· ...... AN INTERVIEW WITH by John Stuhr-Rommereim

ORN IN , SHCHEDRIN GREW He has received many prestigious commissions, up in a musical family; his father was a including a request from the New York and teacher of music theory. Philharmonic in 1968 in honor of the orchestra's Shchedrin studied at the Moscow Choral 125th anniversary. He continues to receive frequent School and graduated from the Moscow commissions from all over the globe. Conservatory in 1955 where he studied Shchedrin succeeded as head composition and piano. He began composing of the Union of Russian . Shostakovich large works while in his early 20s, often using founded the union in 1948 as an alternative to the traditional Russian tales as his subject. Shchedrin has official Union of Soviet Composers. Shchedrin taken many classics from Russian literature and resigned in 1988, believing that it was no longer given them life on the musical necessary to have the two stage: his opera, The Dead unions. "We needed to do Souls, is taken from Gogol; away with them. The whole his ballet, , is structure was thought up from the well-known novel by under Stalin, and it was Tolstoy; and he used the basically a way to make sure writings of Chekhov for his everybody stayed within the ballets and The approved limits . . . . We Lady with the Lapdog. don't need that anymore." Shchedrin's wife, the ballerina The career of composer , has danced Rodion Shchedrin reflects the the lead in many of his recent changes in the Soviet ballets. Union. Although Shchedrin Shchedrin's choral output is has had a successful career extensive and distinguished. there, it is only in the last few Nonetheless, his reputation is years that he has seen the not built primarily on his Soviet performances of many choral music, but upon a of his pieces; his works have diverse body of works for often been premiered outside virtually every musical of his own country. Shchedrin medium especially for refused to join the orchestra. His oeuvre includes Communist party, yet two operas (- remained an "official" 1961, and - composer throughout the 1976), two symphonies, four reign of Stalin. During those for orchestra, four piano concertos, five oppressive years, Shchedrin saw many of his ballets, miscellaneous orchestral works and contemporaries exiled for creating works which did transcriptions, music for 10 films, incidental music not fall within the narrow boundaries of what Stalin for eight plays, various chamber works, songs, works deemed appropriate. Despite these warnings, he for solo piano, four oratorios, and numerous choral continued to compose, returning again and again to works. During his long career, he has had contact the chastuchka, a form of urban folklore, for with an impressive array of international artists and inspiration. The use of Russian folklore combined musicians, including Picasso, Chagall, Bernstein, with contemporary techniques and instruments has Barber, Orff, Penderecki, Berio, and many others. become a distinguishing trait of Shchedrin's music.

April 1992 Page7 STUHR-ROMMEREIM: What role has instrumentalist, you tend to focus on Orthodox Church. The title is derived choral music played in your career? the sound and role of your own from a novella by Nicolai Leskov, a instrument, and when you practice, nineteenth-century Russian author. SHCHEDRlN: It has been very you hear only one part. In the choir, Leskov's Sealed Angel is a Christmas important to me because my musical however, you're part of the story about a group of Old Believers beginning was in choral music, at the "zvuchaniye," part of the overall (a traditionalist group suppressed by Moscow Choral School. I sang in the choral sound. the Russian Orthodox Church) whose alto section of the choir there. Also, I I must tell you that last winter, in sacred icon of an angel is disfigured received a diploma in choral January, we had a reunion of (translated as "sealed" or conducting first; it was only after students from the Moscow Choral that that I moved to the Moscow School. We sang all our old "imprinted") and stolen by the local Conservatory . repertoire. Everyone was in tears! It state-supported church. The plot I think choral training is fantastic. was touching - not because of revolves around an elaborate scheme It is the best way to learn, because nostalgia, but simply because of the to retrieve and restore the icon. when you study the violin or cello, experience of singing in a choir. Shchedrin's choral work does not for instance, you usually do not see Singing in a choir is a very special refer directly to the story, but results immediately. In choral music, experience. attempts to evoke the pure, fervent you get immediate feedback. It is also faith of the Old Believers as Leskov excellent ear training. I really think it STUHR-ROMMEREIM: Tell us about portrays them. is the best form of musical education your education at the Moscow Choral Shchedrin attaches particular for someone who wishes to become School. musical, a real musician. Of course, significance to this piece and views it one must be able to play various SHCHEDRIN: We were lucky because as an important landmark in his instruments, but choral training is the some of the very best teachers were career. Much of it is chant based and surest guarantee that one will have working there. Sveshnikov was there, reminiscent of Rachmaninov in its all the skills necessary. If you are an and we saw a great deal of Pavel rich lyricism. The words and melody Chesnokov. He was greatl of a 17th-century znamenny chant, ...... Also, we sang a wide variety of .. StUhr=-Rorru.UErreim 'is AssistaIifProfessorof . the T.ropaxion.for.Great.Eriday,--­ choral music, including much church figure prominently in the work. This Music at Grinnell College in Grinnell, music - but without the text - Iowa. znamenny chant focuses on the deceit and avarice of Judas: "Behold, 0 lover of money, this man who because of money hanged himself. Konstanz Festival Chorus Flee, 0 greedy soul, from the man We sang a wide variety of who committed such things against Beijing Festival Chorus choral music including the master." Other portions of the .. . .. "," .. ~."'_...... 'Work reminded me of Poulenc's Jerusalem World Harmony Festival Chorus .~. much church muszc·-=.:...:;...··· __ ·.. · motets (especially "Vinea mea' England & Wales Festival Chorus but without the text - electa"), with their piquant • , • dissonances, prevailing homophony, French Festival Chorus w'tth solfege, or w'tth some and emotional intensity. Shchedrin substitute text such as ~~the objected when ! co,~pared his music .-... ~ _. @~BA."··-= .~ _. day is beauti}iir' or "wniir'- ~~reo~e~i~' c~:r~g IIl~~~!?;ef~~~~~~dJl CULTURAL AND PERFORMING ARTS a lovely day. ~~ apparently no.conscious influence or direct connection between the two composers; nonetheless, passages sounded strikingly similar to me. I Musical Heritage Tours asked Shchedrin whether this was the Artist Management first sacred work he had written, and • with solfege, or with some substitute he replied, "Yes, the first open work." Festival Choruses text such as "the day is beautiful" or In other words, he has presumably • "what a lovely day." It was a neutral written other sacred works "for his Performing Arts Festivals experience, but we got to sing the desk," without showing them to the • great masterworks of the Russian choral tradition - Rachmaninov, public. It is very likely that since Performance Opportunities glasnost, many sacred choral works & Customized Tours Chesnokov, Tchaikovsky, Kastalsky. Consequently, this, my new second written in more repressive times will choral work [pointing to a copy of surface as composers now feel it is The Sealed Angel, 1989] is very safe to show them to the public. I A Division of PleasureBreak, Inc. important. I hope that it will not be have heard a rumor that Sviridov, 1350 East Touhy Avenue a piece just for this year. one of Russia's most prolific choral Des Plaines, Illinois 60018 [The text of The Sealed Angel is composers, will soon be releasing (708) 297-5738 • (800) 777-1885 taken from an archaic version of sacred works that he previously had portions of the rite of the Russian kept hidden.]

PageS CHORAL JOURNAL STUHR-ROMMEREIM: In The Execution explanation of its background. In the person, and was not, of course, a of Pugachev, the Choral Concertino, West, no one knows who Pugachev saint! In attempting to create a new Zvony, and several other works, you was. In our country, every child­ relationship between social groups, he make use of bell sounds. Can you even a four-year-old like your killed indiscriminately! He was comment on the significance of this? daughter here - knows the name of horriblel But, he became a legend, Pugachev. He is a legend. He is one and Russians understand his SHCHEDRIN: Bells have been very of the most legendary figures in character. important to the people of Russia. Russian history. He wanted For example, in the Kremlin, you STUHR-ROMMEREIM: How would you will see the "Tsar Kokokol," that is, describe the present state of choral the King of Bells - a huge, gigantic music in Russia? bell. And, , when he tried to bring Novgorod into his Everyone [in Russia] w SHCHEDRIN: I must tell you that the empire, sent soldiers to capture all of whole situation now [June 1991] is the bells of Novgorod. He took them preoccupied with things really very tragic. The ship has sunk, to Siberia. Just the bells! Because of outside the realm of music. so to speak, and all the people are the climate in Russia, and the trying their hardest just to survive. It landscape, it is very good acoustically They have problems - is like the years before the civil war. for bells. Bell sounds were a means of real problems - buying Everybody, including me and my communication for Russians, and wife, is tired of this. Over the course each bell in each church would have bread, milk, or fruit. of one's entire life there is not one its own human name. Three bells day of stability. One year Stalin is in might be named Vasilii, Vladimir, power, the next year Khrushchev and Ivan, just like human beings. changes things; we take one step The bells then spoke to each other forward and then one step back. And from one village to another - something new. He was against the now, with Perestroika, yesterday it sometimes over 20 or 30 kilometers prevailing social order and he strove was black and now it's white - the apart. They sent various pieces of for freedom. He claimed to be next day will be red and then maybe information. For example, during the Peter III [the Tsar who in 1762 was greenl Everyone is tired of this. As three centuries of the Tatar Yoke, the murdered by agents of Catherine the life goes on and as we grow older, we churches sent information telling each Great]. If he had just said "I am your grow tired of this total absence of other that the Tatars had come. They leader," the people would have killed stability. I am not talking about some were able to say how many soldiers, him. By claiming to be Peter III, he abstract economic problem, but with horses or without, etc. They had gained the confidence of the masses. about the inability to buy a bottle of a code worked out. Also, for instance, Nonetheless, he was an uneducated milk or a piece of cheese. bells communicated important events. A high pitched bell followed by a long pause, then a lower pitched bell followed by another long pause, then finally all the bells sounding together, Kodaly Center of America meant that someone had died. 15 Denton Road, Wellesley, MA 02181-9614 I don't use bells in my works to (617) 235-8784 or 332-2680 convey any specific information, but to provide a coloristic element of the EARLY STEPS IN SIGHT-READING Russian culture. A Russian person to develop basic rhythmic & melodic skills listening to the music would understand - feel - the significance Two best-selling books in both stick & staff notation of the bells. A Westerner would only • 185 Unison Pentatonic Exercises - D. Bacon note the effect of the timbre. As with music of any culture, the • 50 Easy Two-Part Exercises - D. Bacon more one understands the culture's and introducing . .. a THIRD traditions and history, the more one is able to understand relevances to its TA and TI BONES by Keith Kni2hton artistic creations. In my The 245 well-known and loved folk melodies reduceOto their Execution of Pugachev, for example, skeletal outlines for musical skill development I focused on a single event in Pushkin's narration - just the The above three collections, used separately or in combination, climactic moment of Pugachev's can increase music literacy at any age level, and are effective in execution. There is a lot "behind" this the classroom, with school choruses, or with church choirs. for Russians. However, it is probably difficult for Westerners to grasp the Call or write our 1992 caUllOJ! significance of it without some

April 1992 Page9 This is not the only thing that Shchedrin has thus played a very as a heroic rebel, constantly fighting bothers us, however. I must tell you active role in Russian musical life - against totalitarian repression, just as this short anecdote to illustrate the not just as a composer, but also as a such a stance was not possible for situation: In February [1991], there public official. Our understanding of Shostakovich. ] was a concert conducted by Yehudi Shostakovich's political stance has Menuhin. He commissioned a piece recently been significantly STUHR-ROMMEREIM: You've played from me for this occasion. He wrote transformed due to the publication of such an important role in Russian the words himself. I asked that the Testimony and the increasing musical life. What sort of relationship text be printed in Russian because the credence given to that document. do you see developing between the Polyanski Choir would be singing in Anyone who has read Testimony, or state and musicians in the future? English. This was the Moscow any of the recent books and articles Philharmonic, at the large hall of the . about Shostakovich, will attest to the , yet, great subtlety and complexity of SHCHEDRIN: The Union of Russian incredibly, the program was not Shostakovich's dealings with the Composers was founded by printed because there was no paper political forces at work in his Shostakovich. He created it so that an available. How is such a thing country. Shchedrin seems to have alternative to the larger Union of possible? If I were 20 years old, I walked a similar tightrope. He has Soviet Composers might exist. I don't might not care about this. But at this composed works like the oratorio, need to tell you that his position in point in my life, this sort of thing is Lenin in the Heart of the People, just art was much farther to the left than exasperating. They sang the premiere as Shostakovich composed his share of that of the Union of Soviet in English, and no one knew what Composers. He led the Russian Union they were singingl for 10 years. I had a very good With these sorts of problems, relationship with him. For a period people are anxious and unable to of several years, my father was his concentrate on artistic activities. Also, I think we must return to secretary, and I became President of they don't have the energy to-be ---. natural means-of- ----~------the Russian Union as a result of a attentive in rehearsal. They just ask persoIlat ~~q~~i:fro~~Shostak~\ri~h. "What time is it? When will we be expression. I am not a He wanted to be sure that an done?" They are thinking to conservative, but I think alternative to the Union of Soviet themselves "How is it possible to buy Composers continued to exist. For this or that? Where do I have to go atonality and excessive example, Alfred Schnittke will after this rehearsal?" Everyone is remember how we helped him during preoccupied with things outside the experimentation was an those years. The Union of Soviet realm of music. They have problems illness that we had. It was Composers was against him so - real problems -::- JJqyiQg p:z:ead, strongly, but we helped him. There is milk, or fruit. In order to buy one­ a disease that one must a very oigdiffereflce betWeen the Two~-·~­ apple or one orange, you must show get as a child in order to unions. your passport and show the stamp The office of the Union of Russian that indicates that you live in become immune. Now, Composers was two floors down in Moscow. If you do not have the we are immune. the same building as Shostakovich's - passport, you can't buy a single_ flat, so that it would be convenient apple. We are tired of it. Nobody for him. It's still there. During my knows what will happen next. presidency, some suggested that we Everyone is trying to line up move the office, but I insisted that it foreign contracts. Recently, when the music with a clear communist should stay where it is. It is too Moscow Philharmonic was in Spain, ideology. Yet Shchedrin, especially in small, but I insisted that this is a 28 or 29 of the players took their the middle part of his career, tradition. Shostakovich wanted it families and decided to leave Russia explored more abstract, dissonant there, and so it will stay there. for a year or two just to wait and see expressive means in works like his Shostakovich's flat is now being made what would happen. The situation is Third Piano and took into a museum. This story is also such a pity because Russia is a great dramatic steps out of his nation's discussed in very primitive, simplistic country; it has a great culture, a musical mainstream. At times, he has terms by various musicolOgists great language, and a great musical shown considerable artistic and black and white, black and white. tradition. political independence. In short, the Real life is not black and white. We [In 1973, Shchedrin became the situation is, as he so frequently says, need time, and then everything ~ill President of the Russian Union of "not black and white." It would be clear up. At present, we just have Composers - a position previously very unfair to categorize Shchedrin as chaos. held by Shostakovich. According to a dutiful apparatchik, a cog in the Shchedrin, Shostakovich saw the wheel of the Soviet musical STUHR-ROMMEREIM: Do you see the Russian Union as a sort of bulwark establishment. Given the of Composers against the repressive actions of the circumstances, it would also have continuing to play an active role in larger Union of Soviet Composers. been impossible for Shchedrin to act musical life?

Page 10 CHORAL JOURNAL SHCHEDRIN: Now we have much changed. Nonetheless, we have acted but sometimes I dress differently. more freedom than before. Much as if everything has changed. It is Sometimes I wear a suit, sometimes a more. I am able to travel to the artificial. I said this 10, 15, 20 years tuxedo, sometimes a tie, and so on. United States now without asking ago, but no one listened. Now, This is completely normal, I think. anyone. Two years ago such a thing everyone comes back and says, "Ab, Differences can be seen from the would have been impossible. I would C major, how beautiful! Just the C outside, but a unique identity exists have had to explain why. major tonic - it's great, it's underneath. fantasticl" Everyone has just STUHR-ROMMEREIM: What do you feel recovered from an illness, and the Choral Music by Rodion Shchedrin are the special challenges facing world is now coming back to a (selected list) choral composers in the latter part of normal relationship between the twentieth century? composer, listener, and performer. The following works are listed in I have had a variety of experiences, the 1991 G. Schirmer Catalog: SHCHEDRlN: I think we must return and in writing various works for to natural means of expression. I am chorus, I know how some things are Eva, Weep with Me (#50232240) not a conservative, but I think impossible to sing exactly; it is Four Choruses on Poems of Alexander atonality and excessive physically impossible for the human Twardovsky experimentation was an illness that body to do so. In my composition, I 1. Another Road (#51232480) we had. It was a disease that one always trust my intuition. If I 2. After the War (#50232490) must get as a child in order to change, it is because my intuition has 3. I Was Slain (#50232500) become immune. Now, we are told me to do so, or some occasion 4. You Who Have Died immune. In a book by Gogol that has instigated the change. However, I (#50232510) was forbidden during the Stalin era, am sure that from some distance, all Four Choruses on Poems by Andrei Some Excerpts from Correspondences my music will bear some distinctive Voznesensky (#50232190) with my Friends - one of the stamp. It is only when one is close to Lullaby (#50232180) greatest books ever written in it that it seems as if each piece is very Two Pushkin Poems (#50319660) Russia - there is a chapter entitled different. My body remains the same, Russian Villages (#50232230) "How Beautiful Illness Is." Why is illness beautiful? Because afterward you know the real value of everything! I think with the twelve­ tone system - with the avant garde in general - it's very good that we "had it," but it was bound to come to an end because it was unnatural. This instrument, these ears, this brain - they haven't changed for thousands of years. The human body has not changed. Humans have the same capabilities, the same limitations. Our ears have not changed, our voices have not changed, our throats have not

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April 1992 Page 11 The following works are listed in cym., Maracas, Hi-hat, 3 Susp. crot., Glass chimes; 2nd: the 1991 Ricordi Catalog: Cowbells, Chodo, Sleigh bells, Chodo; 3rd: Tam-tam [bass], Crot., Siren, 3 Tom-toms, Cym., Drum)-Strings. First performance: Vocal-Symphonic Music Tam-tam, B. Dr., 4 Gongs, March 7, 1991, Moscow, Moscow Russian bells) Cel., Harpsich., Chamber choir, Orchestra of the Bureaucratiade (1963) Harp, Organ-Strings. Duration: USSR Ministry of Culture. Y. Satirical cantata for soloists 40'. Score: Moscow: Muzyka, Menuhin, conductor. Duration: (soprano, mezzo-soprano, tenor, 1975. Vocal score: Moscow, Soviet 18' -20'. Publishing rights: Hans bass), chorus, and small symphony Kompozitor, 1977. Sikorski, Hamburg (Score in orchestra, to texts of the Rules for preparation) . Those Staying at the "Kurpaty" Lenin Lives in the People's Heart Boardinghouse. (1969) Choral Chamber Works 2.2.1.1.-2.l.1.0.-Timp., Perc. Oratorio for three soloists, mixed (Triangle, Wood block, Whip, chorus, and symphony orchestra, Choruses Written Over a Number of Comb, Drum, Cymbal, Bells, traditional works. Dedicated to Years (1950-1970) Xylophone) Piano-Strings. V. 1. Lenin's centenary. For unaccompanied mixed chorus Dui:ation: 15'. Score: Moscow, 2.3.4.3.-4.3.3.l.-Timp., Perc. (text in Russian). Two Choruses to Muzyka, 1967. Vocal score: (Chodo, Small Bongo, 3 Sirens, B. Lyrics by Moscow, Muzyka, 1967. Dr.) Harp, Cel.-Strings. Duration: (1. It's Time, My Friend, It's 25'. Score: Moscow, Soviet Time, 2. Ukranian Night is Quiet), Poetoria (1968) Kompozitor, 1972. Vocal score: Four Choruses to Lyrics by Concerto for a narrator Moscow, Soviet Kompozitor, 1972. Alexander Tvardovsky (1. The accompanied by a woman's voice, value of Friendship, 2. The War Is mixed chorus, and symphony Prayer (1991) Over, 3. I Was Killed Near Rzhev, orchestra, to works by A. For mixed chorus and symphony 4. To Those Who Perished in the Vozrresensky-(in -three-movements)-.-~-orchestra, -English-text-by ¥ehudi--.-- W ar)~Five-Ghoruses·to-1..yrics-by-----­ 4.2.4.2.-4.3.3.1.-Timp., Perc. Menuhin (in one movement). (1. Tbilisi (Bells, Guiro, 3 Bongos, Susp. 3.3.2.2.-4.3.3.1.-Timp., Perc. (1st: Bazaars, 2. First Ice, 3. Mountain-

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Page12 CHORAL JOURNAL spring, 4. Evening Song, 5. The Concertina for Chorus A Cappella or oboe (ad libitum). 1 Soprano, Willow (vocalise)), Chorus to lyric (1982) 1 Alto, 1 Tenor (ad libitum), by Ivan Kharabarov, Russian In four sections. First 2 boys' voices (Treble and Alto). Villages. performance: May, 1982, Cork First performance: Moscow, P. I. (Ireland), Cork Choral Festifal, K. Tchaikovsky Concert Hall, The Execution of Pugachev (1981) Litovian, choirmaster. Duration: Moscow Chamber Choir and Poem for mixed choir, 10'. USSR State Academic Russian unaccompanied (text in Russian). Choir directed by V. Minin. Text from The Story of The Sealed Angel (1988) Duration: 59'-62'. Score: Moscow, Pougatchev, by Alexander Pushkin For mixed chorus a cappella with Soviet Compozitor, 1989. Piano 2 Sopranos, Alto; Children's choir; shepherd's pipe (in nine score: Moscow, Soviet Kompozitor, SA TB chorus. First performance: movements). Shepherd's pipe: flute 1989. Ii!I March, 1983, Tallin, Moscow Conservatory Student Choir, B. Tevlin, conductor. Duration: 15'. MS. Stanzas from (1981) For mixed choir, unaccompanied. Text by Alexander Pushkin 1. That year the Autumn Season, 2. And her in Tverskaya street, 3. But now our roads are horrible, 4. My graces, 5. Then why be merciless, 6. Blessed the man who lives his youth. First performance: May, 1982, Moscow, Small Hall of the Conservatory, Conservatory Student Choir, B. Tevlin, conductor. Duration: 18'. Build a Library of Choral Expertise. Through the medium of video, ACDA on LOCATION brings to you the ex­ pertise of distinguished choral con- ductors as they lecture, rehearse, and perform.

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April 1992 Page 13