Muhammad Fahmi Hidayatullah/Ta’dib: Jurnal Pendidikan , Vol. 9 No.2 (2020) 1-13 ISSN 1411-8173 | E-ISSN 2528-5092 https://ejournal.unisba.ac.id/index.php/tadib/article/view/6255

ACTUALIZATION OF KH. 'S (GUS DUR) THOUGHT: SOCIO-RELIGIOUS AND ECONOMIC EDUCATION PERSPECTIVE

Muhammad Fahmi Hidayatullah Program Studi Pendidikan Agama Islam, Universitas Islam Malang Email: [email protected]

DOI: https://doi.org/10.29313/tjpi.v9i2.6255 Submitted: June 06th, 2020. Approved: November 20th, 2020. Published: November 20th, 2020

Abstract Character and economic crises are felt in almost every country. Learn from KH. Abdurrahman Wahid, a religious leader ( ') and state leader (umara'), is able to provide an example in caring for unity and integrity through the social, religious and economic fields. Gus Dur's thoughts were born from a boarding school that was able to join Western and Middle Eastern thought through the education he had received. Returning to to become a Muslim intellectual, cultural observer, and politician who ordered him to become the fourth president of the Republic of Indonesia. This research method uses descriptive qualitative with the type of character study or literature review with Gus Dur's thoughts in the social, religious and economic fields as the object of his research. Gus Dur's idea in the social and religious aspects is pluralism in uniting the nation. Meanwhile, in the economic aspect, the increase in the country's economic growth starts at -3% to grow by 4.9%. In addition, Gus Dur was very persistent in eradicating corruption by ordering the TGPTPK team even though he was disbanded due to threats. And regarding the prevention of collusion and nepotism, Gus Dur is willing to lose his position rather than violating the constitution. Keywords: Actualization; Gus Dur; Socio-Religion and Economy.

Abstrak Krisis karakter dan ekonomi hampir dirasakan setiap negara. Belajar dari KH. Abdurrahman Wahid seorang pemuka agama (ulama’) dan pemimpin negara (umara’) mampu memberikan contoh dalam merawat persatuan dan kesatuan melalui bidang sosial, agama, dan ekonomi. Pemikiran Gus Dur lahir dari pondok yang mampu dikombinasikan dengan pemikiran Barat maupun Timur Tengah melalui Pendidikan yang telah dikenyamnya. Kembali ke Indonesia menjadi seorang intelektual muslim, budayawan, dan politisi yang mengatarkannya menjadi presiden keempat Republik Indonesia. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan kualitatif deskriptif dengan jenis penelitian studi tokoh atau kajian literatur dengan menjadikan pemikiran Gus Dur bidang sosial, agama, dan ekonomi sebagai objek penelitiannya. Gagasan Gus Dur dalam aspek sosial dan agama adalah pluralism dalam mempersatukan banga. Sementara dalam aspek ekonomi peningkatan pertumbuhan ekonomi negara diawali -3% sampai tumbuh 4,9%. Selain itu, Gus Dur sangat gigih dalam melakukan pemberantasan korupsi melalui pembentukan tim TGPTPK walaupun dibubarkan karena dianggap sebagai ancaman. Dan perihal pencegahan kolusi dan nepotisme, Gus Dur merelakan kehilangan jabatannya dibandingkan melanggar konstitusi. Kata Kunci: Aktualisasi; Gus Dur; Sosio-Religi dan Ekonomi.

1

Muhammad Fahmi Hidayatullah/Ta’dib: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, Vol. 9 No.2 (2020) 1-13 ISSN 1411-8173 | E-ISSN 2528-5092 https://ejournal.unisba.ac.id/index.php/tadib/article/view/6255

INTRODUCTION the lower class and the margins. However, his attitude and personality are so One of the most controversial unpredictable that he represents an figures with a million ideas and Muslim intellectual, who can become a cleric, and intellectuals who are highly respected can also become a politician (Wahid, 2005: (Athoillah, 2015: 3) and earned the xv). nickname the father of Indonesian Born on August 4, 1940, Gus Dur's pluralism is KH. Abdurrahman Wahid, life journey was very dynamic (Harahap et who is familiar with the nickname Gus al., 2020: 27). The fact is that Gus Dur Dur. Actually his full name is never went up and moved frequently, even Abdurrahman ad-Dakhil which means the though he had received a scholarship conqueror, where his father KH. A. Wahid (tribunnews.com, 2018: 2). Failure and Hasyim on the grounds of high optimism incomplete study completion based on the over the birth of his first son (Mufidah, principle of upholding idealism and the 2015: 95) (Barton, 2008: 35). The name spirit of learning new things continuously. was taken from the caravan pioneers who Several countries as places of study are had raised the flag of Islamic glory in and Iraq where he studied while Spain, namely the Umayyads. Meanwhile, contributing to maintaining the the word Addakhil recently was not sovereignty of the Republic of Indonesia enough, so in the end it was replaced by and obtained an Lc degree at the the name Wakhid which later changed to (Rosidi, 2016: 448). Abdurrahman Wahid and better known as One of his contributions was the writing Gus Dur (Hamid, 2014: 14). of a report on the results of the The meaning of the name Gus Dur investigation of the embassy in Egypt in (the conqueror) is in line with the khittah the G30 September 1965 incident (Musa, an nahdliyah ahlussunah wal jama'ah. It is only 2010: 7). natural that the spirit of struggle is full of Gus Dur's education did not stop at social dynamics. A figure who has a strong college. A more steep life journey began principle of upholding Human Rights when Gus Dur returned to Indonesia in (HAM), especially minorities and is highly 1971. Starting his career in the world of dedicated to all human beings (Lestari, journalism through an organization that 2020: 61), is controlled by Cak Nur's houses progressive Muslim intellectuals opinion that since he was young Gus Dur and social democrats. The organization is was a reckless figure, often leaving. from a a research, education, and economic and comfort zone and never satisfied in social information institute (LP3ES) with promoting pluralism and tolerance, lovers a concentration in the study of the world of the Republic of Indonesia, and of pesantren through guidance and defenders of oppressed minorities empowerment of modern economies in (Mufidah, 2015: 96). But what is no less Islamic boarding schools (Musa, 2010: 7) interesting than the grandson of the (Athoillah, 2015: 4). Gus Dur was founder of ' for us is a involved in the world of journalism as situation that is able to package every progressive Muslim intellectuals with a humanist and tolerant inner thought and social democrat spirit. Slowly, Gus Dur's idea (Mufidah, 2015: 95), with a career crept until he eventually became a humorous, relaxed, quirky (strange) researcher for Tempo magazine and personality, controversial. and many newspaper. Every time he people are intrigued, a characteristic that submits an article, he is almost always describes the simplicity of the lifestyle of accepted until he develops his personality

2

Muhammad Fahmi Hidayatullah/Ta’dib: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, Vol. 9 No.2 (2020) 1-13 ISSN 1411-8173 | E-ISSN 2528-5092 https://ejournal.unisba.ac.id/index.php/tadib/article/view/6255 as a social-political observer (Hamid, When looking at Gus Dur's life 2014: 41-42). which is full of dynamics, challenges, and Gus Dur's popularity and big ideas, Gus Dur can be called an reputation as an observer resulted in him intellectual from the , an intellectual, being invited to attend seminars, lectures cultural observer, movement figure, and and discussions on a large scale. So that able to become a politician to the highest makes him have to commute between position, namely the president of the and Jombang as a place to live with Republic of Indonesia (Mufidah, 2015: Dur's family (Hamid, 2014: 41-42). Apart 96). His expertise in various fields cannot from the above activities, Gus Dur was be separated from Gus Dur's place of also busy with teaching activities as a study. Jombang was the first place to gain lecturer at the Ushuluddin Faculty of knowledge which made Gus Dur a Hasyim Asy'ari University. religious person and Jogja made him an Apart from his dedication to the intellectual and cultural observer. Starting field of education, Gus Dur's popularity his education at the age of 15 at SMEP has increased since he served him through (Secondary School of Economics) community social organizations, namely and deepening his religious Nahdlatul Ulama '. Gus Dur was elected knowledge at Krapyak Islamic boarding chairman of the PBNU at the Situbondo school made him master Western congress in 1984 (Hamid, 2014: 46) at a philosophy or reading books on Western relatively young age (44 years) through the thought while at SMEP (Rosidi, 2016: idea of returning to the 1926 khittah which 447). Meanwhile, Tegalrejo 2 years means that NU must restore its identity as later made him a driving figure. In a religious community organization and addition, Jakarta has become a place for leave as practical politics (Ridwan, 2010: him to become a productive researcher. In 336). addition, Egypt and Baghdad became Gus Dur's contribution to the sources of civilization, intellectuality, and Indonesian nation was not only in the inspiration for Gus Dur's ideas and fields of education and socio-religion, but movements (Miftahuddin, 2015: 66-67). also Gus Dur's contribution to national Gus Dur was able to study across politics. In fact, when Indonesia's disciplines of science, including his place condition was in crisis, Gus Dur founded of study not only domestically, but abroad a political party called PKB (National as a field to gain knowledge. His broad Awakening Party) which was the embryo knowledge of knowledge made Gus Dur a of the Nahdlatul Ulama '(NU) controversial figure for someone whose organization on July 23, 1998 (Rahman, scientific understanding was not yet equal, 1999: 29). The goal was that the people including his educational process, which following NU could contribute as was not as dynamic as it was during Gus participants and voters in the 1999 Dur's education. After Gus Dur wandered legislative elections. The results were to gain knowledge and return to his satisfactory, although they did not become homeland, Gus Dur was able to build a the winning party with 12% of the votes civilization of a pesantren with a modern (Ekawati, 2015: 22), NU succeeded in management system, especially in bringing in the first president from among economic empowerment according to the the students, namely Gus Dur. This times (Rifai, 2010: 42-43), until he served success made Gus Dur a figure of all as chairman of the PBNU for three figures in various aspects of the scientific periods. with sharp criticism of the New field. Order government until finally he declared PKB as a political party which led him to

3

Muhammad Fahmi Hidayatullah/Ta’dib: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, Vol. 9 No.2 (2020) 1-13 ISSN 1411-8173 | E-ISSN 2528-5092 https://ejournal.unisba.ac.id/index.php/tadib/article/view/6255 become the fourth president of the While the type of research is Republic of Indonesia (Athoillah, 2015: 6). literature study (library research) by In essence, there are two things that analyzing books or texts which are used as influence Gus Dur's life, namely Islamic the main object of research (Mantra, 2008: boarding schools and Nahdlatul Ulama 3). The research focuses on the study of '(NU) (Mufidah, 2015: 95-96). Basically, he historical documentation, thoughts, ideas was born and raised in the Islamic of figures that can be decomposed into boarding school environment and the scientific writing. grandson of the founder of the Tebuireng Data collection techniques are Jombang Islamic boarding school and the carried out by in-depth interviews, largest community organization Nahdlatul participatory observation, written Ulama' (NU). Automatically, Gus Dur's documentation accompanied by internal character is attached to the identity of the criticism and external criticism and focus santri with the science, tradition and group discussions (Bakri, 2013: 127-135). practice of the boarding school which has Interviews were not conducted by led him to become a national figure in the researchers considering that the character country of Indonesia by persistently concerned had died, so in-depth promoting pesantren to the outside world observations were made through existing (Syarkun, 2013: 181). Islamic boarding documentation, both books, print and schools have a major contribution to online media, and works written by Bilau independence and the formation of himself. national character in the form of ethical, While qualitative data analysis simple, formal, and structural characters, techniques use interactive data analysis even though Gus Dur has been brought consisting of three components including: together with religious thinking patterns in data reduction, data display, and finally the Middle East, he still has a strong conclusions, withdrawals, or verification foundation in his religious thinking (Conclusion Drawing/ Verification) through Islamic boarding school (Miles, M.B, Huberman, A.M, dan education (Mufidah, 2015: 104). Saldana, 2014: 14).

RESEARCH METHOD RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The paradigm used in this scientific Founding Father Pluralism in article is postpositivism philosophy, as Indonesia Sugiono's opinion attempts to view social Gus Dur is a Muslim intellectual reality as something holistic / whole, figure, cultural observer, leader, and dynamic, complex, full of meaning and Ulama' who is unique and controversial in symptomatic relationships are interactive both his attitudes, actions and arguments (Sugiono, 2016: 14-15). (Nata, 2005 345). This uniqueness is While the approach used is inseparable from the Ulama's fatwa 'or qualitative-descriptive. Which is directed matters beyond human reasoning at the setting and the individual holistically regarding the breadth of knowledge he (intact). So, in this case it is not permissible has. Gus Dur was keen to defend to isolate an individual or organization minorities and social inequalities that hit into a variable or hypothetical, but it is the country (Sahfutra, 2014: 95), as did necessary to view it as part of a whole Gus Dur's defense of ethnic Chinese by (Moleong, 2000: 4). legalizing Konghuchu as a religion, including

4

Muhammad Fahmi Hidayatullah/Ta’dib: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, Vol. 9 No.2 (2020) 1-13 ISSN 1411-8173 | E-ISSN 2528-5092 https://ejournal.unisba.ac.id/index.php/tadib/article/view/6255 providing opportunities for minorities to held by traditional Ulama' figures with occupy strategic positions. modern thought ideas (Ama & Wulandari, Gus Dur's attitude as above is 2020: 266). inseparable from the figure of a statesman Religious pluralism is actually an who inspires and aspires and dreams in issue that arises from the discussion of building and maintaining the Republic of Western scientists in conducting studies of Indonesia as a country with a pluralistic religious studies using comparative nation (Hamid, 2014: 55). It is normal for religion (Sahfutra, 2014: 94). Plural means humans to take action without clarity on plural or many which come from English. the goals and ideals of life. This clarity of If linked in the context of society, plural purpose can pump up human enthusiasm represents the diversity or plurality of in formulating concrete steps to achieve society. Indonesia as a country is rich in their dreams and aspirations. culture, ethnicity, language and religion. Gus Dur has ideals of religion in a This wealth arose naturally not planned to peaceful and friendly manner (Rosidi, be formed, but had formed itself since 2016: 445). Peace is manifested in a calm Indonesia before independence (Ma’arif, atmosphere in the frame of unity and 2008: 80). oneness, while friendly is manifested in Diversity is always juxtaposed with conditions of respecting differences, pluralism, as is the view of Muslim respecting without hating, and being polite scholars from Sudan who resided in the in speaking and acting. As Djohan Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im Effendi's opinion, Gus Dur always (Miftahuddin, 2015: 65), that diversity is a yearned for national harmony in religious difference in terms of ethnicity, religion, life even though there were differences in including other demographic data. beliefs about the truth of his religion. Meanwhile, pluralism (pluralism) as However, for those who believe sincerely intuition, attitudes, values, and the process and understand the essential meaning of of translating the reality of diversity into religion, awareness of diversity can be sustainable social cohesion, economic found. So that every religious community development and political stability (An has an obligation to respect the freedom Na’im, 2007: 391-392). This means that to believe in and carry out worship diversity is a fact, while pluralism is wealth according to their religion (Effendi, 1999: or positive values that can be obtained 13) (Suhanda, 2010: 129). without using intellectuality and rational The freedom to embrace religion in reasoning. Indonesia is a gift that is shared by the In global conditions, pluralism has entire nation. Indonesia as a religious become a necessity along with country as contained in the first precept, transcultural and transnational issues that namely the One Godhead. This means often affect many people, making it not that every citizen is required to embrace a only studied by religious circles, but religion according to their respective cultural and intellectual also participate in beliefs in line with the state ideology studying the discourse. This is due to the . The freedom to embrace a complexity of the problem, especially the religion is in line with the concept of issue of the clash of beliefs held by the religious pluralism which guarantees the community which appears suddenly and right to freedom of cannot be resolved by followers of certain (Sahfutra, 2014: 94). The discourse of religions, but the involvement of each religious pluralism has a significant appeal, religion to sit together (Sahfutra, 2014: 95). especially at the beginning of the reform So that pluralism becomes contributive era where leadership transformation was

5

Muhammad Fahmi Hidayatullah/Ta’dib: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, Vol. 9 No.2 (2020) 1-13 ISSN 1411-8173 | E-ISSN 2528-5092 https://ejournal.unisba.ac.id/index.php/tadib/article/view/6255 for all elements to unite and accept each without the interference of other flowers other's differences. that grow around him (Rosidi, 2016: 457). Gus Dur made pluralism a In essence, life provides space for necessity of life as a nation and state which free movement and development without has relevance to the Pancasila ideology. getting obstacles from its competitors who Pluralism as a big idea is always socialized justify any means, as the Machiavelli’s in the discourses, attitudes, and policies philosophy of government views. If this that were issued when he became happens in religious life, it will be very president even though he invited strong concerning because it results in the status protests. His interest is none other than quo in a country, and Gus Dur does not fighting for minority rights and protecting want it. Religion is no longer a the incidents of social inequality that hit conditioning, a pacifier, including a the country (Barton, 2008: 243-244). It is regulator of human life to be in the path no wonder when the appreciation is given of goodness. Religion becomes a way that to Gus Dur as the Father of Indonesian leads people to a miserable path when Pluralism. This was admitted by the 6th religious freedom just disappears. president So it is not surprising that the through a speech delivered at the Ministry of Religion or the Ministry of of the late Gus Dur. Religion in the Gus Dur era was given a The actualization of Indonesian guideline on the work ethic of the Ministry pluralism in Gus Dur's thought does not of Religion through their thinking, namely, actually apply to the concept of tolerance the state apparatus belongs to everyone within the framework of the nation's and has the obligation to serve them fairly, ethnic and culture, but also to religion in wisely, without choosing the religion they Indonesia, although it is not explicitly adhere to (Effendi, 1999)(Suhanda, 2010: stated in the term religious pluralism. 128). Gus Dur views that all religious However, Gus Dur's work with the idea of people have freedom of expression and pluralism has embodied religious increase their existence with the potential pluralism through an open attitude in credibility they have according to their accepting the views of interfaith figures beliefs. (Sahfutra, 2014: 95). In addition, it also Gus Dur's thought about pluralism builds a climate of harmony and mutual that results in tolerance cannot be respect for followers of different religions separated from the basis of Allah's without obstructing or criticizing the revelation as in general Ulama 'and Muslim religion they adhere to. The actualization intellectuals in thinking based on the first of pluralism taught by Gu Dur is not only source of Islamic law, namely the al- in thinking, but action is necessary if you Qur'an. As Allah says in the Qur'an, Sura want to give birth to the concept of Yunus verse 99, the meaning is as follows: tolerance (Wahid, 1981: 3). And, if your Lord wills, surely all Tolerance is easy to say with and the people on earth will have faith. So, do difficult to apply with actions. Gus Dur you (want) to force people to believe was proven to teach tolerance through everything? (Surah Yunus (10): 99) various policies while leading the country. The verse above teaches the It seems that Gus Dur makes an analogy importance of respecting the differences of the life of the nation and the state as a in beliefs held by humans. However, in garden, let's call it an Indonesian garden, fact, the current condition is often which consists of various flowers, thrives demonstrated by forcing others to in accordance with his nature and identity participate in their beliefs through various means, for example, hate speech, using

6

Muhammad Fahmi Hidayatullah/Ta’dib: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, Vol. 9 No.2 (2020) 1-13 ISSN 1411-8173 | E-ISSN 2528-5092 https://ejournal.unisba.ac.id/index.php/tadib/article/view/6255 religion to fight against the legal Indonesian Muslims is a commemoration government, oppressing minorities, of the anniversary of death by serving dividing the nation, and so forth. As the dishes to the people who attend with the essence of life shows that the diversity of intention of salvation or alms from the colors and differences must exist, because dead (Imron AM, 2005: 13-14). that is the instinct of life as humans are The above shows that there is an created without multiple forms. element of education in spreading the Diversity is a blessing, as in the notion of pluralism. This education is letter al Ma’idah verse 48 which means as through multicultural education which, in follows: Gus Dur's view, is education that teaches If God wants you, then he will humanity, love among others, make you one people (only), but God brotherhood, help to help and so on. wants to test you against the gifts he has There is no single religion that teaches to given you, so be competent to do good. destroy nature, destroy brotherhood, And al Anbiya '107 as follows: develop social conflicts and so on (Syam, And We do not send you, but to 2019: 1). (be) a mercy for the universe. The two verses above show that the The commander of Economic and No- religious pluralism of Gus Dur's ideas is Corruption based on Islam that Islam taught by the Corruption has always been a Prophet is a mercy (compassion) for all parasite for the progress of the country, mankind created by Allah. And God especially Indonesia. To this day, created humans with diverse creations, not Indonesia is still haunted by these just one people, so that humans compete parasites. Even though we are stepping to do good to others. In addition, Gus into a golden age that will benefit from the Dur's pluralism concept is based on the rich potential of the millennial generation. concept of hubbul wathon minal faith. There In fact, the last number of corruption is a sense of love that is taught to the cases in June 2017 reached 226 corruption nation and state. The aspects of hub (love) cases handled by the prosecutor's office, and grace (compassion) become the police and KPK (Hariyanto, 2017). This strengths of each other in order to avoid figure increases every year according to the hatred, jealousy, and other ugly traits that Ministry of Home Affairs. As data from cause conflict. liputan6.com, the mode that is often used The two elements of hub (love) and is bribery. The numbers of bribery are as grace (compassion) in Gus Dur's ideas of follows: 2014 (20 cases), 2015 (38 cases), pluralism also contain educational 2016 (79 cases) and on 30 September 2017 elements, namely multicultural education. reached 55 cases of bribery (Larasati, This can be proven through the activity of 2017). one year (annual), which is an This fact is what makes the nation's annual religious that commemorates generation need to practice muhasabah as a person's death. The terms slametan one a sense of belonging to Indonesia in order year (annual), second and so on are a to prevent corruption practices committed combination (syncretic) of Hindu- by high-ranking officials. Muhasabah Javanese and Islam since the 15th century which is carried out by emulating Gus Dur with animist traditions (Geertz, 1989: 6) as an umara '(leader of the state) with a which is later termed Haul. The origin of myriad of achievements, especially his the word haul comes from which toughness against the perpetrators of means year (Hanif, 2015: 53). Meanwhile, corruption, even though he only led in 21 the haul celebration as practiced by months (Hidayatullah, 2018: 1).

7

Muhammad Fahmi Hidayatullah/Ta’dib: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, Vol. 9 No.2 (2020) 1-13 ISSN 1411-8173 | E-ISSN 2528-5092 https://ejournal.unisba.ac.id/index.php/tadib/article/view/6255

There are other things that are United States under the name IMF. The interesting to observe together regarding beginning of Gus Dur's administration, Gus Dur's contribution to the nation and Stanley Fischer from the IMF was willing the state, namely the savior of the to disburse state loans in November 1999 country's economy. As stated by Rizal (Tempo, 1999). However, Gus Dur never Ramli, the Coordinating Minister for disbursed it because he had the principle Economy and Finance at the time of Gus of managing Indonesia without IMF Dur said that, at the beginning of his assistance. In addition, Gus Dur has a leadership, Gus Dur was faced with the security asset program (asset security) for anxiety of the country's economy which all assets owned by the state such as mines was at -3% (minus 3 percent) (Puspita, where government shares can be traded 2019: 1). And Gus Dur can prove his on the capital market in order to finance leadership with the growth of the state development (Aprianto, 2016: 138). country's economy at 4.9 percent in a Various congressional steps taken period of one year (Hakim, Abdul; by Gus Dur in increasing the country's Giovani, 2012: 169), even though his economic growth, including: banking termination was due to Gus Dur being restructuring, through problem solving impeached that the country's economy with the Bank Indonesia Liquidity Bank was at the level of 3.6 percent (Sasongko, (BLBI), Bulog's ban on imports of rice 2017). except for private sector and given a small In addition, Gus Dur's leadership tariff (without quotas), non-oil and gas was able to strengthen the value of the exports and increasing investment rupiah, which previously experienced a (Hakim, Abdul; Giovani, 2012: 169). crisis at the end of the 1998 Soeharto Apart from the above factors, the government, where the rupiah was competitive rupiah exchange rate supports estimated at Rp. 17,000 / US dollar. the country's economic growth. Meanwhile, at the end of Habibie's reign, Increasing economic growth has an the rupiah strengthened to Rp. 8,000 / US effect on increasing the amount of dollar. While Gus Dur initially appeared as consumption expenditure. The a candidate for state leader paired with contribution of exports, investment and Megawati Soekarno Putri, the rupiah consumption to GDP growth in 2000 strengthened to the figure of Rp. 6,900 / reached 3.9%, 3.6% and 3.1%. Meanwhile, US dollar (Juwono, 2001: 9), and when on the supply side, such as the Gus Dur was elected the composite stock manufacturing, trade and transportation price index surpassed 616 and the rupiah sectors, contributed 1.6%, 0.9% and 0.7% strengthened to 400 points. Meanwhile, to the GDP growth. In 2000, the Gus Dur inherited the country's economy manufacturing sector recorded a growth at the end of his reign with a stronger of 6.2%, while the trade sector grew by rupiah exchange rate of Rp. 6,700 / US 5.7%, and the transportation sector grew dollar accompanied by an increase in the by 9.4% (Bank Indonesia, 2000). This is Composite Stock Price Index (IHSG) to the big contribution of Gus Dur's the level of 700 (Aprianto, 2016: 137). leadership in increasing the country's Gus Dur is a leader who does not economic growth. depend on other countries in advancing This effort is certainly not enough his country, especially the economic if it is not balanced with checks and aspects. This can be proven by Gus Dur's balances, which are controls carried out in reliance on international organizations order to maintain the balance of the that provide financial loans to countries in program being run. Gus Dur's efforts in need. This organization is located in the exercising control over his program were

8

Muhammad Fahmi Hidayatullah/Ta’dib: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, Vol. 9 No.2 (2020) 1-13 ISSN 1411-8173 | E-ISSN 2528-5092 https://ejournal.unisba.ac.id/index.php/tadib/article/view/6255 to prevent practices of corruption, defendant in a very fast period of 132 days collusion and nepotism. In preventing (Saputra, 2017). corruption, Gus Dur formed the Joint After that, Adi Andojo did not Team for the Eradication of Corruption remain silent, he asked the Crime (TGPTPK) which was led by District Prosecutor's Office to carry out a Supreme Court Justice Adi Andojo, and review (PK) of the decision of the unfortunately the team was disbanded by Supreme Court judge who was considered the Supreme Court because it was deemed to have committed collusion through a that the establishment of this institution letter he sent. Unfortunately, the letter was was not in accordance with the applicable leaked to the public which created tension rules in Law Number 31 of 1999 (Suwitri, in the Indonesian legal world. Adi was 2007: 36). urged by the community to completely However, efforts to fight for dismantle the case, but Adi did not speak institutions to eradicate corruption to explain or clarify because he received continue to be made by Krissanto, the new death threats (Saputra, 2017). This is proof leader of TGPTPK, replacing Adi Andojo. of Gus Dur's persistence in eradicating He emphasized the cancellation of PP No. corruption through the appointment of a 19 of 2000 concerning the Joint Team for figure who pioneered the TGTPTPK the Eradication of Corruption Crimes institution even though he faced many does not mean that the organization is obstacles so that the institution he dissolved (tri, 2001: 1). It is possible for founded failed to operate. the Supreme Court to cancel the PP, but Apart from eradicating corruption, the team works based on the Corruption preventing collusion and nepotism when Law as in Article 27 of Law Number 31 Gus Dur was in charge was actually being Year 1999 which positions it as an embryo carried out. As Mahfud MD said on the formed according to Article 43 in Law 31 8th anniversary of Gus Dur's death at the of 1999, so that the Supreme Court cannot Tebuireng Islamic boarding school in hinder the team's work (tri, 2001: 2). Jombang, he told that Gus Dur hit the table TGPTPK has a strong ambition in during the negotiations between Mahfud eradicating corruption in the era of Gus MD, Khofifah, and with Dur which made the people of court in MPR leaders and political party leaders, Indonesia furious and can be called fear. namely: , Taufik Kiemas, and The formation of the team was Akbar Tanjung who suspected that Gus inseparable from the collusion incidents Dur had violated the State Policy (Mahfud that occurred in many court institutions in MD, 2018). Indonesia, especially the high courts. This The result of the negotiations was was evidenced by the dismissal of Adi that Gus Dur remained president on the Andojo who was appointed by Gus Dur as condition that his cabinet be changed. the head of the TGPTPK team engaged in Meanwhile, the Minister to be appointed the eradication of corruption, collusion by Gus Dur must go through the approval and nepotism. The incident of Adi's of the political party leadership. This was dismissal as Deputy Chief Justice of the conveyed to Gus Dur and immediately Supreme Court (MA) began with the Gus Dur immediately hit the table while dismantling of the Gandhi Memoral saying "No, democracy is not a market, I School accidental collusion case in the better stop being president than I am high court between the Supreme Court being dictated by parties by violating the judge, lawyer and defendant which constitution", Gus Dur said as told by the resulted in the decision to release the Coordinating Minister law and human

9

Muhammad Fahmi Hidayatullah/Ta’dib: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, Vol. 9 No.2 (2020) 1-13 ISSN 1411-8173 | E-ISSN 2528-5092 https://ejournal.unisba.ac.id/index.php/tadib/article/view/6255 rights politics in the Jokowi era (Mahfud accepted, and practices of corruption, MD, 2018). collusion and nepotism were allowed. So The whole lesson above shows that that Gus Dur's program in increasing the Gus Dur applies grace and hub in country's economic growth consists of: safeguarding the country's constitution. increasing exports, investment and public The affection and love that are grown consumption. Apart from that, it will cannot be exchanged for materials or boost the performance of the processing, services. Leadership practices like this are trading and transportation industries. the needs of current and future leaders. Corruption prevention program through Prioritizing the eradication of corruption, the formation of the Joint Team for the preventing collusion and nepotism with Eradication of Corruption Crime the principle of social justice as the fourth (TGPTPK). Meanwhile the prevention of precept that every nation has the same collusion and nepotism closes opportunity. This opportunity must be negotiations that violate the constitution. utilized properly with the principle of justice without harming other nations. The goal is none other than maintaining the REFERENCES spirit of the state and ukhuwah basyariyah (human relationship) in order to avoid Ama, S. Z., & Wulandari, T. (2020). The conflicts between fellow nations. Socialization of Values Based on Abdurrahman Wahid’s Thoughts in History Learning to Create CONCLUSION Student Cultural Equality. 398(ICoSSCE 2019), 265–272. Gus Dur was one of the young https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.2 national heroes of his era. Various 00130.054 contributions have been made in various An Na’im, A. A. (2007). Islam dan Negara aspects including: education, social, Sekuler: Menegosiasikan Masa Depan religious, political and economic. Syariah. Mizan. Meanwhile, Gus Dur's figures are Aprianto, E. (2016). Peran Abdurahman students, , politicians and cultural Wahid dalam Politik di Indonesia observers. Two big agendas that had been (1999-2001). Intelektuata: Keislaman, carried out by Gus Dur during his lifetime, Sosial, Dan Sains, 5(2)(2), 132–144. especially at a young age, were the http://jurnal.radenfatah.ac.id/index founding father of Indonesian pluralism .php/intelektualita/article/view/75 and a pioneer of anti-corruption, collusion 1/664 and nepotism. The thought of pluralism Athoillah, M. (2015). PEMIKIRAN was built since in school through various KONTROVERSI kinds of reading books which were ABDURRAHMAN WAHID strengthened through the results of PADA SAAT MENJABAT knowledge from studies abroad. Gus KETUA PENGURUS BESAR Dur's scholarship was able to integrate NAHDATUL ULAMA (PBNU) three disciplines, namely Indonesia, the DI INDONESIA1984-1999. West and the Middle East through his https://www.google.com/url?sa=t learning experiences. Meanwhile, in the &rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web economic aspect, Gus Dur learned from &cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ah the previous administration that the UKEwjGpfSagsLtAhXTZSsKHYt economy could not grow higher if imports yB_AQFjABegQIBBAC&url=http were not restricted, IMF debt was %3A%2F%2Fjournal.student.uny.a

10

Muhammad Fahmi Hidayatullah/Ta’dib: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, Vol. 9 No.2 (2020) 1-13 ISSN 1411-8173 | E-ISSN 2528-5092 https://ejournal.unisba.ac.id/index.php/tadib/article/view/6255

c.id%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Frisala https://news.detik.com/berita/d- h%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F831 3621894/icw-dalam-6-bulan-226- %2F757&usg=AOvVaw3Ra5e4qG kasus-korupsi-rugikan-negara-rp- w-RQ1VOw1wl3gw 183-t Bakri, M. (2013). Metodologi Penelitian Hidayatullah, M. F. (2018). Hirarki Cinta Kualitatif: Tinjauan Teoritis dan Praktis. Anti Korupsi Gus Dur. Visipress Media. Timesindonesia.Co.Id. Bank Indonesia. (2000). Laporan Tahunan. https://www.timesindonesia.co.id/ Barton, G. (2008). Biografi Gus Dur = The read/news/178979/hirarki-cinta- Authorized Biography of Abdurrahman anti-korupsi-gus-dur Wahid / Greg Barton; penerjemah Lie Imron AM. (2005). Kupas Tuntas Masalah Hua; editor Ahmad Suaedy. LKiS. Peringatan Haul. Al Fikar. Effendi, D. (1999). Kehidupan Umat Juwono, V. dkk. (2001). Reformasi Beragama dalam Cita-cita Gus Dur. Indonesia Pasca Soeharto: Dari BJ Kompas. Habibie Sampai Abdurrahman Ekawati, E. (2015). Koalisi Partai Islam Di Wahid. Suara Pembaruan, 9. Indonesia Pada Pemilihan Presiden https://staff.ui.ac.id/system/files/ Dan Wakil Presiden Tahun 2014. users/vjuwono/publication/reform Jurnal Penelitian Politik, 12(1), 17–31. asiindonesiapascasoehartodaribjhabi Geertz, H. (1989). , Santri, . biesampaiabdurrahman.pdf Pustaka Jaya. Larasati, Wi. Ay. (2017). Kasus Korupsi di Hakim, Abdul; Giovani, G. (2012). Indonesia dalam 3 Tahun Terakhir. PERBANDINGAN Liputan6.Com. PEREKONOMIAN DARI MASA https://www.liputan6.com/news/r SOEKARNO HINGGA SUSILO ead/3190046/kasus-korupsi-di- BAMBANG YUDHOYONO indonesia-dalam-3-tahun-terakhir (1945 - 2009). Jurnal Ekonomika Lestari, P. D. (2020). Pemikiran Bisnis, 03(02), 161–180. Abdurrahman Wahid tentang Islam dan https://doi.org/10.22219/jekobisni Humanisme. 2(1), 57–73. s.v3i2.2238 Ma’arif, S. (2008). The Beauty of Islam: Hamid, M. (2014). Jejak Sang Guru Bangsa Dalam Cinta dan Pendidikan Pluralisme. (II). Galang Pustaka. Need’s Press. Hanif, A. (2015). TRADISI Mahfud MD. (2018). Haul Gus Dur: PERINGATAN HAUL DALAM Peringatan 8 Tahun Wafatnya Gus Dur PENDEKATAN SOSIOLOGI Part 8. PENGETAHUAN PETER L. https://www.youtube.com/watch? BERGER. Dialogisa, 13(1), 49–58. v=Oag1BY71RhM Harahap, E. W., Harahap, S., & Drajat, A. Mantra, B. I. (2008). Filsafat Penelitian & (2020). Religion and Democracy: Metode Penelitian Sosial. Pustaka Perspective of Abdurrahman Pelajar. Wahid. Budapest International Research Miftahuddin, M.-. (2015). Berislam Dalam and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal) : Bingkai Indonesia: Membaca Humanities and Social Sciences, 3(1), Konsep Pluralisme Abdurrahman 26–34. Wahid. MOZAIK: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v3i Sosial Dan Humaniora, 6(1), 64–77. 1.710 https://doi.org/10.21831/moz.v6i Hariyanto, I. (2017). ICW: Dalam 6 Bulan, 1.4342 226 Kasus Korupsi Rugikan Negara Rp Miles, M.B, Huberman, A.M, dan Saldana, 1,83 T. News.Detik.Com. J. (2014). Qualitative Data Analysis, A

11

Muhammad Fahmi Hidayatullah/Ta’dib: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, Vol. 9 No.2 (2020) 1-13 ISSN 1411-8173 | E-ISSN 2528-5092 https://ejournal.unisba.ac.id/index.php/tadib/article/view/6255

Methods Sourcebook, Edition 3. USA: Sasongko, T. (2017). Belajar dari Sage Publications. Terjemahan Tjetjep Keberhasilan Ekonomi Jaman Gus Dur. Rohindi Rohidi. UI-Press. Kompas.Com. Moleong, L. J. (2000). Metode Penelitian https://nasional.kompas.com/read Kualitatif. PT. Remaja Rosda Karya. /2017/12/22/23351071/belajar- Mufidah, L. N. (2015). Pemikiran Gus Dur dari-keberhasilan-ekonomi-jaman- Tentang Pendidikan Karakter Dan gus-dur Kearifan Lokal. Al-Tahrir: Jurnal Sugiono. (2016). Metode Penelitian Pemikiran Islam, 15(1), 91. Pendidikan (Pendekatan Kuantitatif, https://doi.org/10.21154/al- Kualitatif dan R & D). Alfabeta. tahrir.v15i1.172 Suhanda, I. (2010). Gus Dur Santri Par Musa, A. M. (2010). Pemikiran dan Sikap Excellence - Teladan Sang Guru Bangsa - Politik Gus Dur (I). Erlangga. Kompas. Kompas. Nata, A. (2005). Tokoh-tokoh Pembaruan Suwitri, S. (2007). PEMBERANTASAN Pendidikan Islam di Indonesia. PT. KORUPSI DI INDONESIA : Grafindo Persada. Sebuah Upaya Reformasi Birokrasi. Puspita, R. (2019). Rizal: Gaya JIAKP, 4(1), 23–41. Perekonomian Gus Dur Perlu Dicontoh. Syam, N. (2019). Sekali Lagi Pluralisme Gus Nasional.Republika.Co.Id. Dur. Uinsby. https://nasional.republika.co.id/be http://nursyam.uinsby.ac.id/?p=87 rita/plfdk2428/rizal-gaya- 9 perekonomian-gus-dur-perlu- Syarkun, M. (2013). Ensiklopedi dicontoh Abdurrahman Wahid: Riwayat Gus Dur Rahman, F. (1999). PKB Jendral Politik Gus (1st ed.). PPPKI. dur. Titian Ilahi Press. Tempo. (1999). Tantangan Terberat Gus Ridwan, N. K. (2010). NU dan Bangsa Dur-Mega Pemulihan Ekonomi. 1914-2010: Pergulatan Politik & Majalah.Tempo.Co. kekuasaan. Ar Ruz Media. https://majalah.tempo.co/read/opi Rifai, M. (2010). Gus Dur KH. Abdurrahman ni/97432/tantangan-terberat-gus- Wahid Biografi Singkat 1940-2009. dur-mega-pemulihan-ekonomi Garasi House of Book. tri. (2001). PP No. 19 Tahun 2000 Rosidi. (2016). Inklusivitas Pemikiran Dibatalkan MA, TGPTPK Belum Keagamaan Abdurrahman Wahid. Tentu Bubar. Hukumonline.Com. Kalam, 10(2), 445–468. https://www.hukumonline.com/be https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10 rita/baca/hol2317/pp-no-19- .24042/klm.v10i2.9 tahun-2000-dibatalkan-ma-tgptpk- Sahfutra, S. A. (2014). Gagasan Pluralisme belum-tentu-bubar/ Agama Gus Dur Untuk Kesetaraan tribunnews.com. (2018). Kisah Gus Dur Dan Kerukunan. Religi Jurnal Studi Tidak Naik Kelas dan Pindah-pindah Agama-Agama, 10(1), 89. Kuliah, Sempat Jadi Guru dan https://doi.org/10.14421/rejusta.2 Wartawan Artikel ini telah tayang di 014.1001-06 Tribunjambi.com dengan judul Kisah Gus Saputra, A. (2017). Kala Hakim Agung Adi Dur Tidak Naik Kelas dan Pindah- Andojo Malah “Dipecat” karena pindah Kuliah, Sempat Jadi Guru dan Bongkar Kolusi MA. DetikNews. Wartawan, https://jambi.tribunnew. https://news.detik.com/berita/d- Jambi.Tribunnews.Com. 3450762/kala-hakim-agung-adi- https://jambi.tribunnews.com/201 andojo-malah-dipecat-karena- 8/08/04/kisah-gus-dur-tidak-naik- bongkar-kolusi-ma kelas-dan-pindah-pindah-kuliah-

12

Muhammad Fahmi Hidayatullah/Ta’dib: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, Vol. 9 No.2 (2020) 1-13 ISSN 1411-8173 | E-ISSN 2528-5092 https://ejournal.unisba.ac.id/index.php/tadib/article/view/6255

sempat-jadi-guru-dan-wartawan Wahid, A. (1981). Muslim di Tengah Pergumalan. Lappenas. Wahid, A. (2005). Gus Dur Bertutur. Harian Proaksi bekerja sama dengan Gus Dur Foundation.

13