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• September 1987, Volume 56, Number 9
1 ,Telecommunications Fraud Devices l§y George N. Aylesworth and Marianne Swan
5 D2rime'in the United States-1986 13 Book Review
©~Il'iIDftU@Ilil® 14 Impact Fees: A Fiscal Response By Bruce A. Mills [f?J~!1'©!lil 16 fAn Introduction to the Serial Rapist: Research by the FBI \..§y Robert R. Hazelwood and Ann W. Burgess
~®~ [Q)ij@j®®it 25 The Inventory Search (Conclusion) By John C. Hall
31 Wanted by the FBI
...... ,~ /1"" I.,.~
{I, " t mu Law Enforcement Bulletin
United States Department of Justice Published by the Office of Public Affairs The Cover: Federal Bureau of Investigation Milt Ahlerich, Acting Assistant Director Minneapolis police officer and his canine partner Washington, DC 205:35 make friends in the community.
John E. Otto, Acting Director Editor-Thomas J. Deakin Assistant Editor-Kathryn E. Sulewski Art Direc.tor-John E. Ott The FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin The Altorney General has determined that the Production Manager-Mark A. Zettler publication of this periodical is necessary in the (ISSN·0014-5688) is published monthly by the transaction of the public business required by Reprints-Carolyn F. Thompson Federal Bur6au of Investigation, i Oth and Penn law of the Department of Justice. Use of funds sylvania Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20535. for printing this periodical has been approved Second-class postage paid at Washington, DC. by the Director of the Office of Management Postmaster: Send address chang(ls to Federal and Budget through JUne 6, 1988. Bureau of Investigation, FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, Washington, DC 20535.
ISSN 0014-5688 USPS 383-310 i4W 4 IFe 1R1@@@ ~ t~'~ff r.~~'fofi·~:,l' I#f" ':-7>r~ ';: ,~'~, -: ~:Ift lo7°C[l ~ ;-;. ~ , .'" L An Introductibn to t e Serial apist Resear,ch by the FBI By ROBERT R. HAZELWOOD, M.S. Special Agent Behavioral Science Instr:lction and Research Unit FBI Academy Quantico, VA and ANN W. BURGESS, R.N., D.N.Sc. van Amerigen Professor of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing University of Pennsylvania Philade/phia, PA From 1979 to 1981, a series of expensive automobile. The officer can number from as few as 2 to more rapes plagued the community members provided investigators with the license than 100, and each person who has and police agency of a large Southwest number he had noted earlier; a sur suffered through a sexual assault has city. The rapist became increasingly vi veillance was initiated, and the rapist felt the fear of losing her life. The effects olent in his attacks and successfully was subsequently arrested. Could law of rape do not cease for the victim when eluded detection, despite the best enforcement have done anything to the offender leaves, but can last for efforts of law enforcement. He was identify the offender more quickly? weeks, months, or years,2 identified and later arrested through the From 1984 to 1985, the incidence Serial sexual offenders can create efforts of an alert officer who noted the of reported rapes increased by 3.7 per a climate of fear in the entire com license number of the rapist's car while cent. j This increase may be due to an munity, who then pressure law enforce it was parked in a deserted shopping actual rise in the occurrence of the ment to identify, locate, and apprehend center near a victim's residence. The crime, to better reporting by law en the responsible individual in the short officer noted the license number be forcement, or to more willingness on est possible time. The manpower re cause the automobile was expensive the part of the victims to report the quired to accomplish this task can be and a prime target for thieves. A few crime. Regardless of the reason, statis enormous. A police agency investigat hours later, the officer heard about the tically, rape appears to be occurring ing a series of 18 rapes and 31 at rape. He also learned that the victim's more frequently. tempted rapes dedicated 50 officers to car had been taken and abandoned in One of the most potent criminal in a task force to stop the crimes. A cur the parking area where he had seen the fluences to pervade our society is the rent investigation of a serial rapist (43 multiple, or serial, rapist. His victims 161 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin ______rep+W ."5"*' II R ~ .• ,,' .toO Figure 1 $6,514,272 x 69% = $4,494,848 ..;- 31,412 = $143/residential unit $6,514,272 x 22% == $1,433,140 ..;- 11,500,000 == 12V2¢/commercial sq. ft. forcement service, e.g., a tourist whose velopers and must be absorbed by the car is burglarized or two out-of existing tax base. jurisdiction drivers who have a traffic It is recommended that the impact accident. The police department should fee be reviewed and readjusted every use a random sample statistical method other year to reflect the jurisdiction's to obtain these data, since most agen costs to provide capital services at that cies cannot categorize responses or time. One of the features of an impact calls for service without physically ex fee is that it is self-adjusting; a small amining the record and the annual vol number of new structures does not sig ume, at times, is prohibitive, unless the nificartly increase the need for addi information has been computerized. tional equipment nor does it generate Then, using the data gathered, a considerable capita\. Conversely, in a formula (capital asset inventory multi rapidly growing jurisdiction, the impact plied by the use percentage divided by fee provides the revenues to keep pace unit measurement) is applied to estab with capital needs without burdening lish the impact fee amount that will be the taxpayers already residing in the ju charged to the developer of new risdiction. Then, as the community growth. For example, assume a police grows, the increased tax base can be department's capital asset inventory used to pay the costs associated with has a total replacement value of hiring additional police personnel. $6,514,272, the jurisdiction it serves Finally, many elected officials have has 31,412 residential units and expressed concern that the imposition 11,500,000 square feet of commercial of impact fees will eventually cause de Robert L. Haworth Director of Public Safety structures, and police service is 69 per velopers to go elsewhere to build. That cent residential responses, 22 percent same concern has been expressed in commercial responses, and 9 percent every other jurisdiction where impact "other" responses. The procedure for fees have been assessed; however, not establishing the impact fee is shown in one example can be cited where this figure 1. has been the result. As long as efficient The resulting figures correlate as and effective governmental services the cost to provide total police capital are provided in a community where a service to each existing residential unit high quality of life is available and taxes and commercial development within the are kept at a reasonable level, the juris jurisdiction. The "other" response cate diction can be expected to continue to gory cannot be charged to either the grow, irrespective of the presence of new residential or commercial de- impact fees. ______September 1987/15 attacks to date) involves a task force of month period. The number of rapes more than 20 investigators, 5 support committed by those in the sample personnel, and the assistance of crime ranged from 10 to 59, and the mean technicians for 8 months. age of the offender at the time of inter Unless the sexual assault occurs view was 35.2. The period of time that on Federal property, the FBI's involve the offenders raped before their first ar ment in rape investigations is limited to rest ranged from 3 months to 12 years. training and providing investigative sup Fifteen of the 41 rapists were in sex of port when requested by the responsible fender treatment programs at the time law enforcement agency, This inves of the interview. tigative support most often comes in the The purpose of this article is not to Special Agent Hazelwood form of criminal personality profiling. present conclusions or findings, but to Profilers predicate the profile of a acquaint the law enforcement com serial rapist on core behavior exhibited munity with the type of research the by the offender while committing the of NCAVC conducts. NCAVC's research fense. Core behavior is defined as the is unique because it represents the first verbal, sexual, and physical (force) ac time anyone has studied serial and vio tivity of the rapist.3 If well-documented, lent crime and offenders from a law en it should provide the offender's underly forcement perspective. In the past, ing motivation (power. anger, or a com such research has been conducted bination of the two), and from this, a from a clinical or academic perspective, profile is developed. To keep the FBI's which left questions vital to law enforce training and investigative support as ment unanswered. The research team current and comprehensive as possi will disseminate the findings of this ble, members of the FBI's National study to law enforcement through future Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime issues of the FBI Law Enforcement (NCAVC) conducted research on the Bulletin and other professional journals, serial rapist-research designed to ad as well as through lectures and courses dress those issues of concern to law taught by FBI personnel. This article will enforcement. present the goals of the research, the Funded by a grant from the Office criteria used in selecting the inter of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency viewees, the methods used to conduct Prevention, the FBI's NCAVC joined the interviews, and a synopsis of one with a team led by Dr. Ann Burgess of interview that provides the reader with the University of Pennsylvania's School the type of information elicited from the of Nursing in a research project to learn rapists. more about the serial rapist. The same team recently completed similar re Goals of the Research search on serial murderers.4 Based on the experience of work This research included interviews ing with police agencies, victims of with 41 incarcerated serial rapists re rape, and the mental health community, sponsible for 837 rapes and more than the research team established seven EDITOR'S NOTE: Portions of this article were presented in tes 400 attempted rapes. The interviews of specific goals: timony before the Subcommittee of the Commit the 35 Caucasians, 5 Blacks, and 1 His 1) To determine what measures the tee on Government Operations, April 9, 1986. panic took place in 12 States over a 20- offender used that allowed him to ------______September 1987/17 & *AF triM E ''tlJIiiAAi '.'4 i evade identification and ap who had exhausted their judicial ap prehension over a long period of peals. They did not consider attempted time; rapes and other types of sexual of 2) To ascertain what, if anything, fenses when selecting the inter law enforcement could have done viewees. to identify the rapist more quickly The researchers established the or cause him to cease his ac criterion of 10 or more rapes for 3 rea tivities and/or turn himself in; sons. First, logic dictated that an indi 3) To elicit advice from the rapists vidual who had raped 10 or more times on how to prevent rape, and sug was quite successful in eluding law en gestions about what a victim forcement. One of the goals of the re Dr. Burgess should do or not do in a rape con search was to determine how the rapist frontation; accomplished this. The more-proficient offender can provide more-meaningful 4) To document the types of inter information than the offender who had viewers and techniques that raped only once, twice, or three times would be most successful in the before getting caught. interrogation of subjects for pros Second, the research team wanted ecution purposes; to learn if the serial rapist becomes pro 5) To determine what role, if any, gressively more violent over time. They pornography and/or detective were much more likely to observe an magazines played in the crime escalation of violence with a larger (the detective magazine issue re number of crimes to study. sulted from earlier research);5 Last, the investigators were inter 6) To understand what features of ested to know what, if any, changes in the crime would provide inves core behavior or method of operation tigators with the best information (MO) occur over time. This information as to the type of personality re cannot always be observed in cases in sponsible for the unsolved rape; volving a few offenses, and if observed, and cannot be documented as either atypi 7); To determine what, if any, com calor permanent behavioral changes. monalities exist in the back While some might criticize the cri grounds of serial offenders in terion of 10 or more rapes as not repre rape, sexual murder, and child senting the typical rapist encountered sexual abduction. by law enforcement, they must consider As the team statistically analyzes and the hypothesis that all rapists are po studies the results of the interviews, tential serial rapists; some just get they certainly will address many addi caught before they become serial tional areas of interest. offenders. Also. the serial rapist poses the greatest investigative challenge for Selection Criteria law enforcement. The researchers limited interviews The second criterion, exhaustion of of incarcerated offenders to those who all judicial appeals, was critical to the in had committed 10 or more rapes and volvement of NCAVC personnel. FBI 18 I FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin ______------ gpme'Ym "This research included interviews with 41 incarcerated serial rapists responsible for 837 rapes and more than 400 attempted rapes." Special Agents conducted all the inter experienced rapist is more likely to involved, both mentally and emo views, and any pending appeals would steal items that are cumbersome and tionally. The SAs left interruptions for have legally precluded the interviewers more easily traced (e.g., stereos, TVs, food and other reasons entirely up to from speaking to the offenders without VCRs). The less-mature individual per the offender. Surprisingly, few desired first advising them of their constitutional ceives such items as easily disposable, food breaks. Most preferred instead to rights. giving no thought to the fact that these continue the discussion. The team identified the rapists items are difficult to transport, hard to Areas of discussion included famil meeting the criteria in a number of conceal, and easily traced. The more ial and demographic information; ways. Local, State, and county law en mature or experienced rapist tend!: to education; employment; military his forcement officers who had attended take money or jewelry. tory; hobbies and pastimes; marital his the FBI National Academy helped iden The SAs prepared for th€.ir inter tory; sexual development; pre-offense, tify a large proportion of the sample, views by studying all available docu offense, and post-offense behavior; in and they provided invaluable assist mentation pertaining to the rapists and vestigation and interrogation tech ance to the research team, as did sev their crimes. When necessary, they re niques; and rape prevention and con eral FBI Special Agents throughout the viewed this documentation with the per frontation. United States. Mental health profes mission of the interviewees. The mate Because of the large number of sionals involved in sex offender treat rials included police investigative crimes involved, it would have been im ment programs or affiliated with State reports, victim statements, pre-sen possible to discuss the pre-offense, of prisons, as well as prison authorities, tence investigation reports, medical fense, and post-offense behavior for also helped identify rapists willing to and mental health records, and perti each crime. Therefore, the interviewers participate in the research. The re nent prison records. focused on the first, a middle, and the search probably would have failed with Two SAs then met each rapist in last assault in the offender's series of out the interagency and interdisciplin the presence of a prison employee, nor rapes. This technique proved to be ary cooperation that took place. mally a mental health professional, and quite sllccessful in eliciting the desired explained the purpose and format of the information for a large number of The Research Interview interview. A statement regarding the crimes. purpose and confidentiality of the inter The Agents delayed asking about Members of the NCAVC and other view that indicated the prisoner's con sexual development and offense be selected FBI Special Agents (SAs), all sent to participate was signed and wit havior until well into the interview, after of whom have advanced degrees or ex nessed. The SAs always provided a they had established rapport with the tensive training in the behavioral sci copy of the form to the prisoner. Only rapist. The offenders found these dis ences, conducted the 41 interviews. three individuals declined interviews af cussion areas the most troublesome. Traditionally, such research has been ter meeting with FBI Agents. The The intervIewers had to continually de conducted from other than a law en willingness of the rapists to participate velop techniques to overcome the forcement perspective. This research offenders' reluctance to talk about cer involved eliciting information of value to did not surprise the researchers, be tain topics. For example, when asked to investigators tasked to solve the crime cause 36 sexual murderers had pre discuss his family, one offender replied, of rape. The use of SAs as research in viously agreed to FBI research inter s "I can sum it up in one word-hate." terviewers combined investigative, in views. The interviewers then asked him to de terview, and behavioral science skills The interviews were open-ended and generally unstructured. In all but fine hate as he was using the word, and not ordinarily found in violent offender seven cases, the prisoner consented to the interview proceeded. research. This proved very helpful in having the conversations tape re Finally, the SAs asked the offend extracting information that law enforce corded. The interviews, ranging from ers to critique the research interviews. ment can quickly put to investigative 4% to 12% hours in length, drained all Their comments or suggestions some use. For example, the research has de times proved helpful in structuring later termined that the less-mature or less- ______September 19B7 119 DUM 'DMiA e MWMiW.. • M@li8d4QQ. "[This research1 represents the first time anyone has studied serial and violent crime and offenders from a law enforcement perspective. " interviews. For example, FBI Agents or from documentation, Though only a John stated that he was not phys are trained to exhibit their credentials synopsis, it provides insight into the de ically, emotionally, or sexually abused when meeting someone in an official velopment of a serial rapist and his be as a child, but subsequent statements capacity. One of the first interviewees havior prior to, during, and aiter one proved the contrary. His mother had a told the Agents he believed the show of crime. The subject, whom we'll call violent temper, and he tried to avoid credentials to be an unwarranted dis John, was not and had never been en being punished by her. "She would hit play of power that made him feel un rolled in a sex offender treatment pro anywhere she could land and used comfortable. Needless to say, the gram. Those who were in such pro belts, switches, or anything she could Agents showed their credentials only grams tended to use institutionalized lay her hand on." John stated that most on request in future interviews. language. of his punishment consisted of spank Immediately fol/owing the inter ings with a belt and that he was in view, the Agents completed a 70-page Family formed as to why he was being protocol that the research team had Born in 1944, John was one of punished. He related that his mother adapted from an instrument developed three children. He had a twin sister and frequently used a great deal of profanity for the serial murderer research. Tape a younger sister. His mother and step toward him. She would say such things recordings of the interviews were tran father raised him; he didn't meet his as, "You little son of a bitch," or calt him scribed and the transcriptions then natural father until he was in his late "bastard" or "asshole," "Even to this summarized for re$earch use. The re 20's. At the time of the interview, John day," he claimed, "she tries to manipu searchers computerized hard data (sta stated that he considers his natural fa late people by putting them down or tistical information) and retained soft ther a casual friend. making them feel gUilty." He identified data (narrative information) separately. John's step-father was a logger l1is mother as the dominant parent, in As mentioned earlier, all involved and successful in th:s field until an in dicating that she would "harp" at the were mentally and emotionally fatigued jury forced him to become a ware step-father until he did what she after these interviews. One cannot houseman. The family moved several wanted, To get away from the fighting leave such an interview without experi times during the stepfather's logging between his parents, John ran away encing a strong sense of sympathy for career, before settling in a city where from home on several occasions. the victims of rape and an occasional John spent his teenage years. The John advised his interviewers that feeling of empathy for the offender. mother became a waitress following her he has been a "loner" since early child There were documented instances of husband's injury, but prior to that time, hood, and that as a child, hiG closest childhood physical, sexual, or emo she had not worked outside the home. friends were relatives. He could not tlonal abuse suffered by some of the He was repeatedly in trouble with easily meet or interact with people and rapists. Those Who read of such or"pur his parents as a child, a fact for which stilt cannot do so today. rences, or watch a man cry as he de he held his sisters responsible. They His childhood pastimes included scribes his father beating or raping his would violate family rules and place the hunting and fishing, building model mother in front of him, cannot help but blame on John. His relationship with his cars, and playing softball. As a child he foel a sense of outrcge toward the par parents was "at time explosive and at enjoyed reading comic books and the ents of the offender. Investigators must times rather close." When he went fish Hardy Boy adventures. Adolph Hitler never cease to experience these es ing or hunting with his step-father, the has always fascinated him. He said, sential human emotions. Without them, relationship was quite good, but when "I've never understood how he could a person will become callous and lose at home, he always "felt distant from have controlled so much with so little," effectiveness as an investigator or a re them." He stated, "It seemed that the John did not abuse alcohol as a searcher. only time they would talk to me was child. He went to church somewhat reg when I was in trouble." John believed ularly, but he could not recall the de A CASE STUDY that his parents loved his younger sister nomination of the church. (the step-father's natural child) more The following case indicates the than him, and consequently, he be Education type of offender interviewed and the in came very jealous of her. John has a tested IQ (Wechsler) of formation obtained during the interview 125. He had to repeat the first grade be- 20 I FBI law Enforcement Bulletin ______..w & 6;, * cause of his family's residential moves, He denied ever peeping on his ing his favorite pair of panties beneath but he was a good student between the mother, because "that's taboo." his prison garb. When asked how he first and sixth grades and reported that However, he did peep on his aunt dur obtained them, he said a female friend he enjoyed going to school during those ing pre-adolescence, and at the age of of his buys them, wears them for a years. 13, began window peeping. His goal while, and then mails them to him. In the seventh grade, outside inter was to observe women in some state of He voluntarily sought psychiatric ests began interfering with school at undress, preferably with panties on help for his obsession with panties after tendance. He preferred working on cars rather than nude. He continued to win he left the Marine Corps. He said and shooting pool to going to school. dow peep until his final arrest. "What I was having problems with was When in school, he would become dis He remembered a male cousin the fetish for women's panties. I was ruptive and was suspended frequently, "messing around with my twin sister going through the problems of whether I which created further problems at and the two of them trying to talk me was a homosexual, what the hell was home. He had to repeat the seventh into having sex with my younger sister." the matter with me because I enjoyed grade. At the age of 16, he dropped out John, who was 9 or 10 at the time, did these things." of school. engage in fondling with his younger sis John stated he didn't consciously After being arrested for check forg ter, but felt guilty and stopped the ac think about committing a rape until after ery, he briefly returned ~o school and re tivity. He had been stealing panties off he had already done so. He went to a ported that he enjoyed it. However, at 1~lotheslines, and at this age, he was woman's home seeking consensual the age of 17, he again left school and also caught in a woman's house while sex and used threats and physical force joined the Marines. At the age of 26, taking panties out of her dresser. to obtain the victim's compliance. Only while in prison, he obtained his GED. John began masturbating at the later did he realize that he had actually He stated, "I just came to the realization same age (9) he began the panty thefts. raped the woman. that I couldn't get very far without a He would either use panties to mastur He experimented with homosex GED." At the time of interview John had bate with or fantasize about panties uality while in the Marines, but "realized accumulated 96 hours of college credit while masturbating. He stated that he that this wasn't the way I wanted to go, while in prison. masturbated on a daily basis. If he had this wasn't for me." panties available, he would ejaculate Sexual Development onto them and "aftef\'Iards most times Military , John can recall first becoming sex I'd throw them away because once I ually aware when he was 8 or 9 years of had achieved orgasm, then the panties John entered the Marines at the age. He remembers "being in a ditch would be a symbol of something age of 17 with the consent of his par somewhere [with a female agemate] wrong." He preferred used panties to ents. Although records indicate he ex celled in basic training and served 4 and trying to do it." He could not recall new ones. When asked why, he replied, years, he left the service with a general who initiated the sexual activity. He "It seemed more intimate, like they had discharge. While in the military, he had stated that prior to this, a 16-year-old contact with a female." If the panties "a little problem with authority" and female cousin took several male chil belonged to someone he knew, he "didn't always do what I was told." He dren to a mountain cabin for mutual fon found it more satisfying, because he served in Vietnam and was released dling, but they were caught. He recalls could associate a person's body with from military service at the age of 21. being spanked for this activity. the garment. He stated that cotton pan He stated, "After I came back from Viet The age of 9 seems to be sexually ties "did nothing for me." He wanted nam and I got out of the Marine Corps, I significant for John. At this age, he be them "silky and smooth." John began seemed hell bent on destruction." On gan having a fondness for female pan wearing panties as a teenager, but one occasion, he was in a rage and put ties. He reported hiding under a table would wear them only until he ejacu his arm through a car window. He re so he could look up his sister's dresses lated. After a general discharge from quired 86 stiches. He fell out of a car while they did the dishes. He also would the Marine Corps, he began wearing traveling 40 mph and wrecked another attempt to see the panties of sitters who panties for extended periods of time. car while driving 130 mph. In the latter cared for him and his sisters. During the course of the interview, John mentioned casually that he was wear- incident, he suffered severe head inju- - ______~ ______September 1987 I 21 Wi & "The researchers limited interviews of incarcerated offenders to ttJose who had committed 10 or more rapes and who had exhausted their judicial appeals." ries. He stated, "Some folks think that's like that. because she was one of those wrong direction," (The serial rapists what kind of deranged things back women that it was very difficult for her often told SA interviewers about their there, kind of got me goofy." to reach an orgasm. You had to work at desires to be in law enforcement. Per It, you had to be there for quite a while. haps the perception of power and au Employment Before it was always, wham, bam, thority associated with police work ap John's employment record is er thank you ma'am. That's all I knew. peals to them.) As a juvenile, John ratic at best. After his military service, With her it started becoming more satis experienced minor problems with the he was employed as a logger, a truck fying, I guess. I'm not sure exactly why law because of his running away from driver, a factory worker, and a laborer in ... it was just mostly different positions home. When he was 16, he and friends home manufacturing. When asked why and ways of controlling the ebb and were arrested for check forgery. He he changed jobs so often, he replied, "I flow of the whole thing, I guess to where also stole gas and hubcaps as a juve think basically, I got bored with the jobs. I could last longer to where she could nile. John was arrested several times I think a lot of it, too, was immaturity. I'd reach a climax. And I can remember for burglary, breaking and entering, and do the job for a while and then I didn't that that's where it really started be on three occasions, rape. He has been like it no more, so I'd find some reason coming fun," He divorced his third wife sentenced to prison for each of the rape to quit." after 3 years. offenses. He lived with his fourth wife but did John estimated that he had com Sexual Activity in Marriage not marry her until after being im mitted over 5,000 burglaries, primarily John married for the first time at prisoned for rape. Following his release to obtain panties to satisfy his fetish. He the age of 20, only because the girl was from prison, they remained together for reported that at times he would remain pregnant. He and his wife stayed at her 2 months. He adVised that "sex was out all night attempting to steal panties. parents' home for a few days after the great, but it was like I had another war He estimated that he stole valuables in wedding, but he realized that he didn't den or second parole officer." He and less than one-half of his burglaries. want to be married, "so we both went his fourth wife had a son, and after they John was responsible for 18 rapes, our own ways." A daughter was born of separated, he took custody of the child. most of which occurred as an after that marriage. Sexual activity with his John married for the fifth and final thought during a panty theft. His current first wife was restricted to vaginal inter time at the age of 32. He advised that sentence is for more than 15 years. course in the missionary position. sex with this wife was excellent and that Two years later, John met his sec they were completely happy until he Pornography/Detective Magazines ond wife. They remained together for 2 told her about his fetish for panties. His As a teenager, John enjoyed look years and had two sons. He stated that wife's knowledge of this fetish placed a ing at sunbathing magazines, which his irresponsibility led to the divorce great deal of strain on the marriage, but "was all the pornography we had," To Again, vaginal intercourse in the mis they remained together until he was day he enjoys the more explicit material sionary position was the norm during again sent to prison for rape. She vis available, but says, "It doesn't make me the marriage. ited him regularly, and they lived to want to go out and do crazy things like At the age of 25, John met his third gether when he was released. Thirteen they say." wife at a bar. They lived together for ap days after his release, he returned to He used to read detective maga proximately 6 months and separated prison because of another rape, and zines frequently when he was in his "because we couldn't stand each the relationship ended. twenties and early thirties. The stories other." John stated that "sex starting concerning rape interested him the getting a little creative. I started getting Criminal History most, and he read each one several into different areas. Not necessarily John talked of always wanting to times, using them for masturbatory fan bondage or anything like that, just ex be a police officer, but admitted, "( al tasies. He didn't believe that the maga perimenting in different ways of doing it. ways seemed to be running in the zine covers influenced his selection of a Learning how to last longer and things particular publication. He never enjoyed 2.2 I fBI Law Enforcement Bulletin ______*A g WI '0 the stories in which rape victims were the same evening, and she readily ad done if the victims had resisted, John killed, stating, "None of my victims were mitted him to the residence. While indicated that he would have left be ever harmed and for a person to kill using her bathroom, he took a pair of cause he didn't intend to hurt anyone. somebody after raping them, it just her panties and put them in his pocket. He stated, "Raping them is one thing. makes me mad." Obviously, John He sat beside the woman on her couch Beating on them is entirely something doesn't equate rape with harming a per and attempted to fondle her, but the vic else." He didn't feel that his victims son. None of his 18 rape victims was tim talked him into leaving. He drove could have prevented the attack, be beaten, and John was proud of the fact around for a while and then returned to cause they were all in their homes that he had never "hurt" anybody dur the residence. He entered through an alone, with the majority of them sleep ing his assaults. unlocked door at the rear of the house ing when he initiated contact. and found her talking on the telephone. John's reaction to resistance may Firs\: Offense Without speaking, he " ..• just kind of differ considerably from another rap Pre-Offense: John was 24 years of jumped on her real fast and wrestled ist's, and his advice must not be gener age at the time of his first rape offense. her to the floor and opened her house alized to other rapists.7 He was married and having consensual coat." When she screamed, he told her sexual relations with his second wife at to "shut the fuck up." Without speaking Interrogation Techniques the time. (Forty of the 41 rapists re further, he vaginally assaulted her and The interviewers asked each rapist ported consensual sexual activities at reached orgasm very quickly. John ad what type of person and technique the time they were raping.) At the time vised the interviewers that after the as would be most successful with him in a of the offense, his friends would have sault, he was extremely remorseful and hostile interview situation; that is, what described him as a hard-drinking, pro began crying. The victim told him to just would most likely contribute to the rap fane, "macho" individual who was noc leave her home. He left and imme ist's cooperation during an interrogation turnal. He was renting a home and diately returned to his home. regarding his culpability in rape of drove a green 1957 Chrysler Windsor. Post-Offense: Following his return fenses. Although the car was 9 years old, he home, he worried that his wife would John stated that for him, the most took very good care of it. He fO!md no find out about the attack and that he important feature about a police inter particular pleasure in driving and drove would go to jail. He began drinking rogation would be the detective's atti only when he had to go someplace. more heavily in an attempt to alleviate tude. "If he walked in real cocky and be On the evening of the rape, his wife the fear and guilt he was experiencing. littling, I would not cooperate." While was away from home. He had been He stated, "I know it created a feeling of the race of the detective would not con drinking with some friends, " •.. figuring guilt that caused problems between my cern him, he would be less likely to co I could get some satisfaction." A friend wife and I because I knew I had done operate with a female because he and he went to a home where the friend something wrong. But I didn't know how would feel embarrassed and self-con had sex with a babysitter who was pres to go back and rectify it or undo it. I scious. ent. He and his friend returned to a bar would get uptight and upset real easy The detective's accent would not and continued to drink. and I'd get mad and it wasn't nothing influence John's cooperation, but he Offense: After dropping off his she had done." Acting Ollt of character, believed he would be more comfortable friend, John decided to return to the John began staying at home, leaving with a person dressed in casual clothes babysitter and have sex also. He was only to go to work. He didn't miss work as opposed to a uniform. He said that very intoxicated at the time. When he following the attack and his personal the interviewer would have to be on an arrived at the home, he discovered that appearance remained normal. John did intellectual rar with him and that he the babysitter had left, and the mother not commit another rape for 5 years. would be more likely to talk with the of of the child, a woman in her early twen ficer during nighttime hours. He advised ties, was at the residence. She was Rape Resistanl:~ and Prevention that he becomes angry when others wearing a housecoat when he knocked When asked what he would have violate his space and believes that an in on the door. They had met at a party on terviewer should maintain a comfortable ------~ ______September1987 I 23 \\,1 it FE-_it" dibWtlNMAA&; .. - "The serial rapist injures the lives of an untold number of victims and is responsible for the expenditure of money, time, and manpower by the law enforcement community." distance, with nothing between them. As previously mentioned, the case Footnotes He would feel uncomfortable in any lo presented here was greatly reduced 1Crime in the United Slates-1985. Federa18ureau of Investigation, (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing cation, but because of the embarrass because of limited space. The tran Office. 1986). ment he would experience, he believes scription of the interview was more than 2A. W. Burgess and L. L. Ho/strom, "Rape Trauma Syndrome," American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 131, the environment should be private. He 140 pages. Nonetheless, this summary 1974, pp. 9B2-9B6. stated that intimidating moves by of of John's case does reveal the type of 3R. R. HazelWOOd, "The Behavior'Orlented Interview ficers anger him and cause. him to information gathered during the re of Rape Victims: The Key to Profiling." FBI Law Enforce ment Bulletin, vol. 52, No.9, September 1983, pp. 6-15. cease conversation. search interviews. 4R, K. Ressler, J. E. Douglas, and A. W. Burgess, This advice is, of course, provided "Rape and Rape-Murder: One Offender and Twe/ve Vic by only one offender and will not apply SUMMARY tims," American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 140,1983, pp. 36-40; Violent Crime (Special Issue), FBI Law Enforce to all situations. The NCAVC has conducted re ment Bulletin, vol. 54, No.8, August 1985. search on violent serial offenders since sP.E. Dietz, B. Harry, and R. R. Hazelwood, "Detec Sex Offender Hotline tive Magazines: Pornography for the Sexual Sadist?" Jour 1978. The serial rapist injures the lives nal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 31, 1986, pp. 197-211. During one of the initial interviews, of an untold number of victims and is re 6Vi'llent Crime (Special Issue), supra note 4. the rapis~ (not John) was asked what, if sponsible for the expenditure of money, 7R. R. Hazelwood and J. A. Harpold, "RAPE: The Danger of Providing Confrontational Advice," FBI Law En anything, the criminal justice system time, and manpower by the law en forcement Bulletin, vol. 55, No.6, June 1986, pp. 1-5. could have done to have persuaded forcement community. Although not him to turn himself in. His surprising re generally responsible for the investiga sponse was, "Have you thought about tion of the crime of rape, the FBI is as a hotline? You've got hotlines for runa sisting local law enforcement commu ways, drug abusers, rape victims, and nities' efforts by conducting research of suicidal individuals. Why not one for the nature addressed in this article. The people who have committed or are con results of this and other research stud templating committing deviant criminal ies by the FBI will be used in training sexual acts? You know, I didn't just programs throughout the United States start raping. I have had sexual fantasies and in the preparation of criminal per about kidnaping a woman and making sonality profiles. her my slave since I was a teenager. I With the interviews of 41 serial rap knew it wasn't normal at the time, but ists completed, the statistical analysis who could I talk to about it? Not my par of the data continues. Though primarily ents or my friends or anyone else. They intended for the law enforcement com would have thought I was crazy or munity,. the project team anticipates sick." that the results of this research will en From that point on, interviewers hance the knowledge of all profes asked all the rapists about a hotline for sionals who must deal with the offense, offenders. When the SAs asked John the offender, and the victims of rape. this question, he replied, "I don't know if [?@O r would have used a holline because so many of them [the rapes] were so spon taneous and unprepared. If I would have, it would have been after the fact. After I committed the assault." Many of the other rapists inteviewed responded more positively to the hotline issue than John. 24 I FBf Law Enforcement Bulletin ______