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1 101 NAME______EXAM 2 WINTER ‘00 STUDENT NUMBER______

Map, and temperature, salinity & density profiles of the at X, near mouth of the Columbia River.

P a WA c i f X i c Columbia R

O c OR e a n

HYPOTHETICAL DISASTER SCENARIO: An oil tanker broke up off the coast of Washington near the mouth of the Columbia River during Monday’s storm, and you have been called in to lend your expertise to the NOAA (National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration) team that investigates such accidents. The oil tanker was carrying two types of oil: • CRUDE OIL which can be seen floating at the surface, and • BUNKER FUEL, which immediately sank to a depth of 100 meters and is spreading out at that level.

1. The water column at X is ___ with respect to density. a. stable b. unstable c. neutral d. not enough information to answer

2. Based on the depth to which the BUNKER FUEL sank, determine its sigma-t value (st). a. 10 b. 15 c. 20 d. 25 e. 100

3. What direction do you predict the CRUDE OIL at the surface will drift over the next several days? [NOTE: Assume normal winter conditions.] a. to the south, and on-shore (toward the land) c. to the north, and on-shore b. to the south, and off-shore (out to sea) d. to the north, and off-shore

4. Based on your knowledge of , do you predict the BUNKER FUEL will drift the same direction as the crude oil? a. Yes. It is within the Ekman layer, all of which moves the same direction. b. Yes. Although it is below the Ekman layer, movement of the Ekman layer will drag it along in the same direction. c. No. Although it’s in the Ekman layer, the deeper water will move in a different direction than the surface water. d. No. It is below the Ekman layer, so it will move the opposite direction. e. NO. It is below the Ekman layer, so the only thing that controls its movement is density.

5. Since it’s winter, ___ should be occurring right along the coast. a. b. 2 Questions __: Note the following locations & features:

G East coast, N America, 45°N H Mediterranean J Current K Current L Current M Current N Mouth of Amazon River, 0° P Eastern equatorial Atlantic R Open , 30°S S West coast, S. America, 55°S T West coast of Africa, 30°S U Open ocean, 45°S W Open ocean, 60°S

6. In eastern equatorial Atlantic (P) you would find a. high salinity c. frequent hurricanes b. upwelling of cold water d. higher sealevel than at N

7. To the east of point H in the Mediterranean you'd expect to find ___ productivity due to ___ a. low / downwelling b. low / upwelling c. high / downwelling d. high / upwelling

8. Arrange locations H, N, P, R in order from the lowest salinity to the highest salinity. a. H, N, P, R b. N, R, P, H c. H, N, R, P d. N, P, R, H

9. Of the following currents, which is strongest, fastest and most intense? a. J b. K c. L d. M

10. Copepods, are small floating animals that live in surface . One of these comes from location N and one from W. Assume that the overall body weight of these two copepods is the same. Comparing body form, Copepod 1 most likely lives at __; the frilly appendages are adaptations that __. Picture missing; copepod1 is has frilly appendages; 2 has simpler, sleeker lines

a. W / keep it warm in the colder water at W. b. W / help it float in the water at W, which has a higher density than at N. c. N / help it actively swim in the water at N, which is more viscous than at W d. N/ help it float in water at N, which is less viscous and less dense than the water at W.

11. Considering locations P, R, T & W, where does convergence occur in the surface water? a. Only at P d. R in the summer & W in the winter b. At R all year, & at T in the winter e. P, R & W, all year c. At W all year, & at T in the summer

12. The a. reaches greater at R than at N b. is the zone in which respiration proceeds faster than photosynthesis c. becomes deeper when there is a big storm like the one we had last week. d. is the same thing as the pycnocline e. all of the above

13. In each of the ocean basins on the map, there are four currents that flow around that basin, forming an oceanographic feature known as a ___. a. cyclone b. hydrologic cycle c. d. gyre e. 3

14. Effect forces water into a “hump”, more or less in the middle of each ocean basin, but is countered by the force of gravity which pulls the water down hill. When these two forces are in balance, the flow of water that is established is known as a. d. centrifugal force b. pycnocline e. convection c. geostrophic flow

15. Which of the following results in an increase of nutrients in surface seawater? a. increasing b. the motion of Antarctic Bottom Water through the c. formation of Mediterranean Water d. heavy precipitation directly into the ocean at the equator e.the motion of North Atlantic Deep Water in the vicinity of the Antarctic Divergence

16. Suppose a huge dam was built on the Amazon River in order to generate electricity and control floods. Which of the following would likely occur as a result of the dam construction? a. increased the biological productivity at the mouth of the river d. all of the above b. increase in the nutrient concentration at the mouth of the river e. none of the above c. increased salinity at the mouth of the river

17. According to Dr. Wally Broecker in the video The Big Chill, the North Atlantic Conveyor a. is strongest when there is NO formation of the watermass North Atlantic Deep Water b. shuts “off” when ice covers North America during major ice ages c. promotes the flow of warm water into high latitudes to warm England and northern Europe when it is “on” d. is a combination of the thermohaline circulation and Ekman transport in the North Atlantic e. c & d

18. At location R on the map on the previous page, the water column has the temperature and salinity profiles shown to the right. Which surface process could account for these profiles? a. freezing of sea water c. melting of glaciers b. evaporation d. precipitation

19. The water column shown in these profiles is ___. a. stable b. unstable c. neutral d. not enough information to answer

20. Which of the following is NOT a western ? a. Agulhas b. Brazil c. California d. e. Kuroshio

21. The warmer the water is, the ___ a. more gases will dissolve in it d. a & b b. more salts will dissolve in it e. b & c c. faster chemical reactions proceed in it

22. What is produced by the process of photosynthesis? a. light d. a & b b. food, in the form of sugars and carbohydrates (organic matter) e. b & c c. oxygen

23. Carbon dioxide a. is taken up by plants during photosynthesis and released during decay. d. a & b b. absorbs infrared radiation, which warms up the atmosphere e. a, b & c c. is less abundant in the deep ocean than in the surface water

24. Which of the following is a density driven phenomenon? a. thermohaline circulation d. all of the above b. hurricane e. none of the above c. 4

Imagine that you have won the lottery and manage to buy a large, mountainous, tropical island. Unfortunately, the agent who sells you the island neglects to tell you basic things about it, including where it is. You receive the map to the right, which shows the outline of the island and the prevailing that blow across the region all year, along with a note that says that the seawater on the southwest side of the island is quite cold, compared to the water on all the other sides (ah, yes… upwelling!). The following 5 questions refer to this island.

25. With upwelling of cold water on the southwest side, you would expect ___ to be greater there than on the other three sides of the island. a. abundance of plankton b. clarity of the water c. gas solubility d. a & b e. a & c

26. Based on the direction of the prevailing winds and location of the upwelling, you can conclude that your island is in the _____ hemisphere. a. northern b. southern c. eastern d. western

27. The proper name of this band of prevailing (“ideal”) winds would be the a. Easterlies b. Westerlies c. Tradewinds d. Doldrums e. Horse Winds

28. As the winds blow over the island, the air rises up to go over the mountain. The air will undergo adiabatic ___, resulting in ___ that will make the southeast side of the island ___ than the northwest side. a. cooling / evaporation / drier c. warming / evaporation / drier b. cooling / precipitation / wetter d. warming / precipitation / wetter

29. Consider two fish, both of which have internal body fluids with a salinity of 25 ‰. Fish X lives in a freshwater lake on the island and fish Z lives in the ocean. Considering the process of osmosis, which statement is true? a. X will tend to become waterlogged, and will have to expel excess water to survive b. Z will tend to become waterlogged, and will have to expel excess water to survive c. Z will tend to dry out, and will have to drink water to survive d. a & b e. a & c

30. Oh, one more thing about your island. It was totally devastated by a typhoon last year. Bummer. What do you know about “typhoons”? a. They are the same thing as “monsoons”. b. They spin clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere. c. They only occur in the western Pacific Ocean, so that’s where your island must be. d. They only occur during El Nino / Southern Oscillation events. e. They are very strong high atmospheric pressure cells. ****** 5 31. In 1998 there were widespread droughts in India, Australia and Africa during the time of year when heavy rainfalls would normally have been occurring. This was due to the development of a strong high pressure system over the western Pacific and Indian Ocean system, at the same time as a low pressure system built over the eastern Pacific. This pattern of drought seems to occur to some extent every 3-4 years, but it was particularly serious in 1998. This disturbance, which is driven by changes in the Pacific ocean, is known as a. the Greenhouse Effect d. the Pacific Conveyor b. the Coriolis Effect e. Geostrophic Unbalance c.El Nino/Southern Oscillation

32. Even though the salinity is different between the surface and the deep water, you would expect the gases (carbon dioxide & oxygen) to maintain constant proportions relative to each other. a. True b. False

33. The watermass that flows through the Atlantic, into the Indian ocean and into the Pacific Ocean is known as the a. North Atlantic Surface Water d. Antarctic Intermediate Water b. South Atlantic Surface Water e. Circumpolar Current c. North Atlantic Deep Water

34. Why is the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) causing so much concern? a. It could allow more solar radiation through the atmosphere, which may increase the risk of cancer and other medical problems. b. It's believed that it would greatly intensify atmospheric circulation and Ekman transport. c. It may result in a world-wide increase in precipitation and the resultant rise in . d. It may lead to sufficient global warming to melt the polar ice caps. e.It will reflect more solar radiation back to space, leading to global cooling.

35. Which of the following have caused changes in earth's weather and climate on a regional or worldwide scale? a. flooding of fresh water into the North Atlantic, turning off the “North Atlantic converyor” b. El Nino - Southern Oscillation c. changing locations of major land masses due to plate tectonics d. all of the above e. none of the above

36. Seasonal changes in atmospheric wind patterns occur because a. water has a high latent heat of fusion compared to rocks and air b. water has a high heat capacity compared to rocks and air c. rocks have a high latent heat of fusion compared to water d. the density of air changes with temperature and water vapor content e. b & d

37. Which of the following is/are affected by Coriolis Effect? a. wind b. hurricanes c. Ekman transport d. all of the above e. none of the above

38. During an El Nino you would expect California area to have a. lots of extra rain and perhaps flooding d. all of the above b. more hurricanes than in a normal year e. none of the above c. warmer temperatures than in a normal year 6

To answer the next two questions, write directly on the map >>>>>>>. The lines show surface currents flowing around the North and South Atlantic.

39. DRAW ARROW HEADS on each of the currents in the North and South Atlantic to show which directions they flow. (2pts.)

40. In each gyre, IDENTIFY and NAME which currents is the strongest and most intense current of that gyre. (2 pts.) 7 KEY: Full credit answers

1: A.... 2: ..C.. 3: ..C.. 4: ..C.. 5: .B... 6: .B... 7: A.... 8: ...D. 9: ...D. 10: ...D. 11: .B... 12: A.... 13: ...D. 14: ..C.. 15: ....E 16: ..C.. 17: ....E 18: .B... 19: ...D. 20: ..C.. 21: ....E 22: ....E 23: ...D. 24: ...D. 25: ....E 26: .B... 27: ..C.. 28: .B... 29: ....E 30: ..C.. 31: ..C.. 32: .B... 33: ..C.. 34: ...D. 35: ...D. 36: ....E 37: ...D. 38: ...D.