University of Huddersfield Repository Ngurah, Anom R. I. G. The civic realm in Bali: a case study of ritual traditions in the Littoral regions Original Citation Ngurah, Anom R. I. G. (2017) The civic realm in Bali: a case study of ritual traditions in the Littoral regions. Doctoral thesis, University of Huddersfield. This version is available at http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/32101/ The University Repository is a digital collection of the research output of the University, available on Open Access. Copyright and Moral Rights for the items on this site are retained by the individual author and/or other copyright owners. Users may access full items free of charge; copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided: • The authors, title and full bibliographic details is credited in any copy; • A hyperlink and/or URL is included for the original metadata page; and • The content is not changed in any way. For more information, including our policy and submission procedure, please contact the Repository Team at: [email protected]. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/ The Civic Realm in Bali A Case Study of Ritual Traditions in the Littoral Regions Anom Rajendra I Gusti Ngurah A thesis submitted to the University of Huddersfield in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy February 2017 Copyright statement i. The author of this thesis (including any appendices and/or schedules to this thesis) owns any copyright in it (the “Copyright”) and s/he has given The University of Huddersfield the right to use such copyright for any administrative, promotional, educational and/or teaching purposes. ii. Copies of this thesis, either in full or in extracts, may be made only in accordance with the regulations of the University Library. Details of these regulations may be obtained from the Librarian. This page must form part of any such copies made. iii. The ownership of any patents, designs, trademarks and any and all other intellectual property rights except for the Copyright (the “Intellectual Property Rights”) and any reproductions of copyright works, for example graphs and tables (“Reproductions”), which may be described in this thesis, may not be owned by the author and may be owned by third parties. Such Intellectual Property Rights and Reproductions cannot and must not be made available for use without the prior written permission of the owner(s) of the relevant Intellectual Property Rights and/or Reproductions. ii Abstract This thesis investigates the civic life of a Balinese community in the context of ritual activities and traditions taking place in a coastal village, tracing relationships between ritual itinerary and topography, and highlighting the tensions and conflicts that have emerged between these ritual practices and recent developments in tourism. In the context of the littoral regions of Bali, the concept of the civic realm serves as a broad framework of the research which focuses on the village of Kuta. The choice of Kuta Village for this investigation was based on the following criteria: 1. the historical importance of the village, 2. its significance as a known tourist destination, and 3. its urban/coastal complexity. In order to address the relationships between these three criteria, the research adopted a mixed method approach, incorporating a range of quantitative and qualitative material. Participants in the research project are all, in various ways, stakeholders in the future of Kuta Village who are involved in the usage, monitoring and management of the beaches, including environmentalists. From the perspective of an outsider visiting Kuta Village, there seems to be little evidence of conflict between the local community’s ritual traditions and tourist activities in both the village and on the beaches. However, underlying this apparent tranquillity a rather different situation emerges, which concerns the sometimes conflicting interests of three parties; hotel companies, the community of environmental supporters, and the government. This conflict, which is manifested in disputes over claims of territorial ownership and control, is in danger of leading to long term negative impacts on the social life and beach environment. Furthermore, initial investigations of the key issues, arising from this conflict, suggests that a significant part of the problem is due to a combination of unplanned tourist development, weak management, ineffective law enforcement and the effect of beach erosion. Due to these negative impacts, and their implications on the civic life of the community, this thesis aims to initiate discussions for a revised planning and design strategy for Kuta Village in order to achieve a more balanced relationship among ecological needs, custody of the civic realm and a sustained development in tourism. Such a strategy aims, ultimately, to improve understanding of the key challenges facing the town for benefit of practitioners, planners, government bodies and academia. Keywords: civic realm, ritual traditions, and littoral regions iii Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisors, Professor Nicholas Temple and Mr. Richard Nicholls for their continuous support, valuable insights and constructive criticism during my doctoral study. They are more than supervisors they are sincere friends and a continuous source of inspiration. I would like to thank the Directorate of High Education, the Ministry of High Education and Research of Indonesia Republic who have funded my study and have given me this great opportunity. Also, I would like to thank all the academics in the Department of Architecture and School of Art, Design and Architecture for their support and insightful discussions and for providing me with a great working environment. I would like to extend my special thanks to Professor Steve Swindells, Dr. Juliet MacDonald, Dr. Yun Gao and Dr. Richard Astley Fellows. I am addressing my sincere thanks to all those who willingly took part in this research, especially the local community of Kuta Bali, the Government of Badung Regency and Bali Province, who have all been extremely helpful and have given me confidence in the significance of my work. I would also like to thank my friends who have given me important moral support throughout the four years of my study and who were always there in time of need. My special thanks go to Nengah Rasna, Widya Paramartha, Cok Istri Widyani, A.A. Mayun, and Adi Susila. Finally, I would like to express my gratefulness to my wife, Dw Ayu Rai Sumariati, who never stops believing in me and who is my most trusted friend. Three jewels of my heart, my daughters and son: Eka Savitri, Warma Rajasa and Tri Tunggadewi who have always been an inspiration and the spirit of my life. Without their love and many long conversations, I would have never succeeded in finishing this project. Last, but not least, I wish to greatly thank my parents although they are in another world. iv Table of Contents Table of Contents __________________________________________ v List of Figures ____________________________________________ ix List of Tables ____________________________________________ xii Glossary ________________________________________________ xiii Chapter 1: Introduction _____________________________________ 1 1.1 Background of the Study ______________________________________ 2 1.2 The Civic Realm: Definitions and Meanings ____________________ 10 1.3 Problem Statements and Research Questions __________________ 15 1.4 Aims and Objectives _________________________________________ 16 1.5 Significance of Research _____________________________________ 17 1.6 Scope and Limitations ________________________________________ 18 1.7 Structure of the Thesis _______________________________________ 19 1.8 Literature Review ____________________________________________ 21 Chapter 2: Research Design and Methodology _________________ 34 2.1 Introduction ____________________________________________________ 34 2.2 Selection of a Case Study _______________________________________ 34 2.3 Research Theory _______________________________________________ 37 2.4 Research Methods ______________________________________________ 38 2.4.1 Data Collection Technique ____________________________________________ 41 2.4.2 Data Analysis Technique _____________________________________________ 55 2.5 Limitation, Difficulty and Reflection on Fieldwork _________________ 57 2.6 Conclusion _____________________________________________________ 58 Chapter 3: The Island of Bali and the Background of Balinese People ________________________________________________________ 59 3.1 Introduction ____________________________________________________ 59 3.2 The Island Of Bali _______________________________________________ 59 3.2.1 Topography, Geography and Climate __________________________________ 61 3.2.2 Demography and Economy Factors ____________________________________ 65 3.3 The Balinese People ____________________________________________ 69 3.3.1 Religion and Beliefs __________________________________________________ 70 v 3.3.2 Family and Kinship ___________________________________________________ 73 3.3.3 Society and Organisation _____________________________________________ 78 3.3.4 Living Culture _______________________________________________________ 85 3.4 The History of Bali: