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Postali Thaiscifuentes M.Pdf 2 3 “Eis o meu segredo. É muito simples: só se vê bem com o coração. O essencial é invisível aos olhos.” Antoine de Saint-Exupéry 4 AGRADECIMETOS Ao João, por sua orientação e amizade. Por estar sempre sereno nos meus momentos de desespero e por suas palavras amigas. Pelas divertidas idas ao campo. Aos membros da pré-banca André Victor Lucci Freitas, Marcelo de Oliveira Gonzaga e Margarete Valverde de Macedo, por suas correções e preciosas sugestões. Ao amigo, companheiro de campo e fotógrafo Eduardo Pereira, por toda a ajuda em campo, pela sempre agradável companhia e pelas belas fotos. Sem ele este trabalho não teria sido possível. Ao amigo Thiago M. Del Corso e ao meu companheiro de todas as horas Vinícius Frezza, pela companhia em campo. Ao amigo Paulo Enrique C. Peixoto pelas orientações com as análises estatísticas. E por toda sua paciência, sempre. Ao Dr. Rogério Rosa da Silva pela identificação das formigas e ao Dr. Adalberto José dos Santos pela identificação da aranha. À Adriana T. Salomão por nossas conversas sobre os belíssimos Phloeidae durante o desenvolvimento deste trabalho e por toda sua disponibilidade e boa vontade em ajudar. Ao amigo Rodrigo G. Santiago pela ajuda com os Abstracts. À Prefeitura de Jundiaí e à Secretaria Municipal de Planejamento e Meio Ambiente por permitir a realização deste trabalho, e pela infra-estrutura proporcionada. Ao Sr. Lauro por todo o carinho e preocupação, e por fazer da Base Ecológica um lugar sempre aconchegante. Ao Ronaldo por sempre me receber bem. 5 À Guarda Municipal de Jundiaí por todo cuidado com a minha tão querida Serra. Em especial aos guardas Carboneri e ao Jorjinho, por toda preocupação e apoio enquanto estive em campo. Aos secretários da pós-graduação por toda a ajuda, sempre. À Célia, secretária do Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, por sua eficiência exemplar e por toda a disponibilidade em ajudar, sempre com simpatia. À Capes, pela bolsa de mestrado que me proporcionou a realização deste trabalho. Aos professores e amigos Bakú e Paulinho, pelas conversas hora úteis, hora fúteis, durante os nossos divertidos almoços. Às amigas Mariana, Thaís, Fernanda, Hellen, Roberta e Raquel por toda a paciência e por compreender minhas ausências. Ao pessoal do laboratório, aos que ainda estão e aos que já saíram: Adriana, Cláudia, Flavinha, Godoy, Janaína, Jober, Mateus, Rafael, Janaína. Pela convivência, boas risadas e cafezinhos. Aos “Paraguayos de Picinguaba”, pelo inesquecível mês que passamos juntos: Allan, Chris, Fran, João, Léo, Mari, Ricardo, Sil, Tadeu, Márrrcia e prof. Woody. Às “Lamas Sebosas” do EFA 2007: Alison, Aninha, Bia, Billyonário, Biu, Dedé, Fabi Duracell, Fabi Mazonha, Fumaça (ou Sheetara, para os íntimos), Lelê, Léo Patife, Maíra, Manozinha, Murilo PWA, Pedro Capetinha, Raxta Bolinhas, Tora, Toyoyo e Wanessinha. Aos bonitores Dé e Jú. Por todos os mágicos momentos vividos na “nossa” clareira na Amazônia Central. Aos queridos professores Glauco e Zé Luis, por todos os ensinamentos e pela oportunidade de viver alguns dos melhores dias da minha vida. 6 Ao pessoal do “Clube do Jacufé”, por fazer das minhas idas ao campo sempre divertidas: César, Chris, Claudia, Dú, Eneas, Jana, Jober, Paulo, Vanessa e Rafael. Aos queridos Chris Corrêa, Chris Caselli, Paulo e Eneas, por terem sempre um cantinho pra mim. Aos colegas da graduação e da pós, por sempre encontrar um rosto familiar pelos corredores do IB, e por todas as “fugas” para cafezinhos. A minha pequena Naná, a cachorrinha mais entendida em fleídeos que existe! Por todo o carinho incondicional, e pela companhia em todas as horas. A minha gatinha Juju, por todos os furtos do meu material de campo e passeios sobre o teclado do computador. Ao Vinicius, por todo o carinho e compreensão durante minhas ausências em campo e, principalmente, durante a elaboração desta dissertação. As minhas irmãs Dé e Cici, por me obrigarem a aprender entomologia cada vez que um “bicho estranho” entra em casa e eu sou convocada a tirá-lo. Por estarem sempre ao meu lado. Aos meus pais, que eu amo muito, por tudo o que eu sei e sou. Pelo apoio incondicional e suporte. Por sempre acreditarem em mim. 7 SUMÁRIO RESUMO.........................................................................................................................09 ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................10 INTRODUÇÃO...............................................................................................................11 REFERÊNCIAS CITADAS............................................................................................13 CAPÍTULO 1. História natural e biologia de Phloeophana longirostris Spinola 1837 (Hemiptera: Phloeidae) RESUMO.........................................................................................................................17 ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................18 INTRODUÇÃO...............................................................................................................19 MATERIAL E MÉTODOS..............................................................................................22 RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO.....................................................................................26 CONCLUSÃO.................................................................................................................37 REFERÊNCIAS CITADAS............................................................................................39 CAPÍTULO 2. Biologia populacional e estrutura etária de Phloeophana longirostris Spinola 1837 (Hemiptera: Phloeidae) RESUMO..........................................................................................................................46 ABSTRACT......................................................................................................................47 INTRODUÇÃO................................................................................................................48 MATERIAL E MÉTODOS..............................................................................................50 RESULTADOS................................................................................................................55 DISCUSSÃO....................................................................................................................61 REFERÊNCIAS CITADAS.............................................................................................66 SÍNTESE..........................................................................................................................75 8 RESUMO Phloeophana longirostris é uma espécie de percevejo pertencente aos Phloeidae, uma pequena família de insetos tropicais. São organismos de hábito fitófago, que vivem camuflados sobre o tronco de suas plantas hospedeiras , se assemelhando a líquens. Esse trabalho reúne, com base em dezoito meses de estudo na Serra do Japi, observações naturalísticas da história natural e biologia da espécie. Também foram investigadas a estrutura e a biologia populacional de P. longirostris , e se há correlação dos parâmetros populacionais com os fatores climáticos precipitação e temperatura. Os indivíduos de P. longirostris foram encontrados em áreas de mata, somente sobre árvores de Croton floribundus Spreng (Euphorbiaceae), em locais com ocorrência de líquens. Sua defesa é primariamente baseada em sua camuflagem nas árvores hospedeiras, e formigas Crematogaster spp. foram os principais predadores de P. longirostris ao longo do estudo. A espécie apresenta cuidado maternal, com a proteção dos ovos e das ninfas, que ficam sob o abdômen materno até pouco depois da primeira ecdise. O crescimento das ninfas é lento, e estas apresentam cinco instares até atingirem a fase adulta. Na fase adulta há dimorfismo entre machos e fêmeas, e as fêmeas são maiores que os machos. A estrutura da população de P. longirostris variou ao longo do estudo, e a espécie apresentou um padrão sazonal, com o período reprodutivo ocorrendo na estação quente e chuvosa. A abundância de indivíduos não foi correlacionada à precipitação total mensal e à temperatura média mensal. Houve somente correlação entre a abundância de indivíduos e o instar de desenvolvimento em todos os meses. A distribuição vertical de ninfas e adultos também não foram relacionados à precipitação total mensal e à temperatura média mensal. Os adultos apresentaram distribuição vertical superior a das ninfas. Esse foi o primeiro estudo sobre a história natural e ecologia de P. longirostris . 9 ABSTRACT Phloeophana longirostris is a true-bug species which belongs to the Phloeidae, a small family of tropical insects. It is a lichen-like phytophagous species which lives camouflaged on its host plants’ trunk. This study presents information on this species biology, natural history and naturalistic observations gathered during an eighteen-month study in Serra do Japi. P. longirostris population biology was also investigated specially regarding the correlation between population parameters with climatic factors such as temperature and rainfall. The P. longirostris individuals were found only in forest areas, exclusively on Croton floribundus Spreng (Euphorbiaceae) trees, in sites where lichens also occurred. This species main defense is the camouflage on its host tree. Crematogaster spp. (Formicidae) were P. longirostris’ main predators during the study. This species presents maternal
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