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A Qualitative Exploration of the Experience and the Impact of HIV/Stis Among Polygamous Women in Muslim Society of Nigeria

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A Qualitative Exploration of the Experience and the Impact of HIV/Stis Among Polygamous Women in Muslim Society of Nigeria University of Huddersfield Repository Giwa, Limota Goroso A Qualitative Exploration of the Experience and the Impact of HIV/STIs Among Polygamous Women in Muslim Society of Nigeria Original Citation Giwa, Limota Goroso (2015) A Qualitative Exploration of the Experience and the Impact of HIV/STIs Among Polygamous Women in Muslim Society of Nigeria. Doctoral thesis, University of Huddersfield. This version is available at http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/26189/ The University Repository is a digital collection of the research output of the University, available on Open Access. Copyright and Moral Rights for the items on this site are retained by the individual author and/or other copyright owners. 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For more information, including our policy and submission procedure, please contact the Repository Team at: [email protected]. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/ A QUALITATIVE EXPLORATION OF THE EXPERIENCE AND THE IMPACT OF HIV/STIs AMONG POLYGAMOUS WOMEN IN MUSLIM SOCIETY OF NIGERIA BY LIMOTA GOROSO GIWA A thesis submitted to the University of Huddersfield in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Huddersfield July 2015 1 APPROVAL __________________________ Signed Date I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. _____________________________ Signed Date This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. _____________________________ Supervisor: Examining Committee Members are:- (1) Signed……………… (2) Signed……………… (3) Signed……………… (4) Signed……………… (5) Signed……… 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Cover page 1 Approval 2 List of figures and tables 12 Déclaration 13 Copyright 14 Abstract 15 Dedication 17 Quotation 18 Acknowledgement 19 Abbreviation 22 Operational definition 24 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.0 Introduction and Background 3 1.1 Aim and objectives of the study 25 1.1.1 Background and rationale 26 1.1.2 Motivation, personal and professional experience 26 1.2 Knowledge Gap 28 1.2.1 Identifying a gap in the research 28 1.2.2 Definitions and concept of HIV/STIs and polygamy 29 1.3 Global perspectives of HIV/STIs and the situation in Nigeria 29 1.3.2 STIs: Sexually transmitted infections in Kwara State 31 1.4 Importance of the study 32 1.5 Main arguments and contributions to the study 32 1.6 Culture and social norms in Nigeria. 33 1.7 Gender inequality 33 1.8 Summary 33 1.9 Structure of study chapters 34 1.9.1 Chapter 2 Literature review 34 1.9.2 Chapter 3 Theoretical framework 34 1.9.3 Chapter 4 Methodology 35 1.9.4 Chapter 5 Findings 35 1.9.5 Chapter 6 Discussion and debate 35 1.9.6 Chapter 7 Reflexivity 35 1.9.7 Chapter 8 Recommendations and conclusion 36 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction 37 2.1 Conceptual review of the key research areas 37 2.1.1 HIV and the mode of transmission 37 2.1.2 Signs and symptoms of HIV 38 4 2.2 The Global view of HIV/AIDS 39 2.2.1 Global statistical representation of HIV/AIDS 39 2.2.2 The Nigerian view of HIV/AIDS 40 2.3. Overview of policy and government intervention on HIV/STIs in Nigeria 40 2.3.2 Global achievement in the prevention of HIV/AIDS 41 2.4 Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) 42 2.4.1 Perceptions of STIs in Nigeria 42 2.4.2 Signs and transmission of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STIs) 42 2.4.3 Theoretical studies of HIV/STIs as sexually transmitted infections 42 2.4.4 Urbanization in the spread of HIV/STIs in Nigeria. 43 2.4.5 Contextual variability of HIV/STIs risk for women 43 2.4.6 Women vulnerability to HIV/STIs as a risk factor 43 2.5 STIs and the link with HIV 44 2.5.1 How can STIs be prevented? 44 2.6 Gender and power in relation HIV/STIs prevention. 45 2.6.1 Law and constitution on marital rape 46 2.6.2 Public health discourses and theory of socio justice 46 2.6.3 Social consequences of policy and practice on HIV/STIs prevention 47 2.7 The concept of polygamy 47 2.7.1 Type of polygamous practice 48 2.7.2 Polygene 48 2.7.3 Polyandry 48 2.8 The global practice of polygamy 49 2.8.1 Reasons for the practice of polygamy globally 49 2.8.2 The concept of polygamy in Islam and reasons for practicing polygamy 50 2.8.3 Polygamy in African and Muslim societies 50 2.8.4 West, Southern, Eastern African experiences of polygamy 51 2.9 Origins of polygamy in Nigeria 51 2.9.1 Perception of polygamous practice and stereo type in Nigeria 52 2.9.2 Experiences of equality and inequality in polygamous practices in Nigeria 53 2.9.3 Comparison of polygamous marriage practices in Tunisia and Nigeria 53 2.9.4 Criticisms of polygamous practice 54 2.9.5 Roles and responsibilities of polygamous women in Nigeria. 55 2.9.6 Risks and impact of HIV/STIs on polygamous women 55 5 2.9.7 Perception of HIV/STIs as a risk factor in polygamy 56 2.10 Gender and HIV/STIs 56 2.10.1 Disclosure and non-disclosure of HIV/STIs status 57 2.10.2 Polygamy as a cultural practice in Nigeria 58 2.10.3 The impact of polygamy on women and children in a patriarchal setting 58 2.10.4 Psychological disposition of polygamous women and women’s empowerment 60 2.10.5 Women’s empowerment 60 2.11 Summary of review of related literature 61 CHAPTER 3: THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 3.0 Introduction and background 62 3.1 The concept of Feminism 63 3.1.1 Rationale for the choice of Feminist theory 63 31.2 Origins and the acceptance of Feminism 64 3.1.3 Global perspectives of Feminism 65 3.2 Identifying and developing the conceptual framework 65 3.2.1 Cultural Feminism 65 3.2.2 Socialist Feminism 66 3.2.3 Liberal Feminism 66 3.2.4 Radical Feminism 67 3.2.5 Marxist-Socialist Feminism 68 3.2.6 Post-structuralism Feminist 69 3.3 Tradition and cultural practices in African society 70 3.3.1 Patriarchy and Sexuality discourse 71 3.3.2 Feminism in relation to polygamy 71 3.3.3 Risk and impact of HIV/STIs on polygamous women 71 .3.4 Sexuality and power in a dominant patriarchy society 72 3.4 Summary 73 6 CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY 4.0 Introduction and Background 74 4.1 Rationale for this approach 75 4.2 Philosophy of feminist research as it relates to this study area 75 4.3 Research questions 75 4.4. The Qualitative approach 76 4.4.1 Justification for choosing qualitative approach over other approaches 77 4.4.2 Justification for the research decision 78 4.4.3 Study Location and Population 78 4.4.4 Sampling 79 4.4.5 Access to participants 80 4.5 Methods of data collection 81 4.5.1 The interviews 82 4.5.2 In-depth Interviewing 82 4.5.3 Ethical Considerations 83 4.5.4 Ethical approval 84 4.5.6 Confidentiality and anonymity 84 4.5.7 Managing Risk 84 4.6 Data validation 85 4.6.1 Data robustness in the research 85 4.6.2 Credibility 85 4.6.3 Dependability 86 4.6.4 Transferability 87 4.6.5 Conformability 88 4.7 Data transcription 88 4.7.1 Collecting and noticing approach 88 4.7.2 Data analysis 89 4.8 Data Coding 89 4.8.1 The thinking, noticing and collecting approaches 90 4.9 Limitations 89 4.10 Reflection on the usefulness of feminist and qualitative approach 90 91 7 4.11 Summary CHAPTER 5: FINDINGS 5.0 Introduction 92 5.1 Socio-demographic data of the participants 93 5.1.1 Profile of participants with pseudonyms 94 5.2 How the data was collected and managed 95 5.3 Process of how data categories emerged 97 5.4 Summary 106 CHAPTER 6: DISCUSSION 6.0 Introduction 107 6.1 Theme (1): Knowledge 108 6.1.2 Knowledge of STIs 109 6.1.2 Knowledge of prevention of HIV/STIs 110 6.1.3 Knowledge of polygamy and the role of culture 112 6.2 Theme (2): Perception 114 6.2.1 Faith and issues of fate 114 6.3 Theme 3: Gender and power 116 6.3.1 Oppression, repression and gender inequality as it exists in polygamy 118 6.3.2 Child abuse and wife neglect in polygamy. 121 6.3.3 Role of men 122 6.3.4 Women’s vulnerability in polygamy 124 6.3.5 Women’s rights violations 124 6.3.6 Greater risk 127 6.4 Theme 4: Condom usage (C) as an intervention approach 128 6.4.1 Challenges of condom usage 128 6.4.2 The oppression of women 129 6.4.3 Violence in polygamous marriages 130 6.4.4 Sexual and reproductive rights of women (SRR) 131 6.4.5 Sexual exploitation of polygamous women 134 6.5.
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