The Concept of God in Judaic, Christian & Islamic Traditions

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Concept of God in Judaic, Christian & Islamic Traditions Anthro Cover_Layout 1 28/05/2012 10:47 Page 1 IIIT Books-In-Brief Series is a valuable collection of the Institute’s key publications written in condensed form to Anthropomorphic DEPICTIONS OF GOD give readers a core understanding of the main contents of the original. THE CONCEPT OF GOD IN JUDAIC, As secularism debates whether God is dead, the issue of CHRISTIAN & ISLAMIC TRADITIONS anthropomorphism has become of immense importance. Shah addresses the Judeo-Christian worldview and how each has chosen to framework its encounter with God, to what extent Representing the Unrepresentable this has been the result of actual scripture, the product of theological debate, church decrees of later centuries and absorption of Greek philosophy. He also examines tawhid and Islam’s strictly anti-anthropomorphic stance. To Shah, anthropo- morphic concepts and corporeal depictions of the Divine are perhaps among the leading factors of modern atheism. As such he ultimately draws the conclusion that the postmodern longing ANTHROPOMORPHIC for God will not be quenched by pre-modern anthropomorphic DEPICTIONS of concepts of the Divine which have simply brought God down to this cosmos, with a precise historical function and a specified location. Khaled Abou El Fadl, Omar and Azmeralda Alfi Professor of Law, Chair of Islamic Studies Program, UCLA School of Law I am in awe of Zulfiqar Shah’s work! Every student of comparative religion, and every person of faith ought to read and reflect upon this book. I for one after completing this book, feel compelled to read it again. And this time with greater relish. God Concept of God in Judaic, The Representing the The Most Reverend Richard J. Sklba , Vicar General/Auxiliary Christian anUdnr epIrsesleanmtableic Traditions Bishop of Milwaukee, Wisconsin Rarely has the precise point of debate between Islam and Christianity been so carefully Representing the Unrepresentable and extensively articulated. Ali Shah has studied the classic Christian theological sources of Scripture and the early Church Councils in order to sharpen his comprehension of the key areas for mutual understanding and radical disagreement between these two major world religious traditions. This is a profound work. His thesis is simply that Christianity’s conviction regarding Jesus the Christ as incarnate Logos, divine Person and perfect Image of the Father renders the God of Christianity as essentially corporeal. Elliot R. Wolfson , Abraham Lieberman Professor of Hebrew and Judaic Studies, New York University Zulfiqar Ali Shah Zulfiqar Ali Shah’s study is an honest assessment of one of the most perplexing shadows of monotheism as it has expressed itself in the history of the three Abrahamic faiths. We must always refine our beliefs so that we are not ensnared in representing the unrepresentable and imaging the imageless by the fabrication of images that, literally speaking, are false. Rather than expanding the analogical imagination in envisioning transcendence, the spiritual demand of the hour, the epochal duty, is the need to overcome it. 978-1-56564-583-7 Books-in-Brief Anthropomorphic_Layout 1 19/06/2012 12:52 Page 1 ANTHROPOMORPHIC Depictions of GOD The Concept of God in Judaic, Christian & Islamic Traditions Representing the Unrepresentable Zulfiqar Ali Shah Anthropomorphic_Layout 1 19/06/2012 12:52 Page 2 © International Institute of Islamic Thought, 2012 The International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) P.O. Box 669 Herndon, VA 20172, USA www.iiit.org IIIT London Office P.O. Box 126 Richmond, Surrey TW9 2UD, UK www.iiituk.com This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of the publishers. The views and opinions expressed in this book are those of the author and not necessarily those of the publishers. 978-1-56564-583-7 Series Editors Dr. Anas S. al-Shaikh-Ali Shiraz Khan Typesetting by Sideek Ali Cover design by Shiraz Khan Printed in Malta by Gutenberg Press Ltd Anthropomorphic_Layout 1 19/06/2012 12:52 Page 3 IIIT Books-In-Brief Series The IIIT Books-In-Brief Series is a valuable collection of the Institute’s key publications written in condensed form designed to give readers a core understanding of the main contents of the original. Produced in a short, easy to read, time-saving format, these companion synopses offer a close, carefully written over- view of the larger publication and it is hoped stimulate readers into further exploration of the original. Zulfiqar Ali Shah’s Anthropomorphic Depictions of God: The Concept of God in Judaic, Christian and Islamic Traditions is a monumental study originally published (unabridged) in 2012. It examines closely issues of anthropomorphism in the three Abrahamic Faiths, as viewed through the texts of the Hebrew Bible, the New Testament and the Qur’an. Throughout history Christianity and Judaism have tried to make sense of God. While juxtaposing the Islamic position against this, the author addresses the Judeo-Christian worldview and how each has chosen to framework its encounter with God, to what extent this has been the result of actual scripture and to what extent the product of theological debate, or church decrees of later centuries and absorption of Hellenistic philosophy. Shah also examines Islam’s heavily anti-anthropomorphic stance and Islamic theological discourse on Tawhid as well as the Ninety- Nine Names of God and what these have meant in relation to Muslim understanding of God and His attributes. Describing how these became the touchstone of Muslim discourse with Judaism and Christianity he critiques theological statements and perspectives that came to dilute if not counter strict monotheism. As secularism debates whether God is dead, the issue of anthropomorphism has become one of immense importance. The quest for God, especially in this day and age, is partly Anthropomorphic_Layout 1 19/06/2012 12:52 Page 4 one of intellectual longing. To Shah, anthropomorphic concepts and corporeal depictions of the Divine are perhaps among the leading factors of modern atheism. As such he ultimately draws the conclusion that the postmodern longing for God will not be quenched by pre- modern anthropomorphic and corporeal concepts of the Divine which have simply brought God down to this cosmos, with a precise historical function and a specified location, reducing the intellectual and spiritual force of what God is and represents, causing the soul to detract from a sense of the sacred and thereby belief in Him. Dr. Shah’s work forms an important background to any study or debate of this historically pivotal theological issue. Abridged Edition by Zulfiqar Ali Shah of his Original ANTHROPOMORPHIC DEPICTIONS OF GOD : THE CONCEPT OF GOD IN THE JUDAIC, CHRISTIAN AND ISLAMIC TRADITIONS Representing the Unrepresentable Zulfiqar Ali Shah ISBN hbk: 978-1-56564-576-9 ISBN pbk: 978-1-56564-575-2 2012 Anthropomorphic_Layout 1 19/06/2012 12:52 Page 1 INTRODUCTION This work is a detailed exposition of the issues of anthropomorphism and corporealism (the description of God in physical human terms, categories or forms inappropriate to His Majesty) in Judaism, Christianity and Islam, as viewed through the texts of the Hebrew Bible, the New Testament and the Qur’an. It is in addition, a detailed examination of later developments in theological thought, scriptural interpretation, and exegetical criticism with regards to anthropomor- phism, and how these have significantly influenced perceptions of God by followers of all three Traditions.. God created Man in His moral image meaning that He wished humanity to live a life marked by justice, equality, fair dealing, mutual respect, sympathy, love, compassion, and charity etc. Humanity on the other hand chose to violate even the most basic moral commandments of God and returned the favor by creating God in Man’s own image rather crudely bringing the ineffable transcendental Other into the realms of structure and space, to serve nothing but hidden agendas and selfish desires. Indeed, the children of Abraham (by this is meant the Semitic consciousness) so personalized, nationalized and anthropomor- phized the transcendental Deity that He in effect became just a larger, more powerful and lethal version of themselves. As such humanity did not hesitate to impart onto God its varied individual, communal and national agendas, practices, ideas, likes and dislikes etc., to thereby create an absolute out of finite ideas of nationhood, ethnicity, race, polity, ideology and even theology. Elevating to the highest levels of significance limited historical phenomena such as land, race, a historical person or a particular notion Anthropomorphic_Layout 1 19/06/2012 12:52 Page 2 of divinity or law, what humanity ultimately managed to do was to replace the One and Only absolute with infinitely inferior erected multiple absolutes of an inherently finite nature and value beside Him. It was inevitable that this idolatrous venture, this man made idea of a national or personalized God, would lead to heated response, violent resistance and eventually degenerate into nothingness. Enlightenment “Deism” followed by scientific agnosticism and finally atheism would be the fated outcome. As science inexorably developed, and a philoso- phy of secular humanism and materialism replaced ideas of religion and God, becoming the new cultural ethos, bold assertions such as those of Karl Marx that religion was the opium of the people, came to hold a deeper grip on imagination. The key to human happiness now lay in maximizing ones material needs in this life and not deferring gratification to some sort of paradise after death. Forgetting of course that the raison d’etre of religion was to solve problems of meaning, provide spiritual and ethical solutions to material problems and prepare for life after death and not to satisfy man’s ego, greed, desire for promiscuity and love for instantaneous gratification.
Recommended publications
  • The Invention Of
    How Did God Get Started? COLIN WELLS the usual suspects One day in the Middle East about four thousand years ago, an elderly but still rather astonishingly spry gentleman took his son for a walk up a hill. The young man carried on his back some wood that his father had told him they would use at the top to make an altar, upon which they would then perform the ritual sacrifice of a burnt offering. Unbeknownst to the son, however, the father had another sort of sacrifice in mind altogether. Abraham, the father, had been commanded, by the God he worshipped as supreme above all others, to sacrifice the young man himself, his beloved and only legitimate son, Isaac. We all know how things turned out, of course. An angel appeared, together with a ram, letting Abraham know that God didn’t really want him to kill his son, that he should sacrifice the ram instead, and that the whole thing had merely been a test. And to modern observers, at least, it’s abundantly clear what exactly was being tested. Should we pose the question to most people familiar with one of the three “Abrahamic” religious traditions (Judaism, Christianity, Islam), all of which trace their origins to this misty figure, and which together claim half the world’s population, the answer would come without hesitation. God was testing Abraham’s faith. If we could ask someone from a much earlier time, however, a time closer to that of Abraham himself, the answer might be different. The usual story we tell ourselves about faith and reason says that faith was invented by the ancient Jews, whose monotheistic tradition goes back to Abraham.
    [Show full text]
  • Can We Prove God's Existence?
    This transcript accompanies the Cambridge in your Classroom video on ‘Can we prove God’s existence?’. For more information about this video, or the series, visit https://www.divinity.cam.ac.uk/study-here/open-days/cambridge-your-classroom Can we prove God’s existence? Professor Catherine Pickstock Faculty of Divinity One argument to prove God’s existence In front of me is an amazing manuscript, is known as the ‘ontological argument’ — called the Proslogion, written nearly 1,000 an argument which, by reason alone – years ago by an Italian Benedictine monk proves that, the very idea of God as a called Anselm. perfect being means that God must exist, that his non-existence would be Anselm went on to become Archbishop of contradictory. Canterbury in 1093, and this manuscript is now kept in the University Library in These kinds of a priori arguments rely on Cambridge. logical deduction, rather than something one has observed or experienced: you It is an exploration of how we can know might be familiar with Kant’s examples: God, written in the form of a prayer, in Latin. Even in translation, it can sound “All bachelors are unmarried men. quite complicated to our modern ears, but Squares have four equal sides. All listen carefully to some of his words here objects occupy space.” translated from Chapters 2 and 3. I am Catherine Pickstock and I teach “If that, than which nothing greater can be Philosophy of Religion at the University of conceived, exists in the understanding Cambridge. And I am interested in how alone, the very being, than which nothing we can know the unknowable, and often greater can be conceived, is one, than look to earlier ways in which thinkers which a greater cannot be conceived.
    [Show full text]
  • Kant's Theoretical Conception Of
    KANT’S THEORETICAL CONCEPTION OF GOD Yaron Noam Hoffer Submitted to the faculty of the University Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Philosophy, September 2017 Accepted by the Graduate Faculty, Indiana University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Doctoral Committee _________________________________________ Allen W. Wood, Ph.D. (Chair) _________________________________________ Sandra L. Shapshay, Ph.D. _________________________________________ Timothy O'Connor, Ph.D. _________________________________________ Michel Chaouli, Ph.D 15 September, 2017 ii Copyright © 2017 Yaron Noam Hoffer iii To Mor, who let me make her ends mine and made my ends hers iv Acknowledgments God has never been an important part of my life, growing up in a secular environment. Ironically, only through Kant, the ‘all-destroyer’ of rational theology and champion of enlightenment, I developed an interest in God. I was drawn to Kant’s philosophy since the beginning of my undergraduate studies, thinking that he got something right in many topics, or at least introduced fruitful ways of dealing with them. Early in my Graduate studies I was struck by Kant’s moral argument justifying belief in God’s existence. While I can’t say I was convinced, it somehow resonated with my cautious but inextricable optimism. My appreciation for this argument led me to have a closer look at Kant’s discussion of rational theology and especially his pre-critical writings. From there it was a short step to rediscover early modern metaphysics in general and embark upon the current project. This journey could not have been completed without the intellectual, emotional, and material support I was very fortunate to receive from my teachers, colleagues, friends, and family.
    [Show full text]
  • "Historical Roots of the Death of God"
    Portland State University PDXScholar Special Collections: Oregon Public Speakers Special Collections and University Archives 7-2-1968 "Historical Roots of the Death of God" Thomas J.J. Altizer Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/orspeakers Part of the History of Religion Commons, and the Philosophy Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Altizer, Thomas J.J., ""Historical Roots of the Death of God"" (1968). Special Collections: Oregon Public Speakers. 57. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/orspeakers/57 This Article is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Special Collections: Oregon Public Speakers by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. Thomas J. J. Altizer "Historical Roots of the Death of God" July 2, 1968 Portland State University PSU Library Special Collections and University Archives Oregon Public Speakers Collection http://archives.pdx.edu/ds/psu/11281 Transcribed by Nia Mayes, November 25, 2020 Audited by Carolee Harrison, February 2021 PSU Library Special Collections and University Archives presents these recordings as part of the historical record. They reflect the recollections and opinions of the individual speakers and are not intended to be representative of the views of Portland State University. They may contain language, ideas, or stereotypes that are offensive to others. MICHAEL REARDON: We’re very fortunate today to have Dr. Altizer, who is teaching on the summer faculty at Oregon State in the department of religion there, give the first in a series of two lectures.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolving Concepts of God
    Best Integrated Writing Volume 4 Article 7 2017 Evolving Concepts of God Jordan E. McGee Wright State University Follow this and additional works at: https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/biw Part of the International and Area Studies Commons, and the Religion Commons Recommended Citation McGee, J. E. (2017). Evolving Concepts of God, Best Integrated Writing, 4. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by CORE Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Best Integrated Writing by an authorized editor of CORE Scholar. For more information, please contact library- [email protected]. JORDAN E. McGEE REL 2040 Evolving Concepts of God JORDAN E. McGEE REL 2040: The Bible, Qur’an, and Western Culture, Fall 2016 Nominated by: Dr. Sharon Showman Jordan is majoring in Organizational Leadership at Wright State University’s Lake Campus. Jordan lives in Celina and manages the local restaurant, C- Town Wings. Most of her spare time is spent on music, arts, and reading. Jordan Notes: I am interested in learning about different religion as well as getting more in- depth with my own. This project opened my eyes to the similarities and differences of theology throughout history. I hope that people will take away new knowledge about the evolving concept of God and develop a desire to continue learning about religion. Dr. Showman Notes: Jordan’s paper reflects a personal and theological journey many serious students who take REL 2040 The Bible, Qur’an, and Western Culture embrace during the semester. Many of their long-held religious ideas or beliefs are brought into focus as they engage with the content of the course.
    [Show full text]
  • Schelling and the Future of God
    SSN 1918-7351 Volume 5 (2013) Schelling and the Future of God Jason M. Wirth For Sean McGrath and Andrzej Wiercinski It seems, at least largely among the world’s educated, that Nietzsche’s prognosis of the death of God is coming to pass. Not only is belief in a transcendent being or a grand, supremely real being (ens realissimum) waning, but also the philosophical grounds that made such objects in any way intelligible are collapsing. In such a situation, despite the recent and quite scintillating renaissance of serious interest in Schelling’s philosophy, his various discourses on the Godhead (die Gottheit) are generally ignored, perhaps with mild embarrassment. For better or worse, however, what Schelling understood by the Godhead and even by religion has little in common with prevailing theistic traditions. Schelling did not take advantage of the great ontological lacuna that opened up with the demise of dogmatism in critical philosophy after Kant to insist on an irrational belief in a God that was no longer subject to rational demonstration. Schelling eschews all dogmatic thought, but does not therefore partake in its alternative: the reduction of all thought regarding the absolute to irrational beliefs in (or rational gambles on) the existence of God and other such absolutes. As Quentin Meillassoux has shown, “by forbidding reason any claim to the absolute, the end of metaphysics has taken the form of an exacerbated return of the religious.”1 This gives rise to the reduction of religion and anti- religion to fideism. Since both theism and atheism purport to believe in a rationally unsupportable absolute position, they are both symptoms of the return of the religious.
    [Show full text]
  • In Their Own Words: Voices of Jihad
    THE ARTS This PDF document was made available from www.rand.org as CHILD POLICY a public service of the RAND Corporation. CIVIL JUSTICE EDUCATION Jump down to document ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT 6 HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING organization providing objective analysis and PUBLIC SAFETY effective solutions that address the challenges facing SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY the public and private sectors around the world. SUBSTANCE ABUSE TERRORISM AND HOMELAND SECURITY Support RAND TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE Purchase this document WORKFORCE AND WORKPLACE Browse Books & Publications Make a charitable contribution For More Information Visit RAND at www.rand.org Learn more about the RAND Corporation View document details Limited Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non-commercial use only. Unauthorized posting of RAND PDFs to a non-RAND Web site is prohibited. RAND PDFs are protected under copyright law. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please see RAND Permissions. This product is part of the RAND Corporation monograph series. RAND monographs present major research findings that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND monographs undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for research quality and objectivity. in their own words Voices of Jihad compilation and commentary David Aaron Approved for public release; distribution unlimited C O R P O R A T I O N This book results from the RAND Corporation's continuing program of self-initiated research.
    [Show full text]
  • IMW Journal of Religious Studies Volume 6 Number 1
    Intermountain West Journal of Religious Studies Volume 6 Number 1 Spring 2015 Article 1 2015 IMW Journal of Religious Studies Volume 6 Number 1 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/imwjournal Recommended Citation "IMW Journal of Religious Studies Volume 6 Number 1." Intermountain West Journal of Religious Studies 6, no. 1 (2015). https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/imwjournal/vol6/iss1/1 This Full Issue is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Intermountain West Journal of Religious Studies by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Intermountain West Journal of Religious Studies is designed to promote the academic study of religion at the graduate and undergraduate levels. The journal is a student initiative affiliated with the Religious Studies Program and the College of Humanities and Social Sciences at Utah State University. Our academic review board includes professional scholars specializing in Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, and Mormonism, as well as specialists in the fields of History, Philosophy, Psychology, Anthropology, Sociology, and Religion. The journal is housed in the Intermountain West, but gladly accepts submissions from students throughout the United States and around the world. INTERMOUNTAIN WEST JOURNAL Of RELIGIOUS STUDIES ‡ Advisors PHILIP BARLOW RAVI GUPTA Managing Editor CORY M. NANI Editor JEDD COX Associate Editor CHRISTOPHER WILLIAMS Emeritus Editors CHRISTOPHER BLYTHE MARK BULLEN RASMUSON DAVID MUNK Cover Design CORY M. NANI ________________________________________________________________ Academic Review Board RAVI GUPTA Utah State University REID L. NIELSON LDS Church Historical Department KAREN RUFFLE University of Toronto ANNE-MARIE CUSAC Roosevelt University STEPHEN TAYSOM Cleveland State University KECIA ALI Boston University PETER VON SIVERS University of Utah R.
    [Show full text]
  • (PDF) a History of God: the 4000-Year
    (PDF) A History Of God: The 4,000- Year Quest Of Judaism, Christianity And Islam Karen Armstrong - pdf free book A History Of God: The 4,000-Year Quest Of Judaism, Christianity And Islam PDF, Download A History Of God: The 4,000-Year Quest Of Judaism, Christianity And Islam PDF, A History Of God: The 4,000- Year Quest Of Judaism, Christianity And Islam by Karen Armstrong Download, Read Online A History Of God: The 4,000-Year Quest Of Judaism, Christianity And Islam E-Books, Read A History Of God: The 4,000-Year Quest Of Judaism, Christianity And Islam Full Collection Karen Armstrong, Read Best Book Online A History Of God: The 4,000-Year Quest Of Judaism, Christianity And Islam, A History Of God: The 4,000-Year Quest Of Judaism, Christianity And Islam Free Read Online, PDF A History Of God: The 4,000-Year Quest Of Judaism, Christianity And Islam Full Collection, full book A History Of God: The 4,000-Year Quest Of Judaism, Christianity And Islam, pdf download A History Of God: The 4,000-Year Quest Of Judaism, Christianity And Islam, Download Free A History Of God: The 4,000-Year Quest Of Judaism, Christianity And Islam Book, Download PDF A History Of God: The 4,000-Year Quest Of Judaism, Christianity And Islam Free Online, pdf free download A History Of God: The 4,000-Year Quest Of Judaism, Christianity And Islam, the book A History Of God: The 4,000-Year Quest Of Judaism, Christianity And Islam, Download A History Of God: The 4,000-Year Quest Of Judaism, Christianity And Islam E-Books, Read A History Of God: The 4,000-Year Quest Of Judaism, Christianity And Islam Books Online Free, A History Of God: The 4,000-Year Quest Of Judaism, Christianity And Islam pdf read online, A History Of God: The 4,000-Year Quest Of Judaism, Christianity And Islam Free Download, A History Of God: The 4,000-Year Quest Of Judaism, Christianity And Islam Free PDF Online, A History Of God: The 4,000-Year Quest Of Judaism, Christianity And Islam Ebook Download, CLICK TO DOWNLOAD Quiet 's interview.
    [Show full text]
  • The Image of God in Pauline Preaching
    Leaven Volume 16 Issue 2 Creation and New Creation Article 8 1-1-2008 The Image of God in Pauline Preaching Jeffrey Peterson Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/leaven Part of the Biblical Studies Commons, Christianity Commons, and the Religious Thought, Theology and Philosophy of Religion Commons Recommended Citation Peterson, Jeffrey (2008) "The Image of God in Pauline Preaching," Leaven: Vol. 16 : Iss. 2 , Article 8. Available at: https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/leaven/vol16/iss2/8 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Religion at Pepperdine Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Leaven by an authorized editor of Pepperdine Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. Peterson: The Image of God in Pauline Preaching The Image of God in Pauline Preaching JEFFREY PETERSON he image (eikon) of God is a motif that appears only a few times in Paul's letters; if we judged by frequency of occurrence, we would suppose that it was a minor element in his theology.' To Tconclude thus, however, would be "the substitution of counting for thinking," a fault that Austin Farrer observed even in eminent students of the New Testament.! We can better appreciate the importance of the image of God in Paul's theology when we observe that the contexts in which it appears allude to the instruction preparing converts for baptism that Paul employed in forming messianic communities "from Jerusalem and around as far as Illyricum" (Rom 15.19).3 Seen in the context of his missionary catechesis and his converts' initiation, Paul's appropriation of "the image of God" and related motifs from Gen l.26-28 (and also 5.1-3) expresses fundamental convictions and hopes of believers in Christ.
    [Show full text]
  • The Language Ofgod
    the language of god understanding the quran daniel C peterson the faith ofislam one ofthe three great abrahamic religions as they might be called is closely akin to the other two judaism and christianity it is tightly bound to and thoroughly permeated by its holy book the aurqur an strangely though despite the historical and contemporary impor- tance ofislam and despite islam s kinship with the faith that has dominated western civilization neither islam in general nor the quran in particular is well known in the west nor do westerners typically know very much about the founder of islam the prophet muhammad 1 yet the story of muhammad is a dramatic one and islam fascinating in its own right is both sufficiently different from christianity and sufficiently similar to allow its study to throw intriguing light upon the faith even of non muslims who devote themselves to the sub- ject much in the way that the study of a second language may enable stu- dents to better understand their own reflection upon islam I1 am con- vinced can profit jews and chris- tians as well as muslims in this essay I1 shall concentrate upon what the quran has to say and what its own nature discloses about islam s view ofthe role and character of language I1 do not restrict this dis- cussion to human language because significantly the aurqur an itself does not seem to distinguish in any rigid way between the language of god 0 the language of angels and the lan- 1 guage of mortal human beings the revelation of the aurqur an began in or near AD 610glogio and contin- ued
    [Show full text]
  • The Mystical Way of Images and Choice
    THE MYSTICAL WAY OF IMAGES AND CHOICE Annemiek van Campen tASTERN CULTUREAND LIFE-STYLES are in fashion today. The East-- E rand in particular the Buddhism practised in Tibet and Japan-- evokes the esoteric, the mysterious, the mystical. It inspires decorators, cooks and bank-managers. Many people attend Zen courses. One can almost speak of the birth of a Western Zen Buddhism, marked by a striking emphasis on simplicity, on emptiness, on not-thinking. Buddhist-Christian dialogue takes on something of the same quality. It seems to centre on the concepts of 'emptiness', 'quiet' and 'non- being'--concepts that seem to attract and intrigue people today. There are indeed Christian mystics who have experienced God as 'non- being'; classic examples are Meister Eckhart, Jan van Ruusbroec and John of the Cross. Their writings are a major resource for the Christian side in this dialogue. They speak of their experience of God's utter reality in terms of not knowing and of negativity. They are constantly saying that God is 'not this' and also 'not that'; for them God surpasses all that is definite or definable. Ignatius Loyola does not normally appear in this company. In Buddhist-Christian dialogue, he seems to have nothing to say. One reason for this is that Ignatius' mystical life has often been misunderstood, as many of the other essays in this collection illustrate. Another is that he makes such abundant use of the imagination in the Spiritual Exercises; his spirituality seems to stress a this-worldly choice ('election'). Such use of the imagination in the process of learning about God is therefore quite different from a non-thinking and imageless approach to the Unknowable.
    [Show full text]