PREESALL UNDERGROUND GAS STORAGE FACILITY, LANCASHIRE

Development Consent Order Requirement 19(1): Project Design for Phase 1 Archaeological Mitigation (V1.2)

Oxford Archaeology North

November 2017

Arcadis and Halite Energy Group

OA North Project Ref: L11095 NGR: SD 335724 446406

Preesall Underground Gas Storage Facility, Lancashire; Project Design for Phase 1 Archaeological Mitigation 2

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 3

1.1 Project Background ...... 3 1.2 Location, Geology , and Topography ...... 4 1.3 General Archaeological and Historical Background ...... 6 1.4 Oxford Archaeology North ...... 9

2. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES ...... 10

2.1 Introduction ...... 10 2.2 Research Context ...... 10

3. METHOD STATEMENT ...... 12

3.1 Introduction ...... 12 3.2 Site Inspection ...... 13 3.3 Trial-Trench Evaluation ...... 13 3.4 Strip, Map and Record ...... 15 3.5 Watching Brief ...... 16 3.6 Procedures Common to all Archaeological Site Works ...... 17 3.7 Reporting ...... 23

4. OTHER MATTERS ...... 32

4.1 Health, Safety, Wellbeing and the Environment ...... 32 4.2 Project Monitoring and Communications ...... 32 4.3 Work Timetable ...... 32 4.4 Staffing ...... 34 4.5 Insurance ...... 35

5. REFERENCES ...... 36

APPENDIX 1: PR OVISIONAL PROGRAMME ...... 40

APPENDIX 2: PROVISIONAL RESOURCE SCHEDULE ...... 41

FIGURES ...... 42

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND 1.1.1 Arcadis Consulting (UK) Ltd (formerly Hyder Consulting (UK) Ltd) was commissioned by Halite Energy Group Ltd to provide environmental services for the construction of an Underground Gas Storage Facility (UGS) and associated pipeline, centred on Preesall, Lancashire (centred on NGR SD 335724 446406; Fig 1 ). The development site lies within an area of archaeological potential and, accordingly, the cultural heritage resource within and immediately around the proposed development area has been the subject of several pieces of work, which have been undertaken in a staged approach. These comprised a desk-based assessment, incorporating walkover survey and analysis of cartographic, aerial photographic, and LiDAR data (Hyder Consulting (UK) Limited 2011) and a geophysical survey (WYAS 2011). 1.1.2 The Development Consent Order (DCO) for the project ‘The Preesall Underground Gas Storage Facility Order 2015’ was made on 17 July 2015. Within Schedule 9 of the Order, Requirement 19 states: (1) No stage of the authorised development shall commence until for that stage, a written scheme for the investigation of areas of archaeological interest as identified in the environmental statement (Chapter 7 of Volume 1A) has been submitted to and approved by the relevant planning authority. (2) The written scheme of investigation shall identify areas where a programme of archaeological investigation is required, and the measures to be taken to protect, record, or preserve any significant archaeological remains that may be found. (3) Any archaeological works or watching brief carried out under the archaeological scheme must be by a suitably qualified person or body approved by the relevant planning authority. (4) Any archaeological works or watching brief must be carried out in accordance with the approved archaeological scheme. 1.1.3 In response to Requirement 19, Arcadis produced an Initial Written Scheme of Investigation (WSI) - Terrestrial (August 2017) which presented a mitigation strategy with an appropriate scheme of archaeological investigation and recording to be undertaken in association with the proposed development. The archaeological works in the WSI have been divided into two phases, matching the proposed development programme. This document, compiled by Oxford Archaeology (OA) North, is a project design presenting detailed methodologies for the archaeological works to be undertaken in association with the Phase 1 works, which are focused on works at the western end of the development. The Phase 1 development works comprise: • construction of the brine outfall to the south of Fleetwood, from the Irish Sea to the Wyre Estuary; and • construction of wellheads and compounds, including site entrance facilities and access road.

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1.1.4 The client has not appointed a Principal Contractor or Designer for the scheme; therefore, these roles remain with Halite Energy Group. OA North has been commissioned by Arcadis, on behalf of Halite Energy Group, to undertake the programme of archaeological works outlined in this project design. 1.1.5 Mitigation Strategy : the mitigation strategy presented in the Arcadis WSI (August 2017) was developed during the EIA process in consultation with representatives of Lancashire County Archaeology Service (LCAS; formerly Lancashire County Council’s statutory body for advising local authorities on cultural heritage matters) and Historic England (the national body for advising on heritage matters). In the case of the Phase 1 development works it comprises: • a site visit to examine the access arrangements and the basic viability of trench locations; • investigation of 37 trial trenches within the footprints of the brine outfall (Trenches 1-5, to the south of Fleetwood; Fig 2), wellheads and compounds (Trenches 6-31, in the area of Preesall; Fig 3) and on the location of an access road (Trenches 32-37, between Stalmine and Preesall; Fig 3); • where indicated by the results of the trial trenching, a focused programme of strip, map and sample excavation within up to four areas of the wellheads and compounds (EX1-3; Fig 3); • a watching brief during groundworks at five locations to the south of Fleetwood (WB1-5; Fig 2) and one between the Wyre Way footpath and the east bank of the Wyre (WB7; Fig 3); and • preparation of reports and a project archive, including, where appropriate, assessment, analysis and publication. 1.1.6 Approach : the approach to the archaeological mitigation will necessarily be iterative, and the scope of each successive component of the investigation will depend on liaison with Arcadis and Lancashire Archaeological Advisory Service (LAAS) using the results of the preceding stage. Thus, the findings from the evaluation trenches will help to define the extent of the strip, map and record at particular locations. Accordingly, it may be necessary to submit amendments, or updates to this project design, to reflect any variations.

1.2 LOCATION , GEOLOGY , AND TOPOGRAPHY 1.2.1 As a whole, the 248.5 ha scheme traverses the northern part of the Lancashire Fylde, the coastal lowland defined to the north and south by the estuaries of the Rivers Lune and Ribble, respectively, and to the east by the M6 corridor and the Bowland Fells. The Fylde is intersected east/west by the River Wyre, which rises in the Forest of Bowland area of the western Pennines and separates the northern third (‘Over Wyre’) from the remainder of the Fylde. Towards its western end, the Wyre veers north at Singleton, creating a narrow peninsula occupied by Thornton, Cleveleys, and, at its northernmost extent, Fleetwood. There it debouches into the Irish Sea and the wider extents of Morecambe Bay.

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1.2.2 Phase 1 of the scheme crosses the Fleetwood peninsula as a buried pipeline (the Brine Outfall), skirting the southern and south-eastern limits of the town (Trenches 1-5; Watching Brief Areas 1-5) before crossing the Wyre between the Fleetwood Marina and the Fleetwood Marsh Nature Reserve. East of the Wyre, the Phase 1 pipeline crosses the mudflats of the Wyre estuary, making landfall just to the south of the Preesall Water Treatment (sewerage) Works. From there, the scheme area rapidly expands to encompass an area of creeks and fields, known as ‘the Heads,’ to the west of Stalmine and Preesall. The principal areas of archaeological works within that area (Trenches 1-36) lie between the sewerage works and Cote Walls Farm, extending south to Agglebys Road, and east to Park Cottage Farm, on Back Lane. These will be occupied by the proposed well heads and gas-compressor compound. The eastern part of Phase 1 then narrows for a broadly east/west-aligned access road between Back Lane and the B5377 Park Lane/Hall Gate Lane (Trench 37). Beyond the B3577 the pipe trench heads east into the Phase 2 area across Pilling Moss. 1.2.3 The solid geology across the scheme comprises Mudstone of the Breckells and Sidmouth Mudstone Members, Mudstone and Halitestone of the Preesall Halite Member, and Sandstone of the Sherwood Sandstone Group. These are overlain by Devensian till, marine alluvium, and tidal flat deposits of clay and silt (BGS 2017; Arcadis 2017). The overlying soils are characterised as typical humic-alluvial gley soils of the Downholland type to the south-west of Fleetwood and on the east bank of the Wyre Estuary. Unripened gley soils are found on the west bank, whilst further within the eastern part of the Phase 1 development area, stagnogley soils of the Salop type overly the boulder clay. 1.2.4 The topography of the Phase 1 development area is generally flat and low lying, with ground elevation typically <10m OD. Although the western section of the route skirts the suburbs and port facilities of southern and eastern Fleetwood, and crosses four major routes (the junction of the A587 Broadway and the Strand, the A585 Amounderness Way, and the B5268 Fleetwood Road), much of the landscape of the Phase 1 development is similar on both sides of the Wyre. Within the estuary itself that comprises mudflats and creek systems, areas that are bordered first by saltmarsh and then by reclaimed wetlands, where creeks are still active, or apparent on satellite imagery as palaeochannels. The fields to the south of Fleetwood look particularly wet, being defined by large dykes that follow the sinuous routes of natural creeks and watercourses. Most contain ponds, some likely to have originated as marl pits, and some that have been integrated into the creek system. A grid of modern sub-surface land drains is apparent in most fields. 1.2.5 A similar pattern exists in the fields between Preesall and Stalmine, although there the small ponds are accompanied by several large examples that lie just beyond the northern and southern extents of the order limit. These large ponds are crown holes, huge depressions caused by the collapse of underlying caverns that have been excavated during historic underground working of the Preesall Halite Deposit (Arcadis 2017; Section 1.3.9 ).

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1.3 GENERAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 1.3.1 The following section presents a brief synthesis of the archaeological and historical background of the Phase 1 area, and has been taken from existing documents. The cultural heritage desk-based Assessment (DBA) contains a full baseline description for the Project (Hyder Consulting (UK) Limited 2011). The geophysical survey of the Phase 1 development area identified only features that were interpreted as being of geological origin or relating to modern activities, such as drainage and magnetic disturbance (ASWYAS 2011). 1.3.2 Although the remains of Palaeolithic human activity have been found in caves on the north side of Morecambe Bay, the earliest evidence identified on the Fylde comprises the skeleton of an elk, popularly (but rather obscurely) known as ‘Horace’, found at High Furlong, Poulton-le-Fylde (c 5km to the south of the scheme). Dated to 10,400 +/- 300 BC, Horace was associated with barbed points, indicating that he had been hunted on several occasions (Cowell 1996, 21). The position of the Fylde coast during the Mesolithic was rather more westerly than today, but several flint-scatter sites have been identified around the wetlands of the Fylde, including two around Lytham, and a few more in and around Pilling Moss, close to the current development (Cowell 1996, 22- 3). The closest is from Friars Hill, a sand hill in Stalmine Moss. Such sand hills would have provided well-drained vantage points and are likely to have been attractive to settlement throughout prehistory and into later periods. Palaeoenvironmental evidence suggests a substantially wooded environment, within which people made, or developed, clearings with the aid of fire ( op cit 29). The low-lying parts of the Fylde would have been particularly susceptible to changes in sea level, however, such as the transgression that occurred close to the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition (Middleton et al 2005). 1.3.3 Evidence for human activity on the Fylde intensifies through the Neolithic and Bronze Age, albeit that the majority of instances comprise small flint scatters and chance finds of artefacts. Although there are numerous examples in and around the Phase 2 area, there are no known examples within Phase 1. The closest comprise a Bronze Age spearhead (DBA 32, just to the south of Aggleby Road, not far from Trenches 32-6), a stone axe and a perforated hammer (DBA 7) found during ploughing at Staynall, 2km to the south, and wooden canoe, possibly of Mesolithic date, at Wellhouse Farm, (DBA 21/42), c 500m east of Stalmine (Middleton et al 1995). 1.3.4 Evidence for actual settlement is more sparse, although Burnhill, a drumlin to the south of Fleetwood, seems to have been the focus of some such activity, with the identification of a circular floor pierced with stakeholes (Hyder Consulting 2011). On the west bank of the Wyre, several such drumlins occupy the area between Stanah and south-east Fleetwood, whilst further examples lie on the east bank, between Knott end and Stalmine (Middleton et al 1996, 26, fig 8). Sitting astride the development route, these raised areas would have been attractive locations for settlement overlooking the surrounding lowlands. 1.3.5 Fleetwood is purported to be the location of the Roman settlement of Portus Setantiorum . The port is likely to have stood just to the north of Fleetwood, but has since been lost to erosion, rising sea levels, and sedimentation. Findings on the peninsula that may have been associated with the installation include a

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large paved platform, possibly a landing stage, at Rossall point (north-west end), and a paved road at Abbotts Walk/Mount Terrace (north-east end). Two coin hoards have also been found in the vicinity, in 1840 and 1902 (Hyder Consulting 2011). Roman pottery was also recorded at Burnhill ( ibid ), whilst, further south, a settlement was excavated at Little Poulton (Vannan and Zant in prep). This comprised several roundhouses within a series of enclosures. Artefacts and radiocarbon dating indicated that the majority of settlement activity was of Roman date, although there were hints of earlier activity. Closer to the development, and on the east side of the Wyre, the Hackensall Hoard of 325 late Roman coins (dated c AD 273; DBA 44) was found at Knott End, whilst a single coin, dated AD 260-8 (DBA 45), was found close to Cote Walls Farm on the western outskirts of Preesall, just to the north-east of Trenches 13- 22 and proposed Excavation Area (EX)1. Another coin, dated AD 268-70 was found to the south of Higher Lickow Farm (DBA 46), close to Trenches 35 and 36. 1.3.6 Although Domesday Book records that, prior to 1066, Preesall, Stalmine, and Thornton were among the holdings of Earl Tosti in the Hundred of Amounderness, there is no archaeological evidence for medieval activity within the development area until the post-Conquest era. An intensification of settlement and agriculture may have been facilitated by early attempts at improved drainage and increased land reclamation, with the Fylde forming an important arable area within Lancashire (Middleton et al 1995). The deserted medieval settlement of Rossall (DBA 50) is thought to have lain either to the south of Fleetwood, in the area of Rossall School (and thus close to Trenches 1-5 and WB1, 4 and 5); Hyder Consulting 2011), or to the north of Fleetwood, an area now within the mudflats of the North Wharf (Arcadis 2017, Fig 2). From the thirteenth century until its dissolution in the late 1530s, Dieulacres Abbey held an estate at Rossall Grange (DBA 54), on the west side of the Fleetwood Peninsula, just to the south of the proposed pipe route. A chapel at Hackensall is mentioned in an early thirteenth-century document (DBA 53), and may have stood on the east side of the peninsula, just to the north of the proposed route for the Brine Outfall. On the east side of the Wyre and just to the north of the Phase 1 development area, the current sixteenth-century Parrox Hall had a medieval predecessor (DBA 52), and the same is likely to be true of nearby seventeenth-century moated Hackensall Hall (DBA 62). Ridge and furrow agricultural earthworks (DBA 83), possibly associated with hall, could extend into the wider development area, but falls outside the archaeological mitigation zone. Other areas of ridge and furrow have been identified on LiDAR, including in the vicinity of Trenches 1-5 to the south of Fleetwood and Trenches 22 and 23, towards the centre of the gas compound area. 1.3.7 To the south, and close to the location of trenches 12, 30, and 31, and also WB7, the Hackensall tide mill (DBA 57) is mentioned in a grant of land to Cockersand Abbey in 1260. The site is labelled on the 1847 OS map, which depicts a banana-shaped pool and floodgate, but no buildings, perhaps indicating that the mill remained in use into the post-medieval period (Hyder Consulting 2011). A scatter of metal detector finds to around Stalmine includes a penny of Henry III (1217-42; DBA 55) and a brooch at Yew Tree Farm (DBA 58). It has also been suggested that the area may have been used for salt

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making, with the name Saltcoat Hey recorded at Stanah, on the Wyre estuary to the south of the development area (DBA 60; Hyder Consulting 2011). 1.3.8 Drainage, agricultural production, and settlement intensified throughout the post-medieval and industrial period. Many of the local farmsteads are of post- medieval date, including Cote Walls Farm (DBA 129, within the northern part of the wider mitigation area), which appears to be associated with a field system and hollow way visible on APs (DBA 87; potentially encountered by Trenches 6-10 and 23-27). Breckholes (DBA 72), now demolished, is shown on Hennet’s map of 1829 and lies close to Trenches 14, 18, 28, and 29. A third farmstead, or perhaps a cottage with a well, is shown on Yates’ map of 1786 and named as Agglebys on the 1847 OS map (DBA 130). The site lay on Agglebys Road at the southern limit of the mitigation area, but is no longer extant, possibly having been destroyed by a recently collapsed brine well (Hyder Consulting 2011). On the west side of the Wyre, a marl pit (DBA 95) lies within the line of Brine Outfall (Trenches 3-5), and relates to the quarrying of carbonate- or lime-rich mud to spread as fertiliser. Near to Watching Brief Area (WB3), the New Mill (DBA 128) stood just to the south of the Brine Outfall near Amounderness Way; the windmill is shown on Yates’ map of 1786, but was not recorded on the 1847 OS map. 1.3.9 The town of Fleetwood is an early nineteenth-century foundation, and rapidly became a significant fishing and cargo port. Marine traffic on the Wyre is illustrated by several ship wrecks, including four (DBA 77, 81, 82 and 138) that lie close to, or within the section of pipeline on the mudflats on the west bank of the Wyre (but outside the focus of terrestrial archaeological mitigation). Fleetwood hosts numerous heritage assets associated with the port and fish-processing facilities, although these all lie outside the development footprint. Post-medieval industrial activity is represented by numerous sites. Several bloomery furnaces, one at least of which was later used as a lime kiln (DBA 63), stood on the east bank of the Wyre, just to the north of the development area. One of the most significant resources in the locale, however, was brine: exploitation of the Preesall salt strata is documented from the late nineteenth century. Sinkholes, possibly arising from the collapse of brine wells, have been identified from aerial photographs (DBA 73, 86) outside the southern limit of the Gas Compound area. The most significant industrial remains near to the archaeological mitigation area comprise the saltworks built by the Fleetwood Salt Co in 1902 (DBA 69). Although the structures associated with the saltworks lie just to the north-east of Trenches 13-22/EX1, crown holes arising from the collapse of underground saltworkings straddle the south-eastern part of the Phase 1 development area around Higher Lickow Farm, and evidence of saltworking may thus be identified in trial trenches in this area. Other modern industrial remains include the poorly located site of a chemical works at Fleetwood (DBA 140). 1.3.10 There are also several modern assets close to the development area, with various military installations on the Fleetwood Peninsula. These include WWII weapons pits and trenches visible on APs to the south of the eastern end of the Brine Outfall (DBA 144, 146). These appear to lie outside the development area, as do, more clearly, various pillboxes (DBA 143, 145. A firing range in that locale (DBA 137) was apparently expanded during WWII and may partially lie within the pipeline route (Trenches 1-5).

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1.3.11 Undated features of potential archaeological interest close to the mitigation area include a watercourse to the south of Fleetwood Farm, near the Brine outfall on the Fleetwood Peninsula (DBA 159; close to WB2). On the east bank of the Wyre, they include the Grange Pool (DBA 150-1), just to the south, and another watercourse, just to the north (DBA 152).

1.4 OXFORD ARCHAEOLOGY NORTH 1.4.1 Oxford Archaeology (OA) North, formerly the Lancaster University Archaeological Unit (LUAU), has considerable experience of sites of all periods, having undertaken a great number of small and large scale projects throughout Northern England during the past 42 years. Evaluations, assessments, watching briefs and excavations have taken place within the planning process, to fulfil the requirements of clients and planning authorities, to very rigorous timetables. 1.4.2 OA North has the professional expertise and resources to undertake the project detailed below to a high level of quality and efficiency. OA North is a Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIfA) registered organisation, registration number 17 , and all its members of staff operate subject to the CIfA Code of Conduct (2014a).

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2. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

2.1 INTRODUCTION 2.1.1 The overall Aims and Objectives of the archaeological mitigation strategy are set out in the Initial WSI (Arcadis 2017). For the sake of completeness, they are reiterated in full in the following sections. These aims are considered wholly appropriate for the evaluation stage of the project, although it will be necessary to review and, if necessary, amend, and develop the aims and objectives prior to more detailed investigation and any post-excavation works stage to ensure that they remain relevant to the work and to the data recovered by the investigation.

2.1.2 Overall aims and objectives : as set out in the Initial WSI (Arcadis 2017): • To further establish the extent and nature of the archaeological resource within the areas of the Order limits proposed for mitigation works; • Mitigate potential impacts of the Project through excavation and archaeological recording; • To attempt to establish the date of the deposits encountered through recovery of artefacts and ecofacts; • To establish the environmental significance of deposits by targeted environmental sampling, processing, and assessment; • To place any archaeological discoveries into the local and, where appropriate, regional/national context. In addition, the implications of any such discoveries for our current understanding of the development of settlement in the area can be assessed; • Based on the trial trenching results, the need for archaeological mitigation in the trial trenched sections of the Order limits will be established. 2.1.3 Specific aims are: • To generate an archive which will allow future research of the remains to be undertaken if appropriate; and • To disseminate the results of the work in a format and manner proportionate to the significance of the findings, if necessary; and • To explore and, where possible and appropriate, implement measures to encourage public engagement with the findings (Arcadis 2017) .

2.2 RESEARCH CONTEXT 2.2.1 The research context for the scheme is largely provided by An Archaeological Research Framework for North West England (Brennand 2006; 2007) and by various English Heritage/Historic England guidance and strategy documents. Although there is clear potential for settlement, agricultural and industrial remains dating to the prehistoric, medieval and post-medieval periods, at the present stage, that potential is not well defined. Accordingly, it is not proposed

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to compile a detailed research framework with detailed academic research aims and objectives until the completion of the trial trenching. Any such themes will be incorporated into updated versions of this document so that they remains appropriate to the findings.

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3. METHOD STATEMENT

3.1 INTRODUCTION 3.1.1 The following work programme is submitted in line with the aims and objectives summarised above, in accordance with the Initial WSI for the works (Arcadis 2017), and with the guidance of the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIfA; 2014a; 2014b; 2014c; 2014d).

3.1.2 Access : access arrangements will be made by Arcadis and Halite. OA North will adhere to all established access arrangements, traffic plans, and agreed routes.

3.1.3 Setting out : OA will set out exclusion zones associated with buried and overhead services. Costain and Arcadis will also work with OA North to set out each of the investigation areas, including any associated access tracks, and also areas for spoil bunding and, where required, areas to be used for welfare and haul roads. A permit to dig system will be utilised, with all working areas scanned for services using a CAT and Geni. This will be undertaken by OA North during the trial-trench evaluation, by the Principal Contractor during the watching briefs, and by OA North and/or Principal Contractor during the Strip, Map, and Record exercises.

3.1.4 Site set-up and welfare facilities: the location of welfare facilities will be agreed with Arcadis, Halite and the Principal Contractor and illustrated within the RAMS document. It is expected that OA North staff would use Principal Contractor welfare facilities during any watching brief. It is hoped that during the Phase 1 trial trenching welfare, comprising a mobile groundhog unit and tool storage, as appropriate, would be set up at Cote Walls Farm, which presents a useful central location. During the investigation of EX1-4 it is expected that more extensive welfare facilities, commensurate with the size of the stripping and investigation teams, will utilise a designated compound comprising a fenced area of hard standing with security provision as appropriate. They will include: • An eco groundhog welfare unit suitable for up to six members of staff. Includes toilet, drying, messing and basic washing facilities. Additional static welfare may be required where the scope of the strip, map and record exercise requires the deployment of additional staff; • A small storage unit for tools and finds; • Parking for works vehicles; and • Transport between work and welfare areas will be by 4x4 vehicles fitted with metal bulkheads, cages for tools, or with a crewcab/storage arrangement; Additional facilities will be deployed where necessary in order to accommodate any expansion of the archaeological field team to meet the work programme.

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3.1.5 Fencing requirements: OA North staff will secure the welfare/storage area with heras fencing. Trial trenches that are excavated to the surface of the uppermost undisturbed natural horizon will be demarcated by spoil heaps along their long edges, and by netlon fencing at their short ends. Deeper interventions within the trenches will be demarcated with netlon fencing where these are to be left open overnight. Where feasible, trial trenches that are excavated across their full extent to a depth of 1m below the surrounding ground level, or where water ingress is an issue will be secured with a complete circuit of heras fencing where feasible. Where that is logistically impractical, such trenches will be recorded and backfilled before the end of the day. It is expected that Costain will provide and erect appropriate fencing around the strip, map and record areas.

3.2 SITE INSPECTION 3.2.1 In advance of any investigation, the areas proposed for trenching will be visited on foot to establish: • Viability; • Access; • Hazards (including risks associated with crown holes and collapse of underground salt caverns); • Ground conditions; and • Welfare placement. 3.2.2 Notes and a basic photographic record will be maintained, and location will be assisted through use of a hand-held GPS. The findings from the visit will be collated in a brief document that will be disseminated for discussion with Arcadis and LAAS. Where site conditions dictate variations to the number, location or dimensions of trenches, changes will be agreed with Arcadis and LAAS, and will be incorporated into an updated version of this project design.

3.3 TRIAL -TRENCH EVALUATION 3.3.1 The programme of trial trenching will establish the presence or absence of archaeological deposits and, if identified, will then test their date, nature, likely extent, depth and quality of preservation. In this way, it will adequately sample the threatened available area. 3.3.2 Trench configuration: the evaluation is focussed on the main areas of the Phase 1 development; in total, 37 trenches, each 30m long by 2m, will be excavated. The locations, development impact, and a consideration of the archaeological remains likely to be encountered by the trenches are summarised in Table 1 and illustrated on Figures 2 and 3. Trenches will be excavated to the uppermost archaeological or natural horizon. Any requirement to excavate through alluvial horizons into underlying strata will be established in consultation with Arcadis and LAAS. Where trenches are to be excavated to a depth greater than 1m below the current ground level will be excavated to a width at least twice that of their depth to accommodate stepping and/or

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battering out of the edges to ensure stability and ease of access. Safe systems of excavation are outlined in the RAMS document.

Trench Easting Northing Development Area Archaeological Potential Mitigation Area TR1 331291 445409 Brine Outfall across Rifle range (DBA 137), and possible TR2 331421 445418 the Fleetwood ridge and furrow reported on the TR3 331358 445413 Peninsula LHER; Rossall DMV (DBA 50); TR4 331488 445423 Rossall medieval grange (DBA 54); TR5 331559 445429 Marl Pit (DBA 95) TR6 335207 446886 Wellhead Cote Walls Farm post-medieval field TR7 335135 446819 compound systems and hollow ways (DBA 87) TR8 335147 446459 Medieval remains; Cote Walls Farm EX2 TR9 335147 446422 post-medieval field systems and hollow TR10 335260 446572 ways (DBA 87) EX3 TR11 335351 446305 Hackensall medieval – post-medieval TR12 335322 446151 tide mill (DBA 57) TR13 335710 446503 Electrical Sub- Roman coin find nearby (DBA 45); Station Compound Salt extraction? (DBA 69) TR14 335607 446501 Dual underground Roman coin find nearby (DBA 45); EX1 electricity circuits Breckholes post-medieval farmstead route (DBA 72); Salt extraction? (DBA 69) TR15 335659 446460 Gas compressor Salt extraction? (DBA 69) TR16 335779 446382 compound Possible LiDAR feature; Roman coin find nearby (DBA 45); Salt extraction? (DBA 69) TR17 335727 446450 Roman coin find nearby (DBA 45); Salt extraction? (DBA 69) TR18 335581 446453 Roman coin find nearby (DBA 45); Breckholes post-medieval farmstead (DBA 72); Salt extraction? (DBA 69) TR19 335632 446416 Roman coin find nearby (DBA 45); TR20 335715 446394 Salt extraction? (DBA 69) TR21 335789 446332 TR22 335836 446373 Possible ridge and furrow identified on LiDAR; Roman coin find nearby (DBA 45); Salt extraction? (DBA 69) TR23 335058 446823 Pipe/cable routes in Cote Walls Farm post-medieval field TR24 335145 446862 wellheads and systems and hollow ways (DBA 87) TR25 335073 446737 compounds area TR26 335182 446563 Potential for medieval remains; Cote Walls Farm post-medieval field systems and hollow ways (DBA 87) TR27 335205 446463 Cote Walls Farm post-medieval field systems and hollow ways (DBA 87) TR28 335435 446425 Breckholes post-medieval farmstead TR29 335312 446400 (DBA 72) TR30 335277 446254 Hackensall medieval – post-medieval TR31 335347 446205 tide mill (DBA 57) TR32 335926 446278 NTS interconnector Nearby Bronze Age spearhead (DBA pipeline and 132kv 32) TR33 335959 446230 dual circuits route Possible ridge and furrow identified on LiDAR; Nearby Bronze Age spearhead (DBA 32) TR34 336119 446151 Access road Nearby Bronze Age spearhead (DBA TR35 336172 446121 32) and Roman coin (DBA 46) TR36 336232 446046

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Trench Easting Northing Development Area Archaeological Potential Mitigation Area TR37 337000 445974 Launch/receiver pit, LiDAR feature access road Table 1: Summary of trial trenches 3.3.3 Methodology: trenches will be located by use of GPS equipment, which is accurate to +/- 0.01m, or Total Station. Altitude information will be established with respect to Ordnance Survey Datum. All trenches will be excavated in a stratigraphical manner, whether by machine or by hand. Within each trench, the upper horizons of overburden, topsoil, subsoil and any recent made-ground will be rapidly removed by a mechanical excavator fitted with a wide toothless ditching bucket and working under archaeological supervision to the surface of the first significant archaeological deposit or to the level of the natural subsoil. Where appropriate, this deposit will be cleaned by hand, using either hoes, shovel scraping, and/or trowels, depending on the subsoil conditions, and inspected for archaeological features. Topsoil arisings will be stored on one side of the trench, and subsoil arisings will be stored on the other; both will be bunded and sealed as appropriate. Topsoil and subsoil will be kept separate, but it is not presently proposed to strip the topsoil from the area of the subsoil spoil heap. 3.3.4 A representative sample of all features of archaeological interest within each trench will be investigated and recorded unless otherwise agreed with Arcadis and LAAS. Further, it is not proposed to excavate deposits and features during the evaluation where such investigation would damage them and compromise an understanding of them during subsequent mitigation works. Except where localised sondages are to be excavated, the trenches will not be excavated deeper than the parameters set out in Section 3.3.2 , to accommodate health and safety constraints. 3.3.5 Reinstatement: it is understood that there is a basic requirement for reinstatement; the trenches will be backfilled placing the excavated arisings back into the trench in the reverse order that they were removed, so that the topsoil is laid on the top, and the ground will be roughly graded and lightly compacted with the machine bucket. Following agreement with Arcadis and LAAS, any trenches that do not contain archaeological features would be backfilled as soon as possible. It would be preferable for the landowner to agree to the finished reinstated trenches prior to leaving site.

3.4 STRIP , MAP AND RECORD 3.4.1 Three areas (EX1: 6.9697 ha; EX2: 0.8747 ha; EX3: 0.3025 ha; Fig 3) have been provisionally selected for detailed investigation through Strip, map and record. The archaeological potential of those areas is summarised in Table 1, although the trial trenching may reveal a rather different picture. Within those areas, the extent of any Strip, Map and Record exercise will be established in consultation with Arcadis and LAAS, but is likely to be dependent on the findings from the trial trenching. The work will be undertaken in accordance with current CIfA guidance (2014b; 2014c) and will accurately record the location, extent, and character of any surviving archaeological features and/or deposits within each of the investigation areas.

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3.4.2 Plant: soil stripping will utilise 25-ton tracked 360° mechanical excavators fitted with wide (minimum 1.8m) toothless ditching buckets. Each mechanical excavator will operate under the supervision of a suitably experienced archaeologist. 3.4.3 Stripping techniques: the topsoil will be removed in a series of spits no greater than 0.1m thick, but the final ‘take’ down to the top of the uppermost archaeological horizon or the surface of the natural substrate (whichever is encountered uppermost) will aim to leave a smooth, even and clean stripped surface, with a minimum of smearing, polishing and rutting, across a wide area which can then be inspected by the attendant archaeologist for any features of archaeological interest. As far as practicable, the excavated arisings will be inspected in order to collect any topsoil finds. Where there is a subsoil interface horizon above the surface of the natural clay, this too will be removed by machine, ensuring that the final ‘take’ leaves the uppermost surface of the clay smooth, even and clean, with a minimum of smearing, polishing and rutting. Topsoil and subsoil will be removed and stored separately adjacent to the excavation area. 3.4.4 Where appropriate, the surface of the uppermost archaeological horizon will be cleaned by hand, using either hoes, shovel scraping, and/or trowels, depending on the subsoil conditions, and inspected for archaeological features. Plant or works vehicles will not be allowed to move across areas that have been stripped until the archaeological investigations have been signed off. In exceptional circumstances, it may be necessary to move plant back into an archaeological area (for example, for the removal of an extensive horizon that has been recorded and investigated, but which may seal archaeological deposits), but this will only be undertaken under the direct supervision of the attendant archaeologist, using a carefully planned route that avoids damage to features that have not yet been investigated. 3.4.5 Archaeological supervision and discoveries: putative archaeological features and/or deposits identified, together with the immediate vicinity of any such features, will be cleaned by hand, using either hoes, shovel scraping, and/or trowels depending on the soil conditions. These features will be planned using a Leica 1200 differential GPS, which is accurate to +/- 0.01m, or Total Station. The instrument will also be used to record topographic information across and around the stripped area at appropriate intervals. Altitude information will be established with respect to Ordnance Survey Datum. A photographic record (Section 3.6.5) will also be maintained.

3.5 WATCHING BRIEF 3.5.1 Six areas (WB1-5, and WB7) have been selected for mitigation through watching brief (Table 2; Figs 2 and 3). During those works an appropriate number of archaeologists will monitor all ground reduction down to the level of the uppermost archaeological horizon, or the natural geology, or to construction level, whichever is encountered first. All such horizons will be examined for archaeological remains by the attendant archaeologist, and spoil will be checked for artefacts. It is expected that at least one archaeologist will be deployed for each machine engaged in soil stripping, with additional staff deployed to undertake cleaning, surveying and investigation of features as

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appropriate and so ensure that areas are returned for development works as soon as possible. A daily record will be maintained throughout the watching brief, recording the areas being worked upon, the nature and amount of plant being used and to what purpose, and the number of archaeologists deployed. Watching Area Development Archaeological Potential Brief (m2) WB1 537.46 Fleetwood Peninsula; possible ridge and furrow reported on the Launch/receiver pit LHER; Rossall DMV (DBA 50); Rossall medieval grange (DBA 54); WB2 897.21 watercourse to the south of Fleetwood Farm (DBA 159) WB3 897.21 Fleetwood Peninsula; New Mill (DBA 128) launch/receiver pit and area of medieval potential based on HER data WB4 821.04 Fleetwood Peninsula; Possible ridge and furrow reported on the WB5 318.70 launch/receiver pit LHER; Rossall DMV (DBA 50); Rossall medieval grange (DBA 54); WB7 9152 East Bank. Under river exit point Submerged vessels; Hackensall medieval – and booster pump station. post-medieval tide mill (DBA 57) Table 2: Summary of Watching Brief Areas 3.5.2 Where archaeological remains are identified, they be rapidly cleaned as appropriate and, together with a suitable buffer zone, will be fenced off with hi- visibility netlon fencing supporting on plastic poles. 3.5.3 Contingency Plan : it is expected that staff can be deployed to investigate the remains without impacting upon the groundworks programme. However, where remains are of such significance, density or complexity that they cannot be dealt with quickly, Arcadis and LAAS will be informed so that an appropriate approach can be taken. This may require direct archaeological supervision of stripping activity and adoption of a more formal excavation strategy as outlined in Section 3.6 of this document. It may also be necessary to make revisions to this document so that it is appropriate to the nature of the archaeological remains exposed and to be investigated. Any variations to the programme of works, to staffing levels and methodologies will be discussed with the Arcadis and LAAS in advance of the deployment of additional resources.

3.6 PROCEDURES COMMON TO ALL ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE WORKS 3.6.1 Archaeological investigation : unless agreed with Arcadis and LAAS, all investigation of intact archaeological deposits will be exclusively manual and, where possible, will be completely excavated down to naturally occurring deposits or impact depth, whichever is encountered first. Unless agreed otherwise with the Monitoring Archaeologists, all accessible uncontaminated features of archaeological significance will be sample-excavated in a series of slots, as follows (minimum percentages according to size of feature): • 10% of each linear feature (and a minimum 1m sample of each such feature); • 100% sample of all stake holes; • 100% sample of all burials, grave fills, etc ;

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• 50% sample of each pit, posthole and other discrete feature less than 1.5m in diameter. The remainder of the feature will be hand-excavated by context to facilitate soil sampling, finds collection, and the completion of a post-excavation plan; • In agreement with the Monitoring Archaeologists, a 25% sample of each large pit, posthole or deposit over 1.5m in diameter, with the investigation slot placed to define the extents of the feature and to include a complete section across the feature to recover its full profile; • features such as gullies associated with buildings ( ie , eaves drip gullies for prehistoric roundhouses), or funerary remains, will initially be investigated by the excavation of regularly spaced slots to encompass 50% of the area of the feature, and will include slots placed to investigate any termini or relationships. Once recorded, the remaining fills will be removed by hand and by context to facilitate soil sampling, finds collection, and the completion of a post-excavation plan. • Peat deposits will be sondaged where appropriate. Where more widespread removal is considered, discussion will be undertaken with Arcadis and LAAS. Column samples will be taken, where appropriate, where peat sections are revealed. Cores will be considered where these may further the archaeological objectives of the project. 3.6.2 All investigation slots through linear features that aim to cut across the profile of the feature will be at least 1m wide, unless that would preclude examination of termini or relationships with other features. All intersections between features will be investigated to determine the relationship(s) between component features unless the relationship is apparent at the surface of the archaeological horizon. 3.6.3 Following standard OA health and safety procedures, slots will be initially excavated to a maximum safe depth of 1m below the surface of the surrounding substrate, or to a more shallow depth, dependent on the stability of that material (information relating to deep excavation will be included within the site-specific Health and Safety Method Statement and Risk Assessment ). Where the bottom of the feature is not reached within a safe depth, the sections will be recorded, and any soil samples taken, and the top of the slot will be widened using an appropriate mechanical excavator. Deeper hand excavation will then resume, repeating the process as necessary. 3.6.4 Recording strategy: all information identified in the course of the site works will be recorded stratigraphically, using a system, adapted from that used by the former Centre for Archaeology Service of English Heritage, with sufficient pictorial record (plans, sections, and monochrome and digital photographs) to identify and illustrate individual features. Primary records will be available for inspection at all times. Results, comprising a full description and preliminary classification of features or materials revealed, will be recorded on pro-forma context sheets, and indices. All features will be surveyed and levelled using the on-site survey equipment, which will also be used to record the extent of the investigation areas, and also the broad topography of the site. Hand-drawn plans at appropriate scales (1:20, 1:50, or where necessitated by the need to record detail, 1:10) will be generated for all discrete features. All sections will

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be drawn at an appropriate scale, and will be levelled with drawing points using the on-site survey equipment. Survey data will be downloaded and processed regularly in the site office, and will be backed up to prevent loss of data. Plots will be printed out to ensure completeness. All records will be checked and cross-referenced on site. 3.6.5 An indexed photographic record using high-resolution colour digital imaging (minimum 10 mega-pixels) will be undertaken. All frames will include a visible, graduated metric scale. Groups of features will be photographed together wherever possible, and photographs will also be taken before, during and after the works, including working shots. The importance of framing good photographs, potentially with overhead equipment, for publication and the Client’s publicity, will be observed. 3.6.6 During the works, supervisorial staff will ensure that all records and indices are complete, accurate, consistent and cross-referenced, and that the archive is well ordered and complete. The site director will maintain a site diary, and area supervisors will maintain site notes and matrices to ensure a full understanding of the features being excavated. Digital photos will be downloaded, ordered and named to allow them to be cross-referenced and incorporated into a database if required, and archived. Survey data will be regularly downloaded and processed. All digital data will be backed up on at least one external hard drive, as well as on the company server. The archive and all digital equipment will be kept in a safe place at all times: it must not be left in the welfare units overnight. Digital back ups will be removed to another secure location. 3.6.7 At the completion of the works, the site archive for each area will be fully checked and collated. All records, including drawings, will be scanned digitally. 3.6.8 Recovery and treatment of finds: prior to the commencement of works, and during that process, as necessary, the OA North project manager will liaise with the Lancashire Museum Service (LMS), on the subject of finds recovery, conservation and sampling strategies, as well as archive deposition procedures. All finds will be exposed, lifted, cleaned, conserved, marked, bagged and boxed in accordance with the United Kingdom Institute for Conservation (UKIC; 1983; 1984, 1998; 2001), Watkinson and Neal (1998), CIfA (2014d) and the guidelines produced by the LMS. 3.6.9 Small (special) finds will be located in three dimensions, unless otherwise agreed with the Monitoring Archaeologists. Consideration will be given to the use of a grid system and whole-earth recovery and sieving for large artefact scatters at a suitable resolution. Such techniques are generally more efficient than 3D recording of individual components (which in any case can be rendered less accurate due to taphonomic processes), as well as ensuring recovery of small fragments. All other identified hand-collected finds and artefacts from stratified contexts will be retained and bagged by context. A sufficiently characteristic sub-sample of finds from more recent bulk deposits will be retained. With the exception of animal bone, all material from unstratified contexts will also be collected. Animal bone groups that are clearly in articulation (whether from whole limbs, body zones, or from complete beasts) will be excavated and recorded as such, and bagged

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appropriately. Such remains are potentially of cultural significance, but can also be very useful for scientific dating. 3.6.10 Although hand collection will be the principal means of finds recovery, where appropriate, bulk collection and coarse sieving of c 100 litres of material from such deposits will be undertaken in order to facilitate the recovery of small artefacts, ecofacts, animal bones, etc . In the case of delicate finds and ecofacts (such as waterlogged organics, metalwork, etc ) and features/deposits associated with primary waste material ( ie , industrial hearths and working floors, flint- knapping areas, etc ) it may be necessary for specialists in conservation and various material categories to come to site to advise, and, if appropriate undertake, a suitable programme of conservation and/or recovery, to ensure that all significant data is recovered (EH 2006b). 3.6.11 Throughout the works, finds will be processed and spot-dated at the OA North offices in Lancaster. Our premises represent a secure stable environment, where the finds will be processed under the auspices of experienced personnel, and packaged and stored appropriately according to material type (EH 2008c; 2010; 2012; UKIC 1998). Basic recording, stabilisation and conservation of any organic and metallic finds, including, where required, investigative conservation (English Heritage 2008b), will be undertaken by a suitable specialist at an appropriate point during the works (including on-site if necessary). All iron objects, coins, a selection of non-ferrous objects, and a sample of metallurgical residues will be submitted for x-ray (CIfA 2014d; EH 2001; 2006d). During processing, all finds will be catalogued digitally, and box lists generated. Loan forms and appropriate paperwork will be logged to trace the movement of finds between the office and specialists. 3.6.12 Treasure: any gold and silver artefacts recovered during the course of the excavation will be removed to a safe place and reported to Arcadis and LAAS, the North West Finds Liaison Officer (FLO), the landowner, the Historic Environment Officer, and the local Coroner according to the procedures relating to the Treasure Act, 1996. Where removal cannot take place on the same working day as discovery, suitable security will be employed to protect the finds from theft. A Treasure Receipt, obtained from the FLO or the DCMS website will be submitted to the Coroner’s Office and FLO within 14 days of understanding that the find is treasure (failure to do so within that time period is a criminal offence). The treasure receipt and the report must include the date and circumstances of the discovery, that OA North is the finder, and the accurate location of the find. 3.6.13 Human remains : any human remains revealed by the works will be left in situ , covered and protected. No further investigation will continue beyond that required to establish the date and character of the burial. Arcadis, LAAS, and if appropriate, the local Coroner, will be informed immediately. If removal is essential, the exhumation of any funerary remains will be undertaken in accordance with the existing Ministry of Justice license for the site, under section 25 of the Burial Act of 1857. The removal will be carried out with due care and sensitivity under the environmental health regulations. Excavation will follow standard methodologies, including Historic England guidance (EH 2005).

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3.6.14 All funerary remains, including the human remains and the graves/pits will be scanned with a metal detector and photographed and recorded pre- and post- excavation, as appropriate. Inhumation burials will be recorded graphically and spatially with rectified photography and measured survey points. Soil samples will be taken from the hands, feet and head to ensure the recovery of small bones. A further sample should be taken from the abdominal area for the examination of stomach contents and intestinal parasites. Further samples should be considered where there are anomalous fills in the grave that might represent grave offerings or organic remains. Graves/pits, fills, and human remains will be recorded on appropriate pro-forma sheets, and linked by a group number. Dependent on the condition of the bone, it may be necessary to undertake assessment and some osteological recording, such as long-bone measurements, in the ground. Artefacts associated with burials should be recorded in three dimensions and subject to detailed in situ and rectified photography. Photogrammetric or hand-draw plans should be made as appropriate. All but the most durable artefacts should be lifted as blocks, and soil samples should be taken from the artefact location for the recovery of any small fragments, artefacts or associated organic remains. 3.6.15 Cremation deposits lacking a vessel will be excavated using standard archaeological techniques, removing one half of the deposit in spits to reveal a section and to establish the presence of other deposits within the pit. Following recording, the remainder of the deposits will be excavated. All material from all deposits must be retained as bulk samples for paleaoenvironmental processing (Section 3.6.16 ). Where cremation deposits are within a vessel, the pit around the vessel will be carefully excavated to minimise damage to the urn. The backfill should be bulk sampled for palaeoenvironmental remains, in case it represents pyre debris or other culturally derived material. As far as possible, the vessel and its contents should be recovered intact and together; supporting material to maintain the integrity of the vessel should be used as appropriate. 3.6.16 Environmental sampling for plants, faunal remains, technological remains and artefacts: the recovery of adequate samples of material in the form of plant and faunal remains and technological residues can provide useful information for an understanding of activities within and around the site and for placing the site within a wider ecological context. The sampling strategy will be an iterative strategy that will involve the recovery of samples from deposits of environmental potential and a representative range of deposit types from across the site. 3.6.17 The sampling will take full cognisance of the location and types of features, and their spatial position relative to other features that are considered to be contemporary. It is not proposed to sample every well-stratified deposit from every slot through every feature. Rather, the strategy will seek to concentrate on those deposits that will allow a wide range of research aims to be addressed in an efficient manner, either because they have the potential to contain a range of remains, and/or because of the feature types in which they have formed. As such, in the case of linear features, it is likely that a sequence of samples will be taken through the fills of one or two representative investigation slots. Sampling will also include deposits that do not appear especially promising, not least to act as a scientific ‘control’ on those apparently richer deposits. Processing and assessment of samples ( Sections 3.6.21-2 and 3.7.25 ) will be

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undertaken throughout the fieldwork programme in order that any significant results can be incorporated into the sampling strategy. 3.6.18 In essence, the sampling strategy will follow Historic England (EH 2011a; 2011b) guidelines, with the collection of bulk sediment samples of c 40 litres from suitable deposits or features of demonstrable anthropological origin (undisturbed, uncontaminated and of non-modern origin; intersections of features, and deposits containing high quantities of intrusive or residual material will be avoided). Natural deposits will only be sampled where it is considered that they may be contemporary with human activity on the site and may thus retain data relating to, or influential upon that activity. 3.6.19 In addition to bulk samples, monolith samples will be taken through slowly accumulated deposits within features such as ditches, ring gullies, waterholes, etc . A duplicate set of monoliths will be taken to permit pollen and soil micromorphological work to be undertaken (EH 2007). OA North has a highly experienced palaeoenvironmental team with a range of specialities. Their knowledge will be drawn upon during the formulation and implementation of the sampling strategy, but they will also make site visits, where appropriate, to advise on the application of specific sampling methodologies. 3.6.20 Samples for scientific dating: should deposits, or material within deposits, suitable for radiocarbon assay be encountered, samples will be taken wherever possible. These would include well-stratified artefacts and ecofacts, but also suitable material collected from environmental samples through flotation and, in the case of ceramics, from any bulk sieving, wet sieving and hand-collection. Particular attention will be paid to collecting bulk samples for the collection of datable organic material from features that produce no finds, or only artefacts that are chronologically diagnostic. Samples for dendrochronological or archaeomagnetic dating would be taken in conjunction with visiting specialist advice if any core structural stones demonstrably associated with hearth, kiln or furnace features were identified during the course of site works (EH 2004; 2006b; 2006c). 3.6.21 Palaeoenvironmental samples will be processed using standard hand flotation techniques. In order to retain material for other forms of analysis, it is unlikely that any complete 40-litre sample will be processed. Rather, it is likely that up to 30 litres from each sample from a domestic, primary refuse, or funerary feature will be processed, with 10 litres from other deposits (including ditches, and postholes). The sample size may be further reduced where deposits comprise extremely tough clay that resists chemical and mechanical reduction and deflocculation. The volume of material from organic/waterlogged deposits will vary dependent on the state of preservation; only a single litre of material will be routinely processed from highly organic deposits (EH 2008c). 3.6.22 Sample residues will be graded through nested sieves, dried, and the larger fractions will be sorted. Artefacts and ecofacts will be removed from the residue, bagged, and catalogued within the finds system and, together with those residue components that are too small to be extracted, will be recorded in terms of their abundance. 3.6.23 Samples that are found to have potential for insect remains will be dealt with in accordance with the instructions of that specialist, who normally would

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undertake paraffin flotation of a three-litre sub-sample that had been washed within a 300 micron mesh. 3.6.24 Dewatering and Rewatering: during the works, there may be a requirement to manage groundwater. This will be achieved by local management, and it is not expected that groundwater will be removed from the overall system to the detriment of buried organic remains and deposits. In any case, trenches will not be excavated ‘blind’ through standing water. During the trial-trench evaluation, small-scale water ingress into excavated features will be dealt with by bailing out to the topsoil around the trench. More extensive flooding within trenches will be managed with a small portable pump, with the outflow disgorging onto the surrounding ground surface. Any more extensive water management would need to be discussed with Arcadis, LAAS and the land agent, as appropriate. It is expected that the water regime would return to equilibrium following the backfilling of the trench. During the strip, map and record works an appropriate scheme of water management would be established with Costain, Arcadis and LAAS to ensure that the works can be undertaken safely without long-term impact to the surrounding peat resource beyond the limits of development impact. 3.6.25 Land Drains: the position of any land drains damaged during the archaeological works will be plugged with clay and brought to the attention of Arcadis and the Land agent. During the trial trenching, simple repairs can be made using plastic tubing, or, alternatively, a specialist contractor can be engaged. All damage and repairs will be recorded photographically. Repairs can also be made during the strip, map and record works, although, given that these will precede development and the installation of associated drainage works, repairs are less likely to be required. 3.6.26 Reinstatement : where required to do so, the removed subsoil and topsoil will be replaced across the investigation areas, with the topsoil placed on top and lightly graded. Reinstatement will utilise a 360 mechanical excavator. The OA North Site Director will monitor and inspect the work to ensure that it is completed in a satisfactory manner, but for health and safety reasons they will not directly supervise the plant during reinstatement.

3.7 REPORTING 3.7.1 Introduction : the scope of the reporting will depend on the results of each stage of works. Initially it is expected that a brief report will be prepared on the findings of the trial trenching to help inform the scope of the strip, map and record. It will present: • a front cover to include the planning application number and the NGR; • a QA sheet detailing as a minimum title, author, version, date, checked by, approved by; • the dates on which each phase of the programme of work was undertaken; • a concise, non-technical summary of the results; • aims and objectives;

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• an explanation to any agreed variations to the WSI, including any justification for any analyses not undertaken; • a description of the methodology employed, work undertaken and results obtained; • a site location plan related to the national grid; • plans and sections at an appropriate scale showing the location and position of deposits and finds; • photographic plates as appropriate; • a list of and dates for any finds recovered and a description and interpretation of the deposits identified; • a description of any environmental or other specialist assessment undertaken, the results obtained and of the recommendations for any appropriate programme of analysis; • a statement of the significance of the results in their local, regional and national context, if required, cross referenced to the regional research agendas, as appropriate; • conclusions/discussion; • where there is scope and justified requirement for further work and publication, the scope of those works will be presented within an updated project design, complete with a timetable and schedule of costs; • a copy of this WSI, and indications of any agreed departure from the design; • the report will also include a complete bibliography of sources from which data has been derived; and • a summary of the archive. 3.7.2 The report will be in the same basic format as this WSI; a copy of the report can be provided on CD, if required. 3.7.3 Following the completion of all the site works, a more detailed report will then present and assess the findings from each stage of works, and will make recommendations, in the form of an updated project design, for analysis, archiving and publication. The following sections relate to the preparation of the assessment report. 3.7.4 Archive Collation : the archive of raw data (drawings, photographs and other records) will be checked throughout the fieldwork and that process will be completed at the end of the site works. Similarly, the processing of the finds and palaeoenvironmental samples will be completed at the end of the fieldwork. 3.7.5 Stratigraphic assessment : where appropriate, context records will be entered into an OA North database, which can, if necessary, incorporate digital photographs and drawings. The database also has a matrix generator. During the site works, survey data will be processed within a GIS (which can be integrated with the project database). If necessary, individual plans can be

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digitised and polygonised within the GIS so that they can be integrated with the database, phased, and used to illustrate reports. The stratigraphic sequence will be summarised within a short document for inclusion within the complete post-excavation assessment report. 3.7.6 Artefact assessment : during processing ( Section 3.6.11), a basic identification and record will have been made for all items within each category of material in the finds assemblage and incorporated into the site database. The database will be updated as a result of any further identification, quantification or description that arises out of specialist assessment to form a full catalogue. Assessment of finds will be undertaken by suitable specialists with appropriate qualifications and/or levels of knowledge and experience. The specialists will be asked to identify the potential of the material to contribute to the original research aims of the project, and specify any further analytical work required, including any specific requirement for conservation. Material considered vulnerable will be selected for stabilisation and conservation after specialist recording; conservation will also include an investigative element, not just stabilisation (English Heritage 2008b). All finds work will be carried out in accordance with the Institute for Archaeologists Standard and Guidance for the Collection, Documentation, Conservation and Research of Archaeological Materials (IfA 2001). 3.7.7 Pottery specialist reports will use established fabric classifications and type series. The prehistoric and locally produced Romano-British pottery will be assessed following the guidelines of the Prehistoric Ceramics Research Group (PCRG 1997); these provide information and methodologies for recording aspects of the assemblage in general, together with fabric and vessel characteristics. Assemblages from all periods will be identified and recorded, and spot dating carried out. Romano-British coarsewares will be recorded according to the methodology of Darling (1994) and the fabrics will be characterised according to the national Roman fabric reference collection handbook (Tomber and Dore 1998). Any samian will be assessed following the procedures of Webster (1996), and a suitable specialist consulted regarding pottery stamps where necessary. The potential of the assemblage for contributing to the original research aims will be assessed and aspects for further analysis will be highlighted. Following on from this, requirements for illustration will be established. 3.7.8 All other material categories, including the metalwork, worked flint, worked stone, medieval and post-medieval pottery, will be assessed by suitable specialists to record information fully and adequately on all pertinent aspects of the assemblage, in accordance with current and accepted industry guidelines for the various material types. Assessment of metalwork and associated residues will include the x-radiography of all iron objects, a selection of non- ferrous objects, and a sample of industrial residues; the interpretation of these artefacts will be reviewed with the aid of the x-ray plates. The results of the assessment will be presented within a report for integration into the post- excavation assessment report, and will provide details of the quantity and quality of the artefactual data, spot-dating where possible, and an assessment of the potential for any further analysis within the framework of the original research questions and objectives, which will be articulated through a series of recommendations. Requirements for illustration and long-term conservation

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and storage will be established, but should any requirement for specialist short- term conservation be identified, then selected finds will be sent to Durham University Conservation Laboratory for stabilisation. 3.7.9 Faunal remains assessment: the faunal remains will be assessed for their potential for further analysis, using the standard zooarchaeological methodologies of Cohen and Serjeantson (1996) and Halstead and Collins (1995), and utilising osteological reference material held by OA North, together with standard reference works (Schmid 1972). Measurements taken will again follow standard guidelines (Von den Driesch 1976; Payne and Bull 1988). Separation of sheep and goat (Boessneck 1969), and the separation of red and fallow deer (Lister 1996) will take place where possible. The assessment will generate a basic catalogue recording the state of preservation, fragmentation and evidence for taphonomy, together with a count of anatomical elements by taxon and the proportion of elements usable for ageing and metrical analysis. A specialist report will be compiled, including recommendations for any suitable further analyses within the framework of the project’s research questions and objectives. 3.7.10 Human remains assessment: human remains will be assessed in accordance with the recommendations set out by Mays et al (2002) in Guidelines for producing assessment documents and analytical reports . The assessment will be undertaken with reference to relevant site documentation, namely plans, on- site skeleton recording forms and photographs. Each skeleton will be rapidly scanned and a pro-forma skeleton assessment form will be completed, detailing condition, completeness and noting any potential for biological information and palaeopathological information. These observations will provide adequate guidance to the potential of the remains for further study, in accordance with recommended practice (Brickley and McKinley 2004). They will be, by their very nature, preliminary and subject to change as a result of any future recommended study of the remains. 3.7.11 Condition and completeness : the general condition of the skeletal material will be assessed with reference to the scoring system set out by McKinley (2004), which grades bones according to the degree of erosion to surfaces and alteration to bony contours. The completeness of each skeleton will be estimated by recording, as a percentage, how much of the skeleton has survived, and assigning it to one of the following categories: 1 = <25% complete 2 = 25-50% complete 3 = 50-75% complete 4= >75% complete. 3.7.12 Biological sex and age : the basic demographic composition of the population will be established through cursory examination of extant age and sex indicators by employing the techniques described by Brickley and McKinley (2004). The potential of the remains for estimating a more detailed demographic profile, with narrower age categories, will be explored by considering the extent and range of sex and age indicators that have survived and the reliability of these indicators. Estimation of biological sex and age is

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more accurate if a range of indicators is employed instead of one or two (Bedford et al 1993) and this will be taken into account. 3.7.13 Metrical analysis : potential of the remains for metrical analysis will be scored on a scale of 1-5, where ‘1’ denotes skeletons that show no potential ( ie no elements can be measured owing to fragmentation and/or poor preservation) and ‘5’ denotes skeletons that show high potential ( ie the full range of standard cranial and post-cranial measurements can be taken). The results will be considered in the context of estimating stature, for which the maximum length of a complete long limb bone and the sex of the individual is required (Trotter 1970). Metrical data may also be employed to assist in the estimation of sex (Bass 1987) and also to explore variation in skeletal anatomy in relation to environmental and hereditary influences. For example, calculation of the platymeric (degree of flattening on the femur front to back), platycnemic (degree of flattening of the tibia front to back) and cephalic (cranial shape) indices may be undertaken by employing measurements of the relevant bones. 3.7.14 Non-metrical analysis : non-metric traits are another means of studying human skeletal variation in relation to the environment and inheritance (Saunders 1989; Tyrell 2001). The potential of skeletons for scoring non-metric traits will be assessed on a scale of 1-5, where ‘1’ denotes skeletons that show no potential ( ie preservation has prevented the observation of all standard cranial and post-cranial sites) and ‘5’ denotes skeletons that show high potential for non-metrical analysis ( ie all standard cranial and post-cranial sites can be scored). More readily observable traits will be noted (but not formally scored) to provide an indication of the level and range of traits present in the population. 3.7.15 Palaeopathology : the analysis of palaeopathology is dependent on the completeness and preservation of skeletons. Similar bony changes may be observed in many different categories of disease and they can be very subtle; incomplete and poorly preserved skeletons therefore limit palaeopathological study. Assessment of the potential of the remains to yield palaeopathological information, including dental conditions, will, first and foremost, consider the completeness and condition of the skeletons. 3.7.16 Pathology will not be scored formally, but lesions will be noted in order to establish the range and extent of disease in the population. It will also establish the extent to which it will be possible to diagnose the lesions identified on the bones and whether any specialist analyses that may enhance understanding of the conditions are required (for example, the analysis of fractures is greatly enhanced by the application of radiography). Palaeopathological assessment will be undertaken with reference to standard texts (for example, Aufderheide and Rodriguez-Martin 1998; Hillson 1996; Ortner 2003). 3.7.17 The significance of the assemblage : the significance of the assemblage will be considered by taking into account the results of the above and evaluating these in the context of other populations that are similar in date and type (Roberts and Cox 2003). 3.7.18 Biochemical assessment : analysis of carbon- and nitrogen- stable isotope ratios may indicate whether a diet was high or low in marine, meat or vegetable protein. Other isotopes (for example, oxygen and strontium) may indicate the

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location of the drinking water that was ingested when the individual was a child and, by inference, where they grew up. In order to undertake these analyses, bone fragments, usually from a rib (for carbon and nitrogen) and a tooth (preferably a second molar) with fully formed roots (for strontium and oxygen) are required (J Evans pers comm ; G Muldner pers comm ); assessment will therefore note whether these elements have survived. Potential for isotope analysis will also be considered in the context of the level of osteological and palaeopathological information that is expected to be gained through analysis. For example, it will assess the extent to which isotope results may be combined with osteological variables (for example, age, sex, pathology, stature) to provide a more complete picture of the population. Bones removed for destructive absolute dating will be recorded in full before submission. 3.7.19 Environmental assessments of core samples : dependent on the results of the initial field assessment, it is proposed that, with the agreement of the Monitoring Archaeologists, a programme of laboratory assessment be undertaken of the biological remains preserved within selected cores retained during the fieldwork. The Historic England Guidelines for Environmental Archaeology (English Heritage 2011) will be consulted during this phase of the project. Sub-samples would be taken from suitable locations from each core, and subjected to an appropriate scheme of laboratory assessment. These techniques are outlined below, but it is highly unlikely that all retained cores would have material suitable for all forms of assessment. 3.7.20 Pollen: the pollen in the sediment will be assessed to help understand the nature and processes of accumulation of the waterlogged deposits and also the local environment. Sub-samples, 10-20 ml in volume, will be prepared for pollen analysis using a standard chemical procedure (method B of Berglund and Ralska–Jasiewiczowa (1986), using HCl, NaOH, sieving, HF, and Erdtman’s acetolysis, to remove carbonates, humic acids, particles > 170 microns, silicates, and cellulose, respectively. The samples were then stained with safranin, dehydrated in tertiary butyl alcohol, and the residues mounted in 2000 cs silicone oil. Slides will be examined at a magnification of 400x (1000x for critical examination) by equally spaced traverses across at least two slides to reduce the possible effects of differential dispersal on the slide (Brooks and Thomas 1967). For the assessment a pollen count for each sample of at least 100 land pollen and spores will be reached. Lycopodium tablets (Stockmarr 1971) will be added to a known volume of sediment at the beginning of the preparation so that pollen concentrations could be calculated. Pollen identification will be made using the keys of Moore et al (1991), Faegri and Iversen (1989), and a small modern pollen reference collection. Andersen (1979) will be followed for identification of cereal-type grains. Indeterminable grains will also be recorded as an indication of the state of the pollen preservation. Plant nomenclature will follow Stace 1997. The data will be presented in tables as either percentage values or actual numbers of pollen grains and spores. The interpretation of the data may help in our understanding of the nature in which the waterlogged deposits accumulated and also of the local environment. 3.7.21 Waterlogged and charred plant remains : the potential for waterlogged and charred plant remains will be assessed in sub-samples from the sediment samples. These will be wet sieved through a series of standard meshes and the

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residues examined with a binocular microscope. All types of plant material will be noted and identified if possible, as will their relative quantities, in a simple scale of abundant – rare. Plant remains may record the nature of the deposits, the local environment and the economy of the sites. 3.7.22 Invertebrate remains : the sediment samples may be assessed for invertebrate remains, but this will necessitate large sub-sample and, dependent on the nature of the sediments, may not possible. The samples would be submitted to the relevant specialist, who would process them by paraffin flotation techniques and assess the flots for the presence of invertebrate remains. If these are present they are invaluable to our understanding of the nature of the deposits, possible urban habitation conditions and the economy of the sites. 3.7.23 Diatoms : the sediments may be assessed for the presence and absence of diatoms. If present the diatoms will be identified and quantified. Small sub- samples of the sediment samples will be submitted to the relevant specialist (Dr Philip Barker and), who will prepare 10ml samples following the standard hydrogen peroxide and hydrochloric acid procedure (Batterbee 1986). Diatoms are freshwater or marine algae with a silica frustule or chamber, which is resistant to decay. They are habitat specific and are therefore good indicators of such characteristics as salinity and water quality (English Heritage 2002). 3.7.24 Foraminifera : the sediments may be assessed for the presence and absence of foraminifera. Small sub-samples will be submitted to Dr John Whittaker, the specialist, who will process and assess their potential for the survival of foraminifera. 3.7.25 Radiocarbon dating : suitable material for radiocarbon dating may be selected from each of the lithological units and from the top and bottom of the sequence. This material will be submitted to Dr Gordon Cook of the Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre for AMS dating. 3.7.26 Pedology : a selection of monolith samples will be assessed for soil/sediment micromorphology, including the potential for complementary bulk analyses were recommended: loss-on-ignition (LOI; organic matter estimations), particle size (differentiate sediment type), fractionated phosphate (differentiate dung inputs from peat; anthropogenic waste), magnetic susceptibility including MSmax (differentiate redness from burning and waterlogging effects; anthropogenic waste) and specific conductance (measure of ‘saltiness’) (Avery and Bascomb 1974; Courty et al 1989; Crowther 1997; 2000; 2003; Goldberg and Macphail 2006). 3.7.27 Assessment of other environmental remains : methodologies for the assessment of environmental remains from bulk and monolith samples will essentially follow those outlined for the borehole cores ( Sections 3.7.19-20). Following the completion of the assessment, the remaining material will be processed in an appropriate manner, either to recover more palaeoenvironmental or technological material for analysis, or coarse sieved for artefact recovery. 3.7.28 Assessment Report : unless agreed otherwise with the Monitoring Archaeologists, a full assessment report will be compiled in accordance with EH MAP2 (1991) and Historic England’s Management of Research Projects in

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the Historic Environment (MoRPHE; 2014), culminating in the production of an updated project design for a programme of analysis. The report will include: • a non-technical summary of the entire report; • an introduction outlining the circumstances of the project, including references to planning application number(s), site codes, the archaeological background, detailed site descriptions (including National GridRs), and the dates when fieldwork took place; • appropriate acknowledgements; • a description of the methodology and techniques used, and the aims and objectives of the investigations; • a detailed narrative description of the results of the excavations, site by site or area by area, with reference to context numbers; • an interpretation of the overall structural and stratigraphic sequence established by the investigations, including phasing of the site sequence and dating of the ceramics, with reference to the local and regional archaeological context; • appropriate photographs as required to illustrate the report and/or the findings; • an overall site plan, plans of the location of the areas of topsoil strip within the site at 1:500 scale, where appropriate, individual plans and sections of selected features and deposits, all at appropriate scales, and any other plans and sections as may be required to illustrate the report; • catalogues and summary records, accounts and description of each artefactual and ecofactual assemblage recovered from the investigations, supported by illustrations and specialist reports where appropriate. Any individual specialist reports will also contain non-technical summaries and tabulation of data in relation to the site phasing contexts, will be presented as unedited annexes to the main report; • an interpretation of the archaeological and research potential of the site; • a summary of the material held in the site archive and details of archive location and destination; • a post-excavation assessment of each category of data or material held in the site archive. The assessment of artefacts will include inspection of X- radiographs of all iron objects, a selection of non-ferrous artefacts (including coins), and a sample of any industrial debris relating to metallurgy (EH 2001; 2006b). The post-excavation assessment will examine the potential for any further analytical work and make recommendations for the selection of material to be deposited for long- term storage with the site archive; these recommendations will be clearly separated from results and interpretation. • an updated project design. If further post-excavation assessment or analysis work is recommended, an updated project design incorporating methodologies and costs will be prepared in accordance with English Heritage (2006a) guidance. This updated project design will be essential to

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refine the project’s specific aims and objectives, and the contribution the site/evidence can make to wider research frameworks/agendas; • a copy of the project specification and/or the approved project design, presented as an appendix to the main report; • references and bibliography of all sources used . 3.7.29 The report will be in the same basic format as this project design. A draft copy of the post-excavation assessment report and the updated project design will be provided to Arcadis for comment. Once they have approved the documents, they will be provided to LAAS for comment. Any comments will be incorporated into the final documents, which will be issued in bound and digital formats and supplied to Arcadis to disseminate appropriately. 3.7.30 Confidentiality: all internal reports to the client are designed as documents for the specific use of the client, for the particular purpose as defined in the project brief and project design, and will be treated as such. They are not suitable for publication as academic documents or otherwise without amendment or revision. 3.7.31 Archive: the results of all archaeological work carried out will form the basis for a full archive to professional standards, in accordance with current Historic England guidelines (EH 1991; HE 20014), those of the LMS, and standard guidance (Walker 1990; Society of Museum Archaeologists 1993; 1995; Ferguson and Murray 1997; Brown 2007; CIfA 2014e). The LMS will be consulted in advance of the works in order to obtain their latest guidelines for finds and archive deposition, and to obtain an accession number. The project archive will include: • a project summary; • the specification and approved project design; • an archive guide (an introduction to the archive stating its principle and layout); • an index to the contents of the archive; • the complete site archive including all records, data, reports, etc produced during excavation, post-excavation, finds processing, conservation, and analysis, the complete material archive, and the interim and post- excavation assessment reports. 3.7.32 Ownership : all artefacts recovered during the works will be treated as the property of the landowners of the respective fields where the works are being undertaken. All liaison on the nature of ownership will be undertaken by Arcadis. Subject to the agreement of the landowners, and after discussion with specialists and LMS staff regarding finds retention and sampling, all suitable finds will be packaged and delivered with the site archive to LMS once all post-excavation works are complete. 3.7.33 Publication : Proposals for the publication of the project’s findings will be presented within the Project Stage 3 updated project design. 3.7.34 OASIS: an OASIS form will be completed as part of the works.

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4. OTHER MATTERS

4.1 HEALTH , SAFETY , WELLBEING AND THE ENVIRONMENT 4.1.1 OA North maintains a Unit Safety policy and all site procedures are in accordance with the guidance set out in the Health and Safety Manual compiled by the Federation of Archaeological Managers and Employers (2010). A site-specific Risk Assessment and Method Statement (RAMS), will be compiled and will form the basis of the archaeological induction to all OA staff and subcontractors. A permit to dig system will be operated. Copies will be made available on request to all interested parties. During the fieldwork, full regard will be given to all Health and Safety considerations, which will take precedence over archaeological considerations. The RAMS will incorporate direction from relevant Arcadis/Costain documents, including the following: • Environmental Site Rules; • Traffic Management Plan; • Site Waste Management Plan; • Site Water Management Plan; • Pollution Prevention and Control Plan; • Ecological Constraints Plan; • Project Environmental Management Plan; • Site Rules; and • Supplier Code of Conduct;

4.2 PROJECT MONITORING AND COMMUNICATIONS 4.2.1 The archaeological works will be monitored by Emily Plunkett of Arcadis, who represents the Client, and by the LAAS Archaeologist. The monitors will ensure that the requirements of this Project Design and the Initial Written Scheme of Investigation (Arcadis 2017) are being followed, and that the highest professional standards are being maintained. Emily will also coordinate all liaison with LAAS, Historic England, and OA North, and also with all external parties, including the media. 4.2.2 The OA North project manager will follow an agreed communications protocol to liaise regularly with Arcadis and Costain in the first instance and then with other stakeholders as appropriate. Significant archaeological discoveries will be reported immediately to Arcadis in the first instance, and weekly reports will present summaries of timesheets, findings and progress, as well as any other relevant information (such as Health, Safety and Environment). Financial information can be provided separately.

4.3 WORK TIMETABLE 4.3.1 The work programme is illustrated in Appendix 1 . The following sections present a synopsis of that programme.

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4.3.2 Site Visit: the site visit will be undertaken during the week beginning 6 th November 2017 and will take one day in the field. One day will be required to prepare a brief report for dissemination. The rest of the week would be used for liaison with the Monitoring Archaeologists and to amend this project design. 4.3.3 Trial Trench Evaluation: following liaison with the Monitoring Archaeologists, the fieldwork for the trial trenching will commence on 13/11/17 and will last approximately three weeks. Reporting will take four weeks. 4.3.4 Strip, Map and Record: the scope of the strip, map and record exercise is dependent on the findings in the trial trenches and liaison with the monitoring archaeologists. Accordingly, the programme for this element of the works will be presented in details once it has been agreed. 4.3.5 Watching Brief : the programme and duration of the watching brief is dependent upon the Principal Contractor’s groundworks programme and the number of machines that they intend to deploy to the works. 4.3.6 Assessment Report and UPD for analysis: the duration of the assessment will be dependent upon the agreed scope of works outlined in the project design. However, it is currently estimated that the works would take 6-9 months to allow for specialist assessments and any appropriate programme of scientific dating. Time should be allowed for the Monitoring Archaeologists to review the documents and respond with any comments prior to commencing the programme of analysis and publication. 4.3.7 Analysis and Publication: the duration of any analysis and publication will be dependent upon the scope of works outlined in the updated project design and agreed with the Monitoring Archaeologists. However, it is currently estimated that the works would take 12-18 months from the Monitoring Archaeologist’s approval of the Assessment report and UPD for analysis to allow for specialist analyses and any appropriate programme of scientific dating. 4.3.8 Archive : the archive will be deposited within approximately six months following submission of the report, unless otherwise instructed.

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4.4 STAFFING 4.4.1 Team Structure: the proposed team structure for the works is presented in the organogram, below. It is proposed that the project will be managed by Stephen Rowland and directed in the field by Becky Wegiel, who is familiar with working on large infrastructure schemes.

Halite LAAS Historic England

Arcadis: Emily Plunkett

Costain

OA North Project Manager: Stephen Rowland

OA North Site Director and Surveyor: Becky Wegiel

Archaeology Teams :

Trial Trenching: OA North Supervisor/Project Officer, two archaeologists, one 8-ton 360

Strip and Map: OA North Project Officer, supervisor/surveyor, one archaeologist, one 13-ton 360

Detailed Investigation: OA North Project Officer, up to four archaeologists (team can be expanded as required)

4.4.2 A list of OA North and external specialist staff is presented in Table 3. Further details of staff can be made on request. Team member Responsibility Principal role

OA North staff Rachel Newman (RN), BA, Senior Executive Project Executive responsible for quality assurance, FSA Officer: Research and academic leadership. Rachel is series editor for the Publication - Project Lancaster Imprints , and was a period group co- Executive ordinator for the North West Archaeological Research Framework Stephen Rowland (SR), BSc, Project Manager Project organisation and budget management; liaison; MSc preparation of management documents and editing of reports Becky Wegiel (BW), BA Project Officer/ Site Direction of the works in the field; setting out, survey, Director collation and checking of the archives, stratigraphic assessment, GIS, illustration, interpretation of the results and compilation of report text Aidan Parker (AP), BA Project Officer/ Site Supervision of plant and an investigation team in the Supervisor field. Surveying and checking of records Andrew Frudd (AF), BA Project Officer/ Site Supervision of plant and an investigation team in the Supervisor field. Surveying and checking of records Paul Dunn (PD), BA Project Officer/ Site Supervision of an investigation team in the field. Supervisor Surveying and checking of records Chris Howard-Davis (CHD), Finds Manager - Assessment and analysis of finds, conservation advice; BA Expert detailed academic input

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Team member Responsibility Principal role

Adam Tinsley (AT), BA, MA, Prehistoric Pottery Assessment and analysis of pre-Iron Age ceramics PhD Expert Antony Dickinson (AD), BA Lithics Expert Assessment and analysis of prehistoric stone artefacts Louise Loe (LL), BA, PhD Head of Burials Advice on the treatment and conservation of human Service - Expert remains Denise Druce (DD), BA, PhD Palaeoenvironmental Identification of plant macrofossils, charred and Expert waterlogged wood Mairead Rutherford (MR), Palaeoenvironmental Identification of pollen and waterlogged plant BSc, MSc, PhD Expert macrofossils Sandra Bonsall (SB), BSc Environmental Processing, assessment and analysis of Supervisor palaeoenvironmental samples. Organisation of the finds room, including collation and cataloguing Ian Smith (IS), BSc, MSc, Zooarchaeologist Assessment and analysis of zooarchaeological remains PhD Lucian Pricop (LP), BA, MA Project Officer, IT - IT support and database formulation. Assimilation and Support presentation of digital data Adam Parsons (AP), Illustrators Presentation of site drawings and artefact illustration BA/Marie Rowland (MR), for reports and publication BA, MA/Mark Tidmarsh (MT), BA) Project Assistant (Ass) Support tasks Project Assistants will undertake support tasks, including filling in database records, washing osteological material and finds, bagging material, etc External Experts Richard Macphail (RM) UCL Pedological thin section assessment and analysis Ian Panter (IP) YAT Wood Advice on treatment of organic remains. Conservation Conservation of such remains Laboratory Karen Barker (KB) Specialist Advice on, and conservation of inorganic remains Dr Jane Evans (JE) Specialist British Geological Survey; Isotope analysis John Carrott (JC) Specialist Palaeoecology Research Services: assessment of Parasites Enid Allison (EA) Specialist Canterbury Archaeological Trust; study of Insect remains Lydia King (LK) Specialist Based at Lancaster University; study of diatoms Philip Barker (PB) Specialist Based at Lancaster University; study of foraminifera SUERC Specialist Radiocarbon dating Table 3: Summary of the project team

4.5 INSURANCE 4.5.1 OA North has a professional indemnity cover to a value of £2,000,000; proof of which can be supplied as required.

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5. REFERENCES Andersen, STh, 1979 Identification of wild grasses and cereal pollen, Danm Geol Unders 1978, 69-92 Arcadis, 2016 Preesall Underground Gas Storage Facility, Lancashire. Archaeological written scheme of investigation , unpubl doc ASWYAS (Archaeological Services, West Yorkshire Archaeology Services), 2011 Preesall Underground Gas Storage Facility, Lancashire, Geophysical Survey , unpubl rep Avery, BW, and Bascomb, CL, 1974 Soil Survey Laboratory Techniques, Harpenden, Soil Survey of England and Wales, Soil Survey Technical Monograph Berglund, BE, and Ralska-Jasiewiczowa, M, 1986 Pollen analysis and pollen diagrams, in BE Berglund (ed) Handbook of Holocene Palaeoecology and Palaeohydrolo gy, Wiley, 455-84 Bottema, S, 1975 The interpretation of pollen spectra from prehistoric settlements (with special attention to Liguliflorae), Palaeohistoria , 17 , 17-35 Brickley, M, and McKinley, JJ, (eds) 2004 Guidelines to the Standards for Recording Human Remains, Inst Field Archaeol Pap, 7 British Geological Survey 2014 www.bgs.ac.uk/discoveringGeology/geologyofbritain/viewer.html (accessed June 2014) British Geological Survey, 2016 Discovering geology, time, fossil focus, Ostracod s Retrieved 1 18, 2016, www.bgs.co.uk Brooks, D, and Thomas, KW, 1967 The distribution of pollen grains on microscope slides. The non randomness of the distribution, Pollen et Spores, 9, 621-9 Brown, DH, 2007 Archaeological Archives: A Guide to Best Practice in Creation, Compilation, Transfer and Curation CIfA (Chartered Institute for Archaeologists), 2014a Code of Conduct CIfA, 2014b Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Excavation CIfA, 2014c Standard and Guidance for the Collection, Documentation, Conservation and Research of Archaeological Materials CIfA, 2014d Standard and Guidance for the Creation, Compilation, Transfer and Deposition of Archaeological Archives Courty, MA, Goldberg, P, and Macphail, RI, 1989, Soils and Micromorphology in Archaeolog y (1st Edition), Cambridge Crowther, J, 1997 Soil phosphate surveys: critical approaches to sampling, analysis and interpretation, Archaeological Prospection , 4, 93-102 Crowther, J, 2000 Phosphate and magnetic susceptibility studies, In M Bell, A Caseldine, and H Neumann, (eds), Prehistoric Intertidal Archaeology in the Welsh Severn Estuary , CBA 57-8 (and CD) Crowther, J, 2003 Potential magnetic susceptibility and fractional conversion studies of archaeological soils and sediments, Archaeometry , 45 :4, 685-701

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English Heritage, 1991 The Management of Archaeological Projects English Heritage, 2001 Archaeometallurgy English Heritage, 2004 Human Bones from Archaeological Sites: Guidelines for Producing Assessment Documents and Analytical Reports English Heritage, 2004 Dendrochronology: Guidelines on Producing and Interpreting Dendrochronological Dates English Heritage, 2005 Guidance for Best Practice for Treatment of Human Remains Excavated from Christian Burial Grounds in England English Heritage, 2006a Science for Historic Industries: Guidelines for the Investigation of 17th- to 19th-century Industries English Heritage, 2006b Archaeomagnetic Dating: Guidelines on Producing and interpreting Archaeomagnetic Dates English Heritage, 2006c Guidelines on the X-radiography of Archaeological Metalwork English Heritage, 2007 Geoarchaeology: Using Earth Sciences to Understand the Archaeological Record English Heritage, 2008a Luminscence Dating: Guidelines on Using Luminscence Dating in Archaeology English Heritage, 2008b Investigative Conservation: Guidelines on How the Detailed Examination of Artefacts from Archaeological Sites can Shed Light on their Manufacture and Use English Heritage, 2008c Guidelines for the Curation of Waterlogged Macroscopic Plant and invertebrate Remains English Heritage, 2010 Waterlogged Wood: Guidelines on the Recording, Sampling, Conservation and Curation of Archaeological Wood English Heritage, 2011a Environmental Archaeology: a Guide to the Theory and Practice of Methods, from Sampling Recovery to Post-excavation (2nd edition) English Heritage, 2011b Archaeological Evidence of Glassworking: Guidelines for Best Practice English Heritage, 2012 Waterlogged Organic Artefacts: Guidelines on their Recovery, Analysis and Conservation English Heritage, 2013 Science and the Dead: Guidelines for the Destructive Sampling of Human Remains for Scientific Analysis English Heritage, 2014 Animal Bones and Archaeology: Guidelines for Best Practice Faegri, K, and Iversen, J, 1989 Textbook of Pollen Analysis , 4th edn, Wiley Federation of Archaeological Managers and Employers (FAME), 2010 Health and Safety Manual Ferguson, L, and Murray, D, 1997 Archaeological Documentary Archives , IFA Pap, 1 Goldberg, P, and Macphail, RI, 2006 Practical and Theoretical Geoarchaeology , Oxford

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Hather, J, 2009 The Identification of Northern European Woods: A Guide for Archaeologists and Conservators , Walnut Creek, California Hodgson, JM, 1997 Soil Survey Field Handbook , Silsoe, Soil Survey and Land Research Centre Historic England, 2014 Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment: The MoRPHE Project Managers’ Guide Hyder Consulting (UK) Limited, 2011 Preesall Underground Gas Storage Facility, Lancashire, Desk-Based Assessment, unpbl rep Jarvis, RA, Allison, JW, Bendelow, JW, Bradley, RI, Carroll, DM, Furness, RR, Kilgour, IN L, King, SJ, and Matthews, B, 1983 Soils of England and Wales . Sheet 1 Northern England: Ordnance Survey Macphail, RI., Allen, MJ, Crowther, J, Cruise, GM, and Whittaker, JE, 2010 Marine inundation: effects on archaeological features, materials, sediments and soils, Quaternary International, v. Geoarchaeology and Taphonomy , 214 , 44-55 Macphail, RI, Crowther, J, and Berna, F, 2012, Soil micromorphology, microchemistry, chemistry, magnetic susceptibility and FTIR, In E Biddulph et al (eds), London Gateway. Iron Age and Roman salt making in the Thames Estuary; Excavations at Stanford Wharf Nature Reserve, Essex (http://library.thehumanjourney.net/909), Volume Oxford Archaeology Monograph No. 18 : Oxford, Oxford Archaeology, 193 McKinley, JI, 2004 Compiling a skeletal inventory: cremated human bone in M, Brickley, and JI McKinley, (eds) Guidelines to the Standards for Recording Human Remains , IFA paper No 7, 9-13 McKinley, JI, and Bond, JM, 2001 Cremated Bone, in DR, Brothwell, and AM, Pollard, (eds) Handbook of Archaeological Sciences , Chichester, 281-92 Moore, PD, Webb JA, and Collinson, ME, 1991 Pollen analysis , 2nd edn, Oxford Society of Museum Archaeologists, 1993 Selection, Retention and Dispersal of Archaeological Collections: Guidelines for use in England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales Society of Museum Archaeologists, 1995 Towards an Accessible Archaeological Archive, the Transfer of Archaeological Archives to Museums: Guidelines for use in England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales Stockmarr, J, 1972 Tablets with spores used in absolute pollen analysis, Pollen et Spores , 13, 615-21 UKIC (United Kingdom Institute for Conservation), 1983 Packaging and Storage of Freshly Excavated Artefacts from Archaeological Sites UKIC, 1984 Environmental Standards for Permanent Storage of Excavated Material from Archaeological Sites UKIC, 1998 First Aid for Finds , London UKIC, 2001 Excavated Artefacts and Conservation Walker, K, 1990 Guidelines for the Preparation of Excavation Archives for Long- term Storage

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Watkinson, D, and Neal, V, 1998 First Aid for Finds (3rd edition)

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APPENDIX 1: PROVISIONAL PROGRAMME

Phase 1

Week W/c Operation

1-2 30/10/17 Project set-up, compile WSI, site visit, pre-start meetings (2 weeks)

3-4 13/11/17 Evaluation Fieldwork (2 weeks)

5-8 27/11/17 Evaluation Reporting (4 weeks)

9-10 Set-up for excavation (2 weeks)

11-12 Team 1 stripping in EX2 (7 days, 22-ton 360, D6 Dozer, plant supervisor); Moves on to EX3 (3 days)

Team 2 stripping in EX1 (10 days, 22-ton 360, D6 Dozer, plant supervisor)

13-16 Team 1 and 2 combine to strip remainder of EX1 (20 days)

Investigation team undertake characterisation of interventions in EX2 and EX3, moving into EX1 as the site is stripped. Further investigation in EX2 and EX3, as appropriate

17-18 Investigation team completes characterisation in EX1

19+ Further investigation in EX1, as appropriate. Otherwise, commence post-excavation works

Watching brief will be undertaken as and when required

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APPENDIX 2: PROVISIONAL RESOURCE SCHEDULE

Task Archs Plant Total Notes, Deliveries Wk Day Date and collections 1 Mon 6/11/17 Site Visit 1 1

2 mon 13/11/17 Trial Trenching 3 4 tues 14/11/17 2 4 wed 15/11/17 2 4 Monday : 8-ton 360, 2 4 fencing, 1 groundhog thurs 16/11/17 delivered fri 17/3/17 2 4

3 mon 20/11/17 Trial Trenching 2 4 2 4 tues 21/11/17 wed 2211/17 2 4 thurs 23/11/17 2 4 Friday : 8-ton 360, 3 4 fencing groundhog fri 24/11/17 collected

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FIGURES

Figure 1: Site Location

Figure 2: Phase 1 trial-trench and watching brief locations on the Fleetwood peninsula

Figure 3: Phase 1 Trial-trench and watching brief locations around Preesall and Stalmine

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