 8 Upazilas, 71 unions, 177 mauzas, 989 villages, 4 paurashavas, 39 wards and 164 mahallas. The Upazilas are Cox's Bazar Sadar, Chakoria, Maheskhali, Teknaf,

21

Ramu, Kutubdia, Ukhia and Pekua. Main crops of this area are Paddy, potato, pulse, onion, garlic, ginger, betel leaf, betel nut, wheat, sugarcane, ground nut, tobacco, rubber and vegetables. Extinct and nearly extinct crops are sesame, linseed, mustard, cotton, jute, kaun, lentil, gram, arahar and sweet potato and main fruits are Mango, jackfruit, pineapple, banana, papaya, coconut, plum, litchi, guava etc. Total population of Cox’s Bazar is 22, 89,990 where male are 11, 69,604 and female are 11, 20,386 (BBS, 2011). Main sources of income Agriculture 49.84%, non-agricultural labourer 7.92%, industry 1.04%, commerce 17.39%, transport and communication 2.56%, construction 1.19%, religious service 0.27%, service 5.96%, rent and remittance 1.84% and others 11.99% (Banglapedia, 2015). Sidr cyclone in 2007, directly stroke Cox’s Bazar resulting damages and losses, to five of its Upazilas. However, no significant damages were recorded due to Aila in 2009. Coxs Bazar falls in the seismic zone II and is moderately vulnerable for earthquakes.

8. Originally, Faridpur was named Fatehabad. The District is bounded on the north by Manikganj, Dhaka and Rajbari Districts, on the east by Madaripur, Dhaka and Munshiganj Districts, on the south by Gopalganj and Madaripur Districts and on the west by Rajbari, Magura and Narail Districts. It lies between 23˚17ˊ and 23˚40ˊ north latitude and between 89˚29ˊ and 90˚11ˊ east longitudes. The total area of the District is 2,052.86 sq.km (792.00 sq. miles). Annual average temperature is maximum 35.8°C and minimum 12.6°C; annual rainfall is 1546 mm. Main rivers are Padma, Old Kumar, Arial Khan, Gorai, Chandana, Bhubanshwar and Lohartek; main depressions are Dhol Samudra, Beel Ramkeli, Shakuner Beel, and Ghoradar Beel. Faridpur (Town) stands on both sides of the Kumar River. The zila consists of 9 Upazilas, 79 unions, 997 mauzas, 1899 villages, 4 paurashavas, 36 wards and 100 mahallas. The Upazilas are Faridpur Sadar, Boalmari, Alfadanga, Madhukhali, Bhanga, Nagarkanda, Char Bhadrasan, Sadarpur and Saltha. Main crops are Paddy, jute, peanut, wheat, oilseed, pulse, turmeric, onion, garlic and coriander. Extinct or nearly extinct crops are indigo, kusumphul, kaun, kalijira, china, arahar, barley, corn, tobacco, linseed, sesame, bhura, Mesta, sanpat. Main fruits of the District are Mango, jackfruit, black berry, palm, coconut, betel nut, kul, tetul, ata, bel, papaya, banana, guava, jamrul. Total population of Faridpur is 19, 12,969 where male are 9, 42,245 and female are 9,70,724 (BBS, 2011). Main sources of income Agriculture 58.60%, non-agricultural labourer 2.88%, industry 1.07%, commerce 14.09%, transport and communication 4.58%, service 8.87%, construction 1.91%, religious service 0.19%, rent and remittance 1.50% and others 6.31% (Banglapedia, 2015). Faridpur District is a riverine area so it is high flood prone but less cyclone vulnerable area.

9. Feni was a sub-division of former Noakhali District. It was up-graded to a District on the first March, 1984. The District is bounded on the north by Comilla District and India, on the east by India and Chittagong District, on the south by Chittagong and Noakhali Districts and on the west by Noakhali District. It lies between 22˚44´ and 23˚17´ north latitudes and between

22

91˚15´ and 91˚35´ east longitudes. The total area of the District is 990.36 sq. km of which 80.94 sq. km. is under forest. Annual average temperature is maximum 34.3°C, minimum 14.4°C and rainfall 3302 mm. Main Rivers are Feni, Little Feni and Muhuri. The District consists of 6 Upazilas, 43 unions, 552 mauzas, 571 villages, 5 paurashavas, 54 wards and 83 mahallas. The Upazilas are , , Feni Sadar, Parshuram, Fulgazi and . Mineral resource is . Main crops are Paddy, wheat, potato, pulses and sugarcane. Main fruits are Mango, jackfruit and coconut. Total population of Feni is 14, 37,371 where male are 6, 94,128 and female are 7, 43,243 (BBS, 2011). Main sources of income Agriculture 31.51%, non-agricultural laborer 2.57%, industry 0.98%, commerce 15.98%, transport and communication 4.66%, service 18.29%, construction 1.86%, religious service 0.43%, rent and remittance 11.53% and others 12.19% (Banglapedia, 2015). Cyclone Sidr affected 23 unions in 6 Upazilas and no significant impacts were recorded by Aila.

10. Gopalganj District Gopalganj was a sub-division of former Faridpur District. It was up-graded to a District on the 1st February, 1984. It is bounded on the north by Faridpur District, on the east Madaripur and Barisal Districts, on the south by Pirojpur and Bagerhat Districts and on the west by . It lies between 22˚50' and 23˚01' north latitudes and between 89˚40' and 90˚02' east longitudes. The total area of the District is 1,468.74 sq. km. (567.00 sq. miles). Annual average temperature is maximum 35.8°C, minimum 12.6°C. Total rainfall is 2105 mm. Main rivers are Garai, Madhumati, Kaliganga, Hunda, Ghagar, and old Kumar; Borni Baor, Chandar Beel and Baghyar Beel are notable. The District consists of 5 Upazilas, 68 unions, 597 mauzas, 889 villages, 4 paurashavas, 36 wards and 84 mahallas. The Upazilas are Gopalganj Sadar, Kashiani, Kotalipara, Muksudpur and Tungipara. The Mazar (graveyard) of the Father of the Nation Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman is located at Tungipara. Main crops are paddy, jute, sugarcane and ground nut. Main fruits are mango, black berry, palm and banana. Total population of Gopalganj is 11, 72,415 where male are 5, 77,868 and female are 5, 94,547 (BBS, 2011). Main sources of income Agriculture 61.75%, non- agricultural laborer 2.23%, industry 0.58%, commerce 13.92%, transport and communication 2.30%, service 11.14%, construction 1.60%, religious service 0.29%, rent and remittance 0.70% and others 5.49% (Banglapedia, 2015). The major cyclone Sidr and Aila had not much impact in this District in 2007 and 2009.

11. Jhalokati was formally a sub-division of Barisal District. It was upgraded to a District on February 1, 1984. It is bounded on the north by Pirojpur and Barisal Districts, on the east by Barisal District, on the south by Barguna District and on the west by . It lies between 22˚20' and 22˚47' north latitudes and between 90˚01' and 90˚23' east longitudes. The total area of the District is 706.76 sq. km. (272.00 sq. miles). Annual average temperature is maximum 33.3°C, minimum 12.1°C and rainfall 2506 mm. Main rivers are Bishkhali, Sugandha, Dhansiri, Gabkhan, Jangalia and Bamanda. The District consists of 4

23

Upazilas, 33 unions, 400 mauzas, 452 villages, 2 paurashavas, 18 wards and 68 mahallas. The Upazilas are Jhalokati Sadar, Kanthalia, and Rajapur. Main crops are paddy and betel leaf. Main fruits are mango, banana, palm, litchi and coconut. Total population of Jhalokati is 6, 82,669 where male are 3, 29,147 and female are 3, 53,522 (BBS, 2011). Main sources of income Agriculture 45.89%, non-agricultural laborer 5.25%, industry 1%, commerce 16.45%, transport and communication 2.57%, service 14.89%, construction 2.15%, religious service 0.33%, rent and remittance 1.73% and others 9.74% (Banglapedia, 2015). The cyclone Sidr and Aila have direct impacts for all four Upazilas and it was under water for few weeks. The branches of Padma and Meghna cause flooding every year.

12. Khulna District Khulna District was the first subdivision of undivided Bengal in 1842. It was upgraded to a District in 1882. The District is bounded on the north by Jessore and Narail Districts, on the east by Bagerhat District, on the south by the Bay of Bengal and on the west by . The District lies between 22°12' and 23°59' north latitudes and between 89°14' and 89°45' east longitudes. The total area of the District is 4394.45 sq. km. (1696.00 sq. miles) including 2348.55 sq. km. (906.78 sq. miles) forest areas. Annual average temperature is Maximum 35.5°C and lowest 12.5°C; annual rainfall is 1710 mm. Main rivers are Rupsa- Pasur, Bhairab, Shibsha, Dharla, Bhadra, Ball, and Kobadak. The District consists of 14 Upazilas/thanas, 68 unions, 747 mauzas, 1106 villages, 1 City Corporation, 31 city wards, 188 city mahallas, 2 paurashava, 18 wards and 20 mahallas. The Upazilas are Batiaghata, Dacope, Dumuria, Dighalia, Koyra, Paikgachha, Phultala, Rupsa and Terokhada. The Thanas are Khalishpur, , Kotwali, Daulatpur and Sonadanga. Main crops are paddy, jute, sesame, betel nut and vegetable. Main fruits are jackfruit, mango and banana. Total population of Khulna is 23, 18,527 where male are 11, 75,686 and female are 11, 42,841 (BBS, 2011). Main sources of income Agriculture 34.90%, non-agricultural laborer 6.22%, industry 3.51%, commerce 19.60%, transport and communication 5.17%, service 18.27%, construction 1.99%, religious service 0.21%, rent and remittance 0.78% and others 9.35% (Banglapedia, 2015). Southern Upazilas of the District are vulnerable for their position which exposed to the Bay of Bengal. The Sidr impacted on nine Upazilas in 2007 and it was reduced to five during Aila in 2009. The branches of Padma, Bhairab and Madumati function as tidal estuarine rivers in and around the Sundarbans cause flood.

13. Lakshmipur was originally a sub-division of former Noakhali District. It was up-graded to a District in 1983. The District is bounded on the north by Chandpur District, on the east by Noakhali District, on the south by Bhola District and on the west by Barisal and Bhola Districts. It lies between 22˚30ˊ and 23˚10ˊ north latitude and between 90˚38ˊ and 90˚01ˊ east longitudes. The total area of the District is 1,440.39 sq. km. (556.00 sq. miles) of which 202.34 sq. km. is under forest. Annual average temperature is maximum temperature 34.3°C, minimum 14.4°C and rainfall 3302 mm. Main rivers are the Meghna, Dakatia,

24

Katakhali, Rahmatkhali and Bhulua. The District consists of 5 Upazilas, 58 unions, 447 mauzas, 539 villages, 4 paurashavas, 39 wards and 69 mahallas. The Upazilas are Lakshmipur Sadar, Roypur, Ramganj, Ramgati and Kamalnagar. Main crops are paddy, wheat, mustard, jute, chilli, potato, pulse, maize, soybean, ground nut and sugarcane. Extinct and nearly extinct crops are sesame, kaun, linseed, joar, pea, khesari, leguminous pulse, barley, arahar, gram and tobacco. Main fruits are Mango, jackfruit, banana, black berry, papaya, guava, palm, lemon, coconut, betel nut, apple, sharifa and golden apple. Total population of Lakshmipur is 17, 29,188 where male are 8, 27,780 and female are 9, 01,408 (BBS, 2011). Main sources of income Agriculture 47.51%, non-agricultural laborer 3.19%, industry 0.85%, commerce 14.40%, transport and communication 3.58%, service 11.02%, construction 2.01%, religious service 0.42%, rent and remittance 5.96% and others 11.06% (Banglapedia, 2015). The great river Meghna is flowing on the district and that’s why it is very vulnerable to flood, cycline and storm surge. Aila and Sidr cyclones are brought serious damages and losses to all four Upazilas in 2007 and 2009.

14. Madaripur was one of the sub-divisions of former Faridpur district. It was turned into District on the 1st March, 1984. The District is bounded on the north by Faridpur and Munshiganj Districts, on the east by , on the south by Gopalganj and Barisal Districts and on the west by Faridpur and Gopalganj Districts. The total area of the District is 1125.69 sq. km. (434.00 sq. miles) of which 108.08 sq.km. (41.73 sq. miles) is riverine. The District lies between 23˚00´ and 23˚30´ north latitudes and between 89˚56´ and 90˚21´ east longitudes. The annual average temperature is maximum 35.8°C, minimum 12.6°C. Total rainfall is 2105 mm. The District consists of 4 Upazilas, 59 unions, 479 mauzas, 1062 villages, 3 Paurashavas, 27 wards and 89 mahallas. The Upazilas are Madaripur Sadar, Shibchar, Rajoir and Kalkini. Main crops are jute, paddy, peanut, onion, garlic, chilli, sugarcane, mustard, pulse and wheat. Main fruits of the District are mango, jackfruit, banana, coconut, guava, litchi, watermelon. Total population of Madaripur is 11, 65,952 where male are 5, 74,582 and female are 5, 91,370 (BBS, 2011). Main rivers are Padma, Arial Khan, Kumar, Ghagor and Madaripur Beel Route Canal is notable. Main sources of income Agriculture 61.33%, non-agricultural labourer 2.59%, industry 0.84%, commerce 15.46%, transport and communication 2.27%, service 7.25%, construction 1.71%, religious service 0.20%, rent and remittance 0.87% and others 7.48% (Banglapedia, 2015). The District is on the branch of a major River Padma and therefore, the primary disaster is floods.

15. Noakhali District Noakhali, the deltaic District is situated at the fringe of the Bay of Bengal. It is bounded on the north by Comilla District, on the east by Feni and Chittagong Districts, on the south by the Bay of Bengal and on the west by Bhola and Lakshimpur Districts. It lies between 22˚ 07ˊ and 23˚ 08ˊ north latitudes and between 90˚ 53ˊ and 91˚ 27ˊ east longitudes. The total area

25

of the District is 3,685.87 sq. km. (1423.00 sq. miles) of which 1557.18 sq. km. is under reserve forest. Annual average temperature is maximum 34.3°C, minimum 14.4°C and rainfall 3302 mm. Main rivers are Bamni, Sandwip and MEGHNA and Hatiya Channel is also notable. The District consists of 9 Upazilas, 91 unions, 946 mauzas, 987 villages, 8 paurashavas, 72 wards and 123 mahallas. The Upazilas are Noakhali Sadar, Begumganj, Chatkhil, Companiganj, Hatiya, Senbagh, Kabirhat, Sonaimuri and Subarnachar. Main crops are Boro and Aman paddy, peanut, varieties of pulses, chilli, sugarcane, potato, phelon. Extinct or nearly extinct crops are Linseed, sesame, jute, local varieties of paddy, mug (pulse). Main fruits are Mango, jackfruit, papaya, coconut, banana, litchi, betel nut and palm. Total population of Noakhali is 31, 08,083 where male are 14, 85,169 and female are 16, 22,914 (BBS, 2011). Main sources of income Agriculture 40.62%, non-agricultural laborer 3.43%, industry 0.84%, commerce 14.74%, transport and communication 3.83%, service 16.11%, construction 1.49%, religious service 0.39%, rent and remittance 7.97% and others 10.58% (Banglapedia, 2015). Five Upazilas affected of heavy losses and damages by cyclone Sidr in 2007 but cyclone Aila’s impact was only on three Upazilas of the district. Some of the areas (Hatiya, Shubarnachar etc.) of the district are very much low which is below the Mean Sea Level (MSL). For this reason this is very much cyclone, flood and storm surge prone area of Bangladesh.

16. Patuakhali District Patuakhali is a coastal District and a sub-division of Barisal District which is situated at the fringe of the Bay of Bengal. Patuakhali was upgraded to a District on December 1,1983. It is bounded on the north by Barisal District, on the east by Bhola District, on the south by the Bay of Bengal and on the west by Barguna District. It lies between 21˚48' and 22˚36ˊ north latitudes and between 90˚08ˊ and 90˚41ˊ east longitudes. The total area of the District is 3221.31 sq. km and 768.11 sq. km is under forest. Annual average temperature is maximum 33.3°C, minimum 12.1°C and rainfall 2506 mm. The Andharmanik, Agunmukha, Payra, Lohalia, Patuakhali and Tentulia are the major rivers of the district. The region having been close to the sea frequently becomes victim to cyclone and tidal surge. The District consists of 7 Upazilas, 68 unions, 571 mauzas, 882 villages, 5 paurashavas, 45 wards and 82 mahallas. The Upazilas are Bauphal, Dashmina, Dumki, Galachipa, Kalapara, Mirzaganj and Patuakhali Sadar. Main crops are paddy, jute, potato, mug, lentil, khesari, gram, sesame, chilli, mustard, linseed, coriander seed, ground nut, betel leaf, sugarcane, watermelon and vegetables. Main fruits are mango, jackfruit, banana, papaya, guava, plum, lemon, coconut, betel nut, palm, wood nut and cashew nut. Total population of Patuakhali is 15, 35,854 where male are 7, 53,441 and female are 7, 82,413 (BBS, 2011). Main sources of income Agriculture 57.05%, non-agricultural laborer 5.37%, industry 1.03%, commerce 13.79%, transport and communication 2.04%, service 9.22%, construction 2.13%, religious service 0.26%, rent and remittance 0.40% and others 8.71% (Banglapedia, 2015). The two major cyclones Sidr and Aila inundate the area for months in 2007 and 2009.

26

17. Pirojpur District Pirojpur is a reverine District situated at the southern part of our country. It is bounded on the north by Gopalganj and Barisal Districts, on the east by Barisal and Jhalokati Districts, on the south by Barguna District and on the west by Bagerhat District. It lies between 22˚09′ and 22˚52′ north latitude and 89˚52′ and 90˚13′ east longitude. The total area of the District is 1277.80 sq.km. (493.00 sq. miles) and 30.12 sq.km. is forest. Annual average temperature of this District is maximum 35.5°C, minimum 12.5°C and rainfall is 1710 mm. Main rivers are Baleshwari, Swarupkati, katcha, Kaliganga, Chatar Beel and Jujkhola Canal are notable. Pirojpur (Town) stands on the bank of the Damodor. Pirojpur was established in 1886. The main business centre of the town is Rajarhat. Pirojpur District consists of 7 Upazilas, 52 unions, 399 mauzas, 645 villages, 3 paurashavas, 27 wards and 55 mahallas. The Upazilas are Bhandaria, Kawkhali, Mathbaria, Nazirpur, Pirojpur Sadar, Nesarabad and Zia Nagar. Main crops are paddy, wheat, sugarcane, betel leaf and main fruits are Mango, jackfruit, guava, coconut, banana and golden apple. The Total population of Pirojpur District is 11,13,257 where male are 5,48,228 and female are 5,65,029 (BBS, 2011). Main sources of income Agriculture 50.82%, non-agricultural labourer 5.75%, industry 0.78%, commerce 18.71%, transport and communication 2.16%, service 7.69%, construction 1.36%, religious service 1.61%, rent and remittance 0.95% and others 10.17% (Banglapedia, 2015). The main branches of flows throw the district so it is vulnerable for flood as well as for flood due to storm surges.

18. Rajbari District is bounded on the north by , on the east by Manikganj and Faridpur District, on the south by Faridpur District and on the west by Magura and Jhenaidaha Districts. The total area of the District is 1092.28 sq. km. (421.00 sq. miles). The District lies between 22˚40′ and 23˚50′ north latitudes and between 89˚19′ and 90˚40′ east longitudes. Main rivers of the district are Jalangi besides the Padma (Ganges), Kumar, Gorai- Madhumati, Harai tand Chandana. Annual average temperature is maximum 35.8°C and minimum 12.6°C and annual rainfall 2105 mm. The Districts consists of 5 Upazilas, 42 unions, 720 mauzas, 967 villages, 3 paurashavas, 27 wards and 97 mahallas. The Upazilas are Rajbari Sadar, Pangsha, Baliakandi , Goalandaghat and Kalukhali. Main crops are Paddy, jute, sugarcane, turmeric, ground nut, oil seeds, pulses and main fruits are Mango, blackberry, jackfruit, coconut, palm, lichi. The Total population of Rajbari District is 2,07,086 where male are 1,03,675 and female are 1,03,411 (BBS, 2011). Main sources of income is Agriculture 60.84%, non-agricultural labourer 3.19%, industry 1.59%, commerce 14.36%, transport and communication 4.41%, service 6.67%, construction 2.03%, religious service 0.16%, rent and remittance 0.6% and others 6.15% (Banglapedia, 2015). The District is affected more by floods than by cyclones.

27

19. Satkhira District Satkhira was originally a sub-division of Khulna District. It is bounded on the north by , on the east by Khulna District, on the south by Bay of Bengal and on the west by India. It lies between 21˚36' and 22˚54' north latitudes and between 88˚54' and 89˚20' east longitudes. The total area of the zila is 3,817.29 sq. km. (1473.00 sq. miles) of which 1632.00 km is under forest. Sathkira is famous for Sundarban forests, which covers about 40% of the District and is a sanctuary for Bengali tigers. Annual average temperature is maximum 35.5°C and minimum 12.5°C; annual rainfall is 1710 mm. The soil of the District is alluvial floodplain and salty. Main rivers of the District are Kobadak, Sonai, Kholpatua, Morischap, Raimangal, Hariabhanga, Ichamati, Betrabati and Kalindi-Jamuna. Most of those rivers are tidal estuarine rivers in and around the Sundarbans and the District. The existence of flood plains with areas of below the mean sea level is the main reason for stagnant waters after floods and storm surges. The District consists of 7 Upazilas, 78 unions, 960 mauzas, 1356 villages, 2 paurashavas, 18 wards and 40 mahallas. The Upazilas are Satkhira Sadar, Assasuni, Debhata, Kalaroa, Kaliganj, Shyamnagar and Tala. Main crops in the area are Paddy, jute, sugarcane, mustard seed, potato, and onion and betel leaf. Extinct or nearly extinct crops are indigo, linseed, sesame, kaun and aus paddy and main fruits is Mango, black berry, jackfruit, banana, papaya, litchi, coconut, and guava. The main export items are Paddy, jute, wheat, betel leaf, shrimp, and leather and jute goods. The Total population of Satkhira District is 19, 85,959 where male are 9, 82,777 and female are 10, 03,182 (BBS, 2011). Main sources of income is Agriculture 62.56%, non-agricultural labourer 4.33%, industry 1.51%, commerce 16.23%, transport and communication 3.03%, service 4.86%, construction 1.01%, religious service 0.19%, rent and remittance 0.34% and others 5.94% (Banglapedia, 2015). Sidr and Aila impacted all the Upazilas of this District.

20. Shariatpur District Shariatpur was a sub-division of former Faridpur District. The District was named Shariatpur after the name of Hazi Shariatullah, who was a distinguished personality and a renowned Pir of the locality. The District is bounded on the north by , on the east by Chandpur District, on the south by Barisal District and on the west by Madaripur District. It lies between 23˚01´ and 23˚27´ north latitudes and between 90˚13´ and 90˚36´ east longitudes. The total area of the District is 1174.05 sq. km (453.00 sq. miles). Annual average temperature of this District is Maximum 35.8°C and lowest 12.6°C; annual rainfall 2105 mm. Main rivers are Padma, Meghna, Palong and Kirtinasha. The District consists of 6 Upazilas, 65 unions, 556 mauzas, 1254 villages, 5 paurashavas, 45 wards and 96 mahallas. The Upazilas are Bhedarganj, Damudya, Gosairhat, Naria, Shariatpur Sadar and Zanjira. Main crops of the District are Paddy, jute, wheat, sweet potato, onion, garlic, tomato and main fruits are Blackberry, mango, banana and wood apple. Economy of Shariatpur District is mainly agriculture based. Main exports are Jute, onion, garlic, tomato. The Total population of Sariatpur District is 11,55,824 where male are 5,59,075 and female are 5,96,749 (BBS, 2011). Main sources of income is Agriculture 61.66%, non-agricultural labourer 2.64%,

28

industry 0.91%, commerce 14.34%, transport and communication 2.41%, service 6.41%, construction 1.13%, religious service 0.28%, rent and remittance 2.71% and others 7.51% (Banglapedia, 2015). The District is mainly flood prone due to the rivers crossing.

2.2.2 Field data collection The field survey was firstly focused on the verification of the desk survey data and updating the information of DSSP-I shelter lists. In addition to the DSSP-1 existing and proposed shelter lists, information received from the LGED on the shelters built under CCRIP, CTEIP, DDM, Fail Chair, JICA, PEDP -2, PEDP -3 and USAID was used to prepare separate district- specific lists of Existing Shelters and Proposed Shelter Locations to initiate the survey.

It aimed on assessing the information on the need of new shelters and selecting suitable sites for new shelters as well as to find the repairable existing shelters.

At first the survey team consisted of one Team Leader, one Deputy Team Leader, two Coordinators and 20 Data Collectors. The team members were selected mainly from the respective districts to have better coordinating with local community and understanding on the geographical and social background of unions. The Data Collectors had educational background such as under graduates, diploma engineering, qualified with H.S.C (continuing under graduate) and with some experience on surveys and working on similar studies.

Field level data collection in Barisal was commenced by the 20 Data Collectors on the 18th May 2015 under the guidance of two Coordinators. Before starting the survey, a meeting was organized by the LGED District Executive Engineer so that the support from the staff up to the Upazila level was ensured. The team visited all the Upazilas of the project districts and met with the Upazila engineers, UNOs, TOs and the Chairmen of the unions before conducting the survey.

The shelter location lists prepared for the data collection were given to the respective Upazila Engineers for their concurrence. After discussions with the Upazila Engineers, the Data Collectors visited the sub projects, met and discussed with the Principal, School Management Committee members, other teachers and community members, and collected data on the Format specially designed for the purpose. The questionnaire that was developed, field tested and used in the field surveys is shown in the Appendix -1.

All Consultants’ staff who were on the first field visit to Barisal visited the proposed shelter site with a very old school building at the Uttar Rahmatpur Govt. Primary School in Babuganj Upazilla, and the newly constructed ECRRP shelter at Varashakti Govt. Primary School in on the 17th May. These visits were used as further training to equip the Data Collectors with more skills on data gathering.

The Picture 1 below show the Data Collectors in conversation with the School Management Committee Chairman in front of the school building at the Rahmat GPS, while the Picture 2

29

shows some important data related to the community in its catchment being displayed on the school wall.

Picture 1 -Survey Team in Consultation with the School Management Committee

Picture 2 – Details of School Catchment Population on the Office Wall

Data collection format is designed to reflect on all the necessary information for assessing the need of improving existing shelters and selecting suitable sites for new shelters. Socio- economic and environmental data and records on past disasters are also among the data

30

collected, which would be used as a baseline for future monitoring and evaluation purposes. Most of the schools in Bangladesh have display boards similar to that in Picture 2 above giving such important data.

For the existing shelters, the survey covered the type of building, year of construction, funding agency, building condition, No. of floors, status of components of the building and the condition of services. Details of repair work recorded cover foundation, earth filling, columns, beams, roof slabs, staircases, walls, corridors, water tanks, supply lines etc. Wherever polders were available, data on them were also collected.

Data collected on the proposed shelter locations cover elaborate details necessary to assess the suitability of a location for establishing a shelter. Availability and the size of the lands identified for the shelter, catchment area details including the population and distance to nearest existing shelter, highest water level on record from past inundations and the vulnerability of housing in the catchment were used to decide on the suitability of a site. Information on the presence of an Early Warning System (EWS) and its effectiveness were also collected. A separate form was available for collecting environmental data for both existing and proposed locations.

The survey in Barisal has been a pilot exercise for refining the processes and procedures to be used in the rest of the districts. At the beginning, it was thought that collecting GPS coordinate data was a skilled job beyond the capacity of the Socioeconomic Data Collectors, and hence needed to be handled by a separate team. As such, a team of five experienced GPS Coordinate Collectors commenced work on the 30th May in Barisal district, to collect the GPS Coordinates on the shelter locations surveyed by the Socioeconomic Data Collectors. Over a gap of 12 days, socioeconomic data from 707 shelter locations had been collected. As the GPS collectors had to catch up with this large volume, and due to the new location lists received from the Upazila Engineers and the politicians, there has been a mismatch between the socioeconomic and the GPS data collection. Data collectors visited Barisal district for the second time over a few days to collect the missing data to correct the situation. This was a lesson for the survey team to carry out both socio economic and GPS data collection at the same time by the same teams, rather than handling by two teams separately.

Using GPS equipment, positions of the existing shelters and the proposed shelters were recorded. The surveyor also took pictures covering all the aspects above described of the shelters for the visual selection of the shelters.

Consultation and participation It was agreed by the Technical Team and the LGED to solicit involvement from the grass root level concerned. Therefore, site visits were accompanied by the local community and representative from the union Parishad and upazilas wherever possible, and FDGs were also

31

held with them. Once the survey was completed, the Chairman of Union Parishad, headmaster of the institution and the Upazila Engineer endorsed the filled up survey formats. This prsocess has been adopted to ensure participatory approach identifying the role of the community and the local implementers. The beneficiaries and the decision makers have to be involved from the inception of planning to implementing and maintaining the project outputs. Once the data are collected and verified, they were sent to the head office and duly placed in the data base. Subsequently, maps were developed using ArcGIS. The process flow chart is shown in Fig. 2.2.

Socio-economic data thus collected from the shelter buffer areas, environmental conditions, cyclone risk levels, perceptions of communities on shelter needs etc. have been recorded in the database and used as a baseline for future monitoring and evaluation purposes.

32

Fig- 2.2: Process flow diagram of field survey and database preparation

 Discussion the concept of Project team & Survey the project  Team with Upazila Engineer Orientation Meeting with Questionnaire among the participant & Union Chairman District Executive Engineer  Collection of Upazila Engineers Mobile Numbers

Survey Team with UNO,  Provide questionnaire and TEO, Sub- Assistant shelter list among the Awareness Meeting with Engineers, Upazila participant, Upazila Engineer Chairman & Union  Correction of the shelter

Chairman list,  Collection of headmaster’s mobile numbers of those Survey Team with Union shelters Meeting with Union Chairman & Members  Collect socio- economic Parishad Chairman data of the Union & past disasters information  Distribution of total survey

Questionnaire, GPS work within the target period machine and Digital Camera Field Survey with Union

Member & Area People  Socio-economic data, FGD  GPS location of the shelters Verified by union  Photographs of the shelters Chairman/Member, School Headmaster, Sub-Assistant Verified and authentic Engineer & Upazilla Verification of the information Engineer Questionnaire Survey Data

LEGEND

Person & Components Completion of Survey & Outcome Database Preparation Process

Official Meeting

Field Survey

Office Work

33

MDSP Database preparation A relational model has been used to prepare the Database for MDSP. Each Existing and Proposed shelter is identified with a unique identification number, and the data for each shelter are related to that number. Shape files have been made separately for each district using the GPS coordinates obtained from the field to reflect the exact locations of the existing and proposed shelter locations. Although these shelter locations are correct according to the Google Earth Maps, some do not agree with the LGED GIS database, as they appear in the water bodies. Discussions with the LGED GIS Database officials have made it clear that this disparity can be resolved once the shapefiles of water bodies in the LGED GIS database are updated. Altogether there are 5799 Existing shelters, and 4489 Priority -1 and 3998 Priority 2 Proposed Shelters, totalling 14286 shelters in the MDSP Phase-I Database as seen in the in the Table 2.2 below. Table 2.2 Total Number of Shelters in MDSP Phase –I Database

Proposed S No. District Existing Total Priority-1 Priority-2

1 Barisal 322 362 425 1109 2 Bhola 739 416 66 1221 3 Jhalokathi 74 107 133 314 4 Pirojpur 227 251 244 722 5 Patuakhali 541 465 114 1120 6 Barguna 434 165 82 681 7 Bagerhat 362 214 267 843 8 Khulna 318 175 277 770 9 Satkhira 185 173 290 648 10 Chandpur 148 163 269 580 11 Faridpur 107 179 193 479 12 Gopalgonj 106 93 169 368 13 Madaripur 134 109 115 358 14 Rajbari 24 124 70 218 15 Shariatpur 114 132 126 372 16 Noakhali 338 253 123 714 17 Feni 110 132 159 401 18 Lakshmipur 325 163 165 653 19 Chittagong 741 510 658 1909 20 Cox’s Bazar 450 303 53 806 Total 5799 4489 3998 14286

Unique identification is serially numbered for each district starting from number 1, with a prefix based on the district name first letter/s with E for Existing and P for Proposed as given in the Table 2.3 below:

34

Table 2. 3 District-wise Unique Database ID Numbers District wise Unique Database ID Prefixes S. No Name of District Existing Shelters Proposed Shelters 1. Barisal BE BP SheltersPhase-I 2. Barguna BARE BARP 3. Bhola BHE BHP 4. Pirojpur PIE PIP 5. Patuakhali PAE PAP

6. Jhalokathi JALE JALP 7. Faridpur FAE FAP 8. Madaripur MDRE MDRP 9. Gopalganj GPLE GPLP 10. Rajbari RAJE RAJP 11. Shariatpur SRTE SRTP 12. Khulna KHE KHP 13. Bagerhat BGE BGP 14. Satkhira STKE STKP 15. Noakhali NOAE NOAP 16. Feni FEE FEP 17. Lakshmipur LAXE LAXP 18. Chittagong CTGE CTGP `19. Cox’s Bazar COE COP 20. Chandpur CNDE CNDP

2.4 Prioritization of Shelter Locations All proposed sub project sites were firstly assessed as per the exclusion criteria recommended in the EMSF /TDF, on a separate Form designed for it in terms of social resettlement and environments aspects, in order to make sure that they satisfy all the requirements before accepting them as probable sites for construction. Multipurpose use, location on high elevation, non violation of environmental laws, not having to evacuate any inhabitants forcefully, not disturbing any tribal population and avoidance of acquisition are main criteria that were looked into. As the schools have their own lands on high elevations with drinking water supply and sanitation, generally they are used in accommodating evacuees in emergencies. However, the schools themselves are prone to damages in cyclone times, and therefore, providing an additional building as a disaster shelter would be

35

extremely useful to all schools, which serves to give additional capacity in both disaster and non- disaster times.

As such, disaster shelters are beneficial to all schools. However, the decision on which schools will be given the facility first would be based on the vulnerability level of the people that will be benefitted in the catchment areas of those schools.

Previous studies done on the usage of the shelters in Bangladesh have revealed that the people are reluctant to move to a shelter at times of emergency when they are far from their homesteads, making them more vulnerable. Therefore the Bangladesh Guidelines for Emergency Shelters published by the Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief recommends that the people should have a shelter at least within 1.5 Km of their homestead. Therefore, the proposed shelter location’s distance from the closest existing shelter is considered the first prioritizing criteria.

The second and third prioritizing criteria are associated with the level of risks people face. People in coastal areas of Bangladesh are vulnerable to various threats associated with extreme weather conditions such as cyclones, storm surges, tsunamis, floods, salinity intrusion and soil erosion. Out of them, their main threats needing an immediate safe heaven are the cyclones, surges, tsunamis and the floods.

The cyclone risk map of SPARRSO in Fig. 2.3, Flood Risk Map of BWDB in Fig.2.4 and the Wind Speed Isotach Map of the BNBC in Fig. 2.5 are used to grade these risks.

36

Fig.2.3 : Map of cyclone risk in coastal Fig 2.4: Map of flood risk for all districts districts

MDSP aims to provide 80% of the shelter requirement by the year 2025. Therefore the number of shelters that need to be provided would depend on the 2025 projected population, based on statistics of BBS.

Another important and reliable factor to assess the vulnerability of people is the types of housing they use. Only the pucca and semi- pucca houses can withstand a cyclone without much damage. All other temporary sheds get blown away inflicting heavy damage to people, so the areas with more inhabitants dwelling in such unstable houses get prioritized.

In this regard, a review was carried out on prioritizing criteria previously used in DSSP-1, and a revised set of criteria was proposed based on the site specific data collected as shown in Table 2.4.

37

89°- 00' 90°- 00' 91°- 00' 92°- 00'

PANCHAGAR N

2

'

6

0

THAKURGAON ° 0 Legend :

-

-

0 ° NILPHAMARI International Boundary 50 Year Isotachs

200 0 6 LALMONIRHAT

'

2 130 Wind Regions River & Khal

KURIGRAM Location of City or Town DINAJPUR RANGPUR 20 0 20 40 km

210 SCALE GAIBANDHA I N D I A I N D I A

JAIPURHAT

2

'

5

0

SHERPUR °

0

-

- SUNAMGANJ 0 0

°

JAMALPUR 2 0

5 6 NETRAKONA

0 '

2 SYLHET 1 0 NAOGAON 0 210 8 130 BOGRA 1 MYMENSIGH NAWABGANJ SIRAJGANJ MOULVIBAZAR NATORE KISHORGANJ RAJSHAHI HABIGANJ SRIMANGAL 160 160 ISHURDI TANGAIL

2

'

4

0

PABNA °

0

- BRAHMANBARIA

-

0 ° 0

0 4 KUSHTIA 8 NARSINGDI

I N D I A '

2 1 MEHERPUR MANIKGANJ DHAKA CHUADANGA RAJBARI NARAYANGANJ MAGURA FARIDPUR JHENAIDAH MUNSHIGANJ COMILLA

SHARIYATPUR JESSORE NARAIL 1 160 8 KHAGRACHARI MADARIPUR CHANDPUR 0

2

'

3

0

°

0

-

-

0

A ° 2

GOPALGANJ 4 FENI 0 3 0

'

2 LAKSMIPUR I KHULNA SATKHIRA BARISAL NOAKHALI D BAGERHAT JHALAKATI 200 RANGAMATI N BHOLA

I PIROJPUR 260 2 60 PATUAKHALI SANDWIP HATIA BANDARBAN BARGUNA CHITTAGONG

2

'

2

0

°

0

KHEPUPARA -

-

0

°

0

2

' 2 2 0 0

BAY OF BENGAL COX'S BAZAR NOTE : a) Isotach at a region boundary has the same value as that of the region b) Basic wind speed for a particular location shall be obtained as follows :

i) When a location is listed in Table 6.2.8, value of the basic wind speed M

shall be taken form that table. Y

2 ' ii) A

When the location lies within any region (shown coloured in the map), 1

0

N °

0

the value marked for that region shall be taken. -

-

M 0

°

iii) 0

1 For a location lying on any isotach in this map, the value of that isotach

' 2 shall be taken. A R iv) For a location lying outside the positions (i) through (iii) above, linear interpolation shall be made between the adjacent isotachs to obtain the basic wind speed.

89°- 00' 90°- 00' 91°- 00' 92°- 00' Source : Bangladesh National Building Code, 1993 Fig 2.5: Wind Speed Isotach Map of Bangladesh

38

The specific changes proposed to the Prioritizing Criteria were: i. Increasing the limiting values on different levels on the ‘Population’ criterion ii. Increasing the number of levels in the ‘Distance from the existing shelter’ criterion iii. Using the vulnerability of housing within a catchment area to reflect the stakeholders response for the need of a shelter for that particular catchment Table 2.4: Tools for Prioritization of Disaster Shelters (Revised Prioritization Criteria) Serial Mark Criteria of Marking No. Allocation Disaster Risk Zone of the New Disaster Shelter I. Severe………………………………………………………….30 Mark 1 II. Medium……………………………………………………….25 Mark 30 III. Average……………………………………………………….10 Mark IV. Below Average……………………………………………..5 Mark Flood/ Surge Level I. High( > 6 Meter)…………………………………………..20 Mark 2 II. Medium (3 Meter to 6 Meter)……………………..15 Mark 20 III. Low (1 Meter to 2.99 Meter)………………………..10 Mark IV. Very Low (< 1 Meter)…………………………………..5 Mark Location of New Disaster Shelter in relation to the closest Existing Disaster Shelter 3 I. > 5 Km………………………………………………………….15 Mark 15 II. 1.5 Km to 5Km……………………………………………..10 Mark III. <1. 5 Km………………………………………………………..0 Mark 2025 population around the 1.5 Km radius of the DS: (If 2025 population is expected to be lower than existing population, then existing population to be considered) 4 I. High (>3000)………………………………………..15 Mark 15 II. Medium (2000-3000)…………………………….12 Mark III. Average( 1000- 1999)…………………………….8 Mark IV. Below Average(500-999)………………………..5 Mark Catchment Stakeholders' Responses represented by the Vulnerability of Housing Types I. >90% Vulnerable Houses……………………………….20 Marks 5 II. >80% To 90 % Vulnerable Houses………………….15 Marks 20 III. >70% To 80% Vulnerable Houses…………………..10 Marks IV. 50% To 70% Vulnerable Houses……………………..5 Marks V. <50% Vulnerable Houses………………………………..0 Marks Total 100

39

Appendix – 2 of this report shows the summary details from the full database of existing shelters, and the Appendix -3 gives the summary details of prioritized proposed shelter locations, both with the district-wise Maps. Appendix-4 carries the District and Upazila-wise MAPS showing both Existing and Proposed shelters. The final database complete with all the relevant maps will be submitted eventually in CDs/Hard drive.

2.4.1 Selection of probable sub projects for the project preparation

Selection of Proposed Shelters: The Development Project Proposal (DPP) of MDSP identifies specific number of new shelters in each district for construction. As seen from the Appendix 2, the number of shelters in Priority 1 in each district is much greater than this specified number. Therefore, further screening needed to be done considering the vulnerability of the catchment communities, school-specific needs for class rooms, and the proximity to the water bodies.

As seen in the following Table 2.5, more sites than the specified number in each district have been chosen and recommended for the approval as the probable new construction sites, in case some sites have problems such as inadequacy of land.

Table 2.5:

No of sub Projects Specified in the No. of probable sites chosen for District DPP recommendation Barisal 58 58 Bhola 139 185 Feni 19 19 Chittagong 123 148 Cox’s Bazar 62 81 Patuakhali 36 148 Lakshmipur 34 47 Pirojpur 50 61 Noakhali 35 52 Total 556 799

58 sites in Barisal, 42 sites for the first package in Bhola and 19 sites in Feni have been finalized as tenders have been issued already.

40

Selection of Existing Shelters:

The existing shelter Nos. proposed in DPP for improvement in six districts is given in the Table 2.6 Below.

Table 2.6

District No.of Existing Shelters proposed for improvement as per DPP

Chittagong 130 Cox’s Bazar 120 Feni 20 Lakshmipur 30 Noakhali 90 Bhola 60 Total 450

Selection of existing shelters for improvement is done by considering the vulnerability of the communities in their catchments, and the condition of the school buildings. Condition of the buildings has been categorized as good, bad, very bad (beyond repairs), and under construction. A sample of mapping of the categorization carried out for Barisal is shown in the Fig. 2.7 & 2.8

41

Fig 2.7 Upazila wise Pie Charts showing the Shelter Condition Categorization for Barisal:

42

Figure 2.8: Bar representation of shelter condition categorization for Barisal

43

CHAPTER 3: SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

3.1 Social Issues

01. Vulnerability due to disasters The population of the coastal zone of Bangladesh was 39.16 million in 2011 (BBS, 2011). Agriculture, aquaculture, and industries are the main living means of the people. Salt industry is also an increasing important economic factor in coastal Districts, in particular in Chittagong and Cox's Bazar. Official poverty indicators show a slightly higher percentage of the population living below the absolute poverty line in the coastal zone compared to the country as a whole (52 percent vs. 49 percent), while the GDP per capita and the annual GDP growth rates in the coastal zone are more or less similar to the national averages (Islam, N.d.).

The coastal zone of Bangladesh is prone to multiple threats such as cyclones, storm surges and floods, as well as earthquakes, tsunamis, and above all, climate change. The government has identified the zone as an “agro-ecologically disadvantaged region” (GoB, 2005). Scarcity of drinking water, land erosion, the high groundwater arsenic content, water-logging, water and soil salinity and various forms of pollution have also slowed down social and economic developments (Islam and Ahmad, 2004).

Land and social life are closely entwined in Bangladesh. Climate of Bangladesh is monsoonal, and the coastal people very much depend on the seasonal agriculture. However, the lands are frequently flooded by heavy rains, over-full river channels, and sea surges associated with cyclones, leaving nearly one third of the total land inundated every year. Disasters are common in Bangladesh and therefore, the impacts of such disasters can have serious implications for social and economic welfare of local people.

02. Low Population growth Information published by BBS very clearly show different scenarios apply to different districts with respect to socio economic aspects, mainly depending on the resources available, and how the climate has affected in those areas. Population growth in the coastal areas in general has been low, and in particular, Barisal has seen a zero/negative yearly growth rate. This implies that there is a tendency of abandoning the area for migration. However, although the district populations seen to be somewhat decreasing over the next 10 years, as per the BBS predictions the numbers will be more or less same as the current figures by 2050.

03. Impacts on the Tribal People in the Project Areas/Sites: The population in the project district includes some tribal peoples constituting about 0.2% of the total population. These peoples have their own indigenous language and culture but they are implanted in the mainstream society for their livelihoods, land tenancy and political

44

institutions. Tribal people are not expected to be adversely impacted by the project. However, free, prior and informed consultations will be conducted with any tribal people to ensure full disclosure of the project’s activities. The Bank’s policy on Indigenous Peoples (OP/BP 4.10) has also been triggered for the project.

04. Social Management Framework LGED has prepared an Environment and Social Management Framework & Tribal Development Framework (ESMF/TDF) for the project to guide the project’s implementation in compliance with World Bank Operational Policies (OP) on environment and social safeguards and guidelines on environment and social development. The ESMF/TDF also benefited from the experience of LGED in the Emergency 2007 Cyclone Recovery and Restoration Project for construction and improvement of multipurpose shelters.

The ESMF/TDF includes social screening and assessment facility, a resettlement policy framework, and a social inclusion and gender framework. Among other issues, the SMF provides (a) a legal framework outlining the principles and guidelines which will be used to acquire lands and mitigate the adverse impacts; (b) facility for screening of social development and safeguard issues related to involuntary resettlement and small ethnic communities; (c) mitigation principles and planning guideline; (d)a grievance redress procedure for the beneficiary communities and affected persons; (e) stakeholder consultation and participation framework; and (f) arrangement for implementation as well as M&E of the SMPs and RAPs.

05. Social Management Plans (SMPs), Resettlement Action Plans (RAPs) and Tribal Development Plans (TDPs) In all cases, social screening/assessment (SA) will be carried out as part of the site specific designs and will include a social impact assessment, where social safeguard compliance issues are involved. Based on the results of the SA, social management plans (SMP) will be prepared for each site. The SMP will include a resettlement action plan (RAP) and Tribal Development Plan (TDP) where necessary.

3.2 Objectives of Social Impact Assessment

The objectives of the social impact assessment would be to explore avenues and establish mechanisms:

 To reduce the vulnerability of the coastal population across selected coastal districts of Bangladesh to natural disasters;  To provide safe shelters to human beings and their resources, including domestic animals during natural calamities, like cyclone and tidal surge;  To create facilities for primary/other education, and thereby facilitate education for all;

45

 To create direct short-term employment opportunities through project construction works and few regular employment through other use of shelters; and  To create community facilities for various social and government programs, like EPI, NGO training etc.;  To Increase in the share of needs met for priority multipurpose disaster shelters in the targeted districts; and  To optimize the number of project beneficiaries who have access to the multipurpose disaster shelters in the targeted districts. 3.3 Methodology of Social Impact Assessment

Commencing from Barisal district during the months of May to July of 2015, all the proposed sub projects in the 20 districts were visited by 40 Data Collectors by January 2016. During these visits, data necessary for initial screening were collected. FGDs were held with the presence of the School Management Committees, community members, local leaders and the LGED officials. Prior to the data collection process, the Data Collectors were trained well by the respective subject specialist, and initial familiarizing meetings were held with the LGED field officials.

Data were collected on the socio economic situation and demography of the people, existing and proposed shelter locations, land availability for new construction, cyclone and flood vulnerability of people in the catchment areas etc. Data were entered on Formats designed for the purpose, and endorsed by the personnel such as School Management Committee Chairmen, Upazila Engineers, and Sub Assistant Engineers etc.

The MDSP is implemented to help people in the coastal areas to reduce their vulnerability to disasters. At the same time, the shelters will support improving the educational inputs to the children of the areas. So, the beneficiaries of a sub project would be the entire community of a catchment area of a shelter.

As such, the selection of the location of a sub project, the facilities that will be incorporated in it for the class room work as well as to use it as a shelter should address the needs, aspirations, beliefs, expectations and requirements of that local beneficiary community. These need to be addressed in a holistic manner, without excluding any sections of people, which will help achieve the goals of the development activity successfully, addressing the aspirations of marginalized or disadvantage people as well

Once the short lists of sub projects were prepared for each district after evaluating the initial screening results, a second round of participatory consultations (FGDs) was conducted which helped clarifying the project objectives and assessing the nature of impact levels that each sub project may have on the communities and the environments.

46

3.4 Outcomes of the Social Assessment:

One important aspect that has come to light as a key outcome of such assessment is that no resettlement issues are involved in any sub project as the schools have adequate land for the proposed shelter construction. As such, no adverse impacts are involved and therefore the project is classified under Category ’C’. However, the marginal impact that may arise will be addressed through a well prepared Social Management Plan.

The Social Assessment has also brought to light the need for having a strategy for ongoing participation and for developing commitment and capacity at appropriate levels, for which appropriate action has been proposed in the project to provide intervention through the construction contractors to mobilize and build capacity of the School Management Committees, communities and the students to prepare them to undertake due responses to cyclones and for future operation and maintenance of the facilities, with particular focus on the following:.

3.4.1 Coordination with the Ministry of Primary and Mass Education As the shelters are constructed as multipurpose buildings that are used as primary schools year round, at the end of the construction they will be turned over to the Ministry of Primary and Mass Education (MOPME). Therefore, maintaining a close coordination between LGED and the MOPME would be extremely important from the planning stage up until the end of the project. LGED would be sharing its database of the existing and proposed shelters with the MOPME and will seek the MOPME’s concurrence for the selection of sub projects before any construction activity starts.

3.4.2 Engagement of the School Management Committees (SMCs) One of the main benefits of having the primary school running the year round is that the services such water, electricity, toilets etc. keep running throughout. This provides an opportunity to maintain them properly, so that they could be readily available in good working condition at a time of emergency. This will be ensured by the continued engagement of the SMCs to ensure that the operation and maintenance of buildings are well managed.

MDSP would provide assistance to SMCs in the form of capacity building, training and other inputs as needed to ensure that they are fully equipped to take over the maintenance works after the buildings are handed over to the MOPME.

3.4.3 Strengthening the Cyclone Preparedness Program (CPP) Although a shelter provides a safe haven to the people in the event of a disaster, it is of little use if the people can not get to the shelter in time, before the disaster occurs. Therefore,

47

one important element that helps reduce the impacts from natural disasters is the Early Warning System (EWS). This serves to warn local communities of expected natural disasters in order for them to make arrangements and reach safe haven.

Cyclone Preparedness Program (CPP) is providing an excellent service in this regard, through its mammoth volunteer group. However, they need extra support in the form of equipment, capacity building, training etc., for which part of the MDSP resources are expected to be utilized.

3.5 Review of Applicable Legal Policies and Entitle Framework

The Local Government Acts and the Rights to Information Acts recognize that the stakeholders can exercise their rights to access information in context of development programs, and the public institutions including the LGED are obliged to place information in public domain. This creates an enabling environment to develop trust among implementing partners, and builds in checks and balances to strengthen the system. Sub project information need to be disclosed in public domain including the social screening assessment reports and social management plan.

The World Bank’s social development and safeguard policies emphasize on preventing and mitigating undue harm to people and their environment in the development process. Its key social safeguard and operational policies (OP) and Bank Procedures (BP) include the OP/BP 4.12 on Involuntary Resettlement and OP/BP 4.10 on Indigenous Peoples.

Relocation /Resettlement may cause severe long term hardships, impoverishment and damage unless appropriate measures are carefully planned and carried out. The project therefore, triggers the OP/BP 4.12 on Involuntary Resettlement that requires that the economic, social and environmental risks out of Relocation /Resettlement are mitigated and livelihoods of displaced persons are restored.

The policy aims to avoid involuntary resettlement to the extent possible, or to minimize and mitigate its adverse social and economic impacts The displaced people are facilitated to ensure their active participation in resettlement planning and implementation and its key economic objective is to assist them in their efforts to improve or at least restore their incomes and standards of living after their relocation.

As there is no resettlement occurring, no adverse impacts will be made by the intervention of the project. As such, no Entitlement Framework will be required for the project.

3.6 Disclosure, Consultation and Participation Drawing on the work of both the World Bank and others, consultation and participation can be seen as citizen engagement, which is the “two-way interaction between citizens on the

48

one hand, which include organized civil society and the private sector, and governments on the other, in a way that gives citizens a stake in decision-making processes, with the objective of improving development.”

Disclosing the objectives and the modalities of implementation in a transparent manner would provide an opportunity to the beneficiaries to make their responses productively and to arrive at correct decisions, considering all available options. This means consultation and participation of communities in the selection and design of sub projects, building a sense of ownership in them and creating an urge in them to ensure sustainability of the facility for the long term use.

In particular the community participation was sought and the community consultations were carried out, mainly focusing on the following:

 To enhance the social development outcomes of construction and improvement of shelters and shelter connecting roads at strategic locations in the disaster prone coastal areas.

 To avoid or minimize land acquisition and displacement related hardships and improvements of the project affected persons (PAPs) to highest extent possible

 To identify and mitigate adverse impacts that the selected sites might cause on people (men, women and children) including protection against loss of livelihood activities with culturally, socially and economically appropriate measures

 To develop necessary social development and safeguard compliance measures through adequate disclosure and consultation with affected people and their community

 To ensure compliance with the relevant Government and World Bank policies on social safeguards and other social issues, including those with the gender implications

Details of the FGDs conducted at different sub projects along with the participant lists and the photographs would be made available separately along with the Procurement Package for each district.

3.7 Institutional Arrangement and Grievance Redress Mechanism The Project Management Unit (PMU) established at the LGED Headquarter headed by the Project Director (PD) under the Chief Engineer is responsible for the overall implementation of the project, with the support of the Regional, District and Upazila level LGED offices and the Consultants, as seen in the Figure 2.

The Project will establish a Grievance Response Mechanism (GRM) to answer queries, receive suggestions and address complaints and grievances about any irregularities in the

49

Project implementation, which should reflect inclusive project design and assessment and mitigation of social and environmental impacts.

Based on consensus, the procedure will help resolve issues/conflicts amicably and quickly, avoiding the trouble for the affected people for seeking expensive and time consuming legal action. The affected people will still have the right to seek legal action, but this process will provide them a way to seek redress prior to that.

The institutional arrangement for this revolves around Focal Point available at the grassroots level in the shelter catchment area and at the project level within LGED District office. Grievance Redress Committees (GRCs) will be formed at both District and grassroots levels, and will be authorized to deal with all suggestions and complaints at the sub-project level.

Following are the Compositions of the GRCs at both the levels and their work process:

3.7.1 GRC at the Grassroots/Sub-project Site Level: The grassroots/sub-project site level GRC composition will be as follows:

01. Chairperson of the SMC - Chairperson 02. One of the Members of the SMC – Member Secretary 03. Chairperson of the concerned Union Parishad or his/her representative – Member 04. Any respectable person from the catchment area.

3.7.2 GRC at the District Level: The District level GRC composition will be as follows:

01. Executive Engineer, LGED, concerned District –Chairperson 02. Assistant Engineer, LGED, concerned District – Member Secretary 03. Land Acquisition Officer, Office of the Deputy Commissioner - Member 04. District Agricultural Officer or his/her representative - Member 05. Deputy Forest Officer or his/her representative – Member 06. Deputy Director of Social Welfare Department at the District level or his/her representative - Member

3.7.3 Procedure to be followed in forming GRCs and addressing/Mitigating Grievances, if any: 01. The above GRCs will be formed before starting all sub-project implementation works under the concerned District, and will continue to exist until implementation work of those sub-projects are completed. The GRC formation work will be started with the

50

active initiative of the Executive Engineer with assistance from the representative of the D&S Consultants at the District and Upazila levels. 02. The District level GRC meeting will be held at the LGED District Office and the grassroots/sub-project site level GRC meeting will be held at the concerned school premises. 03. The meetings at both levels will be held as and when any grievance case is submitted at the SMC Office by any aggrieved person. 04. The aggrieved person will need to lodge the complaint in writing with full description of his/her grievance and gravity of the grievance, including his/her demand for safe exit from the grievance, as well as names of at least 03 persons of the catchment area who endorse his/her grievance, along with the certification of the concerned UP member with his/her endorsement. 05. Upon receipt of the complaint, the concerned grassroots/sub-project site level GRC will try to mitigate/resolve the problem, failing which only, the grievance will be referred to the District level GRC.

3.8 Social Impacts, Mitigation Plan and Budget

The results of the initial social screening process carried out to examine the compliance levels of each individual sub project site with the exclusion criteria showed that no relocation/resettlement or land acquisition issues were involved with the sub projects as the MDSP is basically constructing the shelters as school buildings and therefore, the government land would be available for the purpose.

It has been observed even the access road construction does not need any land acquisition. Owing to this situation mainly, there are no major adverse impacts arising from the implementation of the project.

However, some marginal or insignificant impacts occur in the form of having to demolish an old building to gain land space for the new one, or disturbances to students during construction time, Some schools have room to accommodate the shifted students in the case of demolition of an old building, but where there are limitations with class room space, a new temporary shed is proposed to conduct classes until the new building is ready to use.

Following Table shows impacts expected, people affected and the modalities adopted for managing the impacts as an overall Impact Mitigation Plan.

Impact Extent of impact and affected Management modality people School class rooms may Students are temporarily affected Temporary sheds will be built for have to be shifted while construction is on classes by the construction contractor Disturbances due to Students are affected during Construction contractor will be construction works construction advised to take precautions to

51

minimize the disturbances during construction period. Employment Community will get opportunities Construction contractor will be opportunities during for additional income advised to give opportunities to construction local people, maintain gender balance and avoid engagement of child- labour. Operation and Community will reap the benefit of Awareness building and capacity Maintenance of the the shelter in the long term, only if building of the School shelter the sustainability is ensured Management Committee, through adopting good operation community and the students on and maintenance practices. this aspect to be carried out, using a community mobilization person recruited through the construction contractor.

As a novel item, MDSP is proposing to engage Social / Environmental mobilization/ capacity building personnel through the construction contractors. Each such social/environmental development person will look after 25 shelters and would undertake awareness and capacity building of the School Management Committees, communities and the school children in the relevant catchments.

As relocation and land acquisition issues are not involved, no major resettlement budget is required for the sub projects. The total budget required for the schools where old buildings need to be demolished and the new sheds are to be put up is shown in the following Table.

S.No. Item Budgeted Amount Tk 1. Removal of existing old building and ……………depending on the situation erecting a new shed for the class rooms 2. Engaging a Social Mobilization/ Covered in the Environmental Budget Environmental Capacity Building Person Total ………………

The budget required for engaging social mobilizing personnel would be covered by the environmental budget as he/she will be attending to both social as well as environmental mobilizing and capacity building activities.

The respective budgets for different sub projects are included in the site-specific reports in the Part B of this Report.

52

3.9 Monitoring and Evaluation of Social Mitigation Plan Monitoring of the implementation of the Social Mitigation Plan would be done throughout the sub project execution time from the time the construction contractor moves in for the work.

Initial situation reports with respect to each sub project would be prepared by the Consultants’ staff to assess the site specific requirements, and to establish the sequence of implementation of identified activities.

A training needs assessment would be done and training would be given to the social mobilization personnel engaged by the contractor on what aspects he/she needs to cover in terms of awareness building and capacity building of the School Committees, community and the students.

Reporting of the progress on such activities would be done by the contractor’s social mobilization personnel to the consultants’s field staff.

As seen in the Institutional Arrangement in the Fig. 1.3, all parties at the Upazila, District and Head Office levels would be involved in the monitoring work.

All field activities would be monitored and reported through the ICT Monitoring system by both LGED staff and the consultant’s staff, so that important decisions could be taken at all stages on implementation.

Data collection in MDSP is focused on collecting all the socio economic data such as area coverage, main livelihood of people, number of families in an area, vulnerable population, housing patterns, and numbers of livestock in Union etc. Although such data may not be completely accurate, they should give a reasonable idea about the background for the shelter construction.

Once the sub project sites are chosen, further detailed data collection would be carried out for individual sites, and then Social Management Plans would be prepared for communities associated with each shelter. For example, understanding the needs of the women, children and disabled persons, it may be possible to introduce the facilities needed for them in the shelter construction.

In relation to gender issues, the data collection will be more focused to: a. Identify women’s needs for their participation in planning, managing, and monitoring project investments; b. Identify measures to enable women to benefit from the project investment and their access to livelihood activities, and based on the assessments, the consultant will: c. develop and suggest mechanisms whereby degree of women’s effective participation can be improved in management, as users and as beneficiaries;

53

d. recommend steps to incorporate gender criteria into the project impact monitoring system; e. Prepare a gender action plan. f. Advise and assist developing gender sensitive resource management interventions to ensure women’s interest in the proposals, studies, activities and evaluating those from gender point of view; g. Identify the special needs of women especially for disadvantaged women; h. Find ways and means to enhance women’s participation in the project activities; i. Establish and maintain working relation with nation building agencies to protect the interest of women beneficiaries.

54

CHAPTER 4: RESETTLEMENT ASPECTS

4.1 Potential Impact under the project As per the ECRRP experience, land acquisition and resettlement are not expected in The MDSP. However, in case the extent of the government land falls short for a sub project and some acquisition needs to be effected, it is better to be prepared for resettlement too.

Execution of any development project obviously has socio-economic impacts. Construction of new shelters, improvement of old shelters and communication network, all physical works are likely to cause significant adverse social impacts. However, depending of site condition, the expansion and construction of new shelter and providing access roads will require acquisition of public or private land, and some temporary and permanent disruption to livelihoods of people which triggers OP4.12 on Involuntary resettlement. The rehabilitation of existing shelters may also require additional land in structural change including extension is undertaken and access roads are provided. Social impact arising from land acquisition may range from temporary requisition and loss of incomes to loss of livelihood and permanent displacement of households depending on the magnitudes of acquisition with respect to individual landholdings. The physical works relating to the components may also cause temporary disruption to traffic and business or temporary shifting of structure.

4.2 Basic Principles in Selection, Design and Implementation of Sub-projects The following principles for selection, design and implementation of sub-projects are proposed in view of the nature and magnitudes of impact and to address the social safe guard issues:

 Prior to selection of specific sub-project in different area community consultation to be undertaken. Participatory approach at all stages of the sub-project selection, design, planning and implementation in consultation with the beneficiaries, impacted people and other relevant stakeholders to ensure transparency and accountability.  Avoid or minimize displacement from private and public lands.  Where displacement is unavoidable, all people affected by it should be compensated fully and fairly for the lost assets.  Avoid Sub-Project where it will affect mosque, temples, graveyards and cremation grounds and other places and objects of religious, cultural and historical significance which also threat cultural tradition and the way of life of indigenous people and affect common property resources, livelihood activities, and place of worship, object of cultural religious and historical significance.

55

During construction period:  Ensure compliance of minimum age labour laws and requirements of applicable treaties which have been ratified by the government of Bangladesh and applicable World Bank policies regarding hazardous forms of child labour.  Ensure equity in wage payment for both the men and women labour for equal level of work as required by the government of Bangladesh. Women labour to be engaged on priority basis for the works suitable for women and follow ILO convention, relevant protocols etc.  Priority to be given to Sub-Project affected people, local women and indigenous peoples in employing them to suitable project works as appropriate to their skills.  Provide safety and security to the workers in the working place. The cost of treatment of the injured workers to be provided. 4.3 Social Management & Resettlement Policy Framework (SMRPF) Social Management and Resettlement Policy Framework (SMRPF) intend to deal with resettlement issues that may arise for the area and activities under MDSP. SMRPF would be developed and used to assess social and resettlement aspects of the sub project and develop appropriate measures to mitigate consequent potential negative social impacts. The Frame work will serve as a guideline to assess the social impact and develop social plan to mitigate adverse social aspect in different phases of the sub project and formulate resettlement plans.

The policy objectives of SMRPF are as follows: 1) To assist the affected person of the project in such a manner either to improve or at least restore previous slandered of living.

2) In addition to country’s exiting legal framework for land acquisition, to ensure compliances of social safeguard policies of the World Bank OP 4.12

3) To implementation of the sub-projects following the SMRPF, which will improve the social outcome of the locality.

The contents of SMRPF are stated below: a) A legal frame work, which will be used to acquire lands and mitigate the adverse impact. b) A detailed policy matrix defining the loss of categories, compensation principle, application guide line and organizational responsibility. c) An organizational frame work to plan and implement the resettlement activities in general, and in particular identifying the locations- specific impact details, as well as the task related to policy revisions, budgeting and work planning.

56

d) A grievance redress procedure to deal with disputes and complaints related to planning and implementation of the resettlement activities. e) A monitoring and evaluation frame work to use during and after implementation of the resettlement activities. f) A planning process defining task leading to preparation of the location, specific land acquisition proposal, identification of impact details, policy review, budgeting, task scheduling etc. 4.4 Resettlement in the Legal Context of Bangladesh The legal framework presently in use in Bangladesh is not adequate to deal with the adverse impacts associated with land acquisition and involuntary displacement. Lands are acquired according to the 1982 Acquisition and Requisition Ordinance, but its provisions do not fully satisfy the requirements of the Bank’s OP 4.12 on involuntary resettlement. In essence, the law is largely indifferent to the landowners’ present socio-economic conditions, or the long- term changes the acquisition and displacement may cause on the landowners. Also, no other policies are there to complement the acquisition law in ways to assess, mitigate and monitor the adverse impacts that the affected landowners may suffer.

Highlight of some of the salient provisions of the law that requires added mechanisms to meet the Bank’s requirement are given below:

Avoiding/Minimizing Land Acquisition: The law only implicitly discourages unnecessary acquisition, as lands acquired for one purpose cannot be used for a different purpose. However, there are no mechanisms to monitor if this condition is actually adhered to.

Eligibility for Compensation: The law stipulates compensation only for the persons who appear in the land administration records as the owners. It does not recognize the rights of those, such as squatters, who do not possess legal title to the lands they live in or make a living from.

Compensation Paid For: Provides for compensation for lands and other objects built and grown on them (structures, trees and orchards, crops and any other developments like ponds, built amenities, etc.). No provisions are there to assess and restore lost income stream or income sources that acquisition causes to the affected persons, be they legal titleholders or others like squatters, tenants and employees of affected businesses.

Compensation Standards: Although the law stipulates ‘market prices’ of the acquired lands as the just compensation, the legal assessment method almost always results in prices that are far below the actual market prices. Certain pricing standards, which are regarded as unrealistic, are used to assess other losses like structures and various built amenities, trees, crops, and the like.

57

Relocation of Homestead Losers: No legal obligation is there to relocate, or assist with relocation of, those whose homesteads have been acquired. Such persons/households, be they titleholders or squatters, are left on their own.

Ensuring Payment/Receipt of the Compensation: The compensation process is lengthy. Lands are legally acquired and handed over to the project execution agency as soon as the acquisition authority identifies the owners (or ‘awardees’), by examining the records, and sends a legal notice advising them to claim the compensation (or ‘awards’). Here ends the legal obligation, and now it is the obligation of the affected landowners to prove, by producing an array of documents that the acquired lands legally belong to them. As gathering these documents is a long, expensive and cumbersome process, many landowners may remain unable to claim their awards. The project has meanwhile started to use the lands.

Socio-economic Rehabilitation: Finally, the provisions are so restricted that the law shows no concern whatsoever about the long-term socioeconomic changes the affected persons and households might undergo in the post-acquisition period. Except for the compensation at the legal ‘market price’, there are no other provisions in the acquisition or other- laws that require the government to mitigate the resultant adverse impacts caused by the acquisition. Socioeconomic rehabilitation of the involuntarily displaced persons is totally absent in the legal regime of the country.

In fact, the law is too long on the acquisition process and far too short in recognizing and dealing with the variety and severity of impacts the land-based development projects usually cause at the household and community levels, and even implementing the stipulations enshrined in it. As a consequence, the authorities are seldom aware of whether or not, or the extent to which, development projects are making certain people worse-off.

Out the resettlement budgets and the implementation schedules, in keeping with the principles and provisions adopted in these RAPs, as well as the experiences gained so far in planning and implementation of land acquisition and resettlement, the following framework is proposed to mitigate the adverse impacts expected to arise under the project as a whole. This RPF will be treated as a live document and remain open to revisions and refinements as and when warranted during planning and implementation of the phase-wise RAPs. With this framework in place, RAP preparation tasks will basically consist of identifying specific impact details, reviewing the mitigation policies to address any impacts that have remained unforeseen until now, and working.

58

4.5 Guidelines for Using Private and Public Land Public lands under authorized use: If the land is required which is under lease from any government or autonomous bodies LGED may seek to use these lands by fulfilling the lease condition

Public land under unauthorized use: where the lands are used for living and livelihoods by the poor and vulnerable LGED can take the land only by mitigating the associated adverse impact consisting with the World Bank’s OP4.12 and OD4.30

Private Land: Wherever found private land is absolutely necessary for construction of shelter LGED may use the following means to obtain the land:

Acquisition: Under the present acquisition and requisition of immovable properties ordinance1982, and mitigating the associated adverse impact in compliance with the Banks OP4.12 on involuntary Resettlement and OD 4.30 on indigenous people

Direct purchase: LGED can purchase the lands directly from the owner on a willing buyer seller basis at price acceptable to the owner. Price will be negotiated transparently. Records of purchase to maintained for review by IDA

Voluntary donation: where the land owner agree to donate the lands without the fear of adverse consequences. Donated land should be free of disputes and claims. Where these land are used by squatters and others in that case implement applicable mitigation measures adopted in the SMRPF

4.6 Principles to avoid or minimize land acquisition and displacement: 1) Alternative design of the rehabilitation/ improvement works will be considered to avoid or minimize land accusation in general, and particular attention will be paid to use minimum amount of private land and as much of public land as possible. 2) Alternative design will also be considered to avoid or minimize displacement from home stead. 3) Wherever feasible, construction and improvement of the existing shelters will be designed to use lands that are of lower value in terms of uses and productivity. 4) Rehabilitation/improvement works will be designed to avoid or minimize displacement from building/ structures that are used for permanent business and commercial activities. 5) Where land holdings or structures remaining after accusation become economically unviable, the land owners will be given the option to offer the entire holding for accusation and compensated for the whole piece of land or structure. 6) The lands that are “khas” or under the ownership of other public entities will be procured through inter-ministerial negotiation process.

59

7) Connecting roads will be realigned only where it is necessary to meet project / community demand and the defied technical standard. 8) More options to avoid/minimize displacement will be explored during social screening and social impact assessment of the specific locations where the project components will be implemented, actual design of the rehabilitation/ improvement and works and there implementation on the ground.

4.7 Principles to be followed to mitigate adverse impact, if any The guide line proposed in the SMRPF will apply to all sub project activities that will involve land acquisition from private owners and displaced persons from the public lands. Where impacts are unavoidable the following principles and guide line may be adopted to mitigate them:

1) Resettlement of project affected people will be planned and developed as an integral part of the sub project design. 2) Absence of legal title will not be considered a bar to assistance, especially socio economically vulnerable. 3) Vulnerability in terms of socio economic characteristic of the affected person will be identified and mitigated according to the provision adopted in SMRPF 4) Home stead loser, including the poor and vulnerable households squatting on public lands will be assisted with physical relocation and provision of the basic amenities like water and sanitation. 5) People who are economically well off and use the public land/ properties for free will not qualify for financial or any other forms of assistance. 6) No compensation will be paid for facing temporary inconveniences by business operators and traders, unless they required completely stop their operation during the construction period. 7) The resettlement component will not be used to collect arrear land development taxes, or any other forms of taxes 8) Where sub project cause community wide impact, such as community facilities, access to common property resources etc. LGED will rebuild them with their own resources or provide alternatives in consultation with the user communities. 4.8. Land Acquisition Land acquisition and the associated impact mitigation principles and guidelines have been proposed with the objectives to consider alternative engineering design to avoid or minimize land accusation in order to minimize its adverse socio economic impacts on the people and communities. Consideration will be made to (i) avoid or minimize displacement from private and public land and home stead’s (ii) avoid or minimize displacement from

60

building structure used for permanent business/ commercial activities (iii) use least productive land (iv) avoid accusation of community facilities like educational institution, place of worships, cemeteries, buildings structures that are historically culturally significant and the like. Attempts will also be made to minimize displacement during implementation of civil work.

Procedure of Acquisition To select sites for construction of new shelters and reconstruction/repairing of old shelters, it needs to carry out detail and design and lay on the Mouza map. This will provide the basis to prepare the land acquisition proposal which require administrative approval by the relevant ministry before the submission of proposal to Deputy Commissioner for acquisition.

On receipt of the LAPs, the DCs will register the cases, and organize a physical verification to make sure that the information is correct. The XENs of LGED, supported by the consultants will answer to any queries from the DC offices and assist to resolve any issues and problems with the LAPs. Physical verification will be done following the steps below in the acquisition process:

The DCs will issue the legal notice-3 (under section-3 of the law), which will contain the plot numbers from which lands will be acquired. The notice, which will be displayed in public places, will give the concerned landowners a fixed period of 15 days to lodge objections to the acquisition, and another 30 days (maximum, if Divisional Commissioner allows) for the DCs to hear them. Upon resolution of the objections, if any, the DCs will then submit the cases to the District Land Acquisition Committee for approval.

Following the issuance of notice-3, and while the approval is being processed, an on-site inventory and verification will be carried out jointly by the acquisition officials and LGED in presence of the concerned PAPs, to classify and document the assets that will be acquired and compensated for.

While the district land acquisition officials will themselves assess, according to the legal method, the compensation for the land, other built structures, trees, standing crops, etc. will be assessed by the representatives of the concerned GOB departments, such as Public Works, Agriculture, Forestry, etc. by using departmental standards. The compensation so determined is the compensation-under-law or CUL, which may or may not be the replacement values/current market prices of the acquired assets.

Upon receipt of the Divisional Commissioners approval, hearing of any objections by DCs, and completion of the joint on-site inventory and verification, the DCs will issue notice-6 to the individual property owners stating that the inventoried assets will acquire and taken possession of, and that all claims for compensation be made to the concerned DCs. The claims will made and reviewed on the basis of this on-site inventory and verification.

61

. Once valuation of all assets is completed, the DCs will prepare the compensation assessment rolls or compensation budgets for the individual acquisition cases and submit them to LGED requesting funds within a maximum of 60 days. After its review, LGED will send them for approval of the Ministry of Local Governments, Rural Development and Cooperatives (MOLGRD). . On MOLGRD’s approval LGED will place the funds with the DCs who will in turn issue notice-7 indicating the amount of compensation, and advising the landowners to make the compensation claims, with the evidence that they are the legal owners or have an interest in the lands. The following evidence are required: . Record of Right (ROR) or porcha as proof of ownership to the lands. . Rent Receipt (RR), commonly known as Dakhila provided that the affected person owns agricultural lands excess of 25 standard bighas. The claims for compensation are accepted if the ownership evidence is found satisfactory. The CUL is then paid by cheques drawn on the GOB treasury at the district HQs. If a landowner losses lands in more than one mouza (land administration unit) or acquisition case, CUL payments are made by as many cheques.

LGED assisted by the consultants, will play a critical role by liaising with the DCs and acquisition officials, including other public departments, and by following through every step of the process and monitoring the progress. LGED will also assist to provide any logistical support considered essential by the acquiring body.

Market Value Assessment Procedure

In line with the proposed compensation principle, LGED assisted consultants will conduct market surveys to determine the replacement value/current market prices of the affected properties. The survey will take into account the quality of land, cropping intensity and value of the crops produced, accessibility from the existing roads and other characteristics that influence the land market value.

 Lands: It includes all kinds of lands, such as agriculture, homestead, commercial etc. The survey will be conducted on following three groups of respondents: (i) a random sample of 10-15 landowners in Mouzas in which the project components are located and in adjacent to them; (ii) if available, a number of recent buyers and sellers of similar lands in such Mouzas; and (iii) a number of deed writers at the land registration offices, who recently handed transactions in those adjacent Mouzas.

 Houses and other built structures: Current market will be determined based on the current market price of the different kinds of building materials in the local markets. The replacement cost of the house and structure will be based on the lowest quoted price for each type of material, plus their carrying cost to the sites.

62

 Trees: Compensation will be determined by surveying the current prices of different variety of tress in the local markets. Compensation for trees will be fixed at the highest price offered by the traders.

 Fruits and other crops-seasonal and perennial: Survey of current prices in the local markets. For the seasonal crops, compensation will be paid for only one crop, and that for the perennial crops will be paid for three crops (three times the value assessed during joint verification).

 Vested (Enemy) properties: The owner/users of the vested lands will be interviewed to determine the number and types of crops grown in a given year will then be verified with the neighboring farmers. The compensation will be determined by using the same methods applied for crops on other lands.

 Unforeseen losses: Compensation for any unforeseen losses will be determined by using methods that will be considered most appropriate.

4.9 Eligibility for getting Compensation /Assistance According to the proposed mitigation principles and modalities, the following persons/ households/entities will be entitled to financial and other forms of compensation and assistance. An affected person may be entitled to get more than one form of compensation depending on type of loses: a) Private land /other property owners: The owners of the affected private land and other assets built and grown on the acquired lands. Legal owners will be identified by the Deputy Commissioner of the district. b) Vested property owners/users: The owners/users of the acquired lands and other properties that are designated as vested properties. c) Squatters: Residing on public land and /or using such lands for commercial purposes like operating small business. d) Persons with usufruct right: Owners of privately-owned business activities on leased- in public lands. e) Sponsors/beneficiaries of development programmes using public lands: These include social/community aforestation and other land-based income generation programmes for socio-economically vulnerable groups, implemented under the auspices of government and non-government organizations. f) Community groups: Community or any vulnerable groups will suffer from loss of opportunity of income, or access to parks, protected area, and natural resources will be eligible for compensation.

63

g) Tenants; Tenants: living in rented accommodation will be duly notified and given assistance for new premises and shifting. h) Rental income earner: From premises situated on private land subject to certain condition as per matrix. i) Owners and employees of displaced business: For a reasonable period of time, subject certain condition as per matrix.

4.10 Entitlement Matrix On the basis of proposed principles for impact mitigation the following matrix defines the specific elements for different types of loses, entitled person, application guideline and the institutional responsibility to implement them.

1. Loss of Agricultural and Commercial Land

Ownership Entitled person Entitlement R responsibility Type

Private Legal owners, as Compensation-under-law (CUL) or  CUL paid by determined by replacement costs, whichever is DCs. DCs or by courts greater, If applicable  Top-up and TA in cases of legal paid by EA.  Top-up equal to the differences disputes. between CUL and replacement costs.  Transition allowance (TA) for income loss (Loss Category 5 below) Public lands Leaseholders Contractual obligations with the public Paid by DCs. under lease agencies, as determined by DCs.

Vested non- Current Transition allowance for income loss Paid by EA. resident owners/users (Loss Category 5).

2. Loss of Homestead Lands

Ownership and Entitled Entitlement Responsibility Location Persons

Homesteads o Legal owners, In addition to CUL and applicable top-up EA private lands as determined (as for agricultural and commercial lands) :

64

by DCs or by  Relocation assistance, including land courts in development, where household is cases of legal required to physically relocate their disputes. homes elsewhere.  Restoration of pre-acquisition basic utilities (water supply and sanitation, electricity, etc.) Homestead on Vulnerable  Relocation assistance including land EA public lands Squatters development, where squatters are required to relocate their homes.  Provisions of water supply and sanitation facilities Homestead on Present  Relocation assistance, including land EA VNR lands Owners/Users development where the present owners/ users are required to relocate their homes.

3. Loss of Houses/Structures Used For Living, Business and Other Activities

Types and Entitled Entitlement Responsibility Location person

All houses/ Legal owners,  Compensation-under-law (CUL) or CUL paid by structures on as determined replacement costs, whichever is DCs. acquired by DCs or by greater. private lands. courts in cases  Transfer Grant (TG) to cover the of legal carrying costs of household goods, at disputes one-eighth of the replacement costs of the affected structures. TG paid by  Owners retain the salvageable EA building materials. Shift able and Vulnerable  Shift able structures: House Transfer HTG and H CG non-shift able Squatters grant (HTG) and House Construction paid by structures on Grant (HCG) at TK. 20 per sft of floor EA acquired public area with minimum of TK, 2000 and lands. maximum of TK. 3000.  Non-shift able structures: HCG at TK. 30 per sft of floor area with minimum of TK. 3000 and maximum of TK. 4000.

65

Houses/ Present HTG and HCG (Amounts are to be HTG and HCG structures on Owners/Users determined in consultation with the paid by EA. VNR Lands. current owners/users.)

4. Loss of Trees on Acquired Private and Public Lands

Location Entitled person Entitlement Responsibility

On private Legal owners, as  Current market value o f trees, based DCs(include in lands determined by on species, size and maturity CUL) DCs or by courts EA (include in in cases of legal  Current market prices of fruits on trees top-up) disputes if they fall before harvest.  Owners will fall and retain the trees and fruits, after payment of compensation.

On public  Squatters As those stipulated above for trees and EA lands fruits.  Private groups, NGOs, etc.

On VNR Present As those stipulated above for trees and EA lands owners/users fruits.

5. Loss of Agricultural, Business, Employment and Rental Income

Impact Types Entitled Entitlement Responsibility person

66

Agricultural:

 If Legal owners Transition allowance equivalent to three EA acquisition times the harvest prices of crops produced

amounts in a year on the acquire lands. to 20% or

more of

the total productive area.

Three times the harvest prices of crops  If acquired Present produced in a year on the acquired lands. VNR lands owners/ are users agricultura l.

Business:

 Permanent Business  Rental accommodation in existing or EA closure of owners new municipal business premises, plus

business in (premises compensation based on average daily the /land owners net income prorated for a period needed existing and tenants) to reopen the individual business, or premises  Compensation calculated as above for

the number of days the business owners

find alternative accommodations themselves, which will be paid for a

maximum of 90 days.

 Compensation calculated as above for

the actual number of days the business remain closed

Business

owners (premises/  Temporary land owners closure of  Compensation at current daily wage rate and tenants) EA business in for the period needed to reopen the

67

existing business or for a maximum of 30 days. premises

 Three months rent at the current rates Business to the owners of the premises.  Loss of employees

employme

nt income

 Loss of Legal owners. income EA from rented out premises.

6. Unforeseen Losses

Impact Types Entitled person Entitlement Responsibilit y

As may be identified during As identified As determined in EA subproject preparation and consultation with IDA implementation

4.11. Preparation of Resettlement Action Plan Detailed measurement survey ( DMS,) and census/socio-economic survey (SES ) need to be undertaken upon completion of the sub-projects detailed design (DD) to identify all affected persons (APs), their socio-economic status, and the extent to which they will be affected, including an assessment of their residual properties/assets in the locality. Based on the DMS, census and socio-economic survey resettlement plan for individual sub-projects will then be prepared. Resettlement action plan (RAP) for each sub projects to be prepared following the guideline of SMRPF. RAP will contain information, on the amount of land required from private and public ownership; details of the impact/ losses and the number of land owners and others being affected; the alternatives/ measures considered to minimize displacement; review the applicable mitigation measures; a detail budget to implement the mitigation measures; and a time schedule for RAP implementation.

A. Resettlement Action Plan: Where more than 200 people affects in the sub project due to acquisition and resumption of public lands.

 A census survey of PAPs and inventory lost asset

68

 Cut-off dates established by shames  Census data processed  Mitigation policies reviewed  JVT verified and assessed non land loses for PAPs  Replacement values/ market price reconciled  Preparation of individual entitlement file  GRC establishment and made operational  Compensation budget prepared and approved  Land hand over for civil work  Arrangement s for M& E  Homestead loser relocated  Payment of compensation

B. Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan: Where affects 200 people or less numbers, Abbreviated Resettlement plan may be prepared in place of full (RAP) which may cover the following minimum elements :

 A census survey of PAPs and inventory of asset lost  Valuation of lost asset at market price  Description of compensation as per entitlement.  Consultation with PAPs.  Implementation arrangements  Grievance redresses implementation.  Arrangement s for M& E  Timetable and budge

4.12 Community Consultation In addition to the social impacts arising from land acquisition, there is also the risk that if the design and rehabilitation / construction of the shelters and access roads are undertaken without: a) adequate consultation with all the potential beneficiaries of these shelters .b) proper identification of base line socio economic conditions and disaster risk protection needs of the people. c) Establishment of proper guidelines for the movement of people and use of the shelters in the event of a disaster and d) maintenance arrangement, the shelters may prove ineffective in accommodating their needs, serving their socio cultural sensibilities and may even cause marginalization or exclusion of groups. The main objectives of consultation would be gaining support and co operation from different stakeholder and will continue throughout the project preparation and implementation period to minimize the project adverse impacts any stages of the project cycle.

69

4.13 Grievance Redress Procedure As mentioned under social aspects section, a grievance redress procedure needs to be established to answer to sub project related queries and address complaints and grievances about any irregularities in application of the guideline ,disputes over ownership and inheritance of the of affected assets, distribution of compensation among the heirs, missing affected assets and persons in the census. The procedure will help to resolve issues and conflicts amicably and quickly without expense and time consuming legal actions. Ggrievance redress committee (GRC) to be formed in each sub project area. The composition GRC will include Executive Engineer/Upazila Engineer, LGED as chairman of the committee, one representative member of local union parisad, one male and one female representative from the affected persons, one representative from NGO who will act as member secretary. GRC will ensure proper presentation of complaints and grievances, as well as impartial hearing and transparent decision.

Documentation While resettlement action plan will present the summary of the impacts EA will ensure the availability of the following documentations which may be required by IDA:

 Minutes of stakeholder consultation on matters like selection of subprojects; social safeguards implications of using private and public lands; alternative means of obtaining the required lands; mitigation measures adopted in the SMRPF etc.  Legal records of lands donated by private owners, as well as of those purchased by EA on “willing buyer-seller” basis with prices and names and addresses of peoples present during price negotiations and payment.  Inventory of different types of PAPs, based on the census of affected persons/households and assets.  Replacement costs and current market prices of different types of assets, as determined through market prices surveys.  Records of compensation payment to individual PAPs.  Records of complaints and grievances and the decisions given by Grievance Redress Committees. CHAPTER 5: ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

5.1 Environmental Policies and Guidelines

5.1.1 Environmental Requirements and Policies of Bangladesh Government and World Bank Main legislations for environmental protection in Bangladesh are the Environmental Conservation Act (ECA) 1995 and the Environmental Conservation Rules (ECR) 1997. Environmental Conservation Rule (ECR), 1997 requires the proponents of every development project in the country to obtain Location/Site Clearance Certificate (LCC) and

70

Environmental Clearance Certificate (ECC) from the Department of Environment (DoE), Government of Bangladesh (GoB). The ECR, 1997 [Rule 7] classifies industrial units and/or development projects into four categories such as Green, Orange A, Orange B and Red depending on environmental impact and site location. The ECR’97 requires the proponents of development project in the country to submit an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) report and/or an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report, based on level of environmental impact and categorization, to Department of Environment (DoE) for the purpose of obtaining Location/ Site Clearance Certificate (LCC) and Environmental Clearance Certificate (ECC).

In addition, as an international development agency/ partner, World Bank has developed their environmental and social safeguard policy for the development works they have been conducting globally. Since World Bank is financing the MDSP, Environmental Assessment (EA) has to be conducted according to the World Bank Guidelines and Operational Policies. The significant environmental safeguard policy includes OP/BP 4.01: Environmental Assessment. The new disaster shelter cum school building will be constructed within the boundary line of the selected existing education institutions. The activities of the project will not involve any pesticide application. Activities in forest areas or natural habitat or relate to protection of dams will not be supported under this project. Also it is unlikely that any designated physical cultural resources will be affected by the subprojects. Hence OP 4.09, OP 4.04, OP 4.11, OP 4.36 and OP 4.37 will not trigger for this project. The project does not envision any land acquisition or population displacement which is evident under the ongoing ECRRP. Although unlikely, the project at a later stage may like to acquire private lands and/or public land from private uses only at extreme circumstances of unavailability of land through other means. Land, in such circumstances, will be acquired under the Acquisition and Requisition of Immovable Property Ordinance, 1982 of the Government of Bangladesh. The acts therefore, trigger the Bank OP 4.12 on involuntary resettlement. The population in the project district includes some tribal peoples having their own indigenous language and culture. But they are embedded in the mainstream population for their livelihoods, land tenancy and political institutions. Tribal people are not expected to be affected by the project interventions. However, the World Bank’s policy on Indigenous Peoples (OP/BP 4.10) has been triggered for the project.

5.1.2 Project Category Cyclone shelter construction projects are not categorized in the Bangladesh Environmental Conservation Rules (ECR) 1997 and in the Environmental Conservation Act (ECA) 1995. It may be noted that construction of multi-storied building is considered as the 'Orange B' category. Construction, reconstruction and extension of shelter connecting roads and local roads are also classified as ‘Orange B' category. Moreover, the ECR’97 classifies projects that are low polluting and medium polluting as “Green Category” and “Orange Category” respectively; and the low & medium polluting projects shall be easily granted environmental clearance. The MDSP focuses on the construction of multi-storied shelters and the

71

connecting roads and has no environmental pollution mostly but in extent this project has low environmental pollution. Therefore, the proposed MDSP project works should fall under the “Orange B Category Project” as per Rule 7(2)(C) in Schedule 1 of ECR, 1997 [Orange B Category in item no 08 & 63], and needs Location Clearance Certificate and Environmental Clearance Certificate from Department of Environment, Government of Bangladesh.

The IEE study along with appropriate EMP has been commenced with the objective of obtaining Location Clearance Certificate and Environmental Clearance Certificate from the DoE, GoB. As “Orange Category B” project it is expected to have minor negative environmental impacts. According to the Rule 7(C) of ECR 1997, this type of development project requires an IEE to identify and mitigate the environmental impacts and to determine whether a detail EIA may be required or not.

Moreover, the World Bank categorizes all development projects according to the magnitude or scale of their anticipated environmental impact. Projects with limited potential adverse environmental impact are classified as “Category B” and require an IEE. According to the environmental classification criteria given in the World Bank documentation/ safeguard policy, the proposed Project (MDSP) falls into “Category B”. This Category project covers the rehabilitation, maintenance, and upgrading of infrastructure. OP/BP 4.01 has been triggered to ensure that the sub-projects design and implementation focus on reducing adverse environmental impacts and enhancing positive impacts.

Therefore, the MDSP is considered as a “Category B” type project according to the World Bank Environmental Guidelines/ Safeguard policies and “Orange B” type project for Department of Environment, Government of Bangladesh.

5.1.3 Environmental Clearance Procedure The legislative bases for Environmental Assessment in Bangladesh are the Environmental Conservation Act 1995 (ECA'95) and the Environmental Conservation Rules 1997 (ECR'97). Department of Environment (DOE), under the Ministry of Environment and Forest (MOEF), is the regulatory body responsible for enforcing the ECA'95 and ECR'97. It is the mandatory to have an Environmental Clearance Certificate (ECC) from the DOE for any industrial unit and/or development project.

The procedures for obtaining Environmental Clearance Certificates (ECC) from the Department of Environment for different types of proposed units or development projects are mentioned in the Section 12 of ECA’95 and in the Rule 7 of ECR’ 97. Procedural steps to be followed and the documents to be submitted to the DoE for obtaining the Environmental Clearance Certificate are shown in Figure 5.1. Any person or organization wishing to establish an industrial unit or development project must obtain ECC from the Director General/ Deputy Director, of respective Department of Environment divisional offices. The Environmental Assessment (EA) report needs to have separate location specific baseline information, environmental analysis, and EMP for each sub-project. The DOE authority

72

reserves the right to request additional information, supporting documents, or other additional materials for the proposed project. According to Rule 7 (1) of ECR’97, industrial units or projects have been divided into 4 categories such as Green, Orange A, Orange B, and Red. The lists of industrial units or projects as divided in 4 categories have been shown in SCHEDULE 1 of ECR’97. Under the conditions specified in the ECR’97, the DoE divisional authority must issue Site and/ or Environmental Clearance Certificates within 60 working days from the date of submitting the application, or the refusal letter with appropriate reasons for such refusal. The Rule 8 prescribes that the clearance issued remains valid for 3 years for Green category and 1 year for other categories and is required to be renewed 30 days prior to its expiry date.

The MDSP is considered as “Orange B” type project as per requirement of Department of Environment, Bangladesh. The documents that need to be submitted along with Applications to the DOE for Orange-B Category project are as follows:

 Original Copy of Bank Challan for LCC/ECC Fee, (5 Lac BDT applicable for MDSP);  Feasibility Report (applicable for MDSP);  Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Report (applicable for MDSP);  Flow diagram, layout plan and details of ETP (Not applicable for MDSP);  Environmental Management Plan (EMP) (applicable for MDSP);  Pollution effect abatement plan and emergency plan (Not applicable for MDSP);  Outline of relocation plan; and (Not applicable for MDSP)  An NOC from local authority (applicable for MDSP).

73

Figure 5.1- Flow Diagram for obtaining Environmental Clearance Certificate (ECC) from DoE, Bangladesh

In conformity with the above requirements, MDSP has received the Site Clearance and is in the process of applying for the environmental clearance. Site Clearance certificate is in the Appendix 5. 5.2 Methodology followed for Environmental Assessment

74

Environmental assessment (EA) is an integral part of resource development planning. It is essential that environmental issues are properly evaluated in terms of impacts and relevance, and are integrated into each stage of the project cycle. The proposed actions under the MDSP involve interventions in the implementation of several numbers of sub- projects (Cyclone Shelters cum Schools and Access Roads to enter into the Shelters). In conforming to the requirements of preparing Environmental Assessment report, a methodology was developed in accordance with the World Bank’s environmental assessment guidelines and the guidelines set out by the Government of Bangladesh. The period of preparing the environmental assessment reports was from June 2015 to February 2016 for the Sub-projects located in Feni, Barisal and Bhola districts, and field visits for data collection were done simultaneously at the same time. The task of preparing the environmental assessment report consisted of the following sequential components that have been followed in MDSP Phase I: a. Familiarization with and review of project actions of the ECRRP; b. Identification and screening of the environmental parameters relevant to the proposed Sub-project actions in the MDSP area, c. Assessment of the magnitude of the potential negative environmental impacts for relevant environmental parameters through the use of Focus Group Discussion (FGD)/ Public consultation, environmental screening checklists techniques and direct observation in every Sub-project sites; d. Formulation of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for providing mitigation measures to address the potential negative environmental impacts because of Design, Construction, & Operation of the Project; and preparation of a Monitoring Program for the period of project implementation; e. Preparation of cost estimates for the implementation of EPM and Monitoring Program. f. Outlining a set of recommendations/ suggestions for institutional strengthening of the LGED to develop its in-house capability in environmental assessment tasks. A scoping process was used to identify the major environmental issues/ parameters/ components relevant to the Sub-projects actions, and to prepare the checklist for field assessment. Checklist contained number of screening questions and the answers of the questions were collected from the local stakeholders. The checklists were used during the field survey in the Sub-project sites to obtain environmental data. The Surveyors/ Data collectors visited to each existing and proposed Sub-project sites to collect the answers of questions in the checklist. The checklist has been adapted from the ones identified in the Environmental and Social Management Framework for MDSP October 2014 by the Ministry of Planning and slightly revised. Indicators selected for the EA refers to checklists that are universal in nature and must indicated the scale of impact (low, medium or high) in case of any negative impact. The checklists were assessed carefully and reflected in the EA reports.

Public Consultation

75

Environmental and social assessment of the MDSP was carried out by conducting public consultation with different stakeholders. During public consultation Environmental screening and FGD were conducted in all the Sub-project sites to collect the information on the perception and view of the stakeholders in different zones in the project areas on the general environmental health and disaster issues. The local stakeholder includes farmers, traders, retailers, school teachers, village elders, chairman & member of union parishad etc. Apart from the local people, information were also obtained from the Upazila Engineers, District Education Office, Bureau of Statistics, and other related government officials.

Project Alternatives The primary objective of the “analysis of alternatives” is to identify the appropriate location, methodology, design, technology etc. of all the sub-projects (shelter & connecting road) that would generate the least adverse impact and maximize the positive impacts.

Project alternatives are applicable when and if the impacts on environmental components may change the area significantly and the capacity of adaptation to the changes is widely varied for selection of location, methodology, design, technology and material. The MDSP focuses on construction and/ or rehabilitation of shelters & connecting roads and in this case there is no such situation to consider the project alternative.

Zero Alternative First alternative is known as Zero Alternative that refers to the existing situation “as it is” without any project activities i.e. there is no shelter in the sub-project areas. In zero alternative/option, the situation is deteriorated as there is no intervention to save and protect the life and living from disasters and the after effects of the disasters. Hence the zero alternative/option is not considered and applied in MDSP.

Alternative Scenario The second alternative is construction or rehabilitation of the shelters within the existing educational institutes, mostly in existing primary schools. This implies that the proposed shelters will facilitate the local community to improve their life style in terms of education, health, hygiene, safety, communication and economy etc. However, certain criteria to select the sites for the cyclone shelters with due processes, design and environmental parameters were followed to prioritize the location selection. Series of Consultation Meetings were organized between Local Government Bodies (UP/WC), elites and local stakeholders of the area to select the location of shelters. Moreover, necessary surveys on the parameters such as physical location, socio-economic condition, communication, environmental aspects etc. and public consultations were conducted to reflect the aspirations of people.

After the selection of the school/shelter site, out of 03 (three) structural design options available one option was selected for one shelter depending on the available land area and

76

the other features of the existing school. These three structural design options have been implemented in ECRRP as well.

Therefore, it was appropriate to choose the Second Alternative/Option to MDSP.

5.3 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES General Various environmental pollution sources from the proposed Sub-project activities of the MDSP and their anticipated impacts on different environmental parameters were identified. The identification and assessment of the impacts were further helped in formulating concerning mitigation measures in order to reduce or eliminate the impacts. The anticipated impacts due to the proposed Sub-projects activities have been broadly divided into three distinct phases:

I. During the pre-construction phase, which are considered as temporary or short term impacts II. During the construction phase, which are considered as temporary or short term impacts III. During the operation and maintenance phase, which are considered to have long term impacts. Overall Environmental Impacts and Mitigations Project involves the construction and improvement of cyclone shelters and the connecting access road networks. Most of the screening checklist revealed that the sub-projects do not generate any significant adverse impact on pre-construction, construction and post- construction phases in the physical and social environment of the area. Therefore, major environmental impacts are not expected. But the environmental impacts are always diverse as well as varying in magnitude depending on the local environment and the extent of human occupancy in the area. The few potential adverse impacts of low magnitude have been identified mainly during construction phase. On the other hand, the project has potential benefits.

In general, it can say that the physical components of the project have net positive benefit to the local community. The major positive impact is that the shelters will be used as primary schools when no disaster takes place. The shelters are constructed with separate bathrooms for men and women. Safe water supply is ensured, rain water harvesting facilities is included and solar panels are provided. In addition, connections to existing road are ensured by constructing a link, if needed. One floor is constructed for livestock and animals and top floor for human shelter. Ramp has been provided for disabled people and easy movement of livestock. The shelters are designed to withstand wind speeds of 260 km/hour and placed higher than the expected surge level.

77

Particularly, it is found that the negative environmental impacts are triggered mostly from the construction related activities. These impacts are mostly temporary and limited within project boundary areas. The anticipated impacts are drainage congestion, water logging, localized flooding, temporary surface & ground water pollution, dust & noise generation, air pollution, contamination from storage & transportation of construction materials, community disharmony or cultural problems etc. Also the Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) issues like occupational safety of workers and safe movement of students and teachers at construction area is vital issues during construction.

The potential environmental impacts are either short term in the construction stage or long term in the post-intervention stage. Potential short-term adverse impacts include soil erosion, water pollution, blocked drainage, traffic disruption & accident hazards, dust & noise pollution, contamination from storage & transportation of construction materials, disturbance of students, and hygiene, sanitation & safety of construction workers. These have been minimized by (i) limiting earthworks to the dry season, (ii) carefully planning drainage diversions, (iii) restoring and rehabilitation borrow pits, (iv) safely transporting and storing construction materials, (v) proper covering of construction materials by polythine & jute cloth (vi) spraying water and dust covering to reduce dust hazards and (vii) prohibiting the use of machinery after sunset and using of ear plug to reduce noise pollution, (viii) proper management & setup of construction camp, (ix) supply of health & safety equipment to the workers etc.

The potential long term adverse impacts from project interventions may include disrupted fishing activities, flooding from drain congestion, the loss of trees, and the loss of agricultural land and other assets. All potential negative impacts have been planned to minimize by adopting such mitigation measures as (i) tree planting to stabilize soil and compensate for tree removal; (ii) providing adequate, and sufficient numbers of cross- drainage structures to facilitate fish migration and flood passage; and (iii) careful road alignment to minimize farmland and asset loss.

5.4 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN/S A comprehensive Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been prepared to mitigate and reduce the adverse impacts that will come out from the project activities. The EMP mainly focuses on managing, mitigating and reducing the impacts urging from design, construction and operation phases.

Apart from the provisions under “General Specification” and “Particular Specification” for different sub-project components, the EMP includes special environmental clauses (SECs) which have been included in the Tender Document under General/ Particular Specification. These clauses are aimed at ensuring that the Contractor carries out his responsibility of implementing the EMP and other environmental and safety measures. Since many contractors do not have a clear understanding of the need for environmental management,

78

some may quote a very low price for implementation of EMP and eventually find that they cannot implement EMP as per design. To avoid this problem, detail orientation was provided to the contractors on the requirement of the EMP implementation in the pre- bidding meeting.

ICT monitoring will be used to enhance the efficiency of MDSP-II by providing a single-stop instrument to monitor progress of construction, provide visual images to assess quality, and monitor the number and frequency of visits from LGED engineers and World Bank teams tasked with supervision. As such, ICT monitoring will provide in-depth and real-time snapshots of project performance including the environmental aspects in a resource- constrained environment, automatically place pressure points on identified problem shelters, inject transparency into the construction process, and motivate supervision teams and contractors.

5.5 Institutional Arrangement for Safeguard Compliance The existing Project Management Unit (PMU) for the development and management of the multipurpose cyclone shelters program under ECRRP is the proposed PMU of MDSP. However, it has been strengthened with an additional Deputy Project Director (DPD). The DPD is supported by a Senior Technical Specialist, a Senior Procurement Specialist, a Senior Financial Management Specialist, a Senior Environment Specialist, a Senior Social Specialist, a Communication Specialist and a GIS specialist. The Field Level Offices in each district headed by an Executive Engineer are responsible for supporting the construction supervision and environment and social management with the help of the DS consultants. The civil engineering contractors are responsible for implementation of the environmental mitigation measures. The Environment Specialist of DS Consultant and Senior Environmental Specialist of PMU will monitor the execution of the EMP. PMU with the help of Environment Specialists will submit the monthly and quarterly progress report on environment compliance to the World Bank. A training program has been developed to build the capability of PMU and contractor. This will be conducted by the Consultants. The capacity building training will help to implement EMP. The contractor will conduct environmental awareness and orientation to workers and other support staffs prior to deployment of work sites to achieve the expected standards.

5.6 Access to Information The Environmental assessment reports will be translated into and disseminated locally. The Copies of the reports (both in English and Bengali) will be sent to all the concerned field offices of the LGED and will be made available to the public. The draft assessment reports will also be uploaded in the website of LGED and in the World Bank Info Shop before appraisal completion.

In addition a national workshop will have to arranged before the appraisal to present the Environmental Assessment reports to the key stakeholders including field level staff of the

79

implementing agencies (LGED), community representatives, NGOs, civil society etc. The comments and the findings from the workshop and other public will be reviewed and incorporated in the final report.

During the implementation stage of project, the sub-project specific screening/ assessment reports will periodically be posted in the LGED website before the bidding process.

80

CHAPTER 6: HYDROLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 6.1 Purpose of the Hydrological Assessment The Hydrological assessment for the project is conducted with the purpose of fulfilling the requirements of GOB and WB to ensure that the project is developed in consideration to all hydrological causes and resulting impacts to the project population, infrastructure and livelihoods through climatic features, climate change, precipitation, surface run off, salinity intrusion, inundation / flood and ground water hydrology relating to scarcity of potable drinking water, salinity intrusion, mineral transmission, ground and sea water level fluctuation, cyclonic surges, etc.

6.1.1 Objective of the Hydrological Assessment This assessment gives detailed information on an approach in flood risk assessment through projection of 50 years water level, rainfall and salinity data which is important on designing and setting out the proposed shelters of the project districts and the challenges of soil stability and metal / saline contents of ground water for the basic services of the project people.

This assessment also includes ground water aquifer in the project area with detailed information of depth of aquifer of potable drinking water (in shallow depth), and the detailed information on major cyclonic storms with the maximum wind speed (km/h) and storm surge height (in feet) which can indicate the design height and data for stability of the disaster center.

6.2 Data needed for Hydrological Assessment: Hydrology deals with the process governing the depletion and replenishment of water resources of land areas of the earth. It concerns the movement of water through the air, over the ground surface and through the strata of the earth. Hydrological data analysis was conducted in the coastal districts of this project in connection with selection of potential sites for construction as an approach in flood risk assessment which is important on designing and setting out the proposed shelters in the project districts. All the proposed shelter locations are on the flood affected areas either by riverine floods or surge waters, where it takes some weeks or months to recede. Inundation for prolonged periods challenges soil stability and metal and saline contents of ground water that directly influence the building design and basic services for the people. For the hydrological analysis, the three main factors namely, water level data(WL)as in Table 6.1, rainfall data as in Table 6.2 and salinity data in Table 6.3 of the coastal areas were entailed for the project would draw up proposal to suit their local needs for effective mitigation of cyclone risks.

81

Table 6.1: Water Level Data of the Project Lands

S. Project River Name ID- SW Water Level (m) for 1985 – 2009 No. District/ Max. in year Min. Mean 50 yr Station projection 1 Barisal Barisal/ Buriswar SW- 18 2.87 (1990) 1.99 2.46 2.85

Bhola/ Tetulia SW- 288.4 3.70 (2009) 1.75 2.71 3.58 2 Kheyaghat 3 Pirojpur Gorai Modhumati SW- 107 3.48 (2001) 2.29 2.62 3.50 4 Jhalokathi Bishkhali SW- 37 2.70 (2008) 1.57 2.26 2.68 5 Barguna/ Bishkhali SW- 39 4.15 (2009) 2.55 3.17 4.08 Patharghata 6 Chittagong Ichamati Tribu. of SW- 125 6.82 (1993) 3.35 4.74 7.02 Karnafully 7 Cox’s Bazar/ Kutubdia SW- 176 4.20 (1997) 2.22 3.26 4.14 Lemsikhal Channel 8 Feni/ Feni SW- 87 5.48 (2004) 4.40 4.85 5.51 Sonapur 9 Chandpur Surma- Meghna SW- 277 5.62 (1998) 4.25 4.78 5.57 10 Khulna Rupsa- Pasur SW- 243 9.1 (2003) 2.63 3.79 7.63 Khulna Rupsa- Pasur SW- 241 3.86 (2005) 2.63 3.20 3.71

11 Bagerhat Rupsa- Pasur SW-244 7.48 (1996) 1.79 3.07 6.52 12 Madaripur Arial- khan SW- 5 5.80 (1998) 3.75 4.55 5.80 13 Gopalgonj Garai- Madhumati SW-102 5.86 (1998) 2.33 4.92 5.74 Note: Average Elevation of Coastal Land 1.5 m below MSL. Echamati is Tributary of Karnafully”. Garai- Modhumati means “ Garai- Modhumati – Haringhata- Baleswar”,

Table 6.2: Rainfall Data of the Project

Sl. Project ID CL -No. Annual Rainfall (cm) for 1985 – 2009 No. District/ Max. (in yr) Min. Mean 50 years Projection Station

1 Barisal CL- 258 277.6 (1998) 140.9 215.2 288.6 2 Bhola CL- 260 339.9 (2001) 136.6 251.7 352.6 3 Pirojpur CL- 267 320.4 (2000) 145.3 224.5 322.9 4 Patuakhali CL-266 290.8 (1993) 159.7 255.0 301.3 5 Jhalokathi CL-264 263.3 (2002) 132.6 204.5 275.2 6 Chittagong CL-306 483.7 (2007) 192.0 309.6 486.6 7 Cox’s Bazar CL-307 468.1 (1987) 270.2 347.8 464.5 8 Noakhali CL-309 478.8 (1993) 229.3 342.0 466.1 9 Feni CL-358 419.7 (1991) 127.2 277.7 427.8 10 Chandpur CL-354 281.9 (2004) 124.4 210.8 285.8 11 Khulna/ CL-503 572.3 (2008) 7.5 280.6 596.5 Chalna

Khulna CL-510 258.0 (1997) 120.8 181.9 268.2

82

12 Bagerhat CL-501 334.5 (1986) 5.4 203.8 309.9 13 Satkhira CL-518 253.9 (1997) 98.4 179.0 261.2 Kaliganj CL-508 205.8 (1988) 12.1 148.9 212.9

14 Faridpur CL-406 242.2 (1999) 100.4 182.3 262.8

CL-411 223.0 (2002) 23.0 165.3 229.0

Madhukhali CL- 411 236.6 (1995) 85.7 169.9 238.6

15 Madaripur CL- 410 296.1 (1991) 83.2 194.3 294.6

Note : No Data for Barguna, Lakshmipur, Shariatpur, Gopalganj and Rajbari Districts.

Table 6.3: Salinity of Coastal Area Entailed Period: From 2005 to 2008 or 2006 to 2009 (4 years) S. Project Max Electrical Conductivity (µ/cm) Chloride Content (ppm) No. District/ /Min Station High Tide (month Low Tide (month High Tide (month Low Tide ‘year) ‘year) ‘year) (month ‘year) 1 Barisal/ Max. 654(Feb.’07) 671 (Nov’06) 332 (Feb.’07) 350 (Nov.’06) Barisal Min. 172 (Apr.’07) 185 (Jan’07) 25(Jun’05) 25 (Jun’05)) (SW 18) 2 Pirojpur/ Max. 731 (Nov’06) 748 (Apr.’05) 367 (Nov’06) 248 (Nov’06) Pirojpur (SW Min. 160 (Jul’08) 24 (Dec’05) 41 (Feb’05) 40 107) (Nov’05) 3 Chittagong/ Max. 657 (Apr.’07) 0.0 (All yrs) 330 (Apr.’07) 0.0 Kaliachari (All yrs) (SW 84.1) Min. 50 (Feb’07) 0.0 (All yrs) 25 (Mar.’07) 0.0 (All yrs) Narayanhat Max. 880 (Mar’09) 0.0 (All yrs) 458 (Mar’09) 0.0 (SW 117) (All yrs) Min. 121 (Oct.’07) 0.0 (All yrs) 60 (Oct’07) 0.0 (All yrs) Panchpukuria Max. 1217 (Mar’07) 0.0 (All yrs) 608 (Mar’07) 0.0 (All yrs) (SW 119.1) Min. 133 (Feb’08) 0.0 (All yrs) 67(Feb’08) 0.0 (All yrs) 4 Noakhali/ Max. 13100 (Jan’07) 0.0 (All yrs) 6550 (Jan’07) 0.0 (All yrs) Noakhali (SW Min. 280(Nov.’06) 0.0 (All yrs) 140(Nov.’06) 0.0 (All yrs) 222) 5 Feni/ Max. 296(Feb’09) 0.0 (All yrs) 193(Apr’07) 0.0 (All yrs) Parshuram Min. 293(Oct’07) 0.0 (All yrs) 70 (Dec’06) 0.0 (All yrs) (SW 112) 6 Khulna/ Max. 19000(Apr.’08) 18000 (Apr.’08) 14600(May’06) 9000(Apr.’08) Chalna (SW Min. 1850(Feb’05) 105 (Feb.’05) 560(Feb’05) 310(Feb’05) 243) Khulna / Max. 29000(May’08) 28000 (May’08) 14500(May’08) 14000(May’08) Khulna (SW Min. 45(Jul’06) 19 (May’06) 29(May’06) 21(May’06) 241) 7 Bagerhat/ Max. 16100 (May’08) 17000 (May’08) 8050(May’08) 8500(May’08)

83

Bagerhat (SW Min. 700 (Feb’05) 650 (Sep’05) 278(Sep’05) 250(Sep’05) 1) 8 Satkhira/ Max. 13000 (May’08) 12000 (May’08) 6500(May’08) 6000(May’08) Kalaroa (SW Min. 350( Jan’05) 290(Jan’05) 45(Jan’05) 30(Jan’05) 23) Benarpota Max. 5500(May’ 07) 5000(May’05) 2750(May’05) 2500(May’05) (SW 24) Min. 200 (Feb’06) 480 (Feb’05) 120(Feb’05) 100(Feb’05)

6.3 Geophysical Processes and Geomorphic Expressions through Flood: Bangladesh occupies a large part of the world’s biggest delta that has formed by the deposition of sediments brought by the Ganges, the Brahmaputra and the Meghna river systems over many millions of years. The sources of most of these rivers are in the neighbor states of India. Although it contains the larger part of the Ganges- Brahmaputra- Meghna delta, northern part of Bangladesh is not deltaic in nature, rather is largely formed of expanding alluvial fans formed of sediments brought by streams from the Himalayas in the north.

Geographic investigations indicate that the basement complex of the Indian plate traceable even under Comilla at a depth of approximately 12 (twelve) thousand meters under mean sea level. The same surface is exposed in India in the west. The slope of the basement complex is towards southeast, the distant, but consistent influences of which are marked by overall south- easterly orientation of the distributaries of the Ganges (Padma) River.

The flatness of the plains of Bangladesh is a product of the sediments brought down by the Ganges. Brahmaputra- Meghna river systems. A part of these sediments, due to eastward drift of the Indian plate, has been folded into mountains along the Western Border of Myanmar and are represented by the Baraiel and Lushai Hills within Bangladesh. Normally such drifts of plates lead to formation of troughs or trenches in the front of the advancing folds of sediments. Evidences are mounting to suggest that the course of the Meghna River marks the approximate location of this trough. The confluence Padma- Meghna is a very significant water body, the major nursery ground of Hilsa (Temialose ilisha) and many other commercially important riverine fishes of Bangladesh. Between the many river channels of Meghna sub- region, there are inter fluvial areas called “” which completely go under water by river floods in monsoon/ wet season over toping the levees around the centers (6-8 meter deeper than levees) to the river. Moreover, the backwater from the river Ganges (Padma) and Brahmaputra which met Meghna at far downstream, when they are in spate, causes a reversal of flow in the rivers Meghna which penetrates far upstream and contribute to flooding in the central part of Meghna Basin.

The above mentioned complex geographical processes have conditioned the geologic process to impart upon Bangladesh some subtle variations in its topographical features. The basement complex bears evidences of oscillating rise and fall over its geologic history. The

84

Bengal Delta marks the impacts of advancing over receding Shorelines. Some 60 million years ago, iron bearing fluvial and marine sediments got slightly uplifted to form the lateritic landforms of Rarh, Barindh, Madhupur Garh, Bhawal Garh, and also the Lalmai Hills of Comilla. Another evidence of uplift is marked by terrace like formations of Comilla, Feni, and Chittagong Districts. On the western front of this terrace extend landforms studded with unfilled basin like depressions.

Geologists have noted that over the recent past, subsidence of the basement complex of the Bengal Basin has been the general trend. But there were also the periods of uplifts. The basement complex uplifted, causing shifting of the sea shore towards southwest. This landform is known as Comilla surface. There is a plain land formed just south of Feni District known as the Noakhali Surface and was once a part of the offshore area and has been recently uplifted to form a land mass that is still extensively affected by tidal floods. Apparently, the rivers traversing the Noakhali surface has not yet been able to fill in the shallow basin like depressions to make these free from tidal floods. The discharges of the rivers do not find easy access to the sea during high tides which causes piling up of water and flooding. This surface has been affected by incursions of saline water in rivers and groundwater aquifers.

To the north of the Noakhali Surface and to the west of Comilla Surface, there extends a landform westward as the Meghna River skirting it. This has also emerged due to uplift of the basement complex. This is known as Chandpur Surface. Unlike the Noakhali Surface, it is not generally affected by salinity. But the similarity between the Noakhali Surface and the Chandpur Surface is depressions of the earlier off- shore area in both these tracts. These water filled depressions are called “beels” in local parlance. These are distributed in haphazard fashion, which during the rainy season form a continuous sheet of swamp with depths varying between 1 to 2 meters and stays in that shape for 5 to 6 months in any average years.

It has been explained above the formation of flood plain and Delta is the product of geophysical process and the surface water hydrology characterized by the river networks that are part of Ganges- Meghna Delta System. The project areas are surrounded by the river environment and falls under the coastal area; and the rivers fall under the natural system of high and low tides. The major rivers in the project Barishal and Chittagong Divisions are Ganges, Meghna, Modhumati, Isamati, Kobudak, Kirtankhola, Rupsa, Pasur, Shibsha, Mayur, Chitra, Arialkha, Payra, Kachua, Sharupkathi, Amtali, Kumar, Bishkhali, Jayanti, Karnafuly, , etc. The flooding zone of Bangladesh including the project area is shown in the Figure 6.1 where the project area is distinctly divided with two zones of Deeply Flooded towards land areas subject to major flooding and limit of Tidal Effect having some areas protected by coastal embankments.

In the northern part of the project area, during heavy rainfall it does not flood the lands but upland runoff of long time rainfall causes deeply flooding in low areas of Beels and Haors,

85

and excess water runs off to the linked nearby rivers and channels. In this area heavy infiltration occurs and ground water aquifer is free from salinity. In the Chandpur Surface where the flood water spreads over a very wide tract with all depression remain filled with water for 7 months from mid- April to mid- November

Figure 6.1: Extent of Flooding in Bangladesh

Water from the deepest part never dries up. But between the adjacent basins, the relatively higher land gets surrounded by water logging tracts for at least 4 months in a year.

In the southern part of the project area, no flooding occurs during heavy rainfall, only a few hours stagnation occurs when high tide remains. In the Noakhali Surface between the Lemua River and the Feni River, the adjacent tracts get tidal flooding. A comparable problem of water logging happens in the valleys of all rivers in the tracts of Chittagong which are all flash flood rivers. During high tide, their discharge gets obstructed, leading to flooding every day during rainy season. Water logging at the estuaries cannot find alternative routes to the sea as the marine process are raising the land along the shore.

6.4 The Hydrology of the Project Area: Hydrology which concerns the movement of water through the air as dealing the climate. The ground surface as surface run off and flood, and the strata of the earth as ground water

86

recharge through infiltration, percolation and transportation of soil minerals and salinity as a whole.

6.4.1 The Climate and the Climatic Sub- Region: The Multipurpose Disaster Shelter Project (MDSP) includes twenty districts of Bangladesh (BD) in South- Eastern Zone-A, South- Western Zone-F and South- Central Zone- G as indicated in the map showing Climatic Sub- Region of Bangladesh (Figure- 6.2). The Zone- wise names of district and that of Climatic conditions are presented in the Table- 6.4 and Table- 6.5 respectively as given hereafter:

Table -6.4: Climatic Zone of the Project Project Area Zone Phase Project Districts South- Eastern A Phase – 01 & 02 Barisal, Bhola, Patuakhali, Pirojpur, part of BD Noakhali, Lakshmipur, Feni, Chittagong, Cox’s Bazar. Phase – 01 Jhalakathi (S & SE), Barguna, Bagerhat, Khulna (Central), Satkhira (S) South- Western F Phase – 01 Khulna (N), Satkhira (N), Rajbari, Faridpur part of BD (E), Gopalgonj (NW) South Central G Phase – 01 Jhalakathi (NW), Pirojpur (N), Barisal (N), part of BD Bagerhat (N), Faridpur (W), Madaripur.

87

Figure 6.2: Map showing climatic sub- region of Bangladesh (Source: ASB, 2006)

The weather condition of Bangladesh is mainly marked as Dry Season (Winter & Summer) and Wet Season (monsoon). The winter starts in Mid- November and ends in Mid- February, Summer starts mid- February and ends in mid- April, and Monsoon starts in June and ends in September but there is pre- monsoon (Mid- April to end of May) and post- monsoon (October to mid- November). The area with project weather condition may be classified as follow:

88

Table- 6.5: Area- wise Project Weather Condition

Project Area Temperature Rainfall (cm) Humidity in Percentage Dry Monsoon Annual Monsoon Dry Monsoon Season Avg. Season South- 20 - 28 28 – 29 250 – 300 220 68% 96% Eastern part of BD South- 20 - 29 29 150 – 200 140 69% 97% Western part of BD South 19 - 28 28 175 – 250 170 70% 98% Central part of BD

6.4.2 Rainfall and its Intensities throughout the Year From the weather condition as shown above, it may be visualized that in the monsoon (June – Sept.) total rainfall is 80% percent of total annual rainfall and only 20% percent rainfall occurs from October through mid – April but practically there is a little rainfall in winter (mid – Nov. & mid – Feb.). The period after Summer (mid – April – end of May) called as pre- monsoon and the period after monsoon (October – mid- Nov.) called as post- monsoon have more that 18% percent of total rainfall but the evaporation and evapotranspiration is very rapid in these period of pre- and post- monsoon. In 4 (four) months of monsoon, both evaporation and evapotranspiration are very slow with precipitation of heavy downpour.

6.4.3 Soil and Surface Runoff in Project Area In the project area, South- Western (Zone – F) and South Central (Zone- G), parts of Bangladesh, the soil is mostly sandy silt and loamy for which the surface runoff is less and ground water infiltration is high. Whereas, in the project area, South Eastern part of Bangladesh, the soil is clayey in most part and has high surface runoff and low infiltration except in the coast. Through in Zone- A, there is less infiltration, the upper aquifer is being linked with sea water having salinity maximum in the coast and minimum in the far north part of the Zone-A. The exploitation of groundwater without salinity, iron and arsenic, in this Zone-A, is possible in deep aquifer up to 350 m depth. In Zone- F and Zone- G, groundwater is not saline but sometimes, use is restricted due to high arsenic or high iron.

6.4.4 Ground Water Resources and Water Quality Groundwater aquifer in Bangladesh are constantly recharged by the major river systems and by infiltration of rainwater. Groundwater is usually available within 5 (five) meter below ground surface. This level fluctuates seasonally but approaches close to the surface over in

89

most part of the country in July to September. The groundwater present in the project area is at three distinct levels:

 An upper silty clay cover of less than 20 m thickness. The maximum thickness ranges from 50 to 100 meter.  A middle composite aquifer of fine to very fine sands, varying in thickness from 30 to 60 meter. Although it is a good aquifer, its irrigation development potential is poor in several areas, because its sand is too fine for slotted well screens and for providing high discharge rate. However, it is used as a source of supply for hand tube wells (HTWs) and MOSTIS.  The lowest and main aquifer consist of medium, medium to fine sand with layers of clay and silt extending to 30 – 60 meter. The coarse grained structure of this aquifer is suitable for large scale groundwater development with screened wells. Most tube wells within the main aquifer are less than 150 meter deep.

The regional variation in the groundwater table is shown in Figure 6.3. The Department of Environment (DOE) of the Government of Bangladesh has measured the order of Arsenic Contamination of ground water by testing the water lifted by bore-wells. The Department has not indicated the depth of the affected water table. Nevertheless the gravity of the situation can be seen from the data released by the Department which is presented in Table- 6.6

Table – 6.6: Arsenic Contamination of Ground Water Zila/Upazila No. of villages % of Affected Bore Wells Number of Reported Patients Nangalkot 290 41.03 735 Chandpur 1191 93.0 2603 Kachua 253 97.93 202 Feni 396 58.71 451 Feni Sadar 147 52.03 305 Chittagong 311 31.64 134 Mirsarai 195 35.86 87 Sitakunda 116 24.69 47 Source: Compendium of Environment Statistics of Bangladesh 2005. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics Nov. 2005.

90

In consideration to the potability, the depth of aquifer is very important for the project like MDSP.

Figure 6.3: Variation of Groundwater Table

A list of Upazila wise depth of aquifer of 9 Districts of Barisal & Chittagong Divisions for portable drinking water has been presented in Table 6.7.

Table 6.7: Upazila wise Depth of Aquifer for Potable Drinking Water Name of Upazila Depth (m) Name of Upazila Depth (m) Anwara Ctg 4.87 Noakhali- S Noa 3.96 Sandwip Ctg 3.05 Subarna Char Noa 2.43 Lohagara Ctg 6.7 Kabir Hat Noa 3.04 Satkania Ctg 6.4 Sonaimuri Noa 3.35 Patya Ctg 6.09 Chatkhil Noa 3.65 Chandnaish Ctg 4.26 Begamganj Noa 4.57 Boalkhali Ctg 8.84 Companiganj Noa 3.65 Sitakunda Ctg 5.79 Hatya Noa 1.52 Raojan Ctg 8.84 Senbag Noa 6.7 Rangunia Ctg 4.87 Mirsarai Ctg 4.87 Feni- Sadar Feni 6.09 Hathazari Ctg 12.19 Chagolnaia Feni 15.24 Fatikchari Ctg 5.79 Sonagazi Feni 2.74

91

Parsuram Feni 5.79 Cox’s Bazar CxB 5.48 Fulgazi Feni 7.62 Chakoria CxB 4.57 Dagonbhuian Feni 5.48 Pekua CxB 3.04 Moheskhali CxB 2.74 Laxmipur- S Lax 4.57 Ramu CxB 10.36 Ramganj Lax 4.87 Ukhiya CxB 6.09 Raipur Lax 4.57 Teknaf CxB 8.23 Komal Nagar Lax Kutubdia CxB 3.04 Ramgati Lax 3.04 Name of Upazila Depth (m) Name of Upazila Depth (m) Barisal- S Bari 4.87 Banaripara Bari 2.74 Potuakhali- S Pot 3.35 Agailjhara Bari 4.26 Galachipa Pot 2.74 Gournadi Bari 4.32 Dashmina Pot 2.43 Hizla Bari 2.74 Kalapara Pot 2.13 Mehdiganj Bari 3.65 Mirjaganj Pot 2.13 Muladi Bari 4.87 Dumki Pot 3.04 Babuganj Bari 4.26 Bauphal Pot 3.65 Bakerganj Bari 4.57 Rangabali Pot 2.74 Ujirpur Bari 4.26

Bhola- S Bho 4.57 Pirojpur- S Pir 1.82 Charfason Bho 1.82 Zianagar Pir 2.13 Lalmohan Bho 3.96 Nazirpur Pir 2.43 Monpura Bho 2.13 Nesarabad Pir 3.35 Tazimudin Bho 3.04 Bhandaria Pir 2.13 Dulatkhan Bho 3.96 Kawkhali Pir 3.35 Borhanudin Bho 9.75 Mothbaria Pir 1.82

Source: Department of Public Health Engineering, Ground Water Circle

In the project area, when water from the main source is saline, the ponds are also used as water reservoir of sweet / rain water. A proportion of the population also uses the pond water for drinking purposes. Moreover, as saline water is not useable, the construction work has been concentrated during rainy season. Most of the schools when salinity problem arise are provided with deep tube wells for drinking water purpose.

6.4.5 Wind Pattern and Cyclone

92

The temperature and humidity variation in various month of a year causes, sometimes, very high and very low in the evaporation and evapotranspiration in the earth subsequent by changes of wind speed and its direction. In the project area, wind blows 7 to 12 km/h and occasional thunder storm occur in summer, and 15 to 25 km/h in wet season and normally blows north -west in Jan – Feb. at 4.5 km/h, south in Mar-Jul. at 20 km/h, south-east in Aug- Oct. of 12 km/h and north in Nov-Dec. at 5.7 km/h all an average.

In the pre-monsoon stage, evaporation and evapotranspiration is very high with sudden changes in temperature which causes a climatic hazard, frequent lightning which creates nitrous – oxides transforming to nitric acid in contact with water vapor in the atmosphere and reaches the ground with rain water creating nitrate as nutrient to the roots of plant- kingdom. Sometimes accumulation of clouds in the atmosphere and wind turbulence creates occasional thunderstorms and tornadoes making climatic hazards in the project area. Moreover, the project areas are cyclone prone and it usually occurs 2 to 3 times a year during April- June (Pre-Monsoon) and October-November (Post-Monsoon) Period.

6.4.6 Tropical Cyclone and Storm Surges in the Project Area During pre-monsoon period thunder storms are formed, locally called “Kal Boishakhi Jhar” which is created with dense cloud and high speed of wind, greater than 100 km/h and moves from South or South-West sweep over the project land very quickly and within a hour come back again from north-east or north-west. Due to gusty wind with high speed, some damages occur in the habitation instantly. Similar, but more strong and circular tropical storms form over warm (tropical) oceans, like Bay of Bengal, in pre and post- monsoon, characterized by high winds and heavy rainfall. The center of a cyclone is called the eye. The eye is surrounded by a ring of clouds called the eye- wall, where the winds are strongest. Surrounding the eye wall are clouds that spiral outward, called spiraling rain bands (Figure 6.4).

In the tropical ocean, a storm surge is created by a rise in sea level that occurs during tropical cyclones, intense storms also known as typhoons or hurricanes. The storm produces strong winds that push the water into shore, which can lead to flooding. This makes storm surges very dangerous for coastal regions. A storm surge is primarily caused by the relationship between the winds and the ocean’s surface. The water level rises where the winds are strongest. In addition, water is pushed in the direction the winds are blowing. The rotation of the earth causes winds to move towards the right in the Northern Hemisphere and towards the left in the Southern Hemisphere- a phenomenon known as the Coriolis effect. For this reason, when a cyclone develops in the Bay of Bengal, the surge become largest in the right- forward part of the storm/ cyclone as shown in the Figure- 6.5.

Another factor contributing to storm surge is atmospheric pressure. Atmospheric pressure is the force exerted by the weight of air in the earth’s atmosphere. The pressure is higher at the edges of a cyclone than it is at the center. This pushes down the water in the outer parts

93

of the storm causing the water to bulge at the eye and eye wall where the winds have helped add to the rise in sea level.

More factors contribute to the strength of a storm surge as the dome of water comes ashore. The water level can reach as high as 10 meters (33 feet) if the storm surge happens at the same time as high tide. The slope of the land just off the coast also plays a part. Water will more easily flood a shallow coast than a steep one.

Figure 6.4: Circular Tropical Storm with Spiraling Rain Band

As the south eastern part of BD (Zone- A) is in the coastal part of Bangladesh, during pre and post- monsoon, the sea remains turbulent and frequently the weather becomes cyclonic creating sea wave surges in the coast. These surges become very high in high tide if created during full – moon or no- moon days of the lunar month. The Figure- 6.5 shows along with the annual rainfall, the paths generally followed by the cyclonic storms. There are several records of such natural calamities in Bangladesh with severe casualty and devastation in the coastal belt. In (Now Bangladesh), the Bhola cyclone killed as many as 500,000 people in 1970. The storm surge from the Bhola Cyclone was estimated to be 10 meters (33 feet) high. Improvements in forecasting cyclones and issuing early warnings to the public to allow homes and business to prepare for damage have become indispensable. To evaluate cyclone and such calamities, global co-operation linking cyclone forecasting and co- ordination alarming has been developed with built up of Cyclone/ Disaster Shelters. The waves from the Bay produces by cyclonic surges are another type of natural hazard. Figure- 6.5 also shows the extent of areas affected by cyclonic surges and the Table- 6.8 shows the

94

storm that hit the project area between 1983 and 1998 and indicates how regular is the affectations. The affected areas are close to the ocean.

95

Table- 6.8: Major Cyclonic Storms & Tidal Surges (Affecting Project Area between 1983 and 1998) Date Land fall Max. Storm Affected Area Wind Surge Speed in height in km/h feet 14- Near estuary 93 ? Chittagong, Noakhali & Offshore 15/10/83 of Feni River islands 5-9/11/83 Cox’s Bazar 136 5 Chittagong, Cox’s Bazar, Noakhali, Patuakhali & Barisal 24- Near estuary 153 15 Cox’s Bazar, Chittagong, Noakhali & 25/05/85 of Feni River Offshore islands 08- Patuakhali 110 3 Barisal, Patuakhali, Noakhali, 09/11/86 Coast offshore islands 25- Cox’s Bazar 225 22 Cox’s Bazar, Chittagong, Noakhali, 29/04/91 Patuakhali & Barisal 31/05/91 Near Meghna 110 6 Barisal, Patuakhali, Noakhali, estuary Chittagong & offshore islands 17- Cox’s Bazar 90 ? Cox’s Bazar, Chittagong’s offshore 19/05/92 islands 21- Cox’s Bazar 210 ? Offshore islands 25/11/96 16- Sitakunda 220 10 Bhola, Noakhali, Chittagong, Cox’s 19/05/97 Bazar, offshore islands 25- Sitakunda 150 10 Bhola, Noakhali, Chittagong, Cox’s 27/09/97 Bazar, offshore islands 16- Sitakunda 120 5 Noakhali, Chittagong, Cox’s Bazar, 20/05/98 offshore islands Source: Bangladesh Meteorology Department

96

Figure 6.5: Mean Annual Rainfall, Bangladesh

6.5 Hydrological Impact on the Project & Bangladesh: It has been explained that combined action of hydrology and geophysical processes through millions of years the formation of flood plain and delta occurred along with basement complex upliftment, causing shifting of the sea shore towards southwest with formation of Comilla and of the surfaces of Noakhali, Chandpur and also the iron bearing fluvial and marine sediments got slightly uplifted to form the lateritic landform. In addition to these developments, hydrology helped to generate and flourish the plant and animal kingdom directly and indirectly, respectively. Human habitation throughout the global environment has created several adverse activities to the natural environment by creating excessive CO2,

NH3, CFC gases to warm up the surface of the earth and sea and also by damaging ozonosphere shield of terrestrial harmful rays like cosmic, ultra violet, etc. Ultimately, the global warming has created a great impact on hydrology and weather change whose effects are tropical cyclones of severe intense and devastating storm surges in the coast of the Bay of Bengal, i.e. in this project area. As a measure of safety to the project population, infrastructure and livelihoods, sufficient development of Disaster Shelters, creation of green belt in the coastal area and the zone as a whole and quick and scientific improvement of global co-operation linking cyclone forecasting and co-ordination alarming with development of road system to protection shelters.

97

The secondary impact of the global warming has added a green- house effect in the project area and a vast land surface of low lying areas is under threat of submergence in future whose signal is found in the gradual rise of sea level changes.

Moreover, the climate change has created excessive rainfall within a short period, unlikely to the past, creating a great flood of vast land of the northern part of the project area for a duration fortnight to the months together creating miseries of population mass, infrastructure and the livelihood.

98

CHAPTER 7: ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

7.1 Project Benefits At the end of the project and periodically after the completion, benefits are measured to assess the cost effectiveness of the project and the extent of meeting the key objectives. The project benefits are determined on the basis of reports and surveys after implementation. However, physical and social environment may change over the course of multi-year timeline and it may become hard to clearly distinguish the impacts and achievements. Corrective measures during the implementation can help to keep the track on accruing benefits. Delays in implementation due to external causes, variations of the global economy, and changes in policy matters connected with loans and systems are some of such reasons which can be beyond the control of the GoB. The implementing agency and supported institutions should ascertain to avoid or minimize any delays caused by internal issues so that proposed benefits are duly achieved. For that, maintaining transparency and accountability across the whole leadership team by creating a culture of joint accountability can be helpful.

The main quantifiable benefits arising from the project are: 1) Livestock benefits obtained from preventing livestock deaths by constructing one floor in shelter for livestock without older concept killas ; It is based on livestock market prices; 2) Preventing loss of human lives by construction of disaster shelters;

Other economic benefits accruing from the project, but not easy to quantify, include increased economy, livelihood and social life due to developed road network. These benefits were not quantified either because of the unavailability of reliable relevant data or the magnitude of the benefits which is considered to be extremely difficult to estimate with a reasonable degree of confidence. It is combined with many external factors such as projects on developments in agriculture, health, land, livelihood, education etc. in disaster prone areas under this project.

7.2 Economic Analysis The main benefit component of this project is saving human lives. Following Croitoru and Sarraf (2012), we use the average value of statistical life (VoSL) to be $9,000 per individual. The calculation of the VoSL is always contentious. We acknowledge that this value is rather low. This does not imply we value the lives any less. By choosing this value we show the economic viability of the project despite the conservative estimate of VoSL.

We calculate the project benefits based on the design capacity of the shelters. We acknowledge that under emergency conditions a shelter may provide refuge to many more

99

than its design capacity. However, by using the design capacity of the shelters we underestimate the benefits.

Note: The value of statistical life is often used to estimate the benefits of reducing the risk of death (EPA 2000, Viscusi 2003). The value of statistical life is an estimate of the financial value society places on reducing the average number of deaths by one. A related concept is the value of statistical life year, which estimates the value society places on reducing the risk of premature death, expressed in terms of saving a statistical life year. The value of statistical life is most appropriately measured by estimating how much society is willing to pay to reduce the risk of death.

Human life ongoing recurrent costs and replacement investment costs have been estimated for the period after project implementation. The former, basically comprised of line department recurrent costs, O&M costs and associated disaster shelter construction. With the assumptions explained in previous sub paragraphs, applied financial costs are calculated.

7.3 Overall Economic Internal Rate of Return (EIRR) The financial analysis is based upon the costs incurred and the benefits expected. The analysis is carried out using only financial costs and financial benefits. To assess project feasibility, an indicator of Economic Internal Rate of Return (EIRR) is used. Internal rates of return are commonly used for evaluation to gauge how attractive the proposal would be and whether the proposed investment brings expected return. The higher a project’s internal rate of return, the more desirable it is to undertake the project. If there are more options for the same project, assuming all projects require the same amount of initial investment, the project with the highest EIRR would probably be considered the best to be implemented. Very often, actual rate of return for a given project is different from its estimated IRR rate prior to project commencement and higher IRR value would still provide a much better chance of generating strong economic growth.

EIRR is a function of few parameters: 1) Net Present Value (NPV), which is the sum of present values (PVs) of all the individual cash flows (costs/ benefits) both incoming and outgoing during a time series; 2) Given period (years); 3) Positive and negative cash flow (costs/ benefits) of each year during the given period; In more specific terms, the EIRR is the discount rate at which the net present value of costs (negative cash flows) of the investment equals the net present value of the benefits (positive cash flows) of the investment. The following formula was used to determine the EIRR:

NPV = C1 + C2 + C3 + C4 ...... + Cn-1 +Cn = 0 (1+r) 1 (1+r) 2 (1+r) 3 (1+r) n-2 (1+r) n-1

100

Where : NPV = net present value; th Cn = Cash flow in n year; n = period in years and a positive integer; r = EIRR

Analysis Using the formula as given in the above paragraph, the EIRR has been worked out. Since the project will have to be carried for a minimum of 5 year period and benefits are expected for a period of 20 changes can reflect in terms of delays in construction, increases of construction costs, external factors influencing benefits and many other unpredictable issues. Therefore, to compute EIRR, a several options were in consideration:

1) Base situation;

2) 10% increase in costs;

3) 10% decrease of benefits;

4) 10% cost increase and 10%benefit decrease: Sensitivity Analysis: Accordingly, the overall Economic Internal Rate of Return (EIRR) of the project is estimated at 30% for the Base case –Table -7.1. If the cost increases by 10%, EIRR will be reduced to 25% -Sensitivity Analysis -Table-7.2. Similarly, Benefit decrease by 10% EIRR becomes 25 % -Sensitivity Analysis -Table- 7.3. Combination of cost increase by 10% and the benefit reduction of 10% at the same time, the EIRR will be dropped to 21 % -Sensitivity Analysis - Table-7.4. So the project is Viable.

101

Sensitivity Analysis

Table -01: Base Case At 12 % Discounted rate

Total Benefit Number of We assume that Total Benefits Using Total 12% 12% Number Cumulitive Beneficiaries If the Cylone (Milion USD). Probability of Costs Discounted Discounted Net Discounted SL Year of new Number of Cyclone shelter not built Assume that Disaster. (Milion Total Benefit Costs (Mn Benefit Rate at 12% shelters New Shelter Shelter then 15% people Per People's Super USD) (Mn USD) USD) Capacity 1430 may die Life= 9000$ Cyclone (10%)

0.15 1 2016 5 5 7150 1072.5 9.6525 0.96525 10 1 9 $ (8) 0.8928 2 2017 81 86 122980 18447 166.023 16.6023 45 13 36 $ (23) 0.7972 3 2018 140 226 323180 48477 436.293 43.6293 65 31 46 $ (15) 0.7117 4 2019 140 366 523380 78507 706.563 70.6563 85 45 54 $ (9) 0.6355 5 2020 140 506 723580 108537 976.833 97.6833 85 55 48 $ 7 0.5674 6 2021 50 556 795080 119262 1073.358 107.3358 86.7 54 44 $ 10 0.5066 7 2022 556 795080 119262 1073.358 107.3358 49 0 $ 49 0.4523 8 2023 556 795080 119262 1073.358 107.3358 43 0 $ 43 0.40388 9 2024 556 795080 119262 1073.358 107.3358 39 0 $ 39 0.3606 10 2025 556 795080 119262 1073.358 107.3358 35 0 $ 35 0.3219 11 2026 556 795080 119262 1073.358 107.3358 31 0 $ 31 0.2874 12 2027 556 795080 119262 1073.358 107.3358 28 0 $ 28 0.2566 13 2028 556 795080 119262 1073.358 107.3358 25 0 $ 25 0.2291 14 2029 556 795080 119262 1073.358 107.3358 22 0 $ 22 0.20461 15 2030 556 795080 119262 1073.358 107.3358 20 0 $ 20 0.18269 16 2031 556 795080 119262 1073.358 107.3358 18 0 $ 18 0.1631 17 2032 556 795080 119262 1073.358 107.3358 16 0 $ 16 0.14564 18 2033 556 795080 119262 1073.358 107.3358 14 0 $ 14 0.13 19 2034 556 795080 119262 1073.358 107.3358 12 0 $ 12 0.1161 20 2035 556 795080 119262 1073.358 107.3358 11 0 $ 11 0.1036 TOTAL 556 556 1839.57345 376.7 560 237 $ 323

Base Case EIRR NPV BCR 30% 101.16 1.46 Source - Consultant's Calculation 102

Sensitivity Analysis

Table -2 : Cost Increase By 10% At 12 % Discounted rate

Total Benefit Total Number of We assume that Total Benefits Using Costs 12% 12% Number Cumulitive Beneficiaries If the Cylone (Milion USD). Probability of (Milion Discounted Discounted Net Discounted SL Year of new Number of Cyclone shelter not built Assume that Disaster. USD), Total Benefit Costs (Mn Benefit Rate at 12% shelters New Shelter Shelter then 15% people Per People's Super Cost (Mn USD) USD) Capacity 1430 may die Life= 9000$ Cyclone Incraese (10%) by 10%

0.15 1 2016 5 5 7150 1072.5 9.6525 0.96525 11 1 10 $ (9) 0.8928 2 2017 81 86 122980 18447 166.023 16.6023 49.5 13 39 $ (26) 0.7972 3 2018 140 226 323180 48477 436.293 43.6293 71.5 31 51 $ (20) 0.7117 4 2019 140 366 523380 78507 706.563 70.6563 93.5 45 59 $ (15) 0.6355 5 2020 140 506 723580 108537 976.833 97.6833 93.5 55 53 $ 2 0.5674 6 2021 50 556 795080 119262 1073.358 107.3358 95.37 54 48 $ 6 0.5066 7 2022 556 795080 119262 1073.358 107.3358 49 0 $ 49 0.4523 8 2023 556 795080 119262 1073.358 107.3358 43 0 $ 43 0.40388 9 2024 556 795080 119262 1073.358 107.3358 39 0 $ 39 0.3606 10 2025 556 795080 119262 1073.358 107.3358 35 0 $ 35 0.3219 11 2026 556 795080 119262 1073.358 107.3358 31 0 $ 31 0.2874 12 2027 556 795080 119262 1073.358 107.3358 28 0 $ 28 0.2566 13 2028 556 795080 119262 1073.358 107.3358 25 0 $ 25 0.2291 14 2029 556 795080 119262 1073.358 107.3358 22 0 $ 22 0.20461 15 2030 556 795080 119262 1073.358 107.3358 20 0 $ 20 0.18269 16 2031 556 795080 119262 1073.358 107.3358 18 0 $ 18 0.1631 17 2032 556 795080 119262 1073.358 107.3358 16 0 $ 16 0.14564 18 2033 556 795080 119262 1073.358 107.3358 14 0 $ 14 0.13 19 2034 556 795080 119262 1073.358 107.3358 12 0 $ 12 0.1161 20 2035 556 795080 119262 1073.358 107.3358 11 0 $ 11 0.1036 TOTAL 556 556 1839.57345 414.37 560 261 $ 299

Base Case EIRR NPV BCR 25% 83.62 1.33 Source - Consultant's Calculation 103

Sensitivity Analysis Table-3: Benefit Decrease By 10% Total Benefit Using Number of We assume that Total Benefits Probability of Total 12% 12% Number Cumulitive Beneficiaries If the Cylone (Milion USD). Disaster. Costs Discounted Discounted Net Discounted SL Year of new Number of Cyclone shelter not built Assume that Super (Milion Total Benefit Costs (Mn Benefit Rate at 12% shelters New Shelter Shelter then 15% people Per People's Cyclone USD) (Mn USD) USD) Capacity 1430 may die Life= 9000$ (10%)+ Benefit Decrease by 0.15 1 2016 5 5 7150 1072.5 9.6525 0.868725 10 1 9 $ (8) 0.8928 2 2017 81 86 122980 18447 166.023 14.94207 45 12 36 $ (24) 0.7972 3 2018 140 226 323180 48477 436.293 39.26637 65 28 46 $ (18) 0.7117 4 2019 140 366 523380 78507 706.563 63.59067 85 40 54 $ (14) 0.6355 5 2020 140 506 723580 108537 976.833 87.91497 85 50 48 $ 2 0.5674 6 2021 50 556 795080 119262 1073.358 96.60222 86.7 49 44 $ 5 0.5066 7 2022 556 795080 119262 1073.358 96.60222 44 0 $ 44 0.4523 8 2023 556 795080 119262 1073.358 96.60222 39 0 $ 39 0.40388 9 2024 556 795080 119262 1073.358 96.60222 35 0 $ 35 0.3606 10 2025 556 795080 119262 1073.358 96.60222 31 0 $ 31 0.3219 11 2026 556 795080 119262 1073.358 96.60222 28 0 $ 28 0.2874 12 2027 556 795080 119262 1073.358 96.60222 25 0 $ 25 0.2566 13 2028 556 795080 119262 1073.358 96.60222 22 0 $ 22 0.2291 14 2029 556 795080 119262 1073.358 96.60222 20 0 $ 20 0.20461 15 2030 556 795080 119262 1073.358 96.60222 18 0 $ 18 0.18269 16 2031 556 795080 119262 1073.358 96.60222 16 0 $ 16 0.1631 17 2032 556 795080 119262 1073.358 96.60222 14 0 $ 14 0.14564 18 2033 556 795080 119262 1073.358 96.60222 13 0 $ 13 0.13 19 2034 556 795080 119262 1073.358 96.60222 11 0 $ 11 0.1161 20 2035 556 795080 119262 1073.358 96.60222 10 0 $ 10 0.1036 TOTAL 556 556 1655.616105 376.7 504 237 $ 267

Base Case EIRR NPV BCR 25% 73.50 1.32 Source - Consultant's Calculation 104

Sensitivity Analysis

Table-4: Cost Increase by 10% and benefit decrese by 10% At 12 % Discounted rate Total Benefit Using Total Probability of Number of We assume that Total Benefits Costs Disaster. 12% 12% Number Cumulitive Beneficiaries If the Cylone (Milion USD). (Milion Super Discounted Discounted Net Discounted SL Year of new Number of Cyclone shelter not built Assume that USD), Cyclone Total Benefit Costs (Mn Benefit Rate at 12% shelters New Shelter Shelter then 15% people Per People's Cost (10%), (Mn USD) USD) Capacity 1430 may die Life= 9000$ Increse by Benefit 10% decrese by 10% 0.15 1 2016 5 5 7150 1072.5 9.6525 0.868725 11 1 10 $ (9) 0.8928 2 2017 81 86 122980 18447 166.023 14.94207 49.5 12 39 $ (28) 0.7972 3 2018 140 226 323180 48477 436.293 39.26637 71.5 28 51 $ (23) 0.7117 4 2019 140 366 523380 78507 706.563 63.59067 93.5 40 59 $ (19) 0.6355 5 2020 140 506 723580 108537 976.833 87.91497 93.5 50 53 $ (3) 0.5674 6 2021 50 556 795080 119262 1073.358 96.60222 95.37 49 48 $ 1 0.5066 7 2022 556 795080 119262 1073.358 96.60222 44 0 $ 44 0.4523 8 2023 556 795080 119262 1073.358 96.60222 39 0 $ 39 0.40388 9 2024 556 795080 119262 1073.358 96.60222 35 0 $ 35 0.3606 10 2025 556 795080 119262 1073.358 96.60222 31 0 $ 31 0.3219 11 2026 556 795080 119262 1073.358 96.60222 28 0 $ 28 0.2874 12 2027 556 795080 119262 1073.358 96.60222 25 0 $ 25 0.2566 13 2028 556 795080 119262 1073.358 96.60222 22 0 $ 22 0.2291 14 2029 556 795080 119262 1073.358 96.60222 20 0 $ 20 0.20461 15 2030 556 795080 119262 1073.358 96.60222 18 0 $ 18 0.18269 16 2031 556 795080 119262 1073.358 96.60222 16 0 $ 16 0.1631 17 2032 556 795080 119262 1073.358 96.60222 14 0 $ 14 0.14564 18 2033 556 795080 119262 1073.358 96.60222 13 0 $ 13 0.13 19 2034 556 795080 119262 1073.358 96.60222 11 0 $ 11 0.1161 20 2035 556 795080 119262 1073.358 96.60222 10 0 $ 10 0.1036 TOTAL 556 556 1655.616105 414.37 504 261 $ 243

Base Case EIRR NPV BCR 21% 55.96 1.20 Source - Consultant's Calculation 105

CHAPTER 8: PREPARATION OF FEASIBILITY LEVEL DESIGNS

8.1 General Issues on Designs Cyclone shelters are not new to Bangladesh. They have saved many thousands of life over the years. However, the discussions with the residents of the cyclone- affected areas who are real beneficiaries of these shelters reveal that a large section of population is reluctant to move to the shelters during emergencies. Overcrowded conditions in the shelters, lack of adequate water and sanitation facilities, lack of gender sensitive facilities for women, inadequate facilities for elderly, children and disabled, difficult access to shelters because of the distance from their homesteads and unwillingness to leave their livestock behind unprotected are the main reasons for their reluctance.

Some of these issues have already been addressed in the latest designs adopted for shelters in ECRRP. However, improvements are needed in others aspects even to meet the present day requirements.

8.2 ECRRP RCC Designs It is understood that 5 building options with RCC structures are considered in ECRRP for new shelters, namely, Options-1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, and out of these, Options-1, 3 & 5 are commonly used as per the needs and availability of land.

ECRRP RCC Designs Option-1 - Capacity = 1300 persons This is a two-storied building with a rectangular shape having a plinth area of 300.50 m2. Ground floor is open. First floor has three class rooms with furniture, one teacher’s room, and one First-Aid room, one room for pregnant women, one store room, two male toilets, two female toilets and two tube wells. In addition, two rain water collection tanks with filter tanks, solar panels for lighting and water pump (wherever electricity is available), are provided.

In ECRRP, this is the second most widely used type.

Option-3 - Capacity = 1300 persons, 200 cattle This is a rectangular shape three-storied building with a separate floor for livestock and a ramp to access the livestock floor. Plinth area is 290.57m2. Ground floor is open. First floor is designed for sheltering livestock during the disaster time. A separate ramp is provided for livestock to access this floor. Second floor consists of three class rooms with furniture, one teacher’s room, one store & First-Aid room, one room for pregnant women, one store room, two male toilets, two female toilets and two tube wells. In addition, two rain water collection tanks with filter tanks, solar panels for lighting and a water pump ( wherever electricity is available) are provided.

106

This is the most desired type by people as it has a livestock floor. Although people’s demand is for this option, it is not possible to accommodate this option in each school premises due to space restrictions. SMCs are in the opinion that playground should not be disturbed and therefore when sufficient space is not available, other types are considered.

Option-5 - Capacity = 1300 persons This is a L-shaped, two- storied building. Plinth area is 301.21m2. Ground floor is open. First floor consists of three class rooms with furniture, one teacher’s room, and one First-Aid room, one room for pregnant women, one store room, two male toilets, two female toilets and two tube wells. Additionally, two rain water collection tanks with filter tanks, solar panels for lighting and a water pump (wherever electricity is available) are provided.

In ECRRP, this is the third most widely used type. When there is a space problem to accommodate a rectangular type building, this option was selected due to its L-shape. The prime reason for selection of this type is the shape of the space available.

ECRRP Steel Designs Steel frame shelters seem to have many advantages over the RCC structures. Some of those are ease of fabrication, durability, economies of scale in production, ease of erection, and quicker erection time. World Bank consultants have carried out a review on the steel shelter design done by the ECRRP, and made some recommendations for improvement. The D&S Consultants will take those recommendations in to consideration, and review the studies done under the ECRRP further for building shelters with steel structures. Although the studies have found the cost o the steel structures to be about 15% higher, there appears to be a range of advantages in terms of improved quality, easy erection and maintenance, economies of scale in fabrication and speed of construction. As required under the TOR, the Consultants will propose the design and construction of steel shelters for a pilot district or as advised by the LGED.

8.3 Review of Designs for the first two packages: For the packages in the first three districts, Barisal, Bola and Fein, particular attention was given in the design review to the exposure type, and adding space for livestock, while retaining their main architecture unchanged. As such, all three options were redesigned for the Exposure B (instead of Exposure A). In addition, the main change in the MDSP options 1 and 5 is the addition of a new floor for livestock. As the Option 3 in ECRRP had a livestock floor in its original design, no changes were carried out for MDSP.

Comparisons of ECRRP Options and the MDSP Options are given by the pictures below.

107

Option 1 in ECRRP with two floors Option 1 in MDSP with three floors

Option- 3 in both ECRRP and MDSP remains same with three floors.

Option 5 in ECRRP with two floors Option 5 in MDSP with three floors

8.4 Overall Review of Designs With a view to modernize and improve the DSS System with respect to the architecture, strength, demand capacity, facilities, accessibility etc., the building options used for the first three packages will be further reviewed. The following features would be particularly focused in order to be incorporated in the main project designs.

The following features are being particularly focused in the review of designs. i. Minimum floor space required for the number of people expected to use the shelter during a disaster a. Capacity should be decided based on the local assessment of vulnerable populations and availability of any multi-storied buildings and buildings located on elevated grounds which can accommodate some of the vulnerable people during the times of cyclone, tsunami and flood.

108

b. Experience on capacity assessment of cyclone shelter indicates that, on an average, about 50-60% of total population of vulnerable locations may be using the cyclone shelter during emergencies.

c. Importance should also be given to the sustainable utility aspect of the shelter. For example, a 4-room [6 m x 5.4 m + veranda (1.8 m)] school will have a clear floor area of about 1850 sq.ft and a similar floor area on the terrace. Such a school will accommodate about 200 students and will provide around 7 sq.ft. per student. From the past experience, in Bangladesh as well as in other Asian countries, it is observed that an area of 2 sq ft/person has generally been provided for sheltering purposes. Such a density may pose difficulties to the users of the shelter, if their stay is prolonged.

Cyclone Shelter Construction, Maintenance and Management Guideline, 2001 of the Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief of Bangladesh recommends around 2.8 sq.ft per person space in a shelter. While very effluent societies allow more shelter space for users worldwide, neighbouring countries like India have lower standards.

In view of the need for future prolonged stay, using a suitable floor area per person is recommended. ii. Ensuring a reliable drinking water supply system

Potable water depends on the ground water for dry season & Rain water for rainy season. The present design does not seem to have a system of tube well at ground floor. As such, it is suggested to provide a tube well at ground floor for dry season only. At 1st floor tube well will be provided for rainy season/cyclone. iii. Expansion of the rain water harvesting system

A system of two overhead tanks of 34,000 litre capacity (one with a 10,000 litre filter for people and the other for livestock) is proposed to harvest all the water from the full extent of roof. iv. Increasing the number of toilets to cater to the expected number of people in a disaster

The design capacity of a shelter is around 1400. In an emergency more than that number may seek refuge. There are different norms accepted worldwide for providing this kind of public toilets. However, using a very conservative norm of 100 persons per toilet, 14 toilets are required for a shelter. v. Incorporating a second stairway vi. Adding adequate breast feeding area/ first aid room/food storage.

109

vii. Introduction of separate rooms with toilets for the male/female disabled people, and a mechanism for them to get there.

Cyclone Shelter Construction, Maintenance and Management Guideline specify that “A reasonably sized room should be kept reserved for the disabled and helpless people and the rest of the first floor are kept open for domestic animals.” Also it says that “During the time of construction of cyclone shelter, ramp facilities have to be kept to ensure easy access of women, children aged, severely ill and people with disabilities. This aspect would be given close attention in the further review. viii. Using a shock resistant glass for the windows, and steel or aluminium outer shield/grid to protect the window glasses ix. Improvements to the sewage disposal/ septic tank system x. Replacing mosaic floor finishing with the tiles xi. Better performing solar electricity system

Considering human comfort, one no. fan should be considered for each room under solar electricity in addition with the present system. Better performance of solar electricity system will be ensured by using quality solar products, proper installation and maintenance. The following should be taken into consideration for better performance:

Solar Panel (Solar PV Module): The solar panel must be TUV certified. The module shall be suitable to withstand high humidity, salt water, ultra violet radiation, hail and extreme temperature changes.

Solar Battery: Long life, high performance, maintenance free solar battery may be considered having international certifications.

MPPT Charge Controller: CE or equivalent international certified MPPT charge controller may be used for better performance.

Inverter: The inverter shall be pure sine wave type confirming to IEC, BS, EN or equivalent international standard.

Installation: Mounting structure of solar panel shall be such that it can withstand wind speed 200km/h. Proper installation shall be ensured to achieve better performance from solar system.

MDSP Shelters are designed to suit the long term future requirements. As such, these designs will be able to withstand the future cyclone effects, flood conditions, surges etc., and at the same time, probably, may need to retain people over prolonged periods of time until the conditions are safe for them to leave the shelters.

110

A design review on the ECRRP designs has been conducted by the World Bank engineers too, and their suggestions such as maintaining an increased concrete cover, increasing masonry wall strength to withstand the horizontal wind loads, considering raft foundations and providing at least two stairways instead of one would be incorporated in the new designs.

Following are the front and rear views of a fresh conceptual design of a shelter that is proposed by the MDSP design team.

Figure 8.2: Fresh Conceptual Design of a Shelter for MDSP

111

8.5 Sub Soil Investigations

8.5.1 General Investigation Aspects In order to get a reasonably accurate conception of the physical and geotechnical properties and the arrangement of underlying soil, sub-soil investigation has been carried out. The program includes field and laboratory investigation required obtaining the essential information for suitable foundation design. The information needed the strength and the stress-deformation characteristics of the supporting soil of the structure.

With this information the various customary types of foundation has been designed against bearing capacity failure and detrimental settlement with a reasonable margin of safety, the maximum load to which it is ever likely to be subjected.

Exploratory Boring and Field and Laboratory Tests

As per TOR the D& S Consultant did the following works:

 Selecting boring method, boring layout and boring depths.  Sampling of disturbed and undisturbed soil.  Conducting Standard Penetration Test (SPT).  Measuring ground water level.  Performing laboratory tests on disturbed and undisturbed soil samples.

8.6 Boring Method The choice of selecting boring method depends on the nature of sub-surface soil layers, ease of extracting soil samples for identification and available methods of boring. For the project, boreholes were made by Percussion boring method. In this method, a drilling mud, usually a water solution of bentonite is continuously forced down to the hollow drill rods. The mud returning upwards brings the cuttings to the surface. The method is also known as mud percussion drilling and the hole usually requires casing.

8.6.1 Boring Layout Boring layout as provided in layout maps was followed.

8.6.2 Boring Depth Boring depth was generally 30.0 meter or more than that depending upon the N-value more than 30 from the existing ground/bed level.

8.6.3 Standard Penetration Test (Spt) Standard penetration test is executed in all the boreholes at 1.5 m intervals. In this test, a split-barrel sampler-as specified in ASTM D1586 shall be used to penetrate 45 cm (18") into the soil by drops of a hammer weighing 63.5 kg (140 Ibs.) falling freely from a height of 75

112

cm (30"). The number of blows required for penetration of each 15 cm (6") was recorded in the field log of the boring. The numbers of blows required for the last 30 cm (12”) penetration were taken as the standard penetration resistance (SPT N-value).

8.6.4 Sampling of Disturbed & Undisturbed Sample Disturbed Samples Disturbed samples are primarily used for classification test. Representative disturbed samples were collected by split barrel sampler at vertical interval of 5 ft (1.5m).

Undisturbed Sample Undisturbed samples are taken for strength and compressibility tests. The undisturbed soil samples has been collected from soft soil layers having N – value of less than 8 in 75 mm diameter known as Shelby Tube as per ASTM D1587 specifications. Before collection of samples, the hole is washed and cleaned. The Shelby tube is attached to the lower end of the drill rod with the help of an adapter and lowered into the hole. All precautions has been taken during transportation of the tube sample so that it is least disturbed.

8.6.5 Ground Water Measurement Generally ground water level is measured at depth at the level at which it stabilizes after 24 hrs. of drilling. This information is necessary for estimating effective unit weight of soil at different depth under water level.

8.6.6 Laboratory Test on Soil Samples Following laboratory tests were performed on the disturbed and undisturbed soil samples collected from each boring. All the laboratory tests were done in any recognized Geotechnical and Material Laboratory.

 Visual Inspection of the soil samples  Natural moisture content  Liquid limit and plastic limit  Specific gravity  Grain size distribution test for cohesion less soil  Grain size distribution including hydrometer test for cohesive soil  Unit weight For cohesive undisturbed soil  Unconfined compression test samples only.  Consolidation test  Direct shear test

Relevant ASTM standard procedures were followed in performing the above tests.

113

8.6.7 Presentation of Results The results of all field and laboratory tests were presented in a standard format most useful and readily comprehensible for foundation designer.

8.6.7.1 Presentation on Field Test Results Data obtained from the borings were recorded in the field logs, which shall include the following:

 Name of the site  Location  Number of the bore hole  Date of boring – start and finish  Reduced level of the top of boring  Sample number with depth  Method of advancing split barrel sampler and thin-walled steel tube sampler  Penetration number i.e., N-value  Recovery length of undisturbed sample

8.6.8 Soil Investigation Report The overall exploratory program was presented in a manner that most clearly explains the behaviour of the sub-soil. The report is also including estimate of the bearing capacity of the underlying soil deposits.

8.7 Design and Engineering Aspects

8.7.1. Structural Design Engineering design takes into consideration various aspects of design such as selection of safe and economic structural system, loading, analysis and design of structures, selection of suitable construction materials, accommodation and coordination of the services and architectural requirements etc. The activity to be incurred during the structure design phase is shown in Fig.-8.1.

114

Fig.-8.1 Activity Diagram for Structural Design

115

8.7.1.1 Structural Framing System Moment frame system was used in the analysis, consists of beams and columns. The Construction Material is RCC.

8.7.1.2 Codes & Practice The present project, for RCC structure relevant sections of Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC, 1993 or BNBC 2010) have been used for analyses. For the reinforced concrete design, American Concrete Institute (ACI 318-11) code has been consulted as and when became necessary to complement the BNBC. 8.7.1.3 Materials The principal material of construction is reinforced concrete. For the purpose of analysis and design the following material properties are used,

2 Yield strength of steel, fy = 60,000 lb/in

2 28 day strength of all concrete, fc' =3500 lb/in (28 Mpa) 8.7.1.4 Loads Prior to structural analysis it is essential that the loads that may act upon the building during its lifetime be duly considered and incorporated in the analysis. The loads that may act upon the structure are as follows: A. Gravity Load Dead Loads Dead loads are those gravity loads which remain acting on the structure permanently without any change during the structures normal service life. These are basically the loads coming from the weight of the different components of the structure. For the sake of convenience in the analysis, sometimes this kind of loads are divided into two types, namely a) self weight of the structure (SW) and b) the weight coming from the non-structural permanent components of the building (SDEAD).The weight of slabs, beams, columns etc. which form the main structural system is considered the self weight (SW). The weights of floor finish, water proofing layer, partition walls and other non-structural permanent components generally constitute the rest of the total dead load, i.e. (SDEAD). Live Load Live load is the gravity load due to non-permanent objects like furniture, human etc. The values of this load for different parts of the building are different as specified by BNBC (1993). Following are the live load values used in the analysis considering the project as assembly (Occupancy-E)

Nominal live load for floors = 100psf

116

Nominal live load for roof = 100 psf B. Lateral Load Wind Load Bangladesh is typically a storm prone area where due consideration to the thrust due to storm must be given in the analysis and design of buildings and structures. Wind load due to storm is typically modeled as lateral thrust force causing sway or overturning of the building. Detailed specifications on wind loading on buildings are outlined in BNBC (1993). The present project is located in Coastal Areas of Bangladesh, for which the following basic parameters are used in wind load calculation,

Basic wind speed, Vb= 260 km/h Exposure category = B

Structure Importance coefficient CI = 1.25

Earthquake Load Proper structural design of any building structure must include loads due to earthquake shaking. Although there has been no major incident of earthquake hazard in the recent past of Bangladesh, earthquakes are not uncommon in this area. Scientific geological study of the earth crust below Bangladesh shows that Bangladesh does fall in moderate to high seismic risk zone. Regarding the earthquake resistant structural design, it is essential that the specific design code is followed. For the analysis and design checking of the building, Equivalent Static Force Method of BNBC (1993) has been followed. The main considerations for calculation of earthquake load are given below. Zone co-efficient, Z = 0.15 (zone 2, Fig.6.2.10, BNBC, seismic zoning map of Bangladesh) Structure importance co-efficient, I = 1.25 (Essential Facilities, Table 6.2.23, BNBC) Response modification co-efficient, R = 8.0 (IMRF, Table 6.2.24, BNBC) Site co-efficient, S = 1.5 (type 3 soil as suggested in Table 6.2.25, BNBC) The Seismic Zoning Map of Bangladesh has been reproduced from BNBC-1993 in

117

89°- 00' 90°- 00' 91°- 00' 92°- 00'

PANCHAGAR

2

'

6

0

THAKURGAON °

0

-

-

0

° NILPHAMARI

0 6 LALMONIRHAT

' 2 N KURIGRAM DINAJPUR RANGPUR

GAIBANDHA I N D I A I N D I A

JAIPURHAT

2

'

5

0

SHERPUR °

0

-

- SUNAMGANJ

0

°

JAMALPUR 0

5 NETRAKONA

'

2 SYLHET NAOGAON BOGRA MYMENSIGH NAWABGANJ SIRAJGANJ ZONE 3 MOULVIBAZAR NATORE KISHORGANJ RAJSHAHI (Z= 0.25) HABIGANJ SRIMANGAL

ISHURDI TANGAIL

2

'

4

0

PABNA GAZIPUR °

0

- ZONE 2 BRAHMANBARIA

-

0 ° (Z= 0.15)

0 4 KUSHTIA NARSINGDI

I N D I A '

2 MEHERPUR MANIKGANJ DHAKA CHUADANGA RAJBARI NARAYANGANJ MAGURA FARIDPUR JHENAIDAH MUNSHIGANJ COMILLA ZONE 1 (Z= 0.075) SHARIYATPUR NARAIL JESSORE KHAGRACHARI MADARIPUR CHANDPUR

2

'

3

0

°

0

-

-

0

A

°

GOPALGANJ FENI 0

3

'

2 LAKSMIPUR I KHULNA SATKHIRA BARISAL NOAKHALI D BAGERHAT JHALAKATI RANGAMATI N BHOLA

I PIROJPUR

PATUAKHALI SANDWIP HATIA BANDARBAN BARGUNA CHITTAGONG

2

'

2

0

°

0

- KHEPUPARA

-

0

°

0

2

'

2

BAY OF BENGAL COX'S BAZAR

Legend : International Boundary Seismic Zone 1 (Z= 0.075) M

Y

2 ' River & Khal Seismic Zone 2 (Z= 0.15) A

1

0

N °

0

-

- Location of City or Town

M 0

° Seismic Zone 3 (Z= 0.25)

0

1

' 2 20 0 20 40 km A R SCALE

89°- 00' 90°- 00' 91°- 00' 92°- 00' Source : Bangladesh National Building Code, 1993 Fig. 8.2 Seismic Zoning Map of Bangladesh

118

8.8 Foundation Analysis & Design

Investigation of the underground conditions by analysing the soil report at selected site is prerequisite to the economical design of the structure elements. From the soil report soil profile gives the idea of types of foundation. As the soil type in the project area is very loose silty clay type at the top, the pile foundation is selected for all the shelter. The soil type of some of the shelter in the project area is suitable for MAT foundation at the top. But considering the lack of place for excavated soil & rainy season the MAT foundation is avoided during designing the foundation.

Fig.-8.3 Activity Diagram for Foundation Design

119

CHAPTER 9: PROCUREMENT AND FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

9.1 Procurement

9.1.1 Procurement Panel

An Independent Procurement Panel has been established under the project, made up of two international/expatriate consultants and one national consultant. The Procurement Panel will be an independent bid evaluator for large contracts. This arrangement is expected to ensure the integrity and thoroughness in the procurement process.

9.1.2 Procurement Packaging

Construction contracts for the new shelters (except in Feni district) are to be awarded under the International Competitive Bidding (ICB) process in the following Contract Types:

Type A (RCC) – Upto 50 shelters

Type B (RCC) – Upto 75 shelters

Type C (RCC) – Upto 100 shelters

Type A (Steel) – Upto 50 shelters

Procurement of works on the overall project has been split into separate district-wise packages with the World Bank concurrence. Table Nos. 9.1, 9.2 and 9.3 show them with the indicative times of invitation to bid. For the ICB packages, Bids will be invited from among the pre-qualified contractors, while the Tenders are supposed to be floated on the Egp for the NCB packages.

Table 9.1: ICB Packages for New Construction:

Package Number District No. of Shelters Indicative Invitation to Bid MDSP-II-7-LPI-O-NW-01 Barisal 58 Mar. 2016 MDSP-II-7-LPI-O-NW-02 Bhola 42 Apr. 2016 MDSP-II-7-LPI-O-NW-03 Chittagong 50 Sep. 2016 MDSP-II-7-LPI-O-NW-04 Cox’s Bazar 62 Sep. 2016 MDSP-II-7-LPI-O-NW-05 Patuakhali 36 Dec. 2016 MDSP-II-7-LPI-O-NW-06 Lakhsmipur 34 Mar. 2017 MDSP-II-7-LPI-O-NW-07 Pirojpur 50 Jun. 2017 MDSP-II-7-LPI-O-NW-09 Noakhali 35 Dec. 2017 MDSP-II-7-LPI-O-NW-10 Chittagong 73 Mar. 2018

120

MDSP-II-7-LPI-O-NW-11 Bhola 97 June. 2018

Table9.2: NCB Packages for New Construction

Package Number District No. of Shelters Invitation to Bid

LGED/MDSP/FENI/2015- Feni 07 Feb. 2016 16/NCB/NW-1

Feni 06 Mar. 2016

LGED/MDSP/FENI/2015- Feni 06 Mar. 2016 16/NCB/NW-3

Table 9.3: NCB Packages for Improvements to Existing shelters Package Number District No. of Shelters Indicative Invitation to Bid

LGED/MDSP/CHI/W-01 Chittagong 130 1-Aug-16

LGED/MDSP/COX/W-02 Cox’s Bazar 120 1-Sep-16

LGED/MDSP/FENI/W-03 Feni 20 1-Oct-16

LGED/MDSP/LAK/W-04 Lakshmipur 30 1-Nov-16

LGED/MDSP/NOA/W-05 Noakhali 90 1-Dec-16

LGED/MDSP/BHO/W-06 Bhola 60 1-Mar-17

Prequalification:

Separate reports would be prepared for each contract package addressing all environmental and social issues with appropriate Environmental Management Plans (EMPs) and Social Management Plans (SMPs). As there are no land acquisitions and resettlement issues, no Resettlement Actions Plans (RAPs) would be necessary.

As the number of new shelters is only 19 in Feni, it has been decided to call for tenders on NCB-eTendering under three packages with 7, 6 and 6 shelters in them.

121

The first procurement package for seven shelters in of Feni district was submitted for the approval of the PMU and the World Bank during the month of January 2016, and the Second and Third Packages, each for 6 shelters in other Upazilas of Feni district were submitted in February 2016. Tenders were subsequently called for them on the LGED ePortal.

The Table Nos. 9.4, 9.5 and 9.6 below show the sub projects that were included in the three packages in Feni.

Table 9.4: Sub projects in the Package 1 in Feni district:

S.No. Database School Code Upazila Sub Project Name Unique ID

1 FEP292 410030901 Sonagazi Ragunathpur Kaisar Raihan GPS

2 FEP293 410030906 Sonagazi Moddom Sultanpur GPS

3 FEP309 410030607 Sonagazi Daskhin Purbo Char Chandia GPS

4 FEP324 410030502 Sonagazi Uttar-PaschimChar Darbesh GPS

5 FEP335 410030401 Sonagazi Palgiri Ibne Ali Akbar GPS

6 FEP339 410030407 Sonagazi Swarajpur GPS

7 FEP341 410030408 Sonagazi Shulakhali Khaza Ahmed GPS

Table No. 9.5- Sub projects in the Package 2 in Feni district:

S. Database School Code Upazila Sub Project Name No. Unique ID

1 FEP014 410040206 Chhagalnaiya Purbo Pathannogor GPS

2 FEP015 410040211 Chhagalnaiya Bathania GPS

3 FEP020 410040105 Chhagalnaiya Uttar Jashpur GPS

4 FEP077 410020308 Daganbhuiyan Protappur GPS

5 FEP217 410050802 Parshuram Malipathar GPS

6 FEP333 410030105 Sonagazi Char Luxmiganj GPS

Table No. 9.6-: Sub projects in the Package 3 in Feni district:

122

Database School S. No. Upazila DS Name Unique ID Code 1 FEP171 410010007 Feni Sadar Panch Gachia Gov't Primary School 2 FEP176 410010102 Feni Sadar Uttar Fazilpur GPS 3 FEP181 410011304 Feni Sadar Char Kalidash GPS 4 FEP201 410060601 Fulgazi Paschim Bosikpur GPS 5 FEP203 410060605 Fulgazi GM Hat GPS 6 FEP210 410060503 Fulgazi Islamia Bazar GPS

The ICB Tender Documents for 58 new shelters in Barisal district received the World Bank concurrence in early March, and the Tenders have been invited from the prequalified contractors. Tenders will be closed on the 12th May 2016.

The following form the set of ICB Tender Documents.

Volume I of IV - Bidding Document

Volume II of IV (Part 1 of 3) – Specifications for Building

Volume II of IV (Part 2 of 3) – Specifications for Roads

Volume II of IV (Part 3 of 3)-Environmental and Social Management/Monitoring Plans

Volume III of IV - Bill of Quantities

Volume IV of IV - Drawings

The ICB Tender Documents for 42 new shelters in Bhola district also have been issued, and the Pre-bid meeting will be held on the 5th May 2016.

9.2 Tentative Project Implementation Plan 9.2.1 Construction Work Schedule Appendix 6 shows the indicative construction work schedule proposed by the Consultants covering all the work packages to be undertaken over the full period of MDSP. As the first three Packages are on tender now, it is expected to have the construction on them commenced soon. Construction on all the packages is expected to be completed before the end of the year 2020. The year 2021 is identified as the one-year defect liability period for the works that will be completed last in the year 2020.

9.3 Financial Management As laid down in the Project Appraisal Report, funds will be disbursed through a Designated Account (CONTASA) established with the PMU for the Project. In order to simplify the process, report-based disbursements using the Interim Unaudited Financial Reports (IUFRs) will serve as the basis for withdrawal of funds from the Loan. Quarterly IUFRs will be used as

123

a basis for disbursements. Advances would be made to the designated account based on six months’ projections. The funds from the Loan would be transferred to any commercial bank as having experience in maintaining such accounts. The approved Government procedures governing the establishment and operation of Designated Accounts shall be followed in all respects. Direct payment method would also be allowed to process large payments to the contractors and consultants, particularly those in foreign currency to avoid exchange losses.

LGED has well documented financial procedures and internal control measures in financial management. Also, the LGED has ample experience in executing donor funded projects. With the addition of a dedicated Specialist Financial Consultant to the PMU, all payments will be made directly by the Project Director, quarterly IUFRs will be submitted and annual external audits will be carried out through FAPAD (Foreign Aided Projects Audit Directorate) of the Comptroller and Audit General’s Office of Bangladesh.

9.3.1 Project Cost and Financing The project is financed by the IDA Credit No. 5561 BD for USD 375 million, with the GoB providing USD 1.7 million, particularly to finance a portion of the Project Management component.

Following Table 9.7 shows the component wise project cost.

Table 9.7: Component-wise project Cost

Project Component Cost USD (m)

A. Construction and rehabilitation of Shelters

A1 Construction of New Shelters 222

A2 Rehabilitation/Improvement of Existing Shelters 40.5

A3 Construction/Rehabilitation of Connecting Roads 71.5

A4 Social and Environmental Management Cost 6

A5 Design and Supervision Cost 17

Sub Total A 357

B. Project Management, Monitoring, Technical Assistance and Training

11.7 ( 10 from B1 Project Supervision and Management (LGED) IDA and 1.7 from GoB)

124

3

B2 Monitoring and Evaluation 5

B3 Technical Assistance, Training, Studies and Future Project 19.7 Preparation

Sub Total B

C. Emergency Contingent Response Component -

Total 376.7

Table 9.8 below shows the distribution of project costs over the project duration. Project Duration is taken as 6 years from 2016 to 2021, with 2021 considered as the Defect Liability year for the works completed in 2020.

Table 9.8: Cost distribution over the project duration

Project Duration (Years)

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

USD million 20 90 100 100 66.7

9.3.2 Interim Claim Submission Interim claims for the construction works and supply goods at the district level are fist prepared by the service provider (contractor or supplier), after the goods supply or the works are complete or as appropriate. And, the claims will then be jointly checked by the Upazila Engineer & the Consultant’s field staff and submitted to Executive Engineer.

Then the Executive Engineer’s designated official will verify, examine and check the claims along with the supporting documents such as work orders, measurement books, test results, receipts, registers, etc) and submit to the PMU after a detailed scrutiny, along with a certification from the representative of the Consultants.

Afterwards, either the Team Leader or the Deputy Team Leader finally reviews the bills and recommends for payment to the service provider. The project director then approves the bill and advises the designated commercial bank to transfer the specified amount against the bill to service provider’s account. He also advises to pay/transfer the tax, vat & other dues to the specific Govt. accounts.

9.3.3 Breakdown for the Construction Costs

125

The following Table 9.9 is a sample breakdown of cost of a shelter construction that can help field officials to check the interim claims based on the physical progress achieved on each shelter. (Activity list is not complete and needs revision).

Table 9.9: Sample Breakdown of Cost of a Shelter Construction

Major Work Items for the Planned Actual # Costing % Comments construction of a Shelter Date Date Site Facilities, including labor shed, Site 1 Office etc: 600000 2% 2 Layout & Setting Out: 2550 0% 3 All works (Pile and pile cap Casting) : 7476421 25% 4 Pile Integrity Test: 0 0% 5 Pile Load Test : 106615 0% 6 GB & Capping Beam : 1120659 4% 7 Ramp,GF Mat,Drop wall and others 2323780 8% 8 Ground Floor roof Slab 1346343 5% 9 Pedestrain & Ground floor column: 928849 3% 10 Ground Stairs : 113093 0% 11 All Top floor column : 839060 3% 12 All Top floor Roof Beams: 1068771 4% 13 Top roof slab 2447659 8% 14 Top stair 240353 1% 15 Top Drop wall parapet,sunshade 1446381 5% 16 Ground Floor Brickwork : 200506 1% 17 1st & 2nd Floor Brickwork : 517628 2% 18 Plumbing Work one shelter: 1618645 5% 19 Electrical Work one shelter: 1894485 6% Collapsible Gates, Doors, Windows, 20 Glass, Grills and Stair Railings: 1219759 4% 1st and 2nd Floor Plastering 21 Completed: 728773 2% 22 Tiles - All floors Completed: 670856 2% Paints - Interior and Exterior 23 Completed: 474688 2% 24 Furniture Completed: 671923 2% 25 Internal Roads Completed: 104138 0% 26 Tube well Work Completed: 1206499 4% 27 Environmental Facilities: 462984 2% 28 Culvert Completed: 1no.1 vent 3mx3m 1579524 29 Earth work of Road: Length-250m 50001 30 Sub base Completed: 288850 31 Base Completed: 457350 32 Carpeting Completed: 306525

126

33 Seal Coat Completed: 98212 Others(Road Related): Post, Sign,Guide 34 post 24877

127

CHAPTER 10: ICT MONITORING

10.1 General use of ICT Monitoring In construction projects knowledge based continuous supervision is key for quality completion of the project. However it is very expensive to maintain the constant supervision especially for the projects that are located in the geographically dispersed location of developing country. Therefore periodic and timely site visits are critical for successful completion of the projects. Especially for a large scale projects on-site construction management is a critical component for the successful execution with quality, on-time and on budget. Accurate and real-time information of on-site data about work, tasks and construction resources, facilitates management decisions toward improving construction productivity. It is difficult for site engineers to collect and share site information in real-time due to remote harsh construction conditions. The physical locations and quantities of materials, labor, and equipment, along with the current status of progress, are difficult to be understood without being at the construction sites. These challenges necessitate the development of tools that is equipped with suitable monitoring and communication capabilities to collect and process and exchange construction information efficiently.

The advent of smart phones, coupled with state-of-the-art mobile computing technology, provides construction engineers with unprecedented opportunities to improve the existing processes of on-site construction management.

Smart phones are now typically equipped with touch screen, GPS receiver, gyroscope, accelerometer, and wireless communication capability. The strengthened features of smart phones enable a new generation of on-site management processes, such as location-based customized work orders, real time information exchange.

Smart phones are rapidly becoming the platform of choice for deploying data collection and information services in the developing world. They have quickly leap-frogged desktop and laptop computers combined due to their mobility, increased independence from the power infrastructure, ability to be connected to the internet via cellular networks, and relatively intuitive user interfaces enabling well-targeted applications for a variety of domains.

ICT Monitoring Tool would be used to enhance the efficiency of MDSP by providing a single- stop instrument to monitor progress of construction, provide visual images to assess quality, and monitor the number and frequency of visits by the Design and Supervision Consultants (D & SC), Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) engineers and World Bank team tasked with supervision. The smart phone based ICT platform includes mechanisms for real-time monitoring of data capture, participatory tracking of project progress and irregularities, and comment submission.

The scope of the ICT Monitoring would include the following:

128

. Automate the data entry part of a long paper-based survey, by replacing the paper forms with mobile-device. . Resource Tracking (human, construction equipment, construction materials stock) . Quality Monitoring . Schedule Tracking/Monitoring . Progress Monitoring (physical, financial) . Interactive Map Interface 10.2 ANALYSIS, DESIGN and DEVELOPMENT: The Analysis, Design and Development part begins with requirements validation and identification of all necessary tasks to meet all application operational requirements and development of interfaces. Application Requirement: The ICT monitoring platform would be built on Open Data Kit (ODK), an open-source set of tools that provides an out-of-the-box solution for users to build a data collection form or survey, collect the data on a mobile-device and send it to a server, and aggregate the collected data on a server and extract it in useful formats. The ICT platform built for MDSP will include mechanisms for real-time monitoring of data capture, participatory tracking of project progress and irregularities, and commit submission. The platform automatically adds date and time, and GPS coordinates to form data and photos, which are transmitted upon submission to an online database. In geographic areas without mobile internet, the submission is stored on the phone memory and transmitted at a later time. The online database will be accessible to permitted users, where reports will be pinned to the shelter locations which are visible on an interactive map interface. ICT monitoring will provide in- depth and real-time snapshots of project performance in a resource-constrained environment, automatically place pressure points on identified problem shelters, inject transparency into the construction process, and motivate supervision teams and contractors. ODK Tool Design: Open Data Kit is designed as a modular set of components that can be used individually or in various configurations (including modules that are not part of ODK) to create information services in developing regions. The current components are an application designer, a mobile device client, and a server for data storage.

With the help of ODK, data can be collected and sent to a centralized server using internet connected android devices in real time.

The refinement and expansion of ODK is based on four core design principles that would be incorporated into all the tools:

129

1. UI elements should be designed using a more widely understood runtime language; 2. The basic data structures should be easily expressible in a single row, and nested structures should be avoided when data is in display, transmission, or storage states; 3. Data should be stored in a database that can be shared across devices and can be easily extractable to a variety of common data formats; and 4. New sensors, data input methods and data types should be easy to incorporate into the data collection pipeline by individuals with limited technical experience. The various modules of ODK are: . ODK Build: It is a form designer with drag and drop interface. . ODK Collect: It is an app that is installed on the Android mobile. The form created in ODK Build is loaded in it. It has options to accept text, image, video, barcodes, location, options etc through the form. It connects to the centralized server to store that collected data. . ODK Aggregate: It provides a ready-to-deploy server and data repository to provide blank forms to ODK collect, accept finalized forms and store the data in the database, visualize the data in maps and charts and export data into various formats. ODK Aggregate can be deployed on Google’s App Engine or on the local server. . ODK Briefcase: It is a tool to transfer data from Collect and Aggregate. . Fig. 10.1 shows the MDSP Hybrid System Architecture using ODK.

130

Fig. 10.1 MDSP Hybrid System Architecture Tools & Methodology The various tools required are: A. Server Side ODK Aggregate (web server, aggregate application, PosrgreSQL or MySQL database) installed on a server with a fixed IP address. B. Client Side ODK Collect application installed on the Android based mobile/tablet having Camera, GPS and GPRS connection. The methodology of data collection work is as follows: 1. Decide the data to be collected and create a form by logging in at Final form in the form of a XML file can be downloaded in the (/odk/forms folder) mobile device or uploaded on the Aggregate server. Install the ODK aggregate locally on a Tomcat server backed with a MySQL or PostgreSQL database server. The step by step help will guide to install and configure the database to receive the data sent from a mobile. There is a main window on which the data sent by the

131

mobile can be seen (Fig. 3). There is option available to convert that data in CSV or KML format so that it can be viewed in Google earth if location is available. There are options to set various user permissions and view that data in the form of graphs also. The application would be developed using the Android Operating System because this platform has the highest market share in the world and also because Android follows an open source philosophy. The development process is faster with Android because examples of source codes for Android applications are readily available on the Internet. Fig. 10.2 – shows the Flow Sheet Diagram of ICT Monitoring of MDSP using Open Data Kit (ODK).

10.3 Training: In order to develop capacity of MDSP project personnel for sustaining the developed systems, the training will be provided to selected personnel on the followings: . Setting up the Android Phone . Setting up the Demo Form . Survey Basics . Treatment of the Android . ODK Basics Training . ODK Survey Implementation Training . Application Administration Training

132

Fig. 10.2 -Flow Sheet Diagram of ICT Monitoring of MDSP using Open Data Kit (ODK) is given below:

LGED Server

1. Open Data Kit Design Survey Form Aggregate Open Data Kit (XLS2. Form) Data Collect

Using Download Download and Open Data Kit (ODK) XLS Form fill survey Form Build3. Form UPLOAD Manager 4.

5. Submission 6. Manager

7. Aggregate Data Submit Android Mobile Report Phone

Report

Report 8. VISUALIZATION

9. CSV KLM

Reports Data Mapping Text, Spreadsheet, Spreadsheet Graphs etc. MAP

10.4 Monitoring and Evaluation Mechanism Monitoring is a continuous data collection and analysing process, which is being implemented to assess a project, a program or a policy and compare it with the expected performance. In simple words, monitoring answers the question of whether activities were performed as planned and if not, what was need to be changed.

Evaluation is a systematic and objective measurement of the results achieved by a project, a program or a policy, in order to assess its relevance, its coherence, the efficiency of its implementation, its effectiveness and its impact, as well as the sustainability. In simple words, evaluation answers the questions of whether the project has achieved the targets originally set out, and if not, what changes were made as corrective action.

133

Evaluation is more complex than monitoring, especially when the outputs are intangible. This chapter explains the methods which can assist to process and ensure the expected standards. The monitoring and evaluation will be carried out in the areas of:

Evaluation and monitoring systems can be an effective way to:

Provide constant feedback on the extent to which the projects are achieving their goals.

Identify potential problems at an early stage and propose possible solutions.

Monitor the accessibility of the project to all sectors of the target population.

Monitor the efficiency with which the different components of the project are being implemented and suggest improvements.

Evaluate the extent to which the project is able to achieve its general objectives.

Provide guidelines for the planning of future projects.

Influence sector assistance strategy. Relevant analysis from project and policy evaluation can highlight the outcomes of previous interventions, and the strengths and weaknesses of their implementation.

Improve project design. Use of project design tools such as the logframe (logical framework) results in systematic selection of indicators for monitoring project performance. The process of selecting indicators for monitoring is a test of the soundness of project objectives and can lead to improvements in project design.

Incorporate views of stakeholders. Awareness is growing that participation by project beneficiaries in design and implementation brings greater “ownership” of project objectives and encourages the sustainability of project benefits. Ownership brings accountability. Objectives should be set and indicators selected in consultation with stakeholders, so that objectives and targets are jointly “owned”. The emergence of recorded benefits early on helps reinforce ownership, and early warning of emerging problems allows action to be taken before costs rise.

Show need for mid-course corrections. A reliable flow of information during implementation enables managers to keep track of progress and adjust operations to take account of experience and adjust the course as needed.

134

10.5 MDSP Monitoring and Evaluation Targets: Target indicators are defined in the results section of the TOR by the World Bank to assess the effectiveness of the MDSP project as follows:.

Project Development Objective Project Development Objective Indicators Cumulative Target Values End Baseline YR1 YR2 YR3 YR4 YR5 Indicator Name Target Increase in the share of needs met of priority multipurpose 60.00 disaster 60.00 65.00 70.00 75.00 80.00 80.00 shelters in the targeted districts (Percentage) Number of project beneficiaries who have access to multipurpose - 1,236,50 1,236,50 121,50 314,500 557,500 968,500 shelters in targeted 0 0 0 districts (Number)

Intermediate Results Indicators Cumulative Target Values End Baseline YR1 YR2 YR3 YR4 YR5 Indicator Name Target Number of new multipurpose - shelters constructed 50.00 150.00 250.00 350.00 556.00 556.00 (Number) Number of multipurpose - 50.00 100.00 200.00 325.00 450.00 450.00 shelters

135

rehabilitated (Number) Roads constructed,

Rural (Kilometers) - 50.00 100.00 300.00 450.00 550.00 550.00 (Core) - Number of additional classrooms built or rehabilitated at the primary level 300.00 750.00 1,350.00 2,325.00 3,000.00 3,000.00 resulting from project interventions. (Number) - (Core) - Participants in consultation activities during project 5,000.0 10,000.0 13,500.0 20,000.0 20,000.0 2,000. implementation 0 0 0 0 0 00 (number) (Number) - (Core) - Participants in consultation activities during project implementation - 1,000. 2,500.0 10,000.0 10,000.0 5,000.00 6,750.00 female 00 0 0 0 (Number - Sub-Type: Breakdown) - (Core) -

10.6 Project Key Performance Indicators: The following is a high level description of the project success indicators

Project Development Objective Indicators Indicator Name Description (Indicator Frequency Data Source Responsibility for definition etc.) / Data Collection Methodology Increase in the Needs of the district as Semi- Semi-annual M&E Consultants, share of measured by the multi- annual reports LGED needs met for criteria analysis including priority exposure to climate and multipurpose extreme weather events, disaster population density,

136

Project Development Objective Indicators Indicator Name Description (Indicator Frequency Data Source Responsibility for definition etc.) / Data Collection Methodology shelters in the population growth to 2025, targeted distance to existing shelters, districts and deficit of shelters within a 5 km radius. Methodology was developed to analyse all coastal districts under the MDSP to develop a priority ranking, and identify the "need" in each district. Given the investments in multipurpose shelters to date, the share of needs met in the targeted districts is, on average, around 60%. MDSP will fulfil the need for shelters in priority districts from 60% to 80%. Baseline for this analysis exists and rests with LGED. Number of The number of beneficiaries Semi- Surveys M&E Consultants project who will annual beneficiaries directly benefit from the reporting who have construction and for access to rehabilitation of shelters. shelter multipurpose This is measured by the capacity; shelters in expected capacity increase random targeted in shelters constructed sampling districts under the project, as well as post actual random sampling of disaster the project shelters after an (if such a extreme weather event to disaster verify the number of people occurs) who actually use shelters.

Intermediate Results Indicators

137

Indicator Description (Indicator Frequency Data Source Responsibility for Data Name definition etc.) / Collection Methodolog y Number of Completed Shelters semi-annual Construction M&E Consultants new supervision multipurpose reports; shelters M&E reports constructed Number of multipurpose shelters rehabilitated

Number of Km Kilometers of rural roads semi-annual Construction M&E Consultants of rural roads constructed supervision constructed/ under the project. Rural reports; improved. roads are roads M&E reports functionally classified in various countries below Trunk or Primary, Secondary or Link roads, or sometimes Tertiary roads. Such roads are often described as rural access, feeder, market, agricultural, irrigation, forestry or community roads. Typically, rural roads connect small urban centers/towns/settlement s of less than 2,000 to 5,000 inhabitants to each other or to higher classes of road, market towns and urban centers.

138

Intermediate Results Indicators Indicator Description (Indicator Frequency Data Source Responsibility for Data Name definition etc.) / Collection Methodolog y Number of This indicator measures semi-annual Construction M&E Consultants additional the number of supervision classrooms additional classrooms reports; built or constructed or M&E reports rehabilitated at rehabilitated at the the primary primary level through the level resulting Bank-funded program. In from project most cases, it is expected interventions. that the baseline value for this indicator will be zero (‘0'). The baseline might not be zero, for example, for an additional financing IL operation. This indicator will be used to calculate the "decline in shortfall of classrooms at the primary level". TTLs should report on the progress of this indicator only if it is relevant to the project, that is, if the project aims to reduce the shortfall of classrooms at the primary level. Please visit the EdStats database to view the shortfall of classrooms at the primary level by country. Participants in This indicator measures Consultatio Consultation LGED; M&E consultation the level of n reports; Consultants activities community engagement reports for random during project in project each site; sampling of implementatio implementation. random project n (number) sampling sites annually

139

Intermediate Results Indicators Indicator Description (Indicator Frequency Data Source Responsibility for Data Name definition etc.) / Collection Methodolog y Participants in This indicator measures Consultatio Consultation LGED; M&E consultation the level of n reports; Consultants activities community engagement reports for random during project in project each site; sampling of implementatio implementation from random project n – female female beneficiaries sampling sites annually

10.7 Data Collection Forms Developed for Monitoring and Evaluation: Following data collection forms are designed to meet the project Monitoring and Evaluation needs as indicated above.

Form ID Description Owner Frequency Purpose

This form will be submitted by the Head Office Cumulative FORM - 200 HLU Monthly Representative indicating the financial target for the Financial Form month for a package and for a shelter. This form will be submitted by Site Supervisor, Field Resident Engineer, Regional Resident Engineer to report the progress of the construction based on the target plan for the month for a shelter. This submission will be compared against the financial target for the month submitted by the head office representative. Here is a quick guideline, Approximately 3% is achieved after preconstruction activities are completed that could include but not limited to (Site Office, Labor Shed, Cumulative Physical FORM - 201 DLU Monthly Demolition of Existing Structure, Site Clearing, Form Temporary Shelter Construction, Tube well, Connecting Road, Approaching Road fixing, and any other activities pertaining to preparation for the construction), 18% - For Piling, 31.5% for All the Concrete Works up to construction of the Rain Water Harvesting Tanks. The remaining 47.5% - For Finishing work (Brick Work, Plastering, Plumbing, Electrical, Solar Panel, Doors- Windows, Sanitary and Electrical Fittings, Tiles, Painting and Furniture). This form is to ensure the personnel present at site and functioning machineries and approved materials in adequate quantity are available. All the levels of team FORM - 202 Resources DLU Weekly members (FLU/DLU/RLU/HLU) are requested to fill out this form. This form will give the PD, TL and Regional Office a sense of resource and inventory of the materials of a shelter at a given date / week. Any Force Majeure are reported here by the FLU, this FORM - 03 Incident Report FLU As Needed information is available for everyone see and assess the

140

Form ID Description Owner Frequency Purpose

condition

Rainfall in mm reported by the FLU that has impacted FORM - 04 Rainfall Report FLU As Needed the progress This form will be submitted by AUTHORISED Person to Pre Approve the Piling work. This form will ensure pre- Pre-Approval for FORM - 101 FLU Weekly piling check lists are met, testing equipment and Piling Works machineries, adequate quantities of approved materials are present at site. Piling Work - This form will be submitted by AUTHORISED Person to FORM - 102 Ongoing FLU/DLU Weekly report the progress of the scheduled activity according Construction to the Work Plan for ongoing piling works. This form will be submitted by AUTHORISED PERSON to certify the completion of the piling work according to the work plan. This will ensure that machineries, materials are available proceed with PILE CAP and Pre-Approval for Grade Beam Works. The successful Certification / FORM - Pile CAP, Short RLU / As Needed Completion of the Piling work would contribute 18% to 103A Column and Grade HLU overall progress of the construction of the site. At this Beam Works point accumulated progress would reach to 21%. Piling is a critical component for the construction project, therefore due attention need to be given at this stage to ensure sound construction of the shelter. This form will be submitted by AUTHORISED PERSON with photos and videos to maintain the quality and track the progress of the ongoing concreting activities. Here is a shot list of criterion to fulfil to ensure the quality of the Concreting Work. As concreting tasks contribute over 31% of the overall effort of the construction special care / attention is required. Is the Form Works, Reinforcement and Concrete Mix Design are done? Is the specified materials such as Stone Chips, Sand, Cement, M.S. Rods are available at the site as per specification? Pre Approval for Is the reinforcement steel conforming to the Column and SLAB requirements of specification? FORM - Concrete Work - FLU Weekly Is the reinforcing steel placed according to the drawing, 103B/C Ongoing (Field Is the quality of the Formwork (Shuttering), Dimensions, Level) Finishes and Strength are good? Has the clear cover been provided as specified? Is the concrete grade used are correct? Has the contractor provided concrete testing (slump, cubes) facilities? Does the concrete slump correct? Is the concrete being placed within the initial setting time? Has the contractor prepared a concrete pouring patter? Is the concrete compacted (vibrated) satisfactory? If the quality of the concreting work is unsatisfactory Work Improvement Notice (WIN) will be given to the contractor.

141

Form ID Description Owner Frequency Purpose

AUTHORISED PERSON would certify the completion of the Concreting Work according to the work plan. A Completed RLU / successful Certification / Completion of the Concrete FORM - 103 Concrete Work (HQ As Needed HLU Work would contribute 32% to overall progress of the Level) construction of the site. At this point accumulated progress of the construction would be 53%. FLU/DLU user will monitor and evaluate Brick Work and Brick Work & Plastering work. The Brick work contributes 4% and Plaster Work FORM - 10 FLU Weekly plastering work is 3%. If the quality of the work is Ongoing (Field unsatisfactory Work Improvement Notice (WIN) will be Level) given to the contractor. Brick Work & Plaster Work DLU/HLU/RLU will assess and certify the work. All the FORM - 120 DLU As Needed Completed (Dist. WIN items are fixed according to the specified standard. Level) FLU/DLU user will monitor and evaluate Plumbing work. Plumbing Work This work contributes 7% of the overall tasks. If the FORM - 121 Ongoing (Field FLU Weekly quality of the work is unsatisfactory Work Improvement Level) Notice (WIN) will be given to the contractor. FLU/DLU user will monitor and evaluate Electrical work. Electrical Work This work contributes 7.6% of the overall tasks. If the FORM - 122 Ongoing (Field FLU Weekly quality of the work is unsatisfactory Work Improvement Level) Notice (WIN) will be given to the contractor. Finishing Work FLU/DLU user will monitor and evaluate remaining Ongoing (Field finishing work (Door-Windows, Tiles, Railings', Painting). Level) -Doors, FORM - 123 FLU Weekly This work contributes 25% of the overall tasks. If the Windows, Tiles, quality of the work is unsatisfactory Work Improvement Painting, Railing, Notice (WIN) will be given to the contractor. etc Work Improvement Notice is given to the contractors when any construction tasks (starting from piling to furnishing) failed to meet the DSC and LGED standard. Certification of the stages of construction cannot be Work Improvement FLU / completed with any unresolved WIN. Special care needs FORM - 113 Notice (WIN) (Field As Needed DLU to be given while issuing a WIN as it would hold the & District Level) payments for the contractor. Also WINs should be descriptive / detailed enough with photos and videos. The details will assist to identify the issue, understand impact and speedy resolution. This form will be submitted by anyone from LGED, DDC and WB visiting the site. In this form participant would share his or her comments, concerns or suggestions for FORM - 500 Site Visit Survey HLU As Needed the project management unite to take in the consideration. This form will be displayed along with the periodic site visits indicating how many times the site in question has been visited in a given timeframe. HLU need to fill-out this form to ensure shelter is Project Inspection FORM - 501 HLU As Needed constructed according to the standard and due proper Records (HQ Level) due diligence was observed Shelter Completion FLU/ DLU / RLU / HLU will certify the construction of the FORM - 20 HLU As Needed Certificate shelter based on the Inspection Records

142

Form ID Description Owner Frequency Purpose

Shelter Taking FLU/ DLU / RLU / HLU will hand over the certified FORM - 21 over/Handing over HLU As Needed shelter to the School Management Committee. SMC Certificate will assume the responsibility of the shelter. Taking FLU/ DLU / RLU / HLU will handover the furnished over/Handing over FLU / shelter to the School Management Committee. SMC FORM - 22 As Needed Certificate for DLU will assume the responsibility of the shelter with his / Furniture Work her members. Time extension beyond the original With consent from the FLU/DLU/RLU/HLU contractor FORM - 23 HLU As Needed intended may request for an time extension for a project. completion date FLU/DLU/RLU will report any defects found in the sites Defects Correction FLU / for the 1. Civil Works, 2. Sanitary Works, 3. Electrical FORM - 24 As Needed Certificate DLU Works, 4. Tube well, 5. Rainwater Harvesting System, 6. Road Works, 7. Bridge/Culverts Work. Field Group Field level stakeholders for the project are SMC and Discussion - School the community(School Management Committee). This Committee FORM - 25 FLU As Needed FLU would assist to achieve the interaction with the Chairman / 2000 community members, among them 1000 have to Member / Head be female. Master/community

Appendix 7 includes the ICT Monitoring Training Manual and the Survey Forms.

143

CHAPTER 11: OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

11.1 Use of Shelters in Bangladesh in Brief Shelters are not adequate in numbers and some are not located appropriately to cater to an optimum number of people, with service facilities not up to the standards. However, the present shelters were in immense help during previous incidents of disasters. Majority of shelters serve multipurpose functions such as primary education facilities, public welfare centres, madrasas, and also connected to killas. Providing a safe haven to domestic animals is one other very important benefit the shelters offer to the community to avoid disruptions to their livelihood incomes. In floods and cyclones or any kind of disaster, many of the victims happen to lose their livelihoods. Daily wage labourers, rickshaw pullers, vendors in the urban sector and farmers, fishermen, labourers working in fish farms, salt industry and animal farms in the rural sector are badly affected. Animal rearing is accepted as a common domestic occupation of many rural Bangladeshis. Sometimes, with the extended families living in close proximity, animal rearing is their secondary source of income where women primarily engaged while working in the house and fields. The loss of animals is a severe blow to their living and killas are built to protect animals. In early years, killas were built from earth in elevated open areas. At present, the tradition has been changed and transforms to more permanent and solid structures.

In a country where around 50% of population lives under the poverty line, construction of solid houses, raised plinths and concrete roof slabs etc. are far beyond the reach for many of the vulnerable people. Therefore, community takes refuge in formal and informal shelters during disasters. The existing numbers of shelters in use are insufficient, even to cater to the present population who demand repairs and rehabilitation of existing shelters and construction of new buildings. Otherwise, shelters will be increasingly overcrowded with the 1.5% population growth (as per Bangladesh Economic Review 2010) by 2025. The other factor is the poor accessibility to shelters which always hamper the due evacuation. Road transport is one of the important factors of development. Improvements to road network system will not only facilitate effective emergency response, relief and rehabilitation but also will be a gateway for rural development. Improvements to road network amplify marketing facilities for agricultural products and other goods, enhance the labor mobility, and build the rural areas more inhabitable. Hence, repairs and elevation above the flood level for feeder roads are essential.

Operation and maintenance (O&M) manual is a valuable tool. It defines the requirements and procedures for the effective operation, maintenance, decommissioning and demolition of the building, and includes instructions for its operation and maintenance.

144

11.1.1 Current Shelter Operation & Maintenance (O&M) Practices The Disaster Management Bureau (DMB) under the umbrella of the Ministry of Food and Disaster Management (MoFDM) is the main host for managing the shelters as suitable emergency sanctuaries for cyclone affected people. Under the supervision of DMB the hierarchical structure of shelter management is the District Disaster Management Committee (DDMC), Upazila Disaster Management Committee (UZDMC), Union Disaster Management Committee (UDMC) and Shelter Management Committee (SMC). Proper maintenance and management of cyclone shelters is essential for ensuring safe haven facilities to the affected population at times of emergencies. In this regard, the guidelines are available for the activation of shelter management committees and the activities of the committees before, during and after disasters.

The Bangladesh Red Crescent Society (BDRCS) has been conducting shelter management activities as complementary services in close cooperation with GoB. In terms of cyclone preparedness, Cyclone Shelter Management Committees/volunteers are trained annually, and equipment are maintained regularly for communications and immediate response. Since 1973, the shelter management committees and volunteers have been working under the guidance of the Cyclone Preparedness Program (CPP) of BDRCS. The CPP is funded annually by the Federation secretariat, the Bangladesh Government and other partners, and a joint program management mechanism has been set up by the creation of a program Policy Committee and a program Implementation Board.

Currently, around 40,000 volunteers have been trained in community level preparedness and response in cyclone prone coastal areas. CPP coverage is still limited to 30 Upazillas of coastal districts within high risk area (HRA). It is reported that the shelter management committees are functional where CPP exists. The shelter management activities of CPP include dissemination of early warning signals to the community issued by Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD), assisting affected people in relocating to shelter, rescuing distressed people and providing first aid to injured people, assisting in relief and rehabilitation operations, etc. They usually disseminate cyclone warning signals almost door-to-door using megaphones, hand sirens and public address systems.

Caritas Bangladesh has also been maintaining three shelters in Chakaria, Maheshkhali and Kutubdia of Cox's Bazar district under the commission of PRISM (Projects in Agriculture, Rural Industry, Science and Medicine - an NGO with a Bangladesh office). They serve as offices during normal time. PRISM maintains the shelters regularly and encourages affected people to take shelter during the disaster events through awareness building program.

The present shelter management committees comprise multi-sectoral people, such as ward members, local elite, teachers, imams, priests, farmers, businessmen, and women, and in some cases fishermen. The field investigations revealed that most of the cyclone shelters had no management committees. The local schools or madrasa committees usually take

145

over the responsibility of managing the shelters. Some of the shelters were found to be poorly maintained due to lack of funds and ownership. The feeling in general is that the shelters are government property and therefore should be maintained by the government. At the same time, it was found that the shelter management committees were not functional due to lack of pro activeness of its members as well as lack of regular inter- (between DMCs and SMCs) and intra-coordination (among the SMC members). DMCs are indifferent to regular monitoring and assessment of SMC activities as well as to providing training for building capacity and awareness. It is death, misery and pain from recurring cyclones that finally mobilize the disaster managers.

In case of a school-cum-shelter, its key remains in the custody of a schoolteacher or attendant whereas in case of a shelter the key remains either with the Union Parishad Chowkidar (guard) or an influential person who lives near the shelter. Therefore, there is no specific person appointed as custodian of the shelter key. The toilets and drinking water facilities in most cases are damaged and cannot serve the people taking shelter during disaster events. It is reported that due to lack of adequate fund and strong committees these facilities are not being restored for emergency use. Moreover, there is no separate facility for women and children in the shelters, which causes social problems. UDMC and other volunteers conduct loudspeaker announcement (miking) to urge people to rush to safer places or nearby shelters.

11.1.2 Problem & Issues with current O&M Practice The problems and issues related to the current shelter management practices are based on three different time periods, such as pre-cyclone, during cyclone and post cyclone periods. The problems and concerns are as follows:

11.1.3 Structural management A considerable number of shelters are in a vulnerable condition as most are damaged due to lack of day-to-day maintenance and other reasons such as river bank erosion, poor quality of construction materials, less consideration given to potential high wind speed at construction, etc. Currently, people of cyclone affected areas take shelter without considering the vulnerability of the buildings and at the same time they are in fear of the shelters collapsing on top of them during the event. This fear discourages them from taking shelter in these structures. According to the structural strength analysis of the 2,583 cyclone shelters conducted by CEGIS, around 3% (81) of shelters are vulnerable to tsunami, around 8% (208) to cyclone and around 72.8% (1,881) to earthquake.

11.1.4 Institutional management Figure 11.1:- Inundation risk map based on 18 cyclones from 1360-2007 and one synthesized cyclone

146

Although there is a strong linkage between disaster managers and the shelter management committees (SMC) there is poor interaction between them due to lack of regular coordination meetings. Poor institutional arrangements are hampering spontaneous participation of rural people in shelter management and causing a breakdown of effective cooperation between the local government and NGOs. As a result, the shelter management committees remain vague and directionless with regard to their responsibilities of shelter maintenance.

11.1.5 Logistic support management Although under proper cyclone shelter management provisions a number of shelter equipment items are badly needed. These include first aid boxes, free kitchen utensils, inflatable tower lights, aluminum ladders, power saws, life buoys, life jackets, search lights, stretchers, sirens, flexi-water tanks, fire extinguishers, foldable stretchers, solar lanterns, water filters and handheld megaphones, etc. Most of these equipment are used for search and rescue and within the shelters. SMC members and villagers could be trained on the use of these equipment during disasters.

11.1.6 Funding management In current practice, there is no provision for shelter based fund generation. Therefore, shelter management and maintenance is completely dependent upon government and NGO

147

fund allocation. However, funds from these sources are quite insufficient for maintaining the huge number of shelters.

11.1.7 Catchment area management During construction of the shelters scientific catchment area delineation is not generally considered. Therefore, the shelters are located at considerable distances from the villages to be served. This discourages the people especially women, children, the elderly and the disabled to avail the shelters during emergencies. This Operation and maintenance (O&M) manual will duly address the issues as discussed above so as to ensure management of the disaster shelters under MDSP in a more effective and sustainable manner.

11.2 Formation of Disaster Shelter Management Committees for MDSP

11.2.1: Multipurpose Use of Shelters The Multipurpose cyclone shelters will also be used as a hub of social activities in the local community like a Community hall for socio- cultural gatherings. Besides, the Disaster Shelter would be used by local community on payment at the nominal rates as specified for each shelter by the management. The user fees so collected will be deposited in the joint account and will be spent for the day to day maintenance of the building. However, the building cannot be used anti-social, anti-national, communal or political activities. Similarly, the building can’t be given on rent for permanent or longer period. As providing shelter to vulnerable people during disasters is the first priority, any contract for use of the building for any other purposes including economic uses stands cancelled as soon as a disaster warning is received and the building will be vacated immediately.

11.2.2 Necessity of Management Committee Therefore, a management committee is needed for each shelter. To ensure community ownership of the building and public participation in its management and maintenance, all the buildings have been handed over to the community based Disaster Shelter Management and Maintenance Committees (DSMMC). The practice will be followed in all the proposed shelters under the project.

The management committee should include the head of the institution (of education centres or other normal time use), one male and one female member from the UDMC and members from the local community. One third of the committee members must be women. The head of the committee will be selected by the committee members. The key to shelter door should be kept with 2-3 selected persons of the management committee and this information must be known by the community people. The Ward member of the concerned ward will act chairman of Disaster Shelter Management and Maintenance Committees (DSMMC). The head master of the school will act as the secretary of the DSMMC.

148

11.2.3 Role of MDSP Shelters Management Committee during Normal Day The primary roles of Disaster Shelter Management and Maintenance Committees (DSMMC) are follows 1. To manage and maintain the Disaster Shelter as a caretaker to the community asset on behalf of LGED and the community. 2. To ensure safe custody of the building and the equipment supplied/ to be supplied from time to time. 3. To keep the building in readiness for use as shelters by the evacuated persons during the disaster, to facilitate its use as shelter during the disaster and to vacate the same after disaster. 4. To ensure lawful use of the building during normal time, to put it on income generating use and collect funds for maintenance and to carry out actual minor repair work as per the rule out of the fund and maintain the records as per rules. 5. To ensure participation of the vulnerable community including the shelter village and served villages in disaster preparedness activities. 6. To organize community based capacity building activities like workshops, seminars, training program on disaster related skills, etc to sensitize, involve and to strengthen the community. 7. To develop awareness among the youth of the community to organize them into different task forces, strengthen their capacity and ensure their participation in disaster management. 8. To disseminate disaster warning and preparedness safety tips in the community and helps them in preparedness. 9. To establish and maintain relation with field level officials of different departments of Govt., LGIs and NGOs for better preparedness and management of activities during disaster.

11.2.4 Role of Management Committee During Disaster Period The Shelter Management Committee would Take following actions during disaster period:- Before Disaster  Maintain the shelters  Ensure safe custody of the building and the equipment supplied/ to be supplied from time to time  Establish and maintain relation with field level officials of the different departments of Government, UDMC members and NGOs for better preparedness and management of activities during disasters.

During Disaster

149

 Open the shelters for use by people during disasters  Ensure safety and security of the population sheltered  Ensure facilities for women and the disabled

After Disaster  Vacate the shelters after disaster  Clean the cyclone shelters after the event  Make the shelters available for normal time use

It would be responsibility of the committee to raise funds for maintenance of the shelters from local community and user of cyclone shelter during normal period from following sources  The managing committee of the institutions (education centers or other normal time use) might contribute a token amount of money to the shelter management fund;  The shelter might be used for other income generating use and funds should be collected for Maintenance;  The government or donor agencies might provide funds for shelter maintenance.

11.3 Responsibilities of Shelter Management Committee for Maintenance of Disaster Shelters Local Government Engineering Department is overall management of the maintenance of the disaster shelters. The disaster shelters are located in remote areas and the involvement of local community is very much essential for management of the shelters. Integration of the activities LGED and the local community in the form of Shelter Management Committee is required, which have discussed in the previous chapters.

11.3.1 Types of Maintenance Work for Disaster Shelters Following types of maintenance works would required for the Disaster Shelters:  Periodic Maintenance work;  Emergency Maintenance Work; and  Routine maintenance work; Periodic maintenance work and emergency maintenance work would be undertaken by the Local Government Engineering Department. In this chapter the process and procedure of the routine maintenance would be discussed which would be responsibility of the Shelter Management committee

11.3. 2 Responsibilities of Shelter Management Committee

150

The Management Committee would prepare a tentative budget of income and expenditure on routine maintenance of the cyclone shelter in the month of June of every calendar year for approval by the committee and the Local Government Engineering Department. 1. The Management Committee would carry out day to day routine maintenance of the building including cleaning of the floor, roof, wall, door and windows, repairs to hinges, hatch bolt and minor repair of shutters of doors and windows. 2. Participation of LGED in Management of Routine Maintenance from the Fund generated by Local Community. 3. The expenses should be met up from the fund collected from the local community and should be deposited in the local branch of a scheduled bank. The committee would maintain the record, which would be subject to audit by the LGED/Upazila Parishad as and when required; 4. The Shelter Management Committee would inform the Executive Engineer of LGED of the concerned district about the necessary urgent works after a disaster, or else the routine type of work.

11.4 Information Updating Process of MDSP Shelters The MDSP consultant has developed the database of the all existing new shelters in the project area. It has been experienced that since there is no centralized system for collecting and updating the shelter related information, it becomes a problem when needs assessment studies for new shelters are done. In order to resolve this problem and to ensure updated information on disaster cyclone shelters, several steps should be followed.  All shelter related information and documents like, Name of the shelter, Specific location, Funding and Constructing agency, available facilities, Floor area and Capacity of the shelter, Layout plans and design criteria, soil test report, foundation layout and design details etc. should be collected in the project data base of LGED . One set of information may be sent to the Disaster Management Bureau (DMB) to link up with National Level data base;.  All shelters should have a big ‘S’ mark of 8m x 5m dimensions on the roof. The ‘S’ mark should be painted on a black background and in white or florescent weather proof color which could be observed from remote sensing imagery (e.g., IKONOS) so that the specific locations of shelters could be updated through remote sensing (RS). A sample ‘S’ mark is shown in following Figure 11..1

151

Fig. 11.2 – “S” Mark  A centralized cyclone- shelter information database should be established in LGED HQ. which will be updated and monitored regularly. One set of such database may be sent to the Disaster Management Information Centre (DMIC) of Disaster of Management Bureau for record and reference.

11.4.1 Inspection of Disaster Shelter: Each Disaster shelter should be inspected by a team headed by the Upazila engineer to make an inventory of the condition of the shelter. The team would inspect the shelter at least one in every quarter of the year using a check list prepared for the purpose. A sample checklist is shown in figure- 11.3.

Figure -11.3: Check list for Periodic Inspection of Disaster Shelter Shelter ID Village Ward Union Upazila District Date of Inspection

1. Doors  Does each door panel open and shut without obstruction of the door frame?  Is the door panel a true rectangle shape or has it been planned to fit the frame? Tip: Check for uneven gaps at the top and bottom of the door panel. Tip: Check that the striker plate has not been adjusted within the door jamb.

2. Windows  Attempt to open and close each window  Look for condensation and damp damage.  Are there any cracked panels of glass? Tip: Often timber frames are patched and painted with fiberglass filler, look for irregularities in the paint surface. Fiberglass filler and putties are only a short term repair they usually hide much worse damage. 3. Wall& Ceiling  From the door way openings look at the line of the wall is there any buckling.  Solid brick walls may have damp issues, are there any mould stains or irregular areas of fresh

152

paint.  Check the level of the ceilings is even and consistent or is there a lot of patch repair and damp stains.  If it is a solid brick wall check for damp and mould markings along the floor level. Tip: Shine a torch from an angel at the wall and ceiling surfaces, this can highlight patch repairs and thin paint cover. Tip: Sagging in the ceiling can indicate a past roof leak and should signal close attention to the condition of the roof and its performance. 4. Toitets  Flush Toilet while viewing the area behind the seat look for leaks at the cistern and waste pipes. Aged rubber seals should be replaced  Check for excessive use of silicon sealant this is a sign of leakage and poor quality repair. Tip: Gently pull the chain. If a linkage has become detached within the cistern, this should be fairly obvious as the handle/chain will lose its normal 'feel' - i.e. the handle or chain won't return to its normal position. Most linkages which have come loose can just be refitted and tightened after removing the top of the cistern. Tip: The flush valve within a cistern requires servicing to ensure no water wastage occurs. 5. Plumbing Services  Check the outgoing pipe at the water meter to determine the material used for the main supply line.  Check waste pipes for cracks and broken seals. Tip: Galvanized pipes are a cause of poor quality water and poor pressure; they should be updated for Copper or PVC. If the pipes are dirty scratch through the surface, a silver colour indicates galvanized pipe and copper colour, copper pipe. Tip: It is only a licensed plumber whom can provide a truly professional accurate indication of the plumbing service. They will use specialized testing equipment and pressure tests and pin point exact location of leaks or failure in the waste plumbing. A typical pre-purchase building inspection will only provide a general overview. 6. Electrical Services  Open the fuse box and observe whether it contains a fuse wire system or a modern circuit breaker system.  Check for the physical presence of an Earth Leakage Safety Switch.  If there is an opportunity to view the roof space or under house area look for the use of wiring cable that is of a white colour, this is usually the modern standard.  Black coloured cable and the use of timber cable trays cause certain concern for the need of a wiring update.  Check solar panels, batteries and the rest of the accessories Tip: Only a licensed electrician can provide an accurate test and assessment of a home wiring service and safety. A building inspector´s comments will only relate to a visual observation as to whether there have been wiring and or fuse box updates. Tip: Make installation and testing of a Safety Switch a number one priority upon purchasing a new home 7. Roof Frame  Seek to determine the type of timber used. If possible access the roof space.

153

 Hardwood timber indicates that you may endure the sound of roof creaks and also cracks in ceiling plaster during the change of seasons  A Pine Timber is used in prefabricated trusses and is usually much more stable.  View the roof from the street does it appear uniform or are there wave like patterns in the surface. Tip: Pay close attention to areas around roof skylights and air conditioning services, poor quality trade services have been known to saw through critical roof timbers during installation.

8. Roof Cover Drainage  Check that Iron roofs are free of rust, pay close attention to the roof colour as it is not uncommon to find that owners have painted over rust damage.  Look for faded colour on concrete tiles to indicate the need for new sealant.  Look for cracked mortar pointing along the ridge, hip and valley tiles.  Check of rust marks along valley iron, gutters and down pipes.  Is there any rust or water marks on the timber and eave lining beneath the roof line, this indicates leakage?  Check that down pipes are connected to a storm water pipe at ground level and not just left to discharge rain water at the base of the house.  Check that the inlets to the tanks are not blocked where rain water harvesting systems are in place Tip: Tiled roofs deteriorate with age also and concrete tiles in particular require new sealant after about 25 years, they otherwise can become porous and deteriorate at a rapid rate. The sealant then needs to be applied again every 7 10 years to ensure the material quality of the tile is preserved. Tip: Terra cotta roof tiles that are older than 50 years of age have a very unpredictable performance quality and professional servicing becomes very costly, the tiles become very brittle and cannot be walked on. 9. External Wall Surface  Check the lines in the timber weather boards; they may have sagging or bowed lines if the structure has moved.  Check for damp rot adjacent to window openings, plumbing and at ground level.  Cracks in brick work that are of a significant concern would normally be obvious as large cracks. Pay particular attention around door and window openings, this is where the first signs of movement usually occurs.  Scrape the mortar joins within a brick wall with a screwdriver, if it is removed freely and has a dusty quality. The joints may need to be raked and pointed with new mortar. Tip: Damp rot usually starts at the join in timber weatherboard, timber at the corners of a house are at highest risk of having damp rot damage. Tip: Pay close attention to walls adjacent to large trees for concern of the root structure causing damage. 10. Sub Floor Area  Check the material quality of the stumps (if any); probe the base of the stumps with a large screwdriver.  Check the soil surface under the house for any water courses.  Check that garden bed levels are kept below the line of the internal floor level.

154

 There should be a fall in the surface of the ground adjacent to the building perimeter that directs surface water away from the house. Tip: Concrete stumps are far superior in durability to timber stumps. Timber stumps that are older than 30 years almost certainly require replacement.

1. Tube Wells  Check whether all components of the well are in working order.

11.4.2 Periodic Damage Assessment Report: On the basis of check list, the inspection team would take the measurements of the damage portions/ parts of the disaster shelter building and its premises and prepare the quarterly Engineer’s estimate using the format (as shown in Figure-11.3) for each shelter. Finally, the Upazila Engineer would prepare the item wise quantity and cost of the annual repair cost of all shelters (Figure-11.4) and submit to the Executive Engineers for taking next course of action.

Figure 11.4: A Sample Sheet of Annual Repair Cost. S. Main Item Sub Items Quantity Unit Unit Cost Total Amount No.

1

2

1 Doors 3

4

1

2

2 Windows 3

4

1

2

3 Wall & Ceiling 3

4

155

S. Main Item Sub Items Quantity Unit Unit Cost Total Amount No.

1

2

4 Toilet 3

4

1

2

5 Plumbing Services 3

4

1

2

6 Electrical Services 3

4

1

2

7 Roof Frame 3

4

1

2 Roof Cover 8 Drainage 3

4

External Wall 9 1 Surface

156

S. Main Item Sub Items Quantity Unit Unit Cost Total Amount No.

2

3

4

1

2

10 Sub Floor Area 3

4

1

2

11 Tube Wells 3

4

11.4.3 Issuance of Instruction to Annual Maintenance Contract for Execution of the Work The Executive Engineer on having approval of annual repair estimate of all shelters, issue necessary instruction to the annual maintenance contractor to undertake the work. The annual maintenance contractor would be appointed at the beginning of each financial year.. Inspection of the work, recording measurements, payment to the contractors for work, etc would be done as per prevailing rules and procedures of Local Government Engineering Department.

157

Reference

1. Hossain, M.B., 2011. Macrobenthic community structure from a tropical estuary, LAP Publishing Company, Germany. pp: 84. 2. MoWR, 2005. Coastal Development Strategy. Dhaka, Ministry of Water Resources, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh. 3. Islam, M.R. (Ed.). 2004. Where land meets the sea: a profile of the coastal zone of Bangladesh. Dhaka, the University Press Limited. 317 pp. 4. Minar H.M., Hossain B.M. and Shamsuddin D.M., 2013. Climate Change and Coastal Zone of Bangladesh: Vulnerability, Resilience and Adaptability, Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 13 (1): 114-120. 5. Islam R., N.d., Pre-and post-tsunami coastal planning and land-use policies and issues in Bangladesh, Dhaka. 6. Government of Bangladesh (GoB). 2005. Unlocking the potential: national strategy for accelerated poverty reduction. Dhaka, General Economic Division, Planning Commission, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh. 7. Islam, M.R. & M. Ahmad. 2004. Living in the coast: problems, opportunities and challenges. Dhaka, Program Development Office for Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan Project; Water Resources Planning Organization. 8. Banglapedia, 2015. http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Main_Page. Accessed date: March 07, 2016. 9. BBS, 2011. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Bangladesh Government, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 10. Hossain M., 2008. ‘Vulnerability of Bangladesh’s Coastal Region to Climate Change’, http://mangroveactionproject.org/vulnerability-of-bangladeshs-coastal-region-to- climate-change/ Accessed on 9 march, 2016. 11. Bangladesh National Building Code, 1993. 12. Susmita Dasgupta, et. al. The Worl Bank-2010, Vulnerability of Bangladesh to Cyclones in a Changing Climate-Potential Damages and Adaptation Cost. 13. Vulnerability Assessment and Damage Prediction of RCC Buildings (PWD)-2015.

158

APPENDIX – 1 Data Collection Format

159

Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) Multipurpose Disaster Shelter Project, Phase-1

District : ……………………………………………………………………….. DD

Upazila : ……………………………………………………………………….. MM

Union : ……………………………………………………………………….. YY

PART A: SOCIO ECONOMIC INFORMATION FOR AN UNION

1. i. No. Of families…………… ii. Current Population (Male)………...(Female)………… iii. Expected population in 2025 ………

iv. Cultivable Land( Acre)………………………Forest(Acre)………………………….wetland(Acre)……………………….Industry(Acre)……………………..

2. Occupation: i.Agriculture ……....No. ii. Fisheries ……….No. iii. Livestock ……….No. iv. Boatman ……….No. v. Fisherman ……….No. iv. Others …..… No.

3. Livestock: i. Cattle …………….. ii. Goats …………………. iii. Sheep ……………. iv. Poultry .………… v. Others ………..….

4. Disaster Risk Zone……………………. 5. Early warning System No Yes (Specify)

5. Damage Information in Disaster in previous Years

Years 2010(Laila) 2009(Ayla) 2008(Nargis) 2007(Sidr) 1991 No. of deaths No. of injured No. of houses damaged No. of houses destroyed Type of lost livestock

160

No. of livestock lost Area of cropland lost (Acre) No. fishing boats lost No fishing nets lost (m) Others(Specify) Cash Cash Yes/No Cash Yes/No Cash Yes/No Cash Yes/No Cash Yes/No Compensation Yes/No Received Materials Materials Yes/No Materials Yes/No Materials Yes/No Materials Yes/No Materials Yes/No Yes/No

161

PART B: EXISTING DISASTER SHELTERS INFORMATION CODES

Repair Status

1 = No Need to 1. i. Name DS……………………………………………… ii. School or DS ID…………. iii.Ward No.………… iv.Mouza .…………………………… Repair 2 = Need Minor Repair 3 = Need Major vi. Village ……………………………… v. Name of Villages within 1.5 Km …………………………..………………………………………. Repair 4 = Repair Not Possible vii. Construction Year …………………….… viii. Accomodation capacity ………………...… persons Water

1 = Tubewell

ix. Plinth Area(sft) ……..……….. x. Land area(acar) ……………... xi. No. of Toilets (Male)…..………….... (Female)… …………... 2 = Pipe

3 = Pond

xii. Water Status …………..…. xiii. Water Source ………..…..… xiv. Septic Tank ………..……… xv. Ramp ………..….. 4 = Others

All time

2. GPS Coordinates: i. Northing … …………………………. ii. Easting ………………………….. 1 = Yes 2 = No.

3. i. Population Covered within 1.5 km.………………… person ii. Distance from UHQ ………………. Km.

iii. Expected Population in 2025 within 1.5 km…………………….

4 . Early Warning System No Yes (Give Details) 5 . Funding Agencies of Existing Ds…………………………………………..

6. DS Uses

No. of Floors Ground 1st 2nd 3rd

Open

Shelter

162

School

Killa

Others(Specify)

7. Condition of DS Very Good Good Satisfactory Bad

Very Bad Repair not possible Under Construction

8. Repair Status (Code)

1st Ground Floor 2nd Floor Roof Beam Column Wall Window Door Toilet Stair Ramp Others Floor

9. Communication Source Radio TV Mobile Network Others(Specify) N/A

10. Power Station generator Solar PBS Others(Specify) N/A

11. Additional Facilities

Water reservoir Food Storage System Additional Toilet Others (Specify)

Yes No Yes No Yes No

PART C: ACCESS ROAD AND POLDER INVENTORY INFORMATION

Washed away (M) Condition of Polder if 1 Repaired (Y/N) any Need repairs (Y/N) Road 1 Road 2 Road 3 Road 4

2 Road Details From

To

163

Name of the Road

Road Type

Road ID

Length (Km)

Width of Pavement(m)

Width of Embankment(m)

Kachcha

Surfacing Type BC

Others(Specify)

Surfacing (mm)

Thickness Base-course (mm)

S-Base-(mm)

% road covered Potholes Average depth

Please Sketch the road with its existing arrangement. Use an extra page if necessary .Attachment Photographs.

Signature of Data Collector Signature of Ward Chairman/Member Signature of School Headmaster Signature of SAE(LGED) Signature of Upazila Engr.(LGED) Mobile- Mobile- Mobile- Mobile- Mobile-

164

PART D: PROPOSED DISASTER SHELTER LOCATION

1 Educational Institution ID …….………………………………………………………………………….. DS …..…………………………………………………………………………. Name of 2 Mouza ….………………………………………………………………………….. proposed site Village ….………………………………………………………………………….. 3 Disaster Risk Zone ….………………………………………………………………………….. Northing ….………………………………………………………………………….. 4 Coordinates Easting ….…………………………………………………………………………..

5 Distance from Existing Ds / Killas (Km) ……………………………………………………………

6 Population covered Within 1.5 Km …………………………………………………………… Ye No s 7 Any river near the DS.If yes Then Specify the name & Distance from DS. Na Distance(m) me

8 HWL During Disaster (m) ……………………………………………………………

9 Distance from Upazila HQ (Km) …………………………………………………………… Govt. Ownership of 10 Private the land Others(Specify)

11 Current Use of the Land

12 Approximate area of the land (Acre) Available for the DS …………………………………………………………… Ye 13 Early Warning System No s

165

If Yes then Specify Ye 14 No Acquisition required s Ye 15 No Eviction required s Ye 16 No Resettlement required s Ye No Available s Distance from main Access road road 20. Housing Structure 17 if available Any Such House is safe Type of House No. of during Width (m) House/Households Cyclone Kachcha Pucca Building 18 Available Road's Surfacing Type BC Semi pucca Others(Specify) Tin Shed with wooden Pillar Good Condition Tin Shed with Bamboo Pillar Needs Minor Repair Thatched house 19 Condition of the access road Needs Major Repair Shanties (Jhupri) Total From …………………………………………………………… 21 To If access roads are not available, …………………………………………………………… proposed road Distance from main road …………………………………………………………… Ye No 22 Water supply Status s Source 23 Communication coverage available TV Radio Mobile N/A

166

Ye 24 Availability of power supply No s Ye 25 No Construction materials available s PART E: ENVIRONMENTAL SCREENING QUESTIONS FOR PROPOSED DS

Yes No Scale of Impact Specific Questions Remarks /Answers H M L E1 Is there any air / dust pollution? What is the nature and source of air pollution i.e. vehicle, industry? If industry, mention type, distance. E.2 Is there any surface water i.e. pond, khal, Name & Nos. of Water Body? beel, haor, baor, river, etc. pollution? How far? Fresh/Salty? What is the nature and source of surface water pollution i.e. industrial, domestic etc.? How far is the source of pollution? Is there any Impact on Fish? Species? E.3 Is there any groundwater pollution? What is the nature and source of ground water pollution i.e. arsenic, iron, manganese etc.? What is the depth of ground water table in dry and wet seasons? E.4 Is there any noise pollution? What is the nature and source of noise pollution i.e. vehicle, industry etc.? How far?

167

E.5 Is there any water logging / drainage What is the existing drainage congestion? condition? How far? How long water is logged? E.6 Are there any environmentally sensitive What type of area i.e. areas adjacent or within the area? Conservation area, National park, Forest, natural habitat etc.? How far is the sensitive area? E.7 Are there any agricultural land or crop losses What type of crop is grown? from the project activities? Crop growing period / season?

Amount of crop production? How far is the agricultural land? Is there any land pollution? Nature & Sources i.e. industrial, domestic etc.? E.8 Is there any degradation or disturbance of What and how far? historical or culturally important sites (mosque, temple, pagoda, church, graveyards, monuments etc.) or vulnerable group? E.9 Will there be any destruction of trees and Type of trees/vegetations need to vegetation due to project activities? cut down? How many trees will be cut down?

Signature of Data Collector Signature of Ward Chairman/Member Signature of School Headmaster Signature of SAE(LGED) Signature of Upazila Engr.(LGED) Mobile- Mobile- Mobile- Mobile- Mobile-

168

Appendix – 2

District-wise Lists of Existing Shelters with District Maps

(Separate Volume)

169

APPENDIX – 3

District-wise Lists of Prioritized Proposed Shelter Locations with District Maps (Separate Volume)

170

APPENDIX – 4

District and Upazila wise Maps showing the Existing and Prioritized Proposed Shelter Locations (Separate Volume)

171

APPENDIX – 5

Environmental Site Clearance Certificate issued by Department of Environment for the nine districts

172

173

APPENDIX – 6

TENTATIVE IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE FOR MDSP CONSTRUCTION WORKS

174

Tentative Implementation Schedule –MDSP Construction works

175

APPENDIX – 7

ICT MONITORING TRAINING MANUAL AND SURVEY FORMATS

(Separate Volume)

177