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Il Volume (PDF) laboratorio est/ovest collana diretta da Luigi Marinelli 2 Questo volume è pubblicato grazie al supoprto del In copertina: Joachim Bandau, Grosses Bleimeer [Grande mare di piombo], parte dell’installazione Anklage [Lamentazione], 1993-1994 (particolare). L’Editore ha cercato di mettersi in contatto con il titolare dei diritti della foto di coper- tina senza riuscire a reperirlo: è ovviamente a piena disposizione per l’assolvimento di quanto occorra nei suoi confronti. Laura Quercioli Mincer Patrie dei superstiti Letteratura ebraica del dopoguerra in Italia e in Polonia Lithos Grafica e impaginazione: Paolo Tellina © 2010 Lithos Editrice Via Vigevano 2 – 00161 Roma Tel. 0697994012 – 0644237720 Fax 0697993796 www.lithoslibri.eu [email protected] ISBN 978-88-89604-69-4 IndIce IntroduzIone 7 1. “non avremo pIù paura della gente?”. Il rItorno dopo la Shoah 15 Polonia. Un amore non corrisposto 17 Adolf Rudnicki: la sconfitta dell’intellettuale 21 Henryk Grynberg e l’etica della testimonianza 29 Anni d’infanzia (Głowiński, Wojdowski, Dichter) 39 Italia. Giorgio Bassani e l’enigma del reduce 46 Giacoma Limentani e la critica della violenza 65 Aldo Zargani e “il supermarket delle utopie” 74 2. Fra moSca e geruSalemme: “ubI lenIn, IbI JeruSalem” 84 Polonia. Illusioni e sconfitte dei comunisti ebrei 86 Il sogno di un messianismo solidale 92 Fra appartenenza ed esclusione 99 Infanzia e adolescenza nella Polonia comunista 102 Italia. Storie di ebrei fortunati. 113 I Sereni. Da Roma a Gerusalemme 116 Vittorio (Dan) Segre e Giorgio Voghera: Autobiografie sioniste 125 3. amorI proIbItI e odIo dI Sé 144 “Few kinds of hate are as potent as self hate” 150 Il “sogno” di un uomo colpevole (Il sogno di Asril di Julian Stryjkowski) 153 Specchi deformanti, ovvero il paradigma degradato 156 L’ebreo chassidico ovvero il Diverso 165 La condanna e la fine di Asril 172 Silenzio di Julian Stryjkowski e Gli occhiali d’oro di Giorgio Bassani 177 4. rIcordare, dImentIcare. Il rItorno della Seconda generazIone 185 Polonia: la riscoperta della storia 188 Italia: strategie del ritorno fra memoria ed oblio 205 5. conclusionI 228 note 235 bIblIografia 279 Testi letterari e memorialistica 279 Saggistica 283 Saggistica – Articoli 290 Opere collettive citate 302 IndIce deI nomI 309 IntroduzIone I once heard my rabbi delivering an interesting sermon based on “The Story of Elisha’s Miracles” in II Kings, 4:19. He told how the boy, suddenly taken sick, ran to his father crying “My head, my head”. You will note, said the rabbi, the boy did not say “my head,” or “my head aches,” but instead repeated, my head, my head, and, concluded the rabbi, this is symbolic of Jewish life in the Diaspora. One head is American and the other Jewish, or French and Jewish, or Polish and Jewish, or one head is British and the other Jewish, and so on during all these two thousands years. It is precisely this ambivalence that has placed a special burden on the Jew1. 1. “The repository of modern Jewish experience”, “the most complete way of knowing the inner life of the Jews”2: con queste parole la studiosa dell’Università di Harvard Ruth R. Wisse definisce la letteratura ebraica moderna, ovvero quel corpurs variegato e difficilmente definibile a cui partecipano sia le letterature nelle lingue ebraiche, e quindi essenzialmen- te il neo-ebraico e lo yiddish, sia (e qui il discorso si complica all’infinito) tutte quelle opere letterarie che, sebbene in lingue diasporiche, presentino un “punto di vista” ebraico. Dove tracciare i limiti di questa letteratura, come individuarne il punto di vista? Secondo alcuni l’elemento decisivo può essere rintracciato nel tema dell’opera, secondo altri nell’ascenden- za dell’autore; la definizione di letteratura ebraica fatica tuttora a trovare una definizione condivisa, non è sempre univoca neanche la risposta alla domanda sulla sua stessa esistenza. Eppure è anche, o forse soprattutto grazie ad essa che è possibile ascoltare la voce viva del mondo ebraico diasporico, rispettandone differenze e molteplicità3. Nel presente lavoro l’ambito di questa letteratura sarà caratterizzato dalla scelta del singolo, libera e incondizionata, di immettere nella pro- pria scrittura ciò che il critico Simon Markish definisce la ‘responsabilità ebraica’: un impegno inerente al proprio legame con questo popolo, alla Patrie dei superstiti cui base sta, sia pure spesso problematica e alternante, la convinzione che la sopravvivenza del popolo ebraico e della sua cultura costituiscano un valore fondamentale e irrinunciabile. A metà degli anni Ottanta così scriveva Markish: Sans vouloir m’engager dans un débat sur le thème “qui est juif, et qui ne l’est pas?”, je tiens à exprimer ma conviction que l’appartenance à la littérature juive se définit, en premier lieu, par le choix libre et conscient de sa position, par son ‘engagement’. La position, l’orien- tation, la démarche, le point de vue, quel que soit le nom qu’on lui donne, est plus important que les thèmes et que les fameux gènes […]. Tout comme les affinités avec le judaïsme, cette position peut varier d’un auteur à l’autre, ou d’une période à l’autre dans les limites d’une carrière4. Questo stesso ‘engagement’ è espresso in maniera diversa dai protagonisti di questo volume. Alcuni, come Giorgio Bassani o Giacoma Limentani in Ita- lia, come Julian Stryjkowski o Henryk Grynberg in Polonia, hanno dedicato all’ebraismo la quasi totalità delle loro opere, è l’identità ebraica a filtrarne la visione del mondo. Le opere di altri, come Anna Bikont, Agata Tuszyńska o Helena Janeczek, sono solo in parte espressione dell’impegno qui evocato, e la loro prospettiva è più modellata dal punto di vista nazionale. Va comunque ribadito che se, come sottolineato da Markish, il punto di vista ebraico può variare in uno stesso autore da un periodo all’altro, da un testo all’altro, l’in- terpretazione letteraria in questa chiave non limita o impoverisce la compren- sione, ma rende anzi possibili ulteriori affiliazioni e definizioni; moltiplica i colori del prisma attraverso cui leggere queste opere. È una prospettiva che si è forse resa addirittura indispensabile in un momento in cui già da tempo, usando ancora una definizione di Markish, “la langue a définitivement cessé d’être le facteur déterminant de l’appartenance culturelle”5. Il complicato sovrapporsi e confondersi dei concetti di etnia, popolo, religione, caratteristico dell’ebraismo diasporico, è risultato generalmente misterioso e sinistro, in particolare nell’età moderna che ha visto l’affer- marsi di nazionalismi e frontiere. Nel periodo dell’assimilazione, e anche nei decenni seguenti, l’ingresso degli ebrei nelle letterature nazionali, il loro scavalcare il limite dell’appartenenza di casta, è stato spesso accom- 8 Introduzione pagnato da accuse violente: i letterati ebrei sporcavano la lingua, la ren- devano torbida, impura, ‘giudaica’. A gran voce si richiedeva che a questi autori venisse vietata la scrittura nelle lingue ‘ariane’6. Oggi queste tan- to veementi accuse di metissage culturale si sono trasformate, in alcuni casi, in elogi. Pubblicato nel 2002, lo Oxford Handbook of Jewish Studies è la prima trattazione enciclopedica a includere un articolo dedicato al “transnational Jewish canon”. In questo saggio Ilan Stavans individua i tre scrittori “archetipici” della letteratura ebraica diasporica in Franz Kafka, Bruno Schulz e Isaak Babel’. “Each of them – scrive Stavans – wrote in a different non-Jewish tongue: German, Polish and Russian; but they Judaized these languages, so to speak: they injected a Jewish sensibility into them”7. La straordinaria compattezza e il senso di coesione interna che, a giu- dizio di Stavans, caratterizza la loro scrittura, ci viene offerta anche, a discapito di latitudini, lingue e storie diverse, dalle opere presentate nelle pagine che seguono e stanno a indicare, in maniera forse anche irraziona- le, l’esistenza di una ‘cultura ebraica unita’ che vada oltre le dichiarazioni di fede o di impegno politico e che possa divenire une sorte d’élément important du nouveau “symbole de la foi” – pour ceux qui se sont éloignés du symbole de Maïmonide et ont perdu la foi de leurs pères, mais qui conservent la foi dans leur pères, dans leur peuple, dans la nécessité absolue, capitale d’appartenir à ce peuple et de partager son destin8. 2. In questo volume si tratta della letteratura ebraica del dopoguerra in Italia e in Polonia, due paesi dove probabilmente, in ambito europeo, l’esperienza ebraica ha avuto il percorso più radicalmente opposto. Non se ne propone qui un’analisi complessiva, ma solo la riflessione su alcuni aspetti che meglio sembrano consentire una visione comparatistica e tra- sversale; da queste pagine dunque, che non contengono alcuna gerarchia di valore letterario, molti scrittori eccellenti sono rimasti esclusi, oppure vengono nominati solo fuggevolmente. La narrazione è divisa in quattro parti, o temi. Questa soluzione, di profi- lo comparatistico, è sembrata preferibile all’analisi di singole opere o autori. “Soggetti di preoccupazione e di interesse generale per l’uomo” i temi let- 9 Patrie dei superstiti terari assicurano la connessione fra opere, periodi, e paesi diversi. Il tema è un “cruciale medium di comunicazione fra realtà e testi letterari”9 ovvero un’entità in cui si incontrano realtà extratestuale e finzione letteraria, in cui si intravedono spesso i luoghi in cui i due mondi si sovrappongono e si illu- minano i reciproci punti di contatto, le reciproche contraddizioni. Alla fine della guerra, il ritorno dei sopravvissuti alla vita e le forme della loro accoglienza, cui è dedicato il primo capitolo, è l’esperienza alla base di quella che sarà la futura integrazione – o esclusione – degli ebrei nei consessi nazionali. È un ritorno che avviene in due paesi, entrambi in un certo senso sconfitti (benché siano ben diversi la loro storia e quella dei motivi che li condussero in guerra), fra poco separati da quasi invalicabili frontiere.
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