Appendix C Archaeological Survey Report

Archaeological Survey Report

Hendrys Creek Property, Sierra Azul Open Space Preserve. Santa Clara County, California.

Negative Findings

Report Prepared for Ascent Environmental, Inc.

on behalf of the

Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District

Mark Hylkema MA, RPA Archaeologist

with Dan Cearley, MA Archaeologist

Past Lifeways Archaeological Studies 225 Eureka Court Sunnyvale, CA. 94085

November 2014 Note: This document is not for public distribution.

Contents

Summary Statement. 1 Project Description and Study Area. 3 Environmental Setting. 3 Cultural Setting. 6 Prehistory. 6 Partacsi Tribal Ethnohistory. 7 Spanish Period. 9 Mexican Period. 10 American Period. 10 Results of Literature Review. 13 Results of Field Review. 13 Conclusions. 15 References. 15

Map 1: Project Location. 2 Figure 1: Vicinity Map. 4 Figure 2: Proposed Infrastructural Improvements and Study Area Boundary. 5 Figure 3: Distribution of Native American Tribes in Project Vicinity (Milliken 1993). 9 Figure 4: Henry Property (the Study Area) as shown in 1876. 11 Figure 5: 1916 Topographic Map of Study Area. 12 Figure 6: Extent of previously disturbed surfaces with the project ADI. 14

Appendix A: Project Photographs. 20

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY REPORT Hendrys Creek Property, Sierra Azul Open Space Preserve.

Summary Statement:

This archaeological survey report (ASR) has been prepared for Ascent Environmental, Inc. on behalf of the the Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District (MROSD) and serves as an “initial study” for proposed improvements to the 117 acre Hendrys Creek Property (referred to as the Study Area). The study area is located within the Santa Cruz Mountains near the southern extent of Lexington Reservoir in Santa Clara County, and is incorporated into MROSD’s Sierra Azul Open Space Preserve (see Map 1). The study area encompasses the proposed project site which extends along the Hendrys Creek stream profile and is part of a larger multi-agency effort that has adopted a Long Term Management Plan that proposes to preserve, protect and improve the ecological conditions of Hendrys Creek. The agencies involved include the Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District (MROSD), Santa Clara Valley Water District (SCVWD) and the Peninsula Open Space Trust (POST). To meet the Long Term Management goals within the study area, the current project proposes to enhance the existing riparian corridor by removing historic, man-made barriers in the stream along with demolition of several stream crossings, road alignments, drainages and culverts, as well as existing road grade and stream embankment contouring. These proposed actions have invoked the need for compliance with environmental regulations, including the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA).

CEQA requires an initial study and evaluation of actions determined to be “undertakings” and Public Resources Code, Sect. 5024 mandates that public land holding agencies maintain an inventory of cultural resources within their properties. Therefore, the purpose of this ASR is to identify archaeological resources within the study area and develop measures that can support an appropriate cultural resources management plan. CEQA requires that government and other public agencies identify potentially significant impacts to cultural resources prior to initiating an action that might adversely affect the resource. Further, the lead agency responsible for initiating the action must either avoid impacts to significant cultural resources or mitigate adverse effects to a level of insignificance.

The significance of a given archaeological site is established in regards to the sites potential to contain information that can address research questions of importance to California’s history and/or prehistory. Also, sites known to contain Native American human remains, or those sites identified as having other important cultural value to Native American descendants are considered to be significant.

This ASR has concluded that no significant archaeological resources exist within the study area, and that further evaluation is not necessary. Therefore, this survey establishes a Negative Finding for archaeological resources.

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Map 1: Project Location.

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Project Description and Study Area:

The study area is located in western Santa Clara County, at the southwestern extent of Lexington Reservoir in the Santa Cruz Mountains, and consists of a perennial stream corridor flowing between steeply sloped hills covered with chaparral shrubs, grasses and mixed hardwood trees. The Hendry Property is an approximately 117 acre land acquisition that has been incorporated into the larger 19,000 acre Sierra Azul Open Space Preserve (see Figure 1). The property was acquired through a collaborative agreement between the Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District, Santa Clara Valley Water District (SCVWD) and the Peninsula Open Space Trust (POST). The Hendrys Creek Property has recently come under permanent ownership by MROSD, with a conservation easement held by SCVWD with intent to preserve and protect the Property’s conservation values while also allowing opportunities for public access.

The approximately 117-acre Hendrys Creek Property is located in the western edge of the Sierra Azul Preserve, east of Lexington Reservoir in the upper and middle portion of the Hendrys Creek watershed at 20610 Aldercroft Heights Road, Los Gatos in unincorporated Santa Clara County, California (Santa Clara County Assessor’s Parcel Numbers 558-27-007, 558-27-008, and 558-51- 005). The Property is bounded by the Cathedral Oaks area of Sierra Azul Open Space Preserve to the north, south and east. Private properties border the Property to the west and along its southeastern corner. The Property is accessible from a deeded access road which runs along Hendrys Creek through the private property to the west via Aldercroft Heights Road. The study area is accessed from a dirt driveway along an access easement from Aldercroft Heights Road. The Property’s system of unpaved roads and grades parallels the main stem of Hendry’s Creek for approximately two-thirds of the length of the Property (as shown on Figure 2) and the remediation of these roads crossings is a principal focus of the current project.

MROSD and the neighboring agencies have entered into a Long Term Management Plan- the details of this plan are on file with the MROSD and can be referenced accordingly. However, for purposes of this ASR, the boundaries of the project (which encompasses the various proposed improvements) constitute the Study Area for archaeological resources (see Figure 2).

Environmental Setting:

In order to understand the potential range of cultural resources that might be present within the study parcel, an examination of environmental conditions and local historic events has been done. A brief summary of useful references is presented at the end of the report and can be consulted for greater archaeological context if desired.

The region is located around and includes the San Andreas Rift Zone, resulting in highly fractured rock formations with a mix of geologic types. Uplift along the nearby San Andreas and associated faults are responsible for the high, rugged topography of the Sierra Azul uplands. The terrain is characterized as steep and prone to landslides, resulting in thin soils with little capacity to hold water.

Rainfall mainly occurs in the winter months from November to April with the majority (typically up to 75 %) occurring between January and March. Intense rainfall, thin soils, and steep MROSD Hendrys Creek Property ASR Page 4

Figure 1: Vicinity Map (courtesy of MROSD).

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Figure 2: Proposed Stream Crossing Rehabilitation project Sites and Study Area Boundary. (courtesy of MROSD).

topography combine to produce a runoff response that can be characterized as quick, dramatic and sporadic. An average of 60 inches of rain falls annually on the peaks and ridges of the region, while an average of approximately 47 inches falls in the stream and creek valleys. Creek hydrology appears to be driven by seasonal surface runoff, as well as an extensive network of groundwater seeps and springs.

The Property is characterized by steep north and south facing forested side slopes, several tributaries, drainages and springs, all of which flow into Hendrys Creek canyon. Hendrys Creek and an unpaved road bisect the Property in an east to west direction. The Property’s northern and southern hillsides are very steep, with the northern hillside having a maximum elevation of about 1,000 feet and the southern hillside with a maximum elevation of about 1,600 feet at the southeastern corner. The lowest elevation is about 720 feet adjacent to Hendrys Creek on the western side of the Property.

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Cultural Setting:

Ultimately, localized environmental conditions within the vicinity of the study area influenced patterns of prehistoric and historic land use, which span the millennia during which the ancestral Ohlone Indians developed, and then on through the early years of Spanish colonization, subsequent Mexican rule, and finally up to contemporary American occupation and the eventual establishment of Lexington Reservoir.

Prehistory

For many thousands of years the ancestral Ohlone people of the Santa Clara Valley lived in a landscape that offered a great range of ecological diversity. They were surrounded by an environment that brought them within close proximity to habitats that included freshwater marsh, grassland prairie, oak grassland savanna, riparian, chaparral, mixed hardwood, and evergreen forest communities (Kuchler 1977). These habitats provided for most of the valley people's needs. Locally available stone tool materials, such as Franciscan cherts for flaked stone tools, sandstone for milling tools, and cinnabar for paint pigment was abundant throughout the western and eastern foothills of the valley. Intermarriage and exchange brought coastal and bay shore resources such as sea foods, Monterey cherts for chipped stone tools, shells for beads and ornaments, and other exotic items from more distant neighbors specializing in a marine economy (Hylkema 1991; Milliken 1991). In addition, other resources, particularly obsidian projectile points, knives, and other chipped stone tools were obtained form neighbors far to the east and northeast (Davis 1961).

The Santa Clara Valley region experienced seasonal patterns of abundance and scarcity in its flora and fauna; the cycles of which influenced the development of the human societies dwelling here. Natural forces created a terrain that included a mosaic of environmental zones with specific biological communities that enabled native populations to form distinctive social systems.

Ethnohistoric observations regarding the relationship of Central California’s native people to their respective local environment often comment on their ability to manage certain biotic communities to enhance the productivity of the landscape (Blackburn and Anderson 1993; Fages 1911). This in turn allowed for the development of stable economies, and may account for the affluent social hierarchies exhibited at many archaeological sites of the area.

The ability to store various food items, acorns in particular supported the native population during months when the seasonal cycles of the landscape curtailed the abundance of readily accessible foods. Acorns were ground into flour through the use of stone bowls and stone pestles. Basgall (1987) has described the nutritional value of acorns and their relationship to aboriginal societies. In locations like Santa Clara Valley large quantities of this food could easily be gathered and stored in granaries, and surplus harvests could be exchanged to other communities. The storage and redistribution frequently led to social stratification as institutions developed to manage the acorn economy. As Basgall (1987:41) noted: "Accordingly, once established, such an adaptation would have had important effects on demographic patterns, on mobility strategies, and on the organization of intra-group relations."

Archaeological assemblages from sites in Central California have shown a steady progression to a specialized, collector adaptive mode that emphasized reliance upon storable vegetal food MROSD Hendrys Creek Property ASR Page 7

resources, acorns in particular. This trait is often cited as the principal criterion accounting for demographic patterns associated with the cultural development of the region (Baumhoff 1963:155-236; Basgall 1987:21-52; Mayer 1976:30; and others). By the terminal phase of the Early period, mortuary sites around San Francisco Bay and the interior Delta-Central Valley region began to exhibit greater social organization in tandem with increased use of mortars and pestles. Hildebrandt (in Elsasser 1986b: 97) has demonstrated that an increased reliance on an acorn economy emerged in the Santa Clara Valley as early as 2500 BC. Deceased members of the various communities began to be interred as groups within their residential deposits and social distinctions appeared in the form of unique grave associated artifacts distributed among a few individuals. This pattern continued throughout the subsequent Middle period. However, towards the terminal phase of the Middle period, social systems among divergent cultural regions intensified, and many localities were transformed into an inter-related economic network with an extensive geographic range (see Fredrickson 1974b: 57-73). Still other cultural traditions of the Bay area (i.e. Meganos) became more isolated, progressively retreating as the Berkeley pattern sites transformed into traits characteristic of the Augustine pattern.

Within the south Bay, archaeological sites dating to the Middle/Late transition period (circa AD 700 to 1200) have produced artifact types in mortuary contexts that identify this time as a period of socio-economic transformation (Hylkema 2002; 2007. By the Late period (circa AD 1200 to the 1770s) an elaborate social hierarchy had emerged. Certain ideotechnic artifact types found in mortuary contexts (particularly Haliotis banjo pendants, tobacco pipes, and incised bird bone whistles) coincide with an elaboration and refinement of wealth, status, and institutional organization (Baumhoff 1980:181; Bickel 1981; Bocek 1987; Fredrickson 1974b: 57-73; Gerow 1974a; Goldschmidt 1951:339-340; Jones and Hildebrandt 1992:360-401; Milliken and Bennyhoff 1993:381-395; Simons 1992:73-104; and others). Although it is convenient to associate this development to the productivity of localized environments, the resource base was already well established before the florescence of the Ohlone culture that began during the Middle/Late transition period.

Partacsi Tribal Ethnohistory

By the Late Period (circa AD 1100 to 1770), large numbers of people were living in villages that were organized among a mosaic of territorially circumscribed polities. As discussed below, the Partacsi tribelet appears to have been resident within the vicinity of the study area.

Relations between these many tribelets were defined by marriage, kinship, trade relations, and membership among the different clubs and societies. Membership usually involved initiation where novices learned the customs of the organization, and used shell beads to pay dues. Different membership driven organizations sponsored ceremonial events, each having their own distinctive costumes and regalia. Abalone (Haliotis) shell pendants were frequently used as badges of membership and rank. Together the various organizations formed the fabric of society and directed the storage and redistribution of surplus food resources, construction of village buildings, planned hunting strategies and followed the seasonal cycles of nature that would determine where and when they should relocate themselves. Both men and women could be members of various societies and an elite group of women, called Mayen, directed the construction of large circular dance houses that were excavated several feet below the surrounding ground level. The Mayen selected the most virtuous individuals to represent various spiritual forces that were personified in dances and ceremonies. This practice was called Kuksui. MROSD Hendrys Creek Property ASR Page 8

Kuksu dancers wore woven feather bandoleers made from woodpecker quills placed edge to edge that draped over their foreheads and down their shoulders. Young children were initiated into the various societies and were taught proper manners and customs acceptable to their community by their elders. Once membership was invoked, they earned status and rank over the term of their lives.

Women had elaborate geometric lines and patterns tattooed over their chins, neck and shoulders to identify their clan affiliation, and to prevent improper attention from a suitor who otherwise might not be aware of her social standing. Men wore their hair long, and often had long beards and moustaches. Both men and women used sharpened and polished deer bone pins to hold their hair into various fashionable styles. Both occasionally adorned themselves with polished circular stone disks that were inserted in their ear lobes or nasal septum. Most had their ears pierced and wore decorations of brightly colored feathers and bird bone tubes. Finely woven fibers of milkweed were used to make hairnets that sometimes were covered with feathers or shell beads.

Men typically governed the political structure of the village and did the hunting while women handled the gathering and processing of vegetal foods, and manufactured many of the fiber and basketry implements. Each village had a “head man” and the many villages throughout the Santa Clara Valley each had its head man. Feuds between members of some villages were not uncommon, but relatives sought to avoid conflicts through payments made in shell beads. Men wore little or no clothing, a trait common among hunting people who must avoid retaining the human scent so that they could better blend in with their natural surroundings. Women wore a braided tule reed skirt with a rear apron made from finely tanned deerskin.

Houses called ruk and/or tac were constructed of tule reeds that were tightly thatched and woven over a framework of willow poles. Every house had an indoor and outdoors hearth and underground oven. Many fist-sized river cobbles were used to distribute heat in the ovens where plant bulbs, shellfish and animal meats could be roasted. Remnants of these ovens are among the most common archaeological features found locally.

Long poles with painted rings of black, red and white- and brightly colored feathers attached, were erected in the cemeteries adjacent to the villages. Each village also had a partially underground, roofed sweathouse where interior fires steamed the occupants like a sauna. This was where the men spent a lot of their time telling stories and repairing their hunting tools. Bows were kept in the sweathouse where the smoke kept the human scent off them. When women had just given birth, both she and the newborn spent their first few days together resting on a bed of herbs within a special sweathouse, where they could keep warm together. At the time of the first contact with Spanish explorers in 1769, an estimated 50 Ohlone tribelets were each composed of small villages organized into extended families, or clans (the distribution of southern Ohlone tribelets are shown in Figure 3). Subsequent colonization of the region was accomplished through the introduction of the Hispanic mission system. The first Spanish explorations and missionary records document numerous villages in the vicinity of the project area. These villages were each governed by a headman and were organized into small tribal polities, referred to as “tribelets” in California anthropological literature (Kroeber 1925). Collectively, they were part of a larger cultural sphere of some fifty polities- with variations of language, custom and appearance that were spread out around the Monterey and San Francisco Bay Areas. The Europeans referred to them collectively as the costeños, or coastal people (later writers use the term Costanoan and/or Ohlone). MROSD Hendrys Creek Property ASR Page 9

Figure 3: Distribution of Southern Ohlone Tribal Polities circa AD 1770s (after Milliken et al. 1993).

Starting with Mission San Carlos and the Presidio of Monterey in 1770, twenty other missions were established, three of which (Missions Santa Clara, Santa Cruz and San Juan Bautista) exerted their influence over the native people of the project area. Information about village names and tribal affiliation can be found in Milliken (1983; 1991; 1995) and Milliken et al (1993). The vicinity of the project area was controlled by a multi-village tribelet called the Partacsi. The Partacsi homeland included the upper Saratoga and Los Gatos Creek drainages and foothills of Santa Clara Valley. Milliken (1995:250) speculates that “most of the people of the area went to Mission Santa Clara along with neighboring tribes under the designation San Bernardino between 1787 and 1801.” Other Partacsi members were noted in the records of Mission Santa Cruz at about the same time.

The Spanish Period

The subjugation of the native people via the Hispanic Mission system resulted in dramatic environmental changes. Tribe’s people were no longer able to influence the native landscape through traditional land management methods and this along with poor nutrition and repeated exposure to introduced European diseases and violence decimated the Ohlone. Nonetheless many survived and their descendants continue to live in the region (Cambra et al. 1996; Hylkema 2007: 61-82; Milliken et al 1993). Today anthropologists and some descendants of the mission people use the designation of Ohlone to encompass the families from as far south as Soledad and Monterey, all the way northward to Livermore and San Francisco. Others identify with the Amah Mutsun Tribe, formerly associated with Missions San Juan Bautista and Santa Cruz, and others MROSD Hendrys Creek Property ASR Page 10

have further subdivided into discrete family groups such as the Carmel Band of Rumsen, the Pajaro Valley Indian Association of Watsonville, and the Muwekma Tribe of Santa Clara Valley.

During the Spanish colonial period, and after the Partacsi Tribelet had been removed, the study area went wild as nature was no longer restrained by aboriginal land management practices, which included fire as a means of preventing the encroachment of unproductive scrub and coniferous forest. Redwood trees in the vicinity of the project area were cut and milled for use at Mission Santa Clara as well as the Pueblo of San Jose, but for the most part the study area was totally abandoned.

Livestock with particular mission brands generally ranged freely over the landscape and rapidly multiplied, creating an industry for the missions. This new economic bounty required a large labor force and soon the missionaries began to send their neophytes on raids among their former enemy tribes to retrieve additional neophytes. In time, the missions became the principal supporter of Indian neophytes and the Spanish colonists at the presidios and pueblos, and they began interacting with American and British business ventures by selling cattle hides and tallow. By 1805 foreign ships arrived regularly to load ranching products and sell exotic goods, and many missions transformed from agricultural communes to ranching facilities.

Given the fact that the missions controlled the land and labor, it did not take long for the local citizens of the pueblos to start complaining to officials that they could not participate in this closed economy. Meanwhile, after 1810, events were unfolding in Mexico that resulted in the Mexican Revolution and the overthrow of the Spanish dominion in Mexico and California by 1821.

Mexican Period

Starting in 1823, the Mexican Period witnessed the dismantling of the mission properties. Settlers petitioned for land grants, and between the years of 1834 and 1836 alone the Mexican Congress released 8 million acres of mission (Indian) lands to private ownership. Without the authority of the missions, the Indians lost claim to their lands. The former mission neophytes soon adapted to labor on the new ranchos, and were in fact the caballeros and vaqueros working the cattle herds. The Project Study Area was not cited as part of a Mexican Period land grant and was instead government land.

American Period

With the annexation of Texas into the Union and the subsequent Mexican-American War of 1845-1848, hostilities were formally ended with the signing of a document known as the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Article XI of the treaty bound the United States to observe that “special care shall...be taken not to place its Indian occupants under the necessity of seeking new homes” when removal of Indians was carried out or settlement was made by citizens of the U.S. Meanwhile the discovery of gold in the Sierra Nevada foothills sparked an incredible world-wide fever for gold that was said to be just waiting in the streams to be picked out. California became a state in 1850 and the new California legislature acted to initiate the Public Land Commission to manage formal surveys and land allotments.

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The study area was within the general range of a new town that had been established within what later would become Lexington Reservoir. A U.S. Post Office located there in 1861, gave rise to the name Lexington. Most of the region soon became known by that name too, until the town was re-named “Alma” on December 2, 1873. An 1876 atlas notes that by that time, the study area was owned by a Mr. Henry, and it is here proposed that Hendrys Creek is a typographic error from the original “Henry’s Creek” (see Figure 4).

Figure 4: Henry Property (the Study Area) as shown in 1876 (Atlas of Santa Clara, Thompson and West, 1876).

Although the area surrounding the township of Alma supported several ranches and orchards, a US Topographical map of 1916 locates only one structure and an unimproved road within the Hendrys Creek study area (see Figure 5); this will be discussed below.

By the 1930s, the State Highway Department began designing a new highway corridor that would traverse through portions of Alma, which by that time was the hub for a dispersed community of orchardists and ranchers, and was a rail stop for the line that connected Santa Cruz with San Jose. Concurrently, the Santa Clara Valley Water District had been planning to construct a large dam at the upper Los Gatos Creek drainage, which would ultimately submerge the town of Alma. The dam, designated as Lexington Reservoir, was started on the eve of World Way II, but construction was temporarily stopped as materials were re-directed towards the war effort. MROSD Hendrys Creek Property ASR Page 12

Figure 5: 1916 Topographic Map of Study Area. Project location is shown, along with a structure and road alignment.

Prior to the construction of what would become Highway 17, the train served as the principal transportation method between these two regions (and was locally known as the “Blossom Express” in reference to the many fruit tress encountered on the route). However, a two lane MROSD Hendrys Creek Property ASR Page 13

paved road had already existed, as noted in historical accounts which observed that it too would be submerged by the new dam. By 1947, it was noted that some 16,000 to 18,000 vehicles were traveling this route each day (Dickey, 1981:72). Ultimately, the highway corridor was re-aligned in 1951, and construction of the Lexington Reservoir commenced in the spring of 1952.

Results of Literature Review:

A review of archaeological records was conducted through the Northwest Regional Information Center at Sonoma State University to determine if previously recorded archaeological sites were known to exist within, or adjacent to the project Study Area. The Information Center serves as the regional archive for the State Office of Historic Preservation (OHP) where archaeological records are kept and curated.

The record search did not find any previously recorded archaeological sites within ½ mile of the study area, although the nearby township of Alma (typically submerged below the waters of Lexington Reservoir) had been surveyed and recorded in 2010 by Cabrillo College when the reservoir had been emptied for reinforcement of the dam.

A review of historic maps resulted in the identification of a historic structure and road within the study area, established sometime before 1916 (see Figure 5 above). The road is likely the same one used today.

Results of the Field Review:

A field reconnaissance of the project Study Area was done on October 27, 2014 by Mark Hylkema (MA RPA Archaeologist with 34 years professional experience in California Archaeology), and Dan Cearley (MA Archaeologist with 24 years professional experience).

The 117 acre Study Area was mostly too steep to have been likely to exhibit any archaeological resources, and the survey was largely restricted to the stream corridor and terraces immediately adjacent to the stream within the Area of Direct Impact (ADI) for the proposed stream improvements project. A series of project pictures were taken and are presented in Appendix A.

Immediately noticeable in the study area were many tiers of graded terraces paralleling the stream corridor. These terraces represent an elaborate system of leveling that was done over the past fifty or so years to make suitable locations for a variety of small houses, shacks and sheds. MROSD informed us that the former resident had leased numerous sites for residential use without permits or real concern for the effects to the natural environment. Many terraces were created and some still exhibit stacked stone retaining walls- which held soil for gardens and other domestic, non-native plants. Indeed, the landscape abounds with exotic species like cactus, fruit trees, decorative shrubs, etc. Historic trash is still evident throughout the ADI. Figure 6, courtesy of MROSD, shows the approximate range of disturbed soils within the project ADI.

None of the former structure site locations could be considered historic or otherwise construed as features of an historic landscape. However, one location of a former structure, referred to here as Feature 1 (see Pictures in Appendix A), exhibited fragmented bottles and ceramics that appeared MROSD Hendrys Creek Property ASR Page 14

Figure 6: Extent of previously disturbed surfaces with the project ADI (plan courtesy of MROSD).

to date to the early 1920s and later (embossed bottles with seams, transfer ware ceramics). Also, stone foundations and the use of lime mortar rather than cement at various places suggest an earlier establishment of Feature 1- perhaps this was the lone structure depicted in Figure 5 (above) in 1916. Regardless, this feature also evidenced a more contemporary litter of metal and glass, as well as foundation alignments of a much more recent temporal context indicating a general lacked of any real integrity.

A variety of structural and historic debris scattered around the larger graded area that once supported the structure of Feature 1 further confirmed the conclusion that this so-called feature was not worth recording or detailing further in the present ASR. Moreover, the MROSD does not intend to remove the remaining traces of Feature 1.

The field survey also found the alignment of a narrow grade that perhaps once functioned as a road or path. Presently, many shrubs and trees grow within its footprint suggesting that it has not been used for many years; however, the sizes of the laurel and scrub oak trees growing in the grade are not older than about fifty years. The road traversed SW from the junction of Hendrys Creek and Tributary 11, trended upward around the toe of slope, and then after an inclined u-turn MROSD Hendrys Creek Property ASR Page 15

it followed a fairly straight course east towards the higher elevation of the ridge separating Hendrys Creek from Hooker Creek to the south. The alignment is outside of the project ADI and does not show up in historic maps. Therefore this potential linear feature is not considered further in this ASR.

Conclusion:

Neither the literature review or field survey resulted in the identification of significant cultural resources within the study area. Remnants of structural remains, (cement and stone house foundation alignments, gardens, graded surfaces, etc.), lack any historic integrity and do not meet the criteria of significance. The landscape has been severely altered within the past forty years and no longer resembles its original natural or historical setting.

Therefore, this ASR serves as Negative Findings and the proposed infrastructural improvement within the Hendry Creek Property should proceed without further archaeological evaluation. However, in the unlikely event that inadvertent archaeological finds are encountered during project development, then actions at the location of the find should temporarily halt until a qualified archaeologist can be consulted, and management recommendations addressing the find developed. Finally, should this project change to include additional lands not previously evaluated in this ASR, then further archaeological review should be done.

Useful References

Allen, J. E. 1946 Geology of the San Juan Bautista Quadrangle, California. California Division of Mines Bulletin 133, San Francisco. Atwater, B. F., E. J. Helley, and C W. Hedel 1977 Late Quaternary depositional history, Holocene sea level changes, and vertical crustal movement, southern San Francisco Bay, California. United States Geological Survey Professional Papers 1014:1-15. Atwater, B. F., S. G. Conard, J. N. Dowden, C. W. Hedel, R. L. MacDonald, and W. Savage 1979 History, landforms, and vegetation of the estuary's tidal marshes. In San Francisco Bay: The Urbanized Estuary, edited by T. J. Conomos, 347-381. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Pacific Division. San Francisco. Barrett, S. A., and E. W. Gifford 1933 Miwok material culture. Bulletin of the Milwaukee Public Museum 2 (4). Basgall, Mark E. 1987 Resource intensification among hunter-gatherers: Acorn economies in prehistoric California. Research in Economic Anthropology 9:21-52. Baumhoff, Martin A. 1963 Ecological determinants of aboriginal California populations. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 49(2):155-236. Berkeley. 1978 Environmental background. In Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 8; California. R. F. Heizer volume editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC. MROSD Hendrys Creek Property ASR Page 16

Bean, Lowell J., and Thomas Blackburn 1976 Native Californians: A theoretical retrospective. Socorro: Ballena Press. Bean, Lowell J., and Thomas F. King 1974 Antap: California Indian political and economic organization. Ballena Press Anthropological Papers 2. Menlo Park, Calif. Bean, Lowell J., and Harry W. Lawton 1973 Some explanations for the rise of cultural complexity in Native California with comments on proto-agriculture and agriculture. In patterns of Indian burning in California: ecology and ethno-history, by Henry Lewis. Ballena Press Anthropological Papers 1 Pp. v-xlvii. Ramona Calif. Beardsley, Richard K. 1948 Cultural sequences in Central California archaeology. American Antiquity 14(1):1-28. 1954 Temporal and areal relationships in Central California archaeology. University of California Archaeological Survey Reports 24 and 25. Berkeley. Bergthold, Judith 1982 Prehistoric Setlement and Trade Models in the Santa Clara Valley, California. MA Thesis, San Francisco State University. Bickel, Polly 1978 Changing sea levels along the California coast: Anthropological implications. Journal of California Anthropology 5:6-20. Blackburn, Thomas C., and Kat Anderson, editors 1993 Before the wilderness: Environmental management by Native Californians. Ballena Press Anthropological Papers No. 40. Thomas C. Blackburn, series editor. Menlo Park, CA: Ballena Press. Bocek, Barabara R. 1984 Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, based on collections by John P. Harrington. Economic Botany, 38(2):240-255. Bolton, Herbert E 1926 Historical memoirs of New California by Fray Francisco Palou, O.F.M. Vols. 1-4. University of California Press, Berkeley. 1930 Anza's California expeditions. Vols. 1-5. University of California Press, Berkeley. 1933 Font's complete diary, 1775-1776. University of California Press, Berkeley. Breschini, Gary, and Trudy Haversatt 1991 Early Holocene occupations of the Central California coast. In Hunter-Gatherers of Early Holocene Coastal California. Jon M. Erlandson and Roger H. Colten editors. Perspectives in California Archaeology, Vol. 1:125-132. Jeanne E. Arnold Senior series editor. Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles. Breschini, Gary, Trudy Haversat, and Jon Erlandson 1990 California radiocarbon dates. Sixth edition. Coyote Press, Salinas. Brown, Alan K. 1994 The European contact of 1772 and some later documentation. In The Ohlone past and present: Native Americans of the San Francisco Bay region. Lowell John Bean editor. Ballena Press Anthropological Papers, No. 42. Menlo Park. Cambra, Rosemary, Alan Leventhal, Laura Jones, Julia Hammett, Les Field and Norma Sanchez. 1996 Archaeological investigations at Kaphan Umux (Three Wolves) site, CA-SCL-732: A Middle period cemetery on Coyote Creek in Southern San Jose, Santa Clara County, California. Ms. on file, California Department of Transportation, District 4, Oakland. Cartier, Robert 1980 Early cultures and rock features of the Santa Teresa Hills: SCL-64, SCL-106, and SCL- 341. Ms. on file, California Archaeological Inventory, Northwest Regional Information Center, Sonoma State University. 1988 The Middle Period in the Southern San Francisco Bay area. Proceedings of the Society for California Archaeology, Vol. 1:273-282. MROSD Hendrys Creek Property ASR Page 17

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Appendix A:

Project Photographs

Picture 1: General terrain of study area (graded surface).

Picture 2: Example of non-historic retaining wall.

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Picture 3: Example of stream rehabilitation project- removal of structures in stream profile.

Picture 4: Example of non-historic garden retaining feature.

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Picture 5: Tiered retaining walls at House Feature 1.

Picture 6: Example of multiple construction events at House Feature 1.

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Picture 7: House Feature 1 water well.

Picture 8: House Feature 1 cement in-filled water tank.