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S P a C E S T U D Ie S B O a R D N E O c t o b e r - December 2014 Inside This Issue “ How do we build connections with Chinese space science given the constraints on coopera- tion?“ SSB Chair David Spergel From the Chair 2 SSB Membership 3 Other News 3 SSB Activities 4 The Board and Its Standing Committees 4 Study Committees 5 Other Activities 6 SSB Staff 6 SSB Standing Committees 6 NRC Space Science Week Announcement 8 Summary of a Congressional Hearing of Interest 9 SSB Calendar 10 Selected Reports Available from the SSB 11 SPACE STUDIES BOARD NEWS WWW.NATIONALACADEMIES.ORG/SSB/ VOLUME 25, ISSUE 4 O c t o b e r - December 2014 S PACE S TUDIES B OARD N EWS From the Chair The Transit Expedition of 1769 and US-Chinese Cooperation in Space How big is the Solar System? This profound question motivated the eclipse expeditions of 1761 and 1769. While sometimes called “The Apollo Project of the 18th century,” the ambitious multinational program of measuring the transit of Venus is more akin to the International Space Station or, perhaps, our multinational explorations of Mars. Despite the Seven Years War, a true world war, British and French astronomers navigated the globe to observe the first of these transits from multiple vantage points. Russian and Swedish astronomers joined this first truly international effort. In 1769, a more ambitious program included observations from 400 viewing points with Benjamin Franklin leading the effort in the colonies. These measurements not only provided an accurate measurement of the distance to the Sun, but also began a new era of international scientific cooperation. Captain Cook’s eclipse expedition may best epitomize the deep linkage between exploration and science. While one of the goals of Cook’s journey to Tahiti was to observe the transit through Tahiti’s clear skies, the expedition also had both military and commercial goals. Cook searched for the postulated Terra Australia, reached Botany Bay, and produced nautical charts of the Pacific. The scientific benefits of Cook’s journey went beyond astronomy and include Sir Joseph Banks’ botanical discoveries. Two hundred and fifty years later, driven by profound questions, including “Is there life beyond Earth?,” and by the need to understand our planet in the midst of dramatic climate change, we are in the midst of a new age of exploration and scientific discovery. Just as in the 18th century, our program of discovery is international. However, as during the observations of Venus, frictions between the two leading economic powers of our age limit international scientific cooperation. The relationship between the United States and China will play a central role in establishing the world order. Scientists form an international community within that paradigm, and space science has the potential to be a very visible area of international scientific cooperation. However, the U.S. Congress has limited NASA’s ability to work with China’s growing space program. How do we build connections with Chinese space science given the constraints on cooperation? Just as the early European scientific associations played a leading role in organizing the eclipse observing program, one of the roles of the National Academy of Sciences is to organize conferences and workshops that bring together researchers from across the globe to exchange ideas and promote collaboration. In the same vein and as part of an effort of building stronger ties between early career space scientists in the United States and China, the Space Studies Board and the National Space Science Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences have been organizing pairs of conferences held in the U.S. and China. The first Forum for New Leaders in Space Science, started under Charlie Kennel’s leadership of the SSB, focused on astronomy and heliophysics at its meetings in May and November of 2014. We are now in the midst of planning for the second meeting whose focus will be on Earth science and planetary science. Hopefully, some of these early career scientists will follow in the footsteps of their 18th century predecessors and build international collaborations that will address the profound scientific questions and challenges of our time. David Spergel, Chair The views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of the SSB or the National Research Council. The SSB’s sister Board, the Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board, also publishes a newsletter; visit <http://sites.nationalacademies.org/ DEPS/ASEB/DEPS_046908> to subscribe or to view past newsletters. SSB’s division, the Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, also publishes a newsletter; visit <http://sites.nationalacademies.org/DEPS/DEPS_059299> to subscribe. PAGE 2 WWW.NATIONALACADEMIES.ORG/SSB/ VOLUME 25, ISSUE 4 OCTOBER-DECEMBER 2014 SSB MEMBERSHIP Other News July 1, 2014—June 30, 2015 DAVID N. SPERGEL, Chair Princeton University On October 16, 2014, President JOHN KLINEBERG, Vice Chair (Thru 10/31) Barack Obama announced his intent former CEO of Swales Aerospace to nominate SSB Board Member Dava Newman to the post of Deputy ROBERT D. BRAUN, Vice Chair (Begin 11/1) Administrator for NASA. Georgia Institute of Technology Dava Newman joined the SSB in MARK R. ABBOTT 2013. She has served on many com- Oregon State University mittees, including a panel on the JAMES ANDERSON Committee on Human Spaceflight, Harvard University the Committee on NASA Technology JAMES BAGIAN Photo Credit: Patrick Gillooly. Roadmap, and the Aeronautics and University of Michigan Space Engineering Board. She currently serves as professor of aeronautics and JEFF M. BINGHAM astronautics and engineering systems at the Massachusetts Institute of Technolo- Consultant gy. PENELOPE J. BOSTON New Mexico Institute of Mining and SSB Chair, David Spergel and Marc Kamionkowski (Johns Hopkins University) Technology won the 2015 Dannie Heineman Prize for Astrophysics. The award is given by JOSEPH FULLER, JR. the American Institute of Physics (AIP) and the AAS to recognize outstanding Futron Corporation work in astrophysics (with funding by the Heineman Foundation). They were cho- THOMAS R. GAVIN sen for the award in recognition of their outstanding contributions to the investi- Jet Propulsion Laboratory gation of the fluctuations of the cosmic microwave background, which have led to NEIL GEHRELS major breakthroughs in our understanding of the universe. David Spergel is an NASA Goddard Space Flight Center astrophysics at Princeton University. In addition to his current service a Chair of SARAH GIBSON the SSB he has also served a on a multitude of NRC committees. National Center for Atmospheric Research RODERICK HEELIS Meng Su, participant in the first Fo- The University of Texas rum For New Leaders In Space Sci- WESLEY HUNTRESS ence, has been awarded the Ameri- Carnegie Institution of Washington can Astronomical Society 2014 Rossi ANTHONY C. JANETOS Prize. Meng Su is an Einstein/ Boston University Pappalardo fellow of physics at the DAVA J. NEWMAN Massachusetts Institute of Technolo- Massachusetts Institute of Technology gy (MIT). The award was shared with SAUL PERLMUTTER Douglas Finkbeiner of the Harvard- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics LOUISE M. PROCKTER Photo Credit: AAS. and Tracy Slatyer of MIT for their Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory discovery in gamma rays of the large, MARCIA J. RIEKE unanticipated galactic structure now called the "Fermi bubbles." University of Arizona A former member of the Astro2010 Panel on Optical and MARK THIEMENS University of California, San Diego Infrared Astronomy from the Ground, Daniel Eisenstein (along with Shaun Cole and John A. Peacock) won the MEENAKSHI WADHWA Arizona State University 2014 Shaw Prize for their contributions to the measure- ments of features in the large-scale structure of galaxies CLIFFORD M. WILL used to constrain the cosmological model, including University of Florida baryon acoustic oscillations and redshift-space distor- THOMAS H. ZURBUCHEN tions. Dr. Eisentein is a professor of astronomy at Har- University of Michigan vard University. He was elected to the NAS in 2014 for his contributions to cosmology. Follow us on Twitter @SSB_ASEB_News VOLUME 25, ISSUE 4 WWW.NATIONALACADEMIES.ORG/SSB/ PAGE 3 SPACE STUDIES BOARD NEWS SSB ACTIVITIES The Board and Its Standing Committees The second day of the meeting included updates on planning for the International Astronomical Union (IAU) General Assembly The Space Studies Board (SSB) met November 5-6, 2014, at the and the NRC ground-based optical and infrared (O/IR) study. The Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center of the National Academies in committee also discussed the draft NASA astrophysics implemen- Irvine, CA. On the first day of the meeting, the Board heard re- tation plan. The next meeting of CAA will take place March 31 - ports from the chairs of the standing committees they have over- April 2, 2015, in Washington, DC as part of the NRC Space Science sight of, including CAA, CAPS, CESAS, CSSP, and CBPSS (see Week (http://sites.nationalacademies.org/SSB/SSB_153141). For more information on the standing committees below) and then more information about CAA and to learn about upcoming meet- discussed the upcoming NRC Space Science Week (see more in- ings, please visit http://sites.nationalacademies.org/BPA/ formation on page 8). The Board was then briefed on internation- BPA_048755. al activities, including COSPAR (David Smith, COSPAR National Member appointments were completed for the Committee on Committee Executive Secretary) and recent ESSC activities (Jean Pierre Swings and Athena Coustenis, the outgoing and incoming Biological and Physical Sciences in Space (CBPSS) during this chairs of the ESSC). The board next discussed current and future quarter, and plans were made for the first meeting of the commit- SSB activities, including the status of the 2014 workshop, Sharing tee which was held on October 7-8, 2014, in Washington, DC. The the Adventure with the Student apotential upcoming study on the first meeting focused on presentations from and discussion with NASA regarding the content and plans for various research pro- current state of space law and the next decadal survey in Earth science and applications from space.
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