History 231E – Canada: Origins to Present Part I. Canadian History to 1815
William J. Turkel
In the first third of this course we study the historical development of the northern part of the North American continent to 1815. We begin with the arrival of the ancestors of today’s First Nations people more than ten millennia ago, and end with a collection of pioneer communities defining themselves with respect to Britain and the new United States.
Over the first part of the course, we will tackle one really big question: is pre- Confederation Canadian history even a subject? Does it make sense to talk about the history of northern North America as “Canadian history” even though the Canadian nation did not yet exist? In the past, different historians have answered this question in different ways. Some have seen the events before 1867 as leading to the birth of a nation. Others have emphasized the constraints of geography, the need to produce staple commodities for world markets or the relationship between metropolitan areas and their hinterlands. Not all historians accept these syntheses, however. Some prefer to emphasize particular regions or “limited identities,” to focus on questions of race, ethnicity, class, gender, and so on. To these historians, the old syntheses have unresolved problems, and a new synthesis may be impossible.
In lectures, we will work with a wide variety of different kinds of sources, drawn from digital archives whenever possible. You might find that you like to read about people’s lives. If so, you can reinforce your learning of the material by reading through some biographical sketches from the online Dictionary of Canadian Biography. You may, on the other hand, prefer to pore over maps. If so, you can learn some of the material that way instead. The important thing is to make sure that you familiarize yourself with as many different ways of learning about the past as possible. To that end you should use letters, diaries, poems, images, articles, artifacts and, of course, your textbook. As you work with a variety of sources, you will also be introduced to different methodologies, to help you develop the skills that you will need to write histories of your own. And you will be introduced to historiography, to the different ways that historians have conceptualized the past of what is now Canada.
WM J. TURKEL, HI231E SYLLABUS: CANADIAN HISTORY TO 1815, 10/9/2004, PAGE 1 OF 23.
Course Overview Methodology Historiography
1. Peopling a New World (W 15 Sep) Unwritten sources
2. Natives and Newcomers (M 20 Sep) Ethnohistory Frontier thesis
3. Early European approaches History for the present (W 22 Sep) 4. The Cod Fishery and the Atlantic Staples thesis Region to 1670 (M 27 Sep) 5. The Iroquois and New France Historical revision (W 29 Sep)
6. Canada under Louis XIV (M 4 Oct) Laurentian thesis
7. Daily Life in Early Canada (W 6 Oct) History from below
8. Peripheries of Empire I (W 13 Oct) Historical geography
9. Peripheries of Empire II (M 18 Oct)
10. Warfare in the New World, 1650- History / fiction
1760 (W 20 Oct) boundary 11. British North America and the Images as historical
American Revolution (M 25 Oct) evidence
12. Loyalists (W 27 Oct) Gender and history
13. Science and Exploration History of Science (M 1 Nov) 14. Beyond the River and the Bay Metropolitan thesis (W 3 Nov)
15. The War of 1812 (M 8 Nov) National / traditional
16. Canada: Origins to 1815 (W 10 Nov) Limited identities
WM J. TURKEL, HI231E SYLLABUS: CANADIAN HISTORY TO 1815, 10/9/2004, PAGE 2 OF 23. General References
[AJ] American Journeys
WM J. TURKEL, HI231E SYLLABUS: CANADIAN HISTORY TO 1815, 10/9/2004, PAGE 3 OF 23. Texts for the Course
R. Douglas Francis, Richard Jones and Donald B. Smith, Origins: Canadian History to Confederation, 5th ed. Toronto: Thomson Nelson, 2004. R. Douglas Francis and Donald B. Smith, Readings in Canadian History: Pre- Confederation, 6th ed. Toronto: Thomson Nelson, 2002.
Lecture Topic Outline (2004)
1. Peopling a New World a. The Beringian Crossing b. Regional Adaptations c. Ecological Indians? d. Methodology: Unwritten Sources 2. Natives and Newcomers (1000-1600) a. The Columbian Exchange b. The Problem of Communication between Native and Newcomer c. Differences in Technology, Economy and Society d. Methodology: Ethnohistory e. Historiography: The Frontier Thesis (FJ Turner; ARM Lower; SD Clark) 3. Early European Approaches (1000-1600) a. Norse Expansion in the Atlantic b. John Cabot c. European Ceremonies of Possession d. Methodology: History for the Present 4. The Cod Fishery and the Atlantic Region (1500-1670) a. The Cod Fishery b. Early English Settlements in the Atlantic Region c. Acadia d. Historiography: The Staples Thesis (HA Innis) 5. The Iroquois and New France (1608-1663) a. Champlain and the Founding of Quebec b. Evangelization c. The Iroquois Wars and the Destruction of Huronia d. Methodology: Historical Revision (Dollard des Ormeaux) 6. Canada under Louis XIV (1663-1701) a. The Royal Takeover b. Institutions: Government, Politics and the Church c. Economy d. Historiography: The Laurentian Thesis (DG Creighton) 7. Daily Life in Early Canada (1608-1701) a. The Demographic Problem (Push and Pull Factors) b. Society and Culture i. Landscape ii. Urban Centres
WM J. TURKEL, HI231E SYLLABUS: CANADIAN HISTORY TO 1815, 10/9/2004, PAGE 4 OF 23. iii. Patriarchy: Men, Women and Children iv. Visual and Oral Culture c. Methodology: History from Below (EP Thompson) 8. The Peripheries of Empire I (1650-1760) a. Acadia b. The Founding of Halifax c. Newfoundland 9. The Peripheries of Empire II (1650-1760) a. The Western Country: Louisiana and the Pays d’en Haut b. Hudson Bay c. The Prairies d. Methodology: Historical Geography 10. Warfare in the New World (1650-1760) a. Wars i. Wars against the Iroquois (1609-1701) ii. War of the League of Augsburg / King Williams’ War (1689-97) iii. War of Spanish Succession / Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713) iv. War of Austrian Succession / King George’s War (1744-1748) v. First Expulsion of the Acadians (1755) b. Seven Years’ War / French and Indian War (North America: 1754-1763; Europe: 1756-1763) i. Conquest of Louisbourg and Second Acadian Expulsion (1758) ii. Battle of Quebec (1759) c. Methodology: History and Fiction (Simon Schama, Dead Certainties) 11. British North America and the American Revolution (1763-1783) a. British Policy for North America b. The Regions of British North America c. American Revolution / Civil War d. Methodology: Images as Historical Evidence 12. Loyalists (1775-1791) [Guest Lecture: Dean Ruffilli] 13. Science and Exploration (1771-1812) a. Inland from Hudson Bay i. Hearne ii. Mackenzie iii. HBC Surveys b. Pacific Coastal Voyages i. Spanish ii. Cook and Vancouver c. Methodology: History of Science 14. Beyond the River and the Bay (1760-1815) a. Competition in the Fur Trade b. Native Peoples and the Culture of the Posts c. Economics, Exploration and Exploitation d. Historiography: The Metropolitan Thesis (JMS Careless) 15. The War of 1812 (1791-1815) a. Nascent Political Parties
WM J. TURKEL, HI231E SYLLABUS: CANADIAN HISTORY TO 1815, 10/9/2004, PAGE 5 OF 23. b. The War of 1812 c. Historiography: National/Traditional History 16. Canada: Origins to 1815 a. Continuing Transformations b. Natives and Newcomers c. British Americans d. Historiography: Limited Identities
Lecture 1. Peopling a New World (W 15 Sep 2004)
In the first lecture we discuss the arrival of the ancestors of today’s First Nations people in North America at the end of the last Ice Age. Beginning as early as fourteen thousand years before the present (or possibly before), people crossed from Siberia into the New World via a temporarily exposed land bridge known as Beringia. We discuss subsequent ecological adaptations by region and consider the extent to which natural divisions of geography and climate constrained social, economic or political development. We also critique the idea that native people did not modify their environments. Methodologically, the emphasis is on the use of unwritten sources (e.g., archaeological, paleoclimatic, genetic) and on sources from cognate disciplines (e.g., comparative linguistics).
Maps: “The Last Ice Sheets, 18000-10000 BC” [A1 1]; “Southern Ontario, 8600 BC” [A1 3]; “Environmental Change after 9000 BC” [A1 4]; “Bison Hunters of the Plains” [A1 10]; “Peopling the Arctic” [A1 11]; “Iroquoian Agricultural Settlement” [A1 12]; “Prehistoric Trade” [A1 14]; “Indian Maps” [A1 59].
[-] Binnema, Theodore. Common and Contested Ground: A Human and Environmental History of the Northwestern Plains. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma, 2001. [ ] Clark, Donald W. Western Subarctic Prehistory. Ottawa: Canadian Museum of Civilization, 1991. [X] Dixon, E. James. “Human Colonization of the Americas: Timing, Technology and Process” Quaternary Science Reviews 20, no. 1-3 (2001): 277-299. [X] Fladmark, Knut R. BC Prehistory. Ottawa: National Museum of Man, 1986. [-] Flannery, Tim. The Eternal Frontier: An Ecological History of North America and Its Peoples. New York: Grove, 2001. [X] Krech, Shepard, III. The Ecological Indian: Myth and History. New York: W. W. Norton, 1999. [X] Larsen, Clark Spencer. Skeletons in Our Closet: Revealing Our Past through Bioarchaeology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton, 2000. [ ] McGhee, Robert. Ancient People of the Arctic. Vancouver: University of British Columbia, 1996. [X] Pielou, E. C. After the Ice Age: The Return of Life to Glaciated North America. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1991. [ ] Ray, Arthur. I Have Lived Here Since the World Began: An Illustrated History of Canada’s Native People. Toronto: Key Porter Books, 2002.
WM J. TURKEL, HI231E SYLLABUS: CANADIAN HISTORY TO 1815, 10/9/2004, PAGE 6 OF 23. Storck, Peter L. Journey to the Ice Age: Discovering an Ancient World. Vancouver: UBC, 2004. [ ] Wright, J. V. Ontario Prehistory: An Eleven-Thousand-Year Archaeological Outline. Ottawa: National Museums of Canada, 1972.
Lecture 2. Natives and Newcomers (M 20 Sep 2004)
In the second lecture, we focus on the complex interaction between natives and newcomers that was set in motion by the European voyages of the late fifteenth century. We emphasize the dynamic and reciprocal adjustments that were made during cultural “contact.” Some of the topics we consider are the impact of introduced epidemic diseases and weeds and livestock, the importance of indigenous knowledge and foodstuffs for newcomer survival, and the complexities of translation and of representing the other. We also discuss the subsistence cycles and property rights regimes that characterized indigenous political economy when the newcomers arrived. We consider the ethnohistorian’s methodological dictum that cultures in contact should be allowed to judge one another. We also spend some time on one historiographical school, the frontier thesis of the American historian FJ Turner, which was adapted to the Canadian context by ARM Lower and SD Clark. The frontier thesis conceptualized a moving frontier between wilderness and development, a zone where environmental forces shaped old institutions to create something new.
Maps: “Ecological Regions, ca AD 1500” [A1 17]; “Population and Subsistence” [A1 18].
[-] Axtell, James. Natives and Newcomers: The Cultural Origins of North America. New York: Oxford, 2001. [X] Axtell, James. After Columbus: Essays in the Ethnohistory of Colonial North America. New York: Oxford, 1988. [ ] Bitterli, Urs. Cultures in Conflict: Encounters between European and Non- European Cultures, 1492-1800. Palo Alto: Stanford, 1993. [X] Crosby, Alfred W. The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492. Westport: Greenwood, 1972. [X] Crosby, Alfred W. Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900. Cambridge: Cambridge, 1993. [X] Demos, John. The Unredeemed Captive: A Family Story from Early America. New York: Vintage, 1994. [Eunice Williams, aka Marguerite Gannenstenhawi aka Aongote] [X] Elliott, J. H. The Old World and the New 1492-1650. Cambridge: Cambridge, 1970. [X] Greenblatt, Stephen J. Marvelous Possessions: The Wonder of the New World. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1992. [ ] Jaenen, Cornelius. Friend and Foe: Aspects of French-Amerindian Culture Contact in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. New York: Columbia, 1976. [X] Pagden, Anthony. European Encounters with the New World: From Renaissance
WM J. TURKEL, HI231E SYLLABUS: CANADIAN HISTORY TO 1815, 10/9/2004, PAGE 7 OF 23. to Romanticism. New Haven, CT: Yale, 1993. [ ] Ray, Arthur. I Have Lived Here Since the World Began: An Illustrated History of Canada’s Native People. Toronto: Key Porter Books, 2002. [ ] Trigger, Bruce. Natives and Newcomers: Canada’s ‘Heroic’ Age Reconsidered. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University, 1986.
Lecture 3. Early European Approaches (W 22 Sep 2004)
In the third lecture, we take the newcomers’ point of view. We begin with the Norse expansion into the North Atlantic, the settlements in Greenland and the brief occupation of L’Anse aux Meadows in present-day Newfoundland. The fact that the Norse settlements in the New World collapsed shows us that there was nothing inevitable about European settlement. Using archaeological studies of the Greenlandic settlements, we try to figure out why the settlements collapsed. We then turn to John Cabot’s 1497 landfall and to European ceremonies of possession, and, building on the previous lecture, talk a bit about the ways that European property rights regimes differed from native institutions. Methodologically, we focus on the idea that history is always written for the present, and we talk about why we might care about what happened to the Norse, or where Cabot made landfall.
Primary Sources: The Saga of Eric the Red [AJ 056]; The Voyages of John Cabot [AJ 069]; Jacques Cartier, First Relation of Jaques Carthier of S. Malo, 1534 [AJ 026]; Idem, Shorte and Briefe Narration, 1535-1536 [AJ 027]; Idem, Third Voyage of Discovery Made By Captaine Jaques Cartier, 1541 [AJ 028]; WA Kenyon, ed. The Journal of Jens Munk 1619-1620 (Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum, 1980).
Maps: “Norse Voyages and Settlement” [A1 16]; “Exploring the Atlantic Coast” [A1 19]; “The Voyage of John Cabot, 1497” [GW 20-21]; “Bristol and the Atlantic, 1480-1509” [P 1-3]; “The Explorations of Jacques Cartier, 1534-36” [GW 26-27]; “The St Lawrence Valley, 16th Century” [A1 33]; “The Voyages of Frobisher and Davis, 1576- 87” [GW 28-29]; “The Voyages of Hudson and Baffin, 1610-16” [GW 30-31]; “Sixteenth Century English Oceanic Enterprise: The Northern Hemisphere” [P 3-5].
Biographical Sketches [DCBO]: Baffin, William [I]; Cabot, John [I]; Cartier, Jacques (1491-1557) [I]; Davis, John (d. 1605) [I]; Donnacona [I]; Eirikr Thorvaldsson [I]; Frobisher, Sir Martin [I]; Hudson, Henry [I]; La Rocque de Roberval, Jean-François de [I]; La Roque, Marguerite [I]; Leifr Eiriksson [I]; Snorri Thorfinnsson [I].
Fitzhugh, William and Elizabeth Ward. Vikings: North Atlantic Saga. Washington, DC: Smithsonian, 2000. [-] Fossett, Renée. In Order to Live Untroubled: Inuit of the Central Arctic, 1550 to 1940. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba, 2001. [X] Grafton, Anthony. New Worlds, Ancient Texts: The Power of Tradition and the Shock of Discovery. Cambridge, MA: Harvard, 1992. [X] Greenblatt, Stephen J. “Kidnapping Language,” in Marvelous Possessions: The Wonder of the New World. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1992.
WM J. TURKEL, HI231E SYLLABUS: CANADIAN HISTORY TO 1815, 10/9/2004, PAGE 8 OF 23. McDermott, James. Martin Frobisher: Elizabethan Privateer. New Haven: Yale, 2001. [X] McGovern, T. H. “Cows, Harp Seals, and Churchbells: Adaptation and Extinction in Norse Greenland.” Human Ecology 8, no. 3 (1980): 245-275. [X] Pope, Peter. The Many Landfalls of John Cabot. Toronto: Toronto, 1997. Seed, Patricia. Ceremonies of Possession in Europe’s Conquest of the New World, 1492-1640. Cambridge: Cambridge, 1995.
Lecture 4. The Cod Fishery and the Atlantic Region to 1670 (M 27 Sep 2004)
Europeans soon discovered that efficient exploitation of North American resources would require year-round settlements. In the fourth lecture we discuss the motives for European exploitation and settlement. We talk about the cod fishery, and the English settlements, first at Cupid’s Cove in Newfoundland, then up and down the eastern seaboard. We also talk about Ramea, a colony of English dissenters in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. We then turn to the French efforts in Acadia: on the Atlantic seaboard, in the Bay of Fundy, and finally in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. We talk about the first French priests in Acadia, and the efforts of Charles de la Tour and his family to keep the Acadian settlements alive. We also spend some time discussing historiography, and the staples thesis of HA Innis, which held that patterns of settlement and economic development were shaped by the production of a few staple commodities (e.g., cod, beaver pelts, timber) for world markets.
Tutorial Readings: Origins, pp. 1-41 (First Peoples; Europeans’ Arrival); Francis & Smith Vol 1, pp. 4-21 (Ecological Change and Indian-White Relations), 113-119 (Newfoundland History). [63]
Primary Sources: Harriet Vaughn Cheney, The Rivals of Acadia: An Old Story of the New World (fiction, 1827) [ECO 34144].
Maps: “The Atlantic Realm” [A1 20]; “The Migratory Fisheries” [A1 21]; “Newfoundland Fishery and Settlement, 1500-1763” [GW 50-51]; “The 16th Century Fishery” [A1 22]; “The 17th Century Fishery” [A1 23].
Biographical Sketches [DCBO]: Alexander, William (Earl of Stirling) [I]; Champlain, Samuel de [I]; Du Gua De Monts, Pierre [I]; Biencourt de Poutrincourt et de Saint-Just, Jean de [I]; Johnson, George [I]; La Roche de Mesguoez, Troilus de [I]; Leigh, Charles [I]; Lescarbot, Marc [I]; Menou D’Aulnay, Charles de [I]; Monts, Sieur de [I]; Saint-Étienne de la Tour, Charles de [I].
[ ] Abreu-Fereira, Darlene. “Terra Nova through the Iberian Looking Glass: The Portuguese-Newfoundland Cod Fishery in the Sixteenth Century,” Canadian Historical Review 79, no. 1 (1998).
WM J. TURKEL, HI231E SYLLABUS: CANADIAN HISTORY TO 1815, 10/9/2004, PAGE 9 OF 23. [ ] Cell, Gillian T. English Enterprise in Newfoundland 1577-1660. Toronto: Toronto, 1969. [ ] Cell, Gillian T., ed. Newfoundland Discovered: English Attempts at Colonisation 1610-1630. London: Hakluyt Society, 1982. Cell, Gillian T. “The Cupids Cove Settlement: A Case Study of the Problems of Early Colonisation,” in G. M. Story, ed. Early European Settlement and Exploitation in Atlantic Canada, 97-114. St John’s: Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1982. Humphreys, John. Plaisance: Problems of Settlement at This Newfoundland Outpost of New France, 1660-1690. Ottawa: National Museum of Canada, 1970. Innis, Harold A. The Cod Fisheries: The History of an International Economy. New Haven, CT: Yale, 1940. [ ] Pope, Peter E. “The South Avalon Planters, 1630 to 1700: Residence, Labour, Demand and Exchange in Seventeenth-Century Newfoundland.” PhD, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1992. [X] Reid, John G. “The 1600s: French Settlement in Acadia,” in J. M. Bumsted, ed. Interpreting Canada’s Past, Vol. 1: Pre-Confederation. Toronto: Oxford, 1993. Reid, John G. Acadia, Maine and New Scotland: Marginal Colonies in the Seventeenth Century. Toronto: Toronto, 1981.
Lecture 5. The Iroquois and New France (W 29 Sep 2004)
In the fifth lecture we discuss the French settlements in the St. Lawrence valley, from the founding of Quebec in 1608 until the French crown took over administration of the settlements in 1663. In Acadia (lecture 4), the settlers were almost exclusively men, living in isolated coastal colonies that existed to serve fishing and trading interests based in Europe. Acadian settlements were vulnerable to attack, mostly by other European powers. Along the St. Lawrence, however, there were family-based agricultural settlers. The main economic activity of the colonies, the fur trade, was shifting into the continental interior, and threat of attack came mostly from indigenous people in general, and the Iroquois in particular. The French crown would eventually step in to assume responsibility for the missionaries and settlers in Canada. In this lecture we discuss the people and institutions: Samuel Champlain and the Compagnie des Cent-Associés, Father Le Jeune, the Jesuit Relations, and some remarkable women, Marie de l’Incarnation, Jeanne Mance, and Marguerite Bourgeoys. We also discuss the fur trade and the Iroquois wars which destroyed Huronia. Methodologically, we emphasize the idea of historical revision, using Adam Dollard des Ormeaux as an example. Did he save New France (as some historians have argued) or not?
Primary Sources: Jesuit Relations [ECO]; Samuel Champlain, Voyage of Samuel de Champlain, 1604-1608 [AJ 115; ECO 83468]; Samuel Edward Dawson, “Champlain” (poem, 1890) [ECO 03775]; Pierre-Esprit Radisson, Radisson’s Account of His Third Journey, 1658-1600 [AJ 045]; Gabriel Sagard-Théodat, The Long Journey to the Country
WM J. TURKEL, HI231E SYLLABUS: CANADIAN HISTORY TO 1815, 10/9/2004, PAGE 10 OF 23. of the Hurons (excerpt) [AJ 129]; Barthélemy Vimont, Journey of Jean Nicolet, 1634 [AJ 043].
Maps: “French Settlement in Canada, 1600-08” [GW 52-53]; “French Exploration” [A1 36]; “The Travels of Samuel de Champlain, 1609-16” [GW 58-59]; “Settlements and Missionaries, 1615-1660” [A1 34]; “The Great Lakes Basin, 1600- 1653” [A1 35]; “The Jesuit Missionaries, 1630-1670” [GW 60-61]; “Re-Establishment of Trade, 1654-1666” [A1 37].
Biographical Sketches [DCBO]: Bourgeoys, Marguerite (du Saint-Sacrement) [I]; Brûlé, Étienne [I]; Carigouan [I]; Chauvigny de la Peltrie, Marie-Madeleine de [I]; Chomedy de Maisonneuve, Paul de [I]; Chouart des Groseilliers, Médard [I]; Dollard des Ormeaux, Adam [I]; Guyart, Marie (Marie de l’Incarnation) [I]; Laval, François de [II]; Le Jeune, Paul [I]; Makheabichtichiou [I]; Mance, Jeanne [I]; Radisson, Pierre-Esprit [I].
Adair, E. R. “Dollard des Ormeaux and the Fight at the Long Sault: A Reinterpretation of Dollard’s Exploit,” Canadian Historical Review 13 (1932): 135-138. Choquette, Leslie. “‘Les Amazones du Grand Dieu’: Women and Mission in Seventeenth-Century Canada.” French Historical Studies 17, no. 3 (1992): 627-655. [ ] Coates, Colin M. “Commemorating the Woman Warrior of New France, Madeleine de Vercheres, 1696-1930,” in Joy Parr and Mark Rosenfeld, eds. Gender and History in Canada, 120-136. Toronto: Copp Clark, 1996. [-] Coates, Colin M., and Cecilia Morgan. Heroines and History: Representations of Madeleine de Verchères and Laura Secord. Toronto: University of Toronto, 2002. Codignola, Luca. “Competing Networks: Roman Catholic Ecclesiastics in French North America, 1610-58,” Canadian Historical Review 80, no. 4 (1999). [X] Davis, Natalie Zemon. “Marie De L’Incarnation: New Worlds,” in Women on the Margins: Three Seventeenth-Century Lives. Cambridge: Harvard, 1995. Delâge, Denys. Bitter Feast: Amerindians and Europeans in Northeastern North America, 1600-1664. Vancouver: UBC, 1993. [X] Eccles, William John. The Canadian Frontier, 1534-1760. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1983. Eccles, William John. “Edward Robert Adair,” Canadian Historical Review 46 (1965): 296-297. Foulché-Delbosc, Isabel. “Women of New France (Three Rivers: 1651-63).” Canadian Historical Review 21, no. 2 (1940): 132-149. Fournier, Martin. Pierre-Esprit Radisson: Merchant Adventurer, 1636-1701. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s, 2002. Goddard, Peter A. “The Devil in New France: Jesuit Demonology, 1611-50,” Canadian Historical Review 78, no. 1 (1997). [X] Innis, Harold A. The Fur Trade in Canada: An Introduction to Canadian Economic History. Toronto: University of Toronto, 1962.
WM J. TURKEL, HI231E SYLLABUS: CANADIAN HISTORY TO 1815, 10/9/2004, PAGE 11 OF 23. [ ] Jaenen, Cornelius. Friend and Foe: Aspects of French-Amerindian Culture Contact in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. New York: Columbia, 1976. [-] Jaenen, Cornelius J. “French and Native Peoples in New France,” in J. M. Bumsted, ed. Interpreting Canada’s Past, Vol. 1: Pre-Confederation, 2nd ed. Toronto: Oxford, 1993. Lanctôt, Gustave. “Was Dollard the Saviour of New France?” Canadian Historical Review 13 (1932): 138-143. [X] Moogk, Peter. La Nouvelle France: The Making of French Canada—A Cultural History. East Lansing: Michigan State, 2000. [Wien review CHR 83, no. 1 (2002)] [-] Moore, Christopher. “Colonization and Conflict: New France and Its Rivals (1600- 1760),” in Craig Brown, ed. The Illustrated History of Canada. Toronto: Key Porter, 2002. Schlesier, Karl H. “Epidemics and Indian Middlemen: Rethinking the Wars of the Iroquois, 1609-1653,” Ethnohistory 23 (1976): 129-145. Simpson, Patricia. Marguerite Bourgeoys and Montreal, 1640-1665. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queens, 1997. [Young review CHR 79, no. 3 (1998)] Trudel, Marcel. The Beginnings of New France, 1524-1663. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1973.
Lecture 6. Canada under Louis XIV (M 4 Oct 2004)
Under the French crown a series of institutions were established in Canada. In the sixth lecture we discuss the Conseil Souverain (later the Conseil Supérieur), the Church and the Carignan-Salières regiment. Each of these attempted to copy (and improve on) the principles of government that were used in France. We also discuss the ‘filles du roi,’ the seigneurial system, the fur trade and the economic development of the colony, and the expansion of commerce and industry. One question is the extent to which Canada differed from the British Colonies as a result of these transplanted institutions, or the extent to which they caused the colony to be isolated from the mother country. We spend a bit of time on historiography, too, discussing the Laurentian thesis of DG Creighton. Creighton emphasized the importance of the geography of the St Lawrence, which bisected the eastern part of the continent and provided the interior with a link to world markets.
Tutorial Readings: Origins pp. 42-78 (New France; Iroquois); Francis & Smith Vol 1, pp. 51-60 (Fur Trade as Native History), 21-47 (French in Huronia). [72]
Maps: “Expansion of French Trade, 1667-1696” [A1 38]; “The Journey of Jolliet and Marquette, 1673” [GW 62-63]; “The Journey of La Salle, 1682” [GW 64-65]; “Trade and Empire, 1697-1739” [A1 39]; “France Secures the Interior, 1740-1755” [A1 40]; “The Agricultural Economy” [A1 53]; “The Seigneuries” [A1 51]; “The Countryside” [A1 52].
WM J. TURKEL, HI231E SYLLABUS: CANADIAN HISTORY TO 1815, 10/9/2004, PAGE 12 OF 23. Biographical Sketches [DCBO]: Jolliet, Louis [I]; Marquette, Jacques [I]; Patoulet, Jean-Baptiste [I]; Talon, Jean [I].
Bosher, J. F. The Canada Merchants, 1713-1763. Oxford: Oxford, 1987. Colpitts, George. “‘Animated like Us by Commercial Interests’: Commercial Ethnology and Fur Trade Descriptions in New France, 1660-1760,” Canadian Historical Review 83, no. 3 (2002). [-] Dechêne, Louise. Habitants and Merchants in Seventeenth-Century Montreal. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s, 1992. [X] Eccles, William John. France in America. New York: HarperCollins, 1972. [ ] Eccles, William John. Canada under Louis XIV, 1663-1701. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1964. Eccles, William John. Essays on New France. Toronto: Oxford, 1987. [-] Eccles, William John. Frontenac: The Courtier Governor. Lincoln: University of Nebraska, 2003. [X] Greer, Allan. The People of New France. Toronto: Toronto, 1997. [Miquelon review CHR 80, no. 3 (1999)] [X] Harris, R. Cole. The Seigneurial System in Early Canada: A Geographical Study. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin, 1966. Jaenen, Cornelius. The Role of the Church in New France. New York: McGraw Hill, 1966. [ ] Miquelon, Dale. New France 1701-1744: “A Supplement to Europe”. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1987. [ ] Pritchard, James S. “The Overseas Trade of Eighteenth-Century New France,” in J. M. Bumsted, ed. Interpreting Canada’s Past, Vol. 1: Pre-Confederation, 2nd ed. Toronto: Oxford, 1993. [X] Trudel, Marcel. Introduction to New France. Toronto: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1968.
Lecture 7. Daily Life in Early Canada (W 6 Oct 2004)
In the seventh lecture we discuss the demographic problems of the colony which stemmed from its small population base. The harsh physical environment precluded long-term, large-scale immigration. Those people who did come to Canada—laborers, soldiers, servants and slaves—were often subsidized by the French crown, and returned to Europe after a term in the New World. We talk a bit about “push” and “pull” factors in demography, then turn our attention to the society and culture of the colony. We look at the position of women and children, relations with aboriginal people, the institution of slavery, the music and visual art of the Church, and popular culture in folk songs, epithets, houses and clothing. Methodologically, we use the story of Marguerite Duplessis to explore the value of court proceedings in recovering “history from below.”
Primary Sources: Peter Kalm, Travels into North America [AJ 117].
Maps: “The French Origins of the Canadian Population, 1608-1759” [A1 45]; “Resettling the St Lawrence Valley” [A1 46]; “Native Resettlement, 1635-1800” [A1
WM J. TURKEL, HI231E SYLLABUS: CANADIAN HISTORY TO 1815, 10/9/2004, PAGE 13 OF 23. 47]; “French Interior Settlements, 1750s” [A1 41]; “Canada at the British Conquest, 1763” [P 38-40]; “The House, 1660-1800” [A1 55]; “The Wooden House” [A1 56]
Biographical Sketches [DCBO]: Duplessis, Marguerite [III]; Fornel, Louis [III]; Kalm, Pehr [IV]; Lom D’Acre de Lahontan, Louis-Armand de (Baron de Lahontan) [II]
Choquette, Leslie. Frenchmen into Peasants: Modernity and Tradition in the Peopling of French Canada. Cambridge: Harvard, 1997. [X] Douville, Raymond & Jacques Casanova. Daily Life in Early Canada. New York: Macmillan, 1967. [X] Greer, Allan. The People of New France. Toronto: Toronto, 1997. [Miquelon review CHR 80, no. 3 (1999)] [-] Greer, Allan. Peasant, Lord and Merchant: Rural Society in Three Quebec Parishes 1740-1840. Toronto: Toronto, 1985. [ ] Harris, R. Cole. “The Colonists of Seventeenth-Century Canada,” in J. M. Bumsted, ed. Interpreting Canada’s Past, Vol. 1: Pre-Confederation, 2nd ed. Toronto: Oxford, 1993. [ ] Miquelon, Dale. New France 1701-1744: “A Supplement to Europe”. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1987. [X] Moogk, Peter. Building a House in New France: An Account of the Perplexities of Client and Craftsmen in Early Canada. Markham: Fitzhenry & Whiteside, 2002. [-] Moogk, Peter. “‘Thieving Buggers’ and ‘Stupid Sluts’: Insults and Popular Culture in New France,” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 36, no. 4 (1979): 524-547. [ ] Moogk, Peter. “Childhood in New France,” in J. M. Bumsted, ed. Interpreting Canada’s Past, Vol. 1: Pre-Confederation, 2nd ed. Toronto: Oxford, 1993. Noel, Jan. “Caste and Clientage in an Eighteenth-Century Quebec Convent,” Canadian Historical Review 82, no. 3 (2001): 465-490. [X] Sharpe, Jim. “History from Below,” in Peter Burke, ed. New Perspectives on Historical Writing, 24-41. University Park: Pennsylvania State, 1992.
Lecture 8. The Peripheries of Empire I (W 13 Oct 2004)
Before the 1760s, both the French and English colonies in the New World spread irregularly, their boundaries constantly changing. The fur trade stimulated exploration from Canada to the west, then south to the Mississippi valley and the Gulf of Mexico, bringing the French into conflict with the English. New France continued to grow, reaching its maximum extent when Louisiana was added in 1700. It broke up in 1713, when Britain gained control of most of the Atlantic region and Hudson Bay. In the eighth and ninth lectures we discuss these regions as peripheries of European empires. We trace the history of Acadia from the 1667 Treaty of Breda which returned the area to French control, to the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht, which took it away again. We discuss the founding of Halifax, the activities of the French in the pays d’en haut, the Hudson’s Bay Company in the Great Northwest and the first travel into the prairies. We use the maps to explore some of the methods and ideas of historical geography.
WM J. TURKEL, HI231E SYLLABUS: CANADIAN HISTORY TO 1815, 10/9/2004, PAGE 14 OF 23.
Tutorial Readings: Origins pp. 80-125 (French Colony to 1760; Acadians); Francis & Smith Vol 1, 91-110 (New France), 120-131 (Acadian Life). [73]
Maps: “Île Royale, 18th Century” [A1 24]; “The Newfoundland Fishery” [A1 25]; “The Fishery in Atlantic Commerce” [A1 28]; “Acadian Marshland Settlement” [A1 29]; “Canadian North Atlantic Trade” [A1 48]
Banks, Kenneth J. Chasing Empire across the Sea: Communications and the State in the French Atlantic, 1713-1763. Montreal and Kingston: McGill- Queen’s, 2002. [X] Griffiths, Naomi. The Contexts of Acadian History 1587-1781. Montreal: McGill, 1992. [ ] Johnston, A. J. B. The Summer of 1744: A Portrait of Life in Eighteenth-Century Louisbourg. Ottawa: Environment Canada, 1991. [X] Moore, Christopher. Louisbourg Portraits: Life in an Eighteenth-Century Garrison Town. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 2000. [ ] Taylor, Alan. American Colonies: The Settling of North America. New York: Penguin, 2001. Upton, L. F. S. Micmacs and Colonists: Indian-White Relations in the Maritimes, 1713-1867. Vancouver: UBC, 1979.
Lecture 9. The Peripheries of Empire II (M 18 Oct 2004)
Tutorial Readings: Origins pp. 126-147 (Anglo-French Struggle); Francis & Smith Vol 1, 78-91 (Society and Frontier), 135-153 (Pre-Emptive Conquest). [52]
Primary Sources: Samuel Hearne, A Journey from Prince of Wales’s Fort, in Hudson’s Bay, to the Northern Ocean [ECO 35434]; François La Vérendrye, Journal of the Expedition, 1742-43 [AJ 109]; Jacques Marquette, The Mississippi Voyage of Jolliet and Marquette [AJ 051]; Henri de Tonti, Memoir on La Salle’s Discoveries, 1678-1690 [AJ 053].
Maps: “Rupert’s Land” [A1 57]; “Exploration from Hudson Bay” [A1 58]; “Trade and Exploration in Hudson Bay, 1659-90” [GW 66-67]; “The Journeys of Dulhut, Noyon and Kelsey, 1678-92” [GW 68-69]; “The Tragic Voyage of James Knight, 1719” [GW 102-103]; “Bayside Trade, 1720-1780” [A1 60]; “French Explorations from Lake Superior to the Saskatchewan, 1731-53” [GW 104-105]; “The Voyages of Middleton, Moor and Coats, 1741-49” [GW 106-107]; “The Journey of Samuel Hearne, 1771-72” [GW 108-109]; “Fur Traders on the Canadian Prairies, 1754-74” [GW 110-111]
Biographical Sketches [DCBO]: Cavelier de La Salle, René-Robert [I]; Coats, William [III]; Greysolon Dulhut, Daniel [II]; Hearne, Samuel [IV]; Hennepin, Louis [II]; Isham, James [III]; Kelsey, Henry [II]; Knight, James [II]; Matonabbee [IV]; Middleton, Christopher [III]; Moor, William [III]; Norton, Moses [IV]; Noyon, Jacques de [III]
WM J. TURKEL, HI231E SYLLABUS: CANADIAN HISTORY TO 1815, 10/9/2004, PAGE 15 OF 23. [ ] Houston, Stuart, Tim Ball, and Mary Houston. Eighteenth-Century Naturalists of Hudson Bay. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University, 2003. [ ] Sleeper-Smith, Susan. Indian Women and French Men: Rethinking Cultural Encounter in the Western Great Lakes. Amherst: University of Massachusetts, 2001. [ ] Taylor, Alan. American Colonies: The Settling of North America. New York: Penguin, 2001. [X] White, Richard. The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815. Cambridge: Cambridge, 1991.
Lecture 10. Warfare in the New World, 1650-1760 (W 20 Oct 2004)
In the tenth lecture we build on the material that we covered the two previous weeks. The imperial rivalry between the French and English often broke out in open warfare in the New World, and often drew in aboriginal allies and enemies. We discuss a series of conflicts: the wars against the Iroquois, the War of the League of Augsburg (King William’s War), the War of Spanish Succession (Queen Anne’s War), the War of Austrian Succession (King George’s War), the first and second expulsions of the Acadians, the Seven Years’ War and the Battles for Quebec. Methodologically, we use a controversial piece by Simon Schama to explore the uneasy boundary between historical narrative and fiction.
Primary Sources: John Murdoch Harper, “Wolfe and Montcalm” (poem, 1895) [ECO 93848]; Alfred Billings Street, “Frontenac” (poem, 1849) [ECO 47608].
Maps: “European Rivalries in the New World, 1650-1713” [P 32-34]; “Acadian Deportation and Return” [A1 30]; “The Seven Years’ War” [A1 42]; “The Battles for Québec, 1759 and 1760” [A1 43]
Biographical Sketches [DCBO]: Amherst, Jeffery (1st Baron Amherst) [IV]; Buade de Frontenac et de Palluau, Louis de [I]; Le Moyne d’Iberville et d’Ardillières, Pierre [II]; Montcalm, Louis-Joseph de (Marquis de Montcalm) [III]; Wolfe, James [III]
[-] Anderson, Fred. Crucible of War: The Seven Years’ War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754-1766. New York: Vintage, 2001. [-] Eccles, William John. Frontenac: The Courtier Governor. Lincoln: University of Nebraska, 2003. Griffiths, Naomi, ed. The Acadian Deportation. Toronto: Copp Clark, 1969. Nicolai, Martin L. “A Different Kind of Courage: The French Military and the Canadian Irregular Soldier During the Seven Years’ War.” Canadian Historical Review 70, no. 1 (1989): 53-75. Parkman, Francis. Montcalm and Wolfe: The French and Indian War. DaCapo Press, 2001. [X] Plank, Geoffrey. An Unsettled Conquest: The British Campaign against the Peoples of Acadia. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 2001. [ ] Rawlyk, G. A. Yankees at Louisbourg. Orono: University of Maine, 1967.
WM J. TURKEL, HI231E SYLLABUS: CANADIAN HISTORY TO 1815, 10/9/2004, PAGE 16 OF 23. [X] Schama, Simon. “The Many Deaths of General Wolfe,” in Dead Certainties: Unwarranted Speculations, 3-70. New York: Vintage, 1992. Steele, Ian K. Guerillas and Grenadiers: The Struggle for Canada, 1689-1760. Toronto: Ryerson, 1969. [-] Steele, Ian K. Betrayals: Fort William Henry and the ‘Massacre.’ Oxford, 1993. [X] White, Richard. The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes region, 1650-1815. Cambridge: Cambridge, 1991.
Lecture 11. British North America and the American Revolution (M 25 Oct 2004)
In 1763, Great Britain asserted sovereignty over almost all of New France, and French colonists had to adjust to British rule in subsequent decades. The enormous expansion of British North America was not to last, however, as civil war / revolution began in the American colonies in the mid-1770s. In the eleventh lecture we survey British North America between two Treaties of Paris (1763 and 1783). We discuss the ‘Planters’ in the Atlantic region, George Washington and the Invasion of Canada, warfare in the Atlantic and British policy in the Great Lakes Region. Methodologically, we try our hand at using images (mostly paintings from digital archives) as historical sources.
Tutorial Readings: Origins pp. 152-192 (Aftermath of Conquest; Quebec Society); Francis & Smith Vol 1, 153-175 (Biological Warfare), 225-231 (Fall of New France). [68]
Maps: “British North American Empire, 1776” [P 41-44]; “British North Atlantic Trading System of the Later Eighteenth Century” [P 44-46]; “Canadian North Atlantic Trade” [A1 48]; “The Maritime Colonies, 1763-1837” [P 66-68]; “Pre-Loyalist Nova Scotia” [A1 31]; “Maritime Canada, Late 18th Century” [A1 32]; “Exploitation of the Gulf of St Lawrence” [A1 54]; “Indian War and American Invasion” [A1 44].
Biographical Sketches [DCBO]: Carleton, Guy (1st Baron Dorchester) [V]; Murray, James [IV].
[X] Burke, Peter. Eyewitnessing: The Uses of Images as Historical Evidence. Ithaca: Cornell, 2001. [X] Clark, Ernest. The Siege of Fort Cumberland: An Episode in the American Revolution. Montreal and Kingston: Mcgill-Queens, 1996. [ ] Craig, Gerald M. Upper Canada: The Formative Years, 1784-1841. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1963. [ ] Dowd, Gregory Evans. A Spirited Resistance: The North American Indian Struggle for Unity 1745-1815. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1992. [ ] Neatby, Hilda. Quebec: The Revolutionary Age 1760-91. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1966. [ ] Skaggs, David Curtis, and Larry L. Nelson, eds. The Sixty Years' War for the Great Lakes, 1754-1814. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State, 2001.
WM J. TURKEL, HI231E SYLLABUS: CANADIAN HISTORY TO 1815, 10/9/2004, PAGE 17 OF 23. Lecture 12. Loyalists (W 27 Oct 2004)
Many of those people who remained loyal to the British Crown were forced to move north from the American colonies, either early in the prelude to war, or later as refugees. In the twelfth lecture we discuss the demographic composition of the Loyalists and survey a range of sample responses to the American revolution. How did experiences of the war differ for women, rebel soldiers, loyal civilians, blacks and natives? Methodologically, we use the life of Mary Brant to explore ideas of intercultural brokerage (between European and Iroquoian society) and the situational construction of identity. We also compare Mary Brant’s life with that of Laura Secord, who later negotiated private and public life, family and state. What can a nuanced understanding of gender contribute to the writing of history?
Primary Sources: Mrs. John Rose Holden, The Brant Family (1904) [ECO 04492].
Maps: “The Coming of the Loyalists” [A2 7].
Biographical Sketches [DCBO]: Alline, Henry [IV]; Hazen, Moses [V]; Ingersoll, Laura (Secord) [IX]; Koñwatsiãtsiaiéñni (Mary Brant) [IV]; MacDonald of Glenaladale, Helen [V]; Perkins, Simeon [V]; Ruckle, Barbara (Heck) [V]; Thayendanegea (Joseph Brant) [V]; Winslow, Edward [V]
Brown, Wallace. “Victories in Defeat: The American Loyalists in Canada.” History Today 27, no. 2 (1977): 92-100. [X] Brown, Wallace and Hereward Senior. Victorious in Defeat: The Loyalists in Canada. Toronto: Methuen, 1984. Canada’s Digital Collections. Ontario Black History Online.
WM J. TURKEL, HI231E SYLLABUS: CANADIAN HISTORY TO 1815, 10/9/2004, PAGE 18 OF 23. [X] McKenna, Katherine M. J. “Mary Brant (Konwatsi’tsiaienni Degonwadonti): “Miss Molly,” Feminist Role Model or Mohawk Princess,” in Nancy L. Rhoden and Ian K. Steele, eds. The Human Tradition in the American Revolution, 183-201. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 2000. [ ] Morgan, Cecilia. “‘Of Slender Frame and Delicate Appearance’: The Placing of Laura Secord in the Narratives of Canadian Loyalist History,” in Joy Parr and Mark Rosenfeld, eds. Gender and History in Canada, 103-119. Toronto: Copp Clark, 1996. [X] Moore, Christopher. The Loyalists: Revolution, Exile, Settlement. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1984. [ ] Parr, Joy. “Gender and Historical Practice,” in Joy Parr and Mark Rosenfeld, eds. Gender and History in Canada, 8-27. Toronto: Copp Clark, 1996. [X] Potter-MacKinnon, Janice. While the Women Only Wept: Loyalist Refugee Women. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queens, 1993. Roberts, Julia. “‘A Mixed Assemblage of Persons’: Race and Tavern Space in Upper Canada,” Canadian Historical Review 83, no. 1 (2002). [X] Scott, Joan. “Women’s History,” in Peter Burke, ed. New Perspectives on Historical Writing, 42-66. University Park: Pennsylvania State, 1992. Walker, James St. G. The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1778-1870. Toronto: University of Toronto, 1992. [ ] Winks, Robin W. The Blacks in Canada: A History. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queens, 1997.
Lecture 13. Science and Exploration (M 1 Nov 2004)
In the thirteenth lecture we discuss the late eighteenth-century exploration of the northern and western parts of the continent. We begin with the expeditions of Samuel Hearne to the Arctic Ocean and of Alexander Mackenzie to the Pacific, and then turn to the inland surveying activities of the HBC (Turnor, Fidler and Thompson). Next we discuss the Pacific coastal voyages of the Spanish (Pérez, Quadra) and the English (Cook, Vancouver). How did European practices of science and exploration facilitate the transformation of a native world into an imperial one? Methodologically, we use recent work in the history of science to explore the idea of science as a social construction.
Tutorial Readings: Origins pp. 216-238 (Upper Canada); Francis & Smith Vol 1, 236-252 (Women), 252-265 (Laura Secord). [51]
Primary Sources: Philip Edwards, ed. The Journals of Captain Cook (London: Penguin, 1999); Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse, A Voyage Round the World (excerpt) [AJ 131]; Nathaniel Portlock, A Voyage Round the World [AJ 089]; Alexander Mackenzie, Voyages from Montreal [ECO 33950]; Archibald Menzies, Menzies’ Journal of Vancouver’s Voyage, April to October, 1792 [AJ 110]; Tomás de Suría, Journal of Tomás de Suría of His Voyage with Malaspina to the Northwest Coast of America in 1791 [AJ 137]; David Thompson, David Thompson’s Narrative of His Explorations in Western America, 1784-1812 (excerpt) [AJ 138]; George Vancouver, A
WM J. TURKEL, HI231E SYLLABUS: CANADIAN HISTORY TO 1815, 10/9/2004, PAGE 19 OF 23. Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean, and Round the World (excerpt) [AJ 134].
Maps: “The Apocryphal Voyages, 1592-1640” [GW 42-43]; “Exploration and Exploitation of the Pacific in the Late Eighteenth Century” [P 57-60]; “Spanish Coastal Voyages, 1774-79” [GW 128-129]; “The Voyage of James Cook, 1778” [GW 130-131]; “The Journeys of Alexander Mackenzie, 1789 and 1793” [GW 114-115]; “The Inland Surveys of the Hudson’s Bay Company, 1778-1812” [GW 116-117]; “Traders and Explorers, 1785-94” [GW 132-133].
Biographical Sketches [DCBO]: Bodega y Quadra, Juan Francisco de la [IV]; Cook, James [IV]; Dixon, George [IV]; Hanna, James [IV]; Meares, John [V]; Mackenzie, Sir Alexander [V]; Malaspina, Alejandro [V]; Menzies, Archibald [VII]; Moziño Losada Suárez de Figueroa, José Mariano [V]; Muquinna (d. 1795) [IV]; Portlock, Nathaniel [V]; Suria, Tomás de [VI]; Thompson, David (1770-1858) [VIII]; Vancouver, George [IV].
Beaglehole, John C. Life of Captain James Cook. Palo Alto: Stanford, 1992. [X] Brealey, Ken G., “Mapping Them ‘Out’: Euro-Canadian Cartography and the Appropriation of the Nuxalk and Ts'ilhqot'in First Nations’ Territories, 1793-1916,” Canadian Geographer 39, no. 2 (1995). [X] Clayton, Daniel. “Captain Cook and the Spaces of Contact at ‘Nootka Sound’.” In Reading beyond Words: Contexts for Native History, edited by Jennifer S. H. Brown and Elizabeth Vibert, 95-123. Peterborough, ON: Broadview, 1996. [ ] Clayton, Daniel. Islands of Truth: The Imperial Fashioning of Vancouver Island. Vancouver, BC: University of BC, 2000. [X] Gough, Barry M. First across the the Continent: Sir Alexander Mackenzie. Norman: Oklahoma, 1997. [ ] Houston, C. Stuart, Tim Ball and Mary Houston. Eighteenth-Century Naturalists of Hudson Bay. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s, 2003.
Lecture 14. Beyond the River and the Bay (W 3 Nov 2004)
In the fourteenth lecture we look at the fur trade in the interior. Aboriginal people were partners in the trade, and did relatively well as long as there was competition among the Europeans and a high demand for furs. We talk about fur trade families and the culture of the posts. Continuing our discussion from the previous lecture, we also talk a bit about the relationships between economics, exploration and exploitation. In a previous lecture (4) we discussed the staples thesis of HA Innis. Now we add another historiographically important idea to our repertoire, the metropolitan thesis of JMS Careless, which emphasized the eastern metropoles that supplied capital, transportation and markets for their hinterlands, and so came to dominate them.
Primary Sources: Edward Ellice, “The communications of Mercator, upon the contest between the Earl of Selkirk, and the Hudson's Bay Company, on one side, and the
WM J. TURKEL, HI231E SYLLABUS: CANADIAN HISTORY TO 1815, 10/9/2004, PAGE 20 OF 23. North West Company on the other” (1817) [ECO 47023]; Idem, “Continuation of the communications of Mercator…” (1817) [ECO 17422].
Maps: “Hudson’s Bay Company” [P 60-61]; “Competition and Consolidation, 1760-1825” [A1 61]; “The Expansion of the Fur Trade into Athabasca, 1778-1787” [GW 112-113]; “Trading Posts, 1774-1821” [A1 62]; “Transportation in the Petit Nord” [A1 63]; “Fur Trade Settlements” [A1 64]; “Peoples of the Boreal Forest and Parkland” [A1 63]; “The Explorations of Fraser and Thompson, 1805-11” [GW 118-119]; “New Caledonia and Columbia” [A1 66]; “Exploration in the Far Northwest” [A1 67]; “Exploration to Mid-Century” [A2 2]; “Native Canada, ca 1820” [A1 69].
Biographical Sketches [DCBO]: Ellice, Edward [IX]; Fraser, Simon [IX]; Menzies, Archibald [VII]; Ogden, Peter Skene [VIII]; Quesnel, Jules-Maurice [VII]; Ross, Alexander [VIII].
[X] Blegen, Theodore C. Songs of the Voyageurs [audio recording] St Paul: Minnesota Historical Society, 1966. [-] Brown, Jennifer S. H. Strangers in Blood: Fur Trade Company Families in Indian Country. Norman: Oklahoma, 1996. [X] Bumsted, J. M. Fur Trade Wars: The Founding of Western Canada. Winnipeg: Great Plains, 1999. [ ] Burley, Edith I. Servants of the Honourable Company: Work, Discipline, and Conflict in the Hudson’s Bay Company, 1770-1879. Toronto: Oxford, 1997. [Klippenstein review CHR 81, no.3 (2000)] Buss, Helem M. and Judith Hudson Beattie. Undelivered Letters to Hudson’s Bay Company Men on the Northwest Coast of America, 1839-75. Vancouver: UBC, 2003. [-] Campbell, Marjorie Elliott. The North West Company. Toronto: Macmillan, 1957. Cohen, Marjorie Griffin. Women’s Work, Markets, and Economic Development in Nineteenth-Century Ontario. Toronto: University of Toronto, 1988. [-] Colpitts, George. Game in the Garden: A Human History of Wildlife in Western Canada to 1940. Vancouver: UBC, 2002. [-] Fisher, Robin. Contact and Conflict: Indian-European Relations in BC, 1774- 1890. Vancouver: UBC, 1992. [X] Karamanski, Theodore J. Fur Trade and Exploration: Opening the Far Northwest, 1821-1852. Norman: University of Oklahoma, 1988. [ ] Mackie, Richard Somerset. Trading Beyond the Mountains: The British Fur Trade on the Pacific, 1793-1843. Vancouver: UBC, 1996. [X] Morse, Eric W. Fur Trade Canoe Routes of Canada: Then and Now. Toronto: University of Toronto, 1979. [ ] Nute, Grace Lee. The Voyageur. St Paul: Minnesota Historical Society, 1955. [ ] Payne, Michael, and Gregory Thomas. “Literacy, Literature and Libraries in the Fur Trade.” The Beaver 63 (1983): 46-53. Podruchny, Carolyn. “Baptizing Novices: Ritual Moments among French Canadian Voyageurs in the Montreal Fur Trade, 1780-1821,” Canadian
WM J. TURKEL, HI231E SYLLABUS: CANADIAN HISTORY TO 1815, 10/9/2004, PAGE 21 OF 23. Historical Review 83, no. 2 (2002). Greenfield, Bruce. “Creating the Distance of Print: The Memoir of Peter Pond, Fur Trader,” Early American Literature 37, no. 3 (2002): 415-438. [X] Ray, Arthur J. Indians in the Fur Trade: Their Role as Trappers, Hunters, and Middlemen in the Lands Southwest of Hudson Bay, 1660-1870. Toronto: University of Toronto, 1998. [ ] Rich, Edwin Ernest. The History of the Hudson's Bay Company, 1670-1870. Vol. 2: 1763-1870. London: Hudson’s Bay Record Society, 1959. [X] Ross, Eric. Beyond the River and the Bay: Some Observations on the State of the Canadian Northwest in 1811 with a View to Providing the Intending Settler with an Intimate Knowledge of that Country. Toronto: University of Toronto, 1970. [-] Van Kirk, Sylvia. ‘Many Tender Ties’: Women in Fur Trade Society in Western Canada, 1670-1870. Winnipeg: Watson and Dwyer, 1980. [-] Vibert, Elizabeth. Traders’ Tales: Narratives of Cultural Encounter on the Columbia Plateau, 1807-1846. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma, 1997.
Lecture 15. The War of 1812 (M 8 Nov 2004)
In the writing of Canadian history, the traditional focus has been on the political activities of elites, the activities that led to the ‘birth of a nation.’ In the fifteenth lecture we study the growth of British North America from a group of underpopulated and economically underdeveloped provinces into a larger abstract unity with continental pretensions matching those of the new United States. We look at the establishment of British political institutions for self-government, at the War of 1812 and the defense against a series of American invasions. The communities of the Atlantic and St. Lawrence were demanding greater freedom at a time when Britain was interested in divesting itself of some of the burdens of empire. We begin with the Constitution Act which divided Quebec into Upper and Lower Canada (1791) and follow the colonies through a war which would eventually lead to the establishment of a border with the US, popular politics, political violence and rebellion.
Tutorial Readings: Origins pp. 195-214 (Maritimes); Francis & Smith Vol 1, 179- 190 (American Revolution and Nova Scotia), 191-199 (Loyalist Families). [38]
Maps: “Invasion Repulsed, 1812-1814” [A2 22]; “Unrest in the Canadas” [A2 23]; “British Garrisons to 1871” [A2 24].
Antal, Sandy. A Wampum Denied: Procter’s War of 1812. Ottawa: Carleton, 1997. Calloway, Colin G. Crown and Calumet: British-American Relations, 1783-1815. Norman: University of Oklahoma, 1987. [X] Cook, Ramsay, John Saywell, and John Ricker. Canada: A Modern Study. Revised ed. Toronto: Clarke, Irwin and Company, 1977. Sheppard, George. Plunder, Profit and Paroles: The War of 1812 in Upper Canada. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s, 1994.
WM J. TURKEL, HI231E SYLLABUS: CANADIAN HISTORY TO 1815, 10/9/2004, PAGE 22 OF 23. [ ] Skaggs, David Curtis, and Larry L. Nelson, eds. The Sixty Years’ War for the Great Lakes. East Lansing: Michigan State, 2001.
Lecture 16. Canada: Origins to 1815 (W 10 Nov 2004)
In the final lecture we review the development of that part of North America which would eventually become Canada, from its discovery by the ancestors of the First Nations people more than 10,000 years ago to 1815. In contrast with the national/traditional emphasis of the previous lecture, here we discuss questions of race, ethnicity, class, gender and so on, usually covered by the idea of “limited identities.” As our organizing principle for the first third of the course, we take HV Nelles’s recent statement that “the enduring theme of Canadian history is transformation.”
[ ] Cook, Ramsay. “Identities Are Not Like Hats,” Canadian Historical Review 81, no. 2 (2000). [-] Nelles, H. V. A Little History of Canada. Don Mills, ON: Oxford, 2004.
WM J. TURKEL, HI231E SYLLABUS: CANADIAN HISTORY TO 1815, 10/9/2004, PAGE 23 OF 23.