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41T/"7"-'03$&4 the bleak backdrop of lack of any formally are very critical roles that rely heavily upon between our respective countries. Our prefer- ▸▸▸ “Our preference with the expounded white paper by the government, stealth and staying-power and the utility of ence with both these countries, as also with took the strategic community the word over our present and future submarines is based other major powers such as the European US and Russia, as also with by surprise. The doctrine sought to dispel the upon these very capabilities. It is true that our Union, is to go in for joint ventures and col- other major powers such as the definitional and terminological fuzziness that submarine-induction is guided by our 30-Year laborative development of cutting-edge tech- European Union, is to go in for seems to pervade large sections of the public, Submarine Plan, which is an important sub-set nologies, rather than be satisfied with a mere the media, and even the country’s security of the overall Maritime Capability Perspective buyer-seller relationship. India has far greater joint ventures and collaborative establishment. As such, it was underpinned by Plan. It is not true that we have already decided areas of strength than our media gives the development of cutting-edge the rationale expounded so clearly by that bril- upon the class of submarine to be built in the country credit for and it is our constant endea- liant maritime strategist, Sir Julian Corbett, who second line. In broad terms, however, you must vour to leverage these technological, market- technologies, rather than merits quoting, even a hundred years after his remember that the navy’s induction plan and ing and production-based strengths. be satisfied with a mere time. He wrote, “It is not enough that a leader her de-induction plan run side-by-side. So even should have the ability to decide rightly: his by 2025, we expect to have a submarine force SP’s: The IN has quite appropriately pur- buyer-seller relationship.” ◂◂◂ subordinates must seize at once the full mean- not much larger than our present one in terms sued the indigenous route for development ing of his decision and be able to express it of numbers, but certainly one that is adequately of its force levels, through shipbuilding sections for ship/submarine applications. This with certainty in well-adjusted action. For this, equipped to meet the operational requirements programmes. Are you satisfied with the represents an enormous step in freeing our- every man concerned must have been trained of the future. available wherewithal, infrastructure, tech- selves from the yoke of pressures and prices to think in the same plane; the Chief’s order nology, skill-sets of the defence shipyards associated with the import of steel for ship must awake in every brain the same process SP’s: The Long Term Perspective Plan on and their modernisation plans or would a and submarine building. The IN has taken a of thought: his words must have the same Military Technical Cooperation with Russia newer model of public-private partnership number of measures to optimise the potential meaning for all.” In short, the maritime doctrine has enabled the IN to acquire newer ships, be essential to bridge gaps in capability created by the growing capability of the Indian seeks to provide a common reference point, submarines and aircraft, as also effect the and build-up, as also to curtail the time and industry coupled with the shift in government language and purpose, uniting the actions of modernisation of submarines and aircraft cost over-runs, all of which have been major policy to allow for private partnership in the many diverse elements into a team effort. Yet, with advanced weapons, sensors and sys- impediments thus far? defence sector. We are not blind to the fact we recognise that even this capstone docu- tems. How do you foresee the prospects of CNS: The IN has a proud record of consistently that although there are some extremely efficient ment must remain responsive to the changing such intensive cooperation with Russia evolv- supporting indigenisation. We have consistently public sector units, certain inefficiencies do environment, and embedded within the trea- tise itself is the caveat that the Indian Maritime Doctrine must never allow itself to degener- ate into dogma. As such, we are, even as I speak, engaged in the process of revising the doctrine so as to retain its relevance in these rapidly changing times. The doctrine having been articulated, the navy then set about the next step, which was to define the country’s maritime interests as sub-sets of India’s core national interest, name- ly, the material and economic well-being of the people of India. Thus, the IN was able to cor- rectly position itself within the global maritime domain as a force that is not Pakistan-centric or China-centric or US-centric, but is quintes- sentially India-centric. To preserve, protect and further the national maritime interests of India, a series of strategies were clearly required to be enunciated and disseminated, both within the classified domain as well as to the public at large. I must add that the criticality of the The Russian origin Kilo Class submarine INS Sindhughosh latter as a contributory factor to ‘strategic Photograph: Indian Navy transparency’ was certainly not lost upon the navy’s leadership. It was also obvious that ▸▸▸ “The IN is actively maintained that indigenisation is a fundamen- exist in this sector due to their organisational these strategies needed to encompass not just tal tenet in planning and growth. Indeed, with structure and work ethos. On the other hand, technology-enabled platforms and hardware, interfacing with our shipyards about 40 ships under construction in Indian the private sector has tremendous flexibility, but also organisational structures, physical as well as with industry— shipyards across the country, the commitment and being result oriented, can provide quality and services-based infrastructure, technical of the IN to indigenous ship construction is goods at cost-effective prices. You may recall support, material and logistic wherewithal, public, private and joint—for obvious. We believe that not only does indi- that it was in recognition of the strengths of the including the centrality of indigenisation, and, the development of propulsion genisation support and encourage the resur- private sector that the government constituted perhaps most important of all, the develop- technologies for its surface gence of our own industry but also cut costs the Kelkar Committee to look into the issue ment of the human resource that would need or dependence levels, both of which translate of private sector participation in the defence to plan, man, train and sustain the whole lot of and sub-surface platforms. to vulnerability especially since one has to industry. However, the private sector, by and the hardware, platforms, infrastructure and the We are engaged in a number depend upon imports throughout the life cycle large, is only now developing the capability to material wherewithal. Thus, over the last two of the equipment. The IN and the defence ship- undertake very large-scale projects. years, the IN has penned the strategies that it of design experiments in this yards are very conscious of the need to stay The navy, for its part, is well into its own intends to adopt in order to preserve, protect regard, many of which deal with abreast the gallop of technology. Both, there- 15-year programme to achieve 85 per cent and further our national maritime interests, in fore, firmly intend to continue to take advantage indigenisation and is interacting extensively times of peace, tension and conflict. These find advanced technologies.” ◂◂◂ of the technological revolution in software and with the Confederation of Indian Industries and expression in the classified and unclassified production, with attendant spin-offs for our the Organisation of Small Scale Industries to versions of the document entitled Freedom to ing in the future? Likewise, growing Indo-US country, as also for our regional friends and identify the right sources for our equipment by Use the Seas: India’s Maritime Strategy. Having cooperation in defence has resulted in acqui- partners. For instance, the IN is actively inter- nodal organisations within the navy. The proce- established commonality of terminology and sition of some rare platforms and technolo- facing with our shipyards as well as with indus- dures involved in registering as defence ven- concept, having defined the country’s maritime gies denied to India thus far. The successful try—public, private and joint— for the develop- dors have been made both simple and trans- interests and having determined the strategies conclusion of the Indo-US civil nuclear deal ment of a variety of propulsion technologies for parent and, if the industry is able to adhere required to preserve, protect and further these holds out a promise for cooperation on a its surface and sub-surface platforms. to the specifications we need and deliver maritime interests, the navy has gone about much wider spectrum. What, in your view, are We are engaged in a number of design the desired products at competitive prices, methodically determining what it needed by the opportunities that could be made avail- experiments in this regard, many of which deal there is immense scope for collaboration for way of force-level accretions—the cutting-edge able to IN for future force-development? with advanced technologies. These experi- mutual benefit. You would also recall that in of the sword, so-to-speak. All this ought to give CNS: Our perspective-planning concentrates ments are proceeding satisfactorily and we January this year, Minister of State for Defence you a reasonably good idea of the success that upon the generation of capabilities along a will incorporate designs that are deemed suit- Production Rao Inderjit Singh had publicly we have achieved. pre-determined timeline. Some capabilities able, all in the fullness of time. The result of announced that the government had identified are best developed indigenously. Others may over 40 years of persistence with the process 41 manufacturing hubs from the private sector SP’s: A major sub-set of the Maritime need to be acquired from abroad, with future of indigenisation has resulted in a navy that (Raksha Udyog Ratnas) that would be involved Perspective Plan is the 30-Year Submarine indigenisation being supported by technol- has achieved over 80 per cent indigenisation with defence production and would assume Plan for the IN. With the upgradation of ogy-transfer arrangements. Insofar as induc- in the areas of hull, machinery, and electri- the role of system integrators and manufactur- capabilities of 877 EKM submarines, planned tions from abroad are concerned, we have cal and electronics equipment. For instance, ers of large weapon systems required by the induction of the Scorpene Class and opening no special leanings towards any particular the IN has partnered Gas Turbine Research armed forces. of the second line of submarine construction country, although there certainly are differing Establishment, Bangalore, in the fructification There are many private-public partnerships for the Amur Class, how would you like to impacts upon life-cycle costing depending of a major project of marinising the Kaveri Gas already underway and, apart from the many define the roles and responsibilities for the upon the country from which one acquires Turbine. Similarly, the Defence Metallurgical tugs, yard-craft and auxiliaries that are rou- submarine arm to emerge a vibrant force- high-end platforms, weapons or sensors. We Research Laboratory, Hyderabad, in col- tinely ordered from private Indian shipyards, multiplier for the IN? have excellent and longstanding relations laboration with M/s Steel Authority of India we have six survey ships being built by Alcock CNS: Conventionally-propelled submarines with Russia and expect this to continue in the Ltd, and with active participation from the IN, Ashdown Gujarat Ltd. are principally platforms of sea denial and, if foreseeable future. In the case of the US, too, has successfully undertaken the indigenous (To be continued.) armed with suitable missiles, could have some the military-to-military component is a very development and production of warship-grade (For full text of interview, pick up
WWW.SPSNAVALFORCES.NET limited land-attack capability as well. These important component of the bilateral relations DMR249A steel plates and bulb structural SP’s Military Yearbook 2008-2009.)
2 SP’s NAVAL FORCES 6/2008 Lockheed Martin Maritime AD
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-(# (!#"!"!% )$"# !$"" "$! "" *"!"#!#! ! (# ( Rich Tapestry A plethora of naval technology and equipment was displayed by as many as 375 companies from 30 countries in Euronaval 2008 held in Paris-Le-Bourget from October 27 to 31
ShowLT Review GENERAL (RETD) NARESH CHAND
uronaval 2008, the 21st chapter of • Surface Combatant Systems the International Exhibition of Naval • Mine Warfare systems Models of the Falcon 900MPA at the Dassault stall Technology and Armament, was held • UUV/ AUV systems in Paris-Le-Bourget from October 27 to time represented by Rosoboronexport State its Andrasta Class submarine, optimised to E31 under the patronage of the French Ministry Rheinmetall Defence Corporation which also showcased its defence operate in coastal waters as well as deep of Defense and the support of the Secretariat Rheinmetall Defence offers a wide range of industrial complex. The systems on display waters. Similar to the Scorpène Class in General to the Sea. Conducted once in two state-of-the-art systems for naval forces: recon- included missiles, patrol and landing ships and design, it is particularly suited to carry out spe- years, the exhibition is one of the best repre- naissance and fire control sensors for detecting craft, coast guard boats, submarines, torpedoes, cial operations or information-gathering assign- sented international exposition of specialised and tracking targets, effectors for engaging mines and shore-based surveillance systems. ments even in peace times. It is 49 m long naval technology and equipment. The exhibi- targets at sea and on shore, and highly effective and weighs 855 metric tonnes with capability tion focuses on shipbuilding, armament, naval countermine warfare and air defence systems. Northrop Grumman of doing 15 knots in diving mode. It can stay weapons and equipment, fleet air arm, control Northrop Grumman showcased its state-of-the- immersed in shallow waters for five days and systems, telecommunication, navigation equip- ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems art ship and marine navigation system capabili- has an autonomy of 3,000 nautical miles. ment and trainers. This year, the main themes The frigates, corvettes, offshore and fast patrol ties at the Euronaval as follows: SMX 24: DCNS also presented the next-gen- were Naval Defence, Maritime Safety and vessels, mine warfare vessels, and special LPD San Antonio Class: LPD San Antonio eration sub SMX 24 which will incorporate Satellite Navigation. auxiliaries of ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems Class Amphibious Warfare and Transport ship ‘plug-and-fight’ hardware enabling it to be As many as 375 companies from 30 are of world-leading edge technology, including and its International Patrol Frigate, a versatile reconfigured on demand to changing mission countries, including Australia, Belgium, Brazil, solutions fulfilling naval, coastguard and marine and affordable warship based on the multi-mis- needs. DCNS has already identified 25 mod- Canada, Chile, Denmark, Finland, France, authority mandates. The submarine feature sion National Security Cutter currently operated ules suitable for ‘plug-and-fight’ according to Germany, Great Britain, Israel, Italy, Malaysia, the extraordinary stealth, firepower and endurance. by the US Coast Guard. needs. These include the submarine’s weapons Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia, Singapore, Corvette: Sa’ar 5B Littoral Corvette, an (mines, missiles and so on), sensors and per- Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, Lockheed Martin enhanced version of the Northrop Grumman formance-enhancing add-ons (offering greater Ukraine and the US participated in the exhibition. Lockheed Martin focused on its naval combat Sa’ar 5 corvette currently in service with the speed, maneuverability or endurance, as the Here’s a synopsis of all that was on display. systems. The following systems/ships were on Israel Navy as well as the advanced Enforcer- case may be). The modules will be housed in display: class Fast Patrol Craft design. the wings and sail and under the operations • Aegis combat VisionMaster FT: Sperry Marine’s latest genera- room. Different combinations of modules result system as part tion of navigation and ship control technology, in high-performance SMX 24 configurations of BMD VisionMaster FT provides a highly integrated fully with capabilities tailored to specific missions • Ships like networked suite of marine radar and electronic with a crew of only 22. KDX2, KDX3, charting systems designed to form the backbone Black Shark F21: DCNS and WASS, the Italian Congo Class & of the modern ship’s integrated bridge. firm, are developing the heavy Black Shark F21 DDX MK39: Navigation systems included Sperry torpedo which is wire-guided, weighs 1.5 tonnes, • Submarine Marine’s MK39 Ring Laser Gyro Navigation is 6 m long and has a calibre of 533 mm. It can Combat System System and the MK27 Fibre-Optic Attitude and be used both against ships and submarines. • Littoral Combat Heading Reference System for naval vessels. Ship Thales BAE Systems Thales showcased its VT1 missile which had Oto Melara BAE Systems launched its Artisan 3D (Advanced successfully been fired on October 27 from Sharing Radar Target Indication Situational Awareness a DCNS Sylver A35 vertical launcher under space with and Navigation) radar for the export market. a joint Thales-DCNS team. The new techni- Finmeccanica, Artisan is designed as a main surveillance and cal features of the VT1-VL naval Crotale were Oto Melara target indication radar for surface vessels. It pro- clearly demonstrated with this firing, that is,
Photographs: armyrecognition.com/ Dassault Photographs: armyrecognition.com/ The SP’s stall at Euronaval 2008 premiered the vides high performance in difficult environmental ejection of the VT1 missile from Sylver launcher, new 76/62mm and clutter conditions and is ideally suited for vertical take-off as well as the tip-off according STRALES sys- operation in the littoral. It is scaleable to suit a to the controlled trajectory. The Crotale family Saab tem that represents the most advanced techno- range of platforms from offshore patrol vessels is a short range air defence weapon system Saab products and systems on display at logical innovation in the field of medium calibre to major warships and is designed for the easy which is available in land and naval versions. Euronaval included a range of products and ser- naval guns. It was a dynamic display less the insertion of technology upgrades. The latest versions are equipped with the vices within areas such as Situational Awareness, firing where blinking orange lights connected hypervelocity VT1 missile that ensures air tar- Decision Support and Precision Engagement as with an alarm siren announced the opening of Elisra get kill against any type of threat. well as for civil security and industry such as the the gun shield and the exit of the antenna which One of the world’s leading providers of superior, sea Giraffe AMB multi-mission radar system and generates a guidance beam capable of directing field-proven defence solutions, among the cut- MBDA the 9LV Mk4 Light, a combat version of Saab’s the new Driven Ammunition with Reduced Time ting-edge capabilities offered by Elisra are com- MBDA displayed its VL MICA missile, production renowned integrated naval C4I system. of flight projectile against the target. prehensive frequency coverage, 100 per cent series version of which has been successfully intercept probability, innovative signal processing, fired. During the firing on October 23, it was ver- Dassault Aviation Fincantieri advanced jamming, integrated R&C, and on- tically launched and scored a direct hit against a Dassault’s models on display included the Rafale, At the opening day of the Euronaval Exhibition a board COMINT/DF. Banshee drone flying at low level over the sea at Falcon 900MPA and Falcon 2000MRA. major alliance was announced between Italian a range exceeding 12 km. Of special note is that shipbuilding giant Fincantieri and UK shiprepair, EADS the MICA missile was fired in an electro-magnet- GEM Elettronica conversion and military support specialist EADS displayed rotary-wing UAV demonstrators ic configuration, equipped with a radar seeker, Engaged in the study and production of military, Northwestern Shiprepairers and Shipbuilders Ltd Orka and Scorpio. against a target designation provided by the fir- paramilitary and civilian equipment and systems (NSL). NSL which dates back to 1820, is also Orka: Orka, a helicopter drone system, opened ing range and that the target was at a range of for naval, air and terrestrial applications, GEM a prime contractor to the Royal Fleet Auxiliary new perspectives in the conduct of operations 15 km. The VL MICA air defence system is avail- Elettronica displayed: (RFA) Service. This alliance will enhance sup- in open zones as well as in urban environment. able in naval and ground-based variants deploy- • Command, control, communications, comput- port to Fincantieri in pursuit of the tender to build In its naval version, it can engage in anti-surface ing the MICA missile from the CLA launcher. ers and intelligence consoles six fleet replenishment tankers for UK Ministry ship combat from the ship and also perform MICA currently provides the air-to-air weapon • Radar of Defence’s MARS project. When built, these automatic landing. capability on the Mirage 2000-5 and Rafale com- • VTMIS and Coastal Surveillance Systems vessels will join the existing RFA fleet. Executive Scorpio: Scorpio is available in two versions, bat aircraft. In its naval variant, the compactness • Simulation programmes for naval missions Senior VP of Fincantieri Naval vessel business the Scorpio-6 and the Scorpio-30. It consists of of the missile makes VL MICA highly suitable as GEM Elettronica also displayed the Lockheed unit Alberto Maestrini said, “This is part of a larg- a rotary-wing aerial vehicle and a gyro-stabilised the principal defence system on corvette-type Martin’s Next Generation Workstation, which it is er strategy of collaboration with NSL and if suc- turret housing the interchangeable visible-spec- ship or as a complement to Aster 30 for the air marketing and producing for European counties cessful with the MARS tender, the companies will trum and infrared payloads. It is also equipped defence of ships of larger tonnage. MBDA also under licence from Lockheed Martin. pursue other business opportunities in the naval with a digital datalink and a hardened portable displayed its cruise missile MdCN (SCALP) auxiliary, naval export and offshore markets.” ground station that not only plans and manages which has completed the whole suite of aerody- Atlas Elektronik the mission but also controls the payload. namic tests and is ready for firing trials. Atlas Elektronik displayed products and con- Rosoboronexport State cepts of the following naval systems: Corporation DCNS BAE Systems
WWW.SPSNAVALFORCES.NET • Submarine Systems Russia participated in the exhibition for the sixth Andrasta Class submarine: DCNS displayed Talisman: BAE Systems displayed Talisman
Continued on page 9
8 SP’s NAVAL FORCES 6/2008 Spotlight on Warships ...Continued from page 6 and retention programme to acquire, develop sations that are required to enable transforma- Commercial vs warship building with higher ratio of white to blue collar workers, and retain qualified personnel are high on the tion of the industry. because of increased engineering complexity agenda of the most modern shipyards. Traditionally, shipyards have a trade-centric In the recent past, shipyards currently building and the requirement to interact regularly with Shipbuilding industry has been histori- workforce, which hampers effective utilisation military ships are trying to diversify into com- the navy and the government. Therefore, for cally slow to adopt change. A critical element of human resources as work distribution across mercial production and vice versa. Historical commercial yards to overcome the vagaries of of successful shipyards has been their ability disciplines can vary significantly at different trend has been more towards specialisation the highly cyclical commercial shipbuilding and stages of warship building. Shipyards nowa- rather than integration of commercial and successfully transcend to military shipbuilding, days are trying to develop multi-skill teams for military production. Integration can bring the they will have to gear up on all fronts of ship- ▸▸▸ In warship building, better exploitation of manpower. Across the benefits of military technological advances to building activities. slippages are often recognised world there are very few technical colleges or commercial construction and the benefits of To sum up, increase in capacities and infra- very late in the programme. institutes that prepare students for a career in efficient commercial processes can also be structure in shipyards have to be carried out shipbuilding. The shipbuilding industry is now used in warships. However, most successful judiciously so that shipyards are not burdened Warship projects being capital focusing on supporting education and training shipbuilders have found it difficult to build both with surge capacities and resulting inefficien- intensive also calls for efficient so that young people with industry-specific skill frontline warships and commercial ships of any cies during a downturn. Shipyard facilities are standards are available for the industry. degree of complexity within the same opera- to be optimised for its product portfolio and capital management. ◂◂◂ Warship builders are involved a great deal tion. This is because construction of warships have to be adapted to incorporate cutting edge in the detailed design of warships. World class differs dramatically from commercial ships technologies. Exploitation of IT and a vibrant to adapt to change and willingness to aban- shipyards have made giant strides in ‘Design along the entire spectrum of shipyard activities. workforce are essential elements of any world don tradition and embrace new technology for Production’ which includes emphasis on Average commercial ships are much larger class shipbuilder. The ability to implement and processes. Successful implementation of design optimisation to minimise material and than average warships and, therefore, can- cultural change in a shipyard is a prerequisite new ideas depends on the shipyard’s ability work content, standardisation and reduction not be built in facilities sized for warships. The if it wants to successfully embrace new and to implement ‘cultural change’ throughout its of part count, design for self-alignment and complexities of warships are far greater than advanced technologies and processes. organisation. There is a growing awareness the application of group technology. This has that of merchant vessels which necessitates a amongst modern shipyards of the cultural enabled many shipyards to reduce both mate- different type of infrastructure. Warship building The writer is Director General Ship Design, impact and the values, behaviour and organi- rial and labour content in today’s design. also requires a different workforce character, Integrated Headquarters, Ministry of Defence, Navy.
Rich Tapestry ...Continued from page 8 which is a third-generation Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (UUV) with multi-role mis- sion capability. Talisman is the marine deriva- tive of a family of intelligent autonomous sys- tems covering land, air and sea domains with network-enabled capability. Designed to oper- ate in littoral waters from vessels of opportunity, Talisman interfaces for single shot vehicles, such as Archerfish and survey vehicles. Minor Calibre Gun: Another system, Mk 38 Mod 2 Stabilized Minor Calibre Gun system from BAE Systems and Rafael, sets the stan- dard for shipboard defense against small, fast and agile surface threats. With more than 90 system variants deployed worldwide, the sta- bilised, remote controlled Mk 38 Mod 2 Minor Caliber Gun is proven capable in defending against multiple surface threats in all sea states.
Giat Industries NARWHAL: Building on experience gained with ultra-light naval mounts for small craft (15A/15B) and with technologies developed for turreted cannon for helicopters (THL 20/THL 30), Giat Industries is developing the NARWHAL (Naval Remote Weapon, Highly Accurate, Lightweight) in the 20, 25 or 30 mm configuration.
Raytheon SeaRAM: To be installed aboard the littoral com- bat ship USS Independence, SeaRAM is a low- cost spiral development of the proven Phalanx Block 1B radar and Rolling Airframe Missile, the latter produced jointly by Raytheon and RAMSYS of Germany. Intended to enlarge Phalanx’s keep- out range against sea-skimming anti-ship mis- siles, multiple fast surface craft and slow flying helicopters, SeaRAM uses upgraded Block 1B Phalanx sensors and replaces the M61A1 20mm gun with an 11-round RAM missile guide. Light & Heavyweight Torpedoes: Mk54 light- weight and Mk48 heavyweight torpedoes have already been supplied to the US Navy worth $165 million (Rs 824 crore). Common Broadband Advanced Sonar System torpedo guidance and control upgrade kits is produced by Raytheon Integrated Defense Systems.
Sagem Defense Securite ������������������������������������������������������ VIRMA®: VIRMA® is infra red system dedicated ��������������������������������� to the detection of all risks of asymmetrical threat, particularly in harbours, at mooring or in green waters. Due to its 24/24 all round vision over the environment, it can perform either a per- manent search or bring an autonomous comple- ment to the combat system in terms of search and detection. Its salient features are: • Minimal observation range: 125 m, from 20 m over the sea surface • Class of detection range (according to meteor conditions): - Rubber boat: 3 NM (5.5 km) - Helicopter: 6 NM (11 km) - Fast motor craft: 15 NM (28 km) • Images’ update rate: Every four seconds
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SP’s NAVAL FORCES 6/2008 9 Net-enabled & enhanced Network Centric Operation remains a new and, possibly, a challenging domain for not only the IN but for most of the armed forces of the world
COMMANDER A.P. GOLAYA
nformation technology (IT) has infrastructure must incrementally be built so as O p e r a t irevolutionised o n s operational con- to keep the requirement of CEC in mind. cepts and emerged as a key force multiplier globally for the Security of information armed forcesI to increase capabilities, not The development process for NCO is a spiral just in actual combat but across the full and evolving development cycle. The one spectrum of operations. National resources exception to this rule may be information will always remain at a premium with compet- assurance, which is very difficult to practically ing demands for development, infrastructure achieve but so critically important that it must and security. In this environment, it becomes be addressed immediately and continuously. critical to undertake tasks with decreased The IN believes that establishing a secure, resources and reduced manpower. This robust and reliable network is more impor- necessitates working smarter and looking tant than the network itself. Operationally the for force multipliers. IT is increasingly being viewed as the enabler that will provide solu- The IN aims to achieve tions to the military’s quest to achieve an ▸▸▸ edge over its adversary. an incremental transforma- Much has been written about Net Centric tion from the current state to Operation (NCO) and the Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA). A wealth of information is avail- Net-enabled operations and able on the Internet even as unclassified onwards to NCO ◂◂◂ versions of what exactly this new paradigm signifies have been discussed threadbare. Nonetheless, NCO remains a new and, pos- network can only be optimally exploited if the sibly, a challenging domain for not only the security of information, which travels on it, Indian Navy (IN) but for most of the armed is assured. In a networked environment new forces of the world. Questions like “Where are vulnerabilities surface constantly. Adequate we on the NCO scale?” is, therefore, difficult measures, therefore, need to be taken (and to answer since there is some ambiguity on continually upgraded) to provide various levels the issues involved and the scale itself is not of security on every byte of information that is clearly defined. The need is to clearly identify transacted. what is technologically available to us and how It is imperative to recognise that while NCO we can optimally utilise the benefits that this will significantly boost the operational capabil- technology promises to deliver. ity, a network centric force is also a network
Illustration: Boeing Illustration: dependent force. This imposes three require- Defining NCO ments on the NCO design: Networking enables forces to undertake a dif- and interactions. Technology now provides the to fill the gaps in technology. Transforming to • Sufficient redundancy to adapt to losses of ferent range of missions by improving speed means to achieve this and we need to make NCO also requires infrastructure in four primary component portions. of command, precision, efficiency and effec- organisational and process changes to facili- domain areas—connectivity, data fusion, knowl- • Operations must adjust to degraded commu- tiveness. The NCO concept in a maritime tate information sharing. edge-building (including decision support sys- nications and, hence, exercises must include environment focuses on better battle space Development activity in some key tech- tems) and cooperative engagement. A phased operating at each level of reduced capability. awareness and informed decision making. This nology areas is crucial. Fortunately, many approach to attaining NCO capabilities is being • Adequate local capability to allow for effec- is achieved through sensor data compilation, of these technologies are in use in the com- followed as under: tive operations even if a unit is completely cut- situation assessment, decision making and mercial segment. A judicious mix of in-house Short Term: The ongoing short term initia- off the network. directing action or delivery of ordinance. efforts (supported by the Defence Research tives are aimed mainly at the legacy platforms. and Development Organisation (DRDO/indus- These are being fitted with systems that Challenges & the way ahead try), foreign procurements (especially in niche will co-exist with the platform-centric Action All technical innovations play a paradoxical ▸▸▸ NCO can only be effective high-end technology areas with accompanying Information/Combat Management Systems role in military transformation: while they help if it is linked with appropriate transfer of technology) and outright procure- and supplement existing features with NCO to resolve existing challenges on one hand, ment of commercial, off-the-shelf products enabling capability. they invariably introduce new challenges on surveillance assets, intelligence (popularly termed COTS) is, therefore, a pre- Proof-of Concept: To validate the basic con- the other. NCO is no different. The full realisa- collection assets, high ferred option. cepts before finalising the initial operational tion of NCO presents technical, operational performance sensors, long The IN aims to achieve an incremental and architectural constructs, Indian Navy and management challenges and this being an transformation from the current state to net- needs to develop a ‘proof-of-concept’ or emerging field there is little historical guidance range precision weapons and enabled operations and onwards to NCO. A prototype solution. The proof-of-concept will available. The pace of technology changes communication equipment ◂◂◂ study of operational and technology gaps is be focused on plugging the operational gaps has increased manifold and today, technol- important before venturing to propose a trans- and will lead to a transformation process by ogy changes faster than the systems can be formation plan or an architectural framework of bringing about confidence, trust and teamwork. designed and fielded. Typically, a networked environment com- NCO. Most of the IN’s existing equipment was Supporting NCO will require consider- prise of a sensor grid (depicts the situation designed and acquired when these concepts able coordination at the execution level. There picture based on surveillance inputs and intel- and technology were not adequately devel- ▸▸▸ All technical innovations would be occasions to exercise such coordina- ligence), information grid (provides informa- oped. An evolving action plan is, therefore, play a paradoxical role in tion across the existing command structures. tion on all aspects such as plans, operations, necessary to cater for not only the legacy sys- military transformation: while Implementation of NCO will require certain cul- logistic, personnel and so on) and weapon tems, but also the ongoing acquisition plans tural and organisational changes. Experience grid (comprises data/information on the con- and planned future inductions. The transforma- they help to resolve existing of the business world demonstrates that rich trol and delivery of ordinance). NCO is often tion strategy, thus, aims to increasingly build challenges on one hand, information infrastructures lead to changes in loosely perceived as an assortment of comput- capability while consolidating earlier initiatives the organisation structure. It is important to ers, peripherals and connectivity, which is not through a process of continuous monitoring, they invariably introduce new emphasise that NCO is not a stand-alone con- true. NCO does not merely imply procurement evaluation and applying corrections. challenges on the other ◂◂◂ cept or an end on to itself. of advance equipment. It involves a cultural While procuring new technology, the IN NCO can only be effective if it is linked with change and customisation of the net centric has decided to examine technologies avail- the IN’s plans to enhance its capability through infrastructure to suit the organisation’s con- able indigenously vis-à-vis what is required. A Once the proof-of-concept is adequately tested appropriate surveillance assets, intelligence cepts and operational philosophy. thorough survey of the existing technologies and accepted by the users, full scale develop- collection assets, high performance sensors, in this field elsewhere in the world and opting ment/deployment of the future NCO system long range precision weapons and communi- Transformation to NCO for procurement with transfer of technology, may be undertaken. cation equipment (tactical/strategic). These will, Any NCO essentially encompasses two where required, has been the next logical step Long Term: The long term development of however, need to be network-enabled for effec- aspects: the physical (or technical) and the so that the development process does not NCO must hinge on converting the platform- tive operations. A balanced approach to force- social. The physical segment leads to better have to start de novo. Since not all technolo- centric Action Information Systems to an structuring is required while evolving a network quality networking and information sharing; the gies required for NCO are currently available architecture that supports NCO. For the next centric force. social segment deals with people, organisation indigenously, in-house development activity by generation weapons, sensors and C2 systems and processes that improve situation aware- existing organisations, such as the DRDO and the primary criteria must be a Cooperative The writer is Joint Director Network Centric Operations in IHQ,
WWW.SPSNAVALFORCES.NET ness/understanding and enhance collaboration the civil industry, must be progressed apace Engagement Capability (CEC). The network MoD, Navy.
10 SP’s NAVAL FORCES 6/2008 ▸ ▸ ▸ In Brief Publisher & Editor-in-Chief Jayant Baranwal Antony’s address at the orders for warship and subma- Enterprise) Sergey Novoselov Defence Minister’s Awards for awarded a $221.6 million (Rs Editorial Adviser - Senior Officers’ Conference rine construction given to Public told RIA Novosti new agency: Excellence 1,100 crore) firm fixed price, Net enabled & enhanced R. Adm (Retd) S.K. Ramsay Defence Minister A.K. Antony Sector Shipyards, the Defence “On the market, the price of an Defence Minister A.K. Antony indefinite delivery/indefinite Senior Tech Group Editor addressed the inaugural ses- Minister expressed the confi- aircraft carrier like that varies presented the Defence quantity contract to provide Lt Gen. (Retd) Naresh Chand sion of the Indian Navy Senior dence that they will able to deliv- from $3 billion (Rs 15,010 crore) Minister’s Awards for Excellence performance-based logistics Assistant Editor Officers’ Conference in Delhi on er on contractual deadlines. He to $4 billion (Rs 20,018 crore). 2006-07 to Ordnance Factories maintenance and support Arundhati Das October 31. Excerpts. also stressed the need to moder- The renovations being done at and Defence Public Sector services for up to 500 US Sub-Editor On welfare of Personnel Below nise and adopt best practices so the moment at Sevmash are Undertakings as follows: Navy and US Marine Corps Bipasha Roy Officer Ranks: Antony asked that the shipyards remain com- worth 60 to 70 per cent of the Institutional Awards Hybrid, Radio Frequency, Contributing Editor senior naval commanders to petitive and responsive. cost of a new aircraft carrier. • Excellence in Performance: Communications Navigation Lt Gen. V.K. (Retd) Kapoor be sensitised about the condi- On A.V. Singh Committee Report: That’s an approximate sum of Bharat Electronics Ltd, Bangalore. and Instrumentation, and High Air Mshl (Retd) V.K. Bhatia tion of PBORs and take care of Adoption of the Phase II pro- upto $2 billion. Of course, that • Best Performance in Exports: Power Consolidated Automated CONTRIBUTORS them ensuring human dignity. posals of the report will help in figure needs refining.” When Bharat Earth Movers Ltd, Support System stations. India “While the government is com- substantially improving the pro- the contract for the Admiral Bangalore Admiral (Retd) Arun Prakash mitted to the welfare of armed motional and growth opportuni- Gorshkov was signed by Russia Division / Factory / Shipyard Vice Adm (Retd) R.N. Ganesh forces, unless senior officers of ties for the officers in the middle and India in 2004, the cost of Awards Vice Adm (Retd) P.J. Jacob the navy are sensitised about and upper echelons. A total of modernising the aircraft carrier • Best Performing Division R. Adm (Retd) Raja Menon Cmde Rajeev Sawhney the condition of the PBORs, no 342 posts for the IN compris- was agreed at $617 million (Rs of DPSUs: Transport Aircraft Appointment Dr W. Lawrence Prabhakar force can progress,” he said. ing the ranks of Captain, Rear 3,100 crore), Novoselov said, Division, HAL, Kanpur Europe On role in the Indian Ocean Admiral and Vice Admiral have adding that there was nobody • Factory of OFB: Ordnance • Vice Admiral Anup Singh has taken over as DCIDS Alan Peaford, Doug Region: Referring to the growing been approved for upgradation. to blame for the difference that Factory, Ambajhari, Nagpur Richardson, Andrew (DOT), HQ IDS. stature and role of the IN in IOR, has formed between the initial • Best Performing Shipyard: Brookes (UK) the minister said, being the larg- and current prices. In such a Goa Shipyard Limited • Vice Admiral D.K. Joshi has taken over as Deputy Chief USA & Canada est country in the region with a scenario, Russia would have to Lon Nordeen (USA) of the Naval Staff, IHQ, strong navy, India will be expect- Moscow mulling purchase of compensate India for the money Anil R. Pustam (West Indies) MoD (Navy). ed to play an important role in Admiral Gorshkov it has already spent on moder- • Vice Admiral H.S. Malhi has West Asia/Africa several areas such as humanitar- nising the vessel. “That’s about H.R. Heitman (S. Africa) Health camps on Navy Week taken over as Chairman & ian assistance, providing relief in $400 million (Rs 2,000 crore),” As a part of the Navy Week, Managing Director, MDL, Chairman & Mg Director times of disaster and maintain- the source said, as quoted in health camps are being con- Mumbai. Jayant Baranwal ing good order at sea. He also the RIA Novosti report. So far, ducted in different parts of • Surgical Vice Admiral V.K. Admin & Coordination mentioned the presence of the Indian officials are denying any the country as an outreach Saxena has taken over as Bharti Sharma Indian Navy in the Gulf of Aden additional payment but the activity to serve the under- DGMS (Org & Personnel). Design area “which is there to protect ground reality is that it will be privileged urban and rural • Rear Admiral B. Kannan, on Associate Art Director: our sea-borne trade, instill con- difficult to acquire a aircraft poor. This year, the Naval promotion to Vice Admiral, Ratan Sonal fidence in our sea faring com- carrier in a reasonable time Health Camp at Delhi is being as Programme Director, Graphic Designer: Vimlesh Kumar Yadav munity and will function as a frame by India to make up an organised in collaboration ‘Aakanksha’, MoD, by deterrent for pirates”. existing void and also MiG29K with Departments of Education December. Published bimonthly by Jayant Baranwal on behalf of SP Guide On delay in projects: He drew have already been supplied to and Health & Family Welfare, • Rear Admiral N.K. Nadella, Publications P Ltd. All rights on promotion to Vice attention to the delay in execu- India which are meant to be National Capital Territory, Delhi reserved. No part of this pub- Admiral, as Admiral tion of certain infrastructure onboard Admiral Gorshkov. What at Govt Sarvodaya Vidyalaya, lication may be reproduced,
projects and asked them to Photograph: wikipedia is unsaid is that India needs Sultanpuri. During the Health Superintendent Naval stored in a retrieval system, ensure that these projects are The latest development on the a Russian nuclear submarine Camp, all the children of the Dockyard, Mumbai by or transmitted in any form or completed on schedule without Admiral Gorshkov for the Indian badly for training and experience school are medically examined December. by any means, photocopying, time and cost overruns. Giving Navy is that Russia may acquire which can be used as a leverage and treated by the specialists • Rear Admiral R.K. Dhowan, recording, electronic, or other- on promotion to Vice wise without prior written per- the example of the new Naval the vessel if India is unwilling by the Russians for escalating in Pediatrics, Eye, ENT, Skin and Admiral, as Commandant, mission of the publishers. Academy at Ezhimala, he asked to provide the additional $2 bil- the price of Admiral Gorshkov. Dentistry. Routine Laboratory National Defence Academy, Printed in India: the concerned senior officers lion (Rs 10,000 crore) needed Thus, both India and Russia will Blood Examination is also being Khadakwasla by December. by Rave India to complete the project by to finance the extensive retro- have to come to some sort of carried out for the children. • Rear Admiral A.K. Chopra, (www.raveindiapress.com) January 2009. fit. On November 13, Deputy compromise. Vice Admiral Shekhar Sinha, the on promotion to Vice © SP Guide Publications, On modernisation: Commenting General-Director of Sevmash Controller of Personnel Services Admiral, as Director 2008 on the unprecedented number of (Severodvinsk Machine Building inaugurated the health camp. General, Coast Guard by Subscriptions & Advertising December. Details may be acquired • Rear Admiral M.P. from the contact informa- Indian Navy draws first blood in the Gulf of Aden Murlidharan, on promo- tion below: Procurement of defence tion to Vice Admiral, SP GUIDE PUBLICATIONS An attack by pirates on an Indian merchant ship MV Jag Arnav in the Gulf equipment as Commandant, Naval PVT LTD of Aden was repulsed by an Indian naval warship INS Tabar patrolling in Defence Minister A.K. Antony, Academy, Ezhimala by POSTAL ADDRESS the area. This attack took place at about 10.30 am on November 11 when in a written reply in Rajya December. Post Box No 2525, the ship was 60 NM east of Aden. The alarm raised by the merchant ship Sabha regarding procurement of • Rear Admiral Paras Nath, on New Delhi was picked up by an Indian naval ship patrolling in the vicinity. An armed defence equipment, enumerated promotion to Vice Admiral, 110 005, India helicopter with marine commandoes (Marcos) was immediately launched that procurement of defence as Controller of Logistics, CORPORATE OFFICE from the naval ship to intercept and prevent the pirates from boarding and equipment is made by the gov- IHQ, MoD (Navy) by January A 133 Arjun Nagar, hijacking the merchant vessel. This timely and successful intervention led to Opp Defence Colony, ernment from various indige- 1, 2009. the pirates aborting their attempt. The naval ship thereafter escorted MV Jag New Delhi nous as well as foreign sources • Rear Admiral S.M. INS Tabar Arnav to safety. MV Jag Arnav, a 38,265 tonnes bulk carrier, is owned by the Vadaonkar, as Assistant 110 003, India to meet the requirements of the Tel: +91 (11) 24644693, Great Eastern Shipping Co Ltd. The Indian Navy (IN) has been conducting Chief of the Naval Staff armed forces. He also clarified 24644763, 24620130 anti-piracy patrols in the Gulf of Aden since October 23 as a sizeable portion (Air), IHQ, MoD (Navy) by of India’s trade flows through the Gulf of Aden and there has been a quan- that the IN has not rejected the Fax: +91 (11) 24647093 January 2009. tum increase in the number of piracy attacks in this region. These patrols are Advanced Light Helicopter (ALH) REGD OFFICE • Rear Admiral M.T. Moraes, carried out in coordination with the ministry of shipping and are intended developed indigenously by Fax: +91 (11) 23622942 as Flag Officer, Submarine to protect Indian merchant vessels from being attacked by pirates and also Email: [email protected] Hindustan Aeronautics Limited. by November 30. to instill confidence in India’s large seafaring community. In another incident REPRESENTATIVE OFFICES Eight ALH (Utility) helicopters • Rear Admiral S.P.S. Cheema just before the rescue of MV Jag Arnav, Marcos fired warning shots from INS have been inducted in the IN so takes over as Flag Officer BANGALORE, INDIA Tabar and prevented an attack on Saudi Arabian ship Tihama. far. However, the anti-submarine (Air Marshal (Retd) Editor’s note: Although the IN has been conducting patrolling in the Gulf Commanding Western Fleet Fire engulfs the pirates’ Mother Vessel warfare variant has not been B.K. Pandey) of Aden since October 23—maybe as an indirect response to highjacking of by November 30. inducted in service. The import 534, Jal Vayu Vihar, MT Stolt Valor on September 15 which has now been released on November • Rear Admiral A.G. Thapliyal Kammanhalli Main Rd., 16 after the ransom was paid—however, it can only support ships flying the Indian flag. MT Stolt Valor is Hong Kong owned and has 18 option is exercised when it is takes over as Flag Officer Bangalore 560043, India. Indians among its 22 member crew. The IN had requested for hot pursuit but it was denied due to international regulations. A Combined necessary to procure the items Commanding Eastern Fleet Tel: +91 (80) 23682534 Task Force 150 (CTF-150) is also operating in the region with a wider goal. CTF-150 is a multinational coalition naval task force with logistics within a definite timeframe on by November 30. MOSCOW, RUSSIA facilities at Djibouti established to monitor, inspect, board, and stop suspect shipping to pursue the war on terrorism, support Operation Iraqi operational grounds to bridge • Rear Admiral P.K. Chatterjee LAGUK Co., Ltd. Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom. Countries in the CTF-150 include Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Pakistan, UK and the US. the capability gaps and normal- takes over as Flag Officer (Yuri Laskin) A warship from US 5th Fleet is also patrolling the area apart from the French Navy. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh on his recent visit to ly when such equipment cannot Maharashtra and Gujarat by Krasnokholmskaya, Nab., Qatar signed a maritime security framework agreement with Qatar and also a defence agreement with Oman. be sourced indigenously within November 30. 11/15, app. 132, Stop press: INS Tabar continued its good work when it encountered a pirate vessel, 285 NM South West of Salalah (Oman) on the evening a specified timeframe. • Rear Admiral Raman Moscow 115172, Russia. of November 18 with two speed boats in tow. This vessel was similar in description to the ‘Mother Vessel’ mentioned in various piracy bul- Prabhat has taken over as Tel: +7 (495) 911 2762, letins. INS Tabar closed in the vessel and asked her to stop for investigation. On repeated calls, the vessel’s response was that she would blow Admiral Superintendent Fax: +7 (495) 912 1260 up the naval warship if it closed on her. Pirates were seen roaming on the upper deck with guns and rocket propelled grenade launchers. The Dockyard, Visakhapatnam. www.spguidepublications.com RNI Number: DELENG/2008/25836 vessel continued its threatening calls and subsequently fired upon INS Tabar. On being fired upon, INS Tabar retaliated in self defence and Pentagon contract for • Rear Admiral P.K. Nair takes opened fire on the mother vessel, as a result fire broke out on the vessel and explosions were heard, possibly due to exploding ammunition over as Assistant Controller, Lockheed Martin that was stored on the vessel. Almost simultaneously, two speed boats were observed breaking off to escape. The ship chased the first boat Carrier Project, IHQ MoD Lockheed Martin Simulation, which was later found abandoned. The other boat made good its escape in the cover of darkness. . (Navy) by December. Training and Support is being
SP’s NAVAL FORCES 6/2008 11