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Geosciences 2013 Annual Conference of the Geoscience Society of New Zealand Geoscience Society of New Zealand Abstracts s ce n e i 13 c s 0 o 2 e G Christchurch Geosciences 2013 24th-27th November Annual Conference of the Geoscience Society of New Zealand ABSTRACTS Conference Convenor Catherine Reid (University of Canterbury) Organising Committee Jim Cole, Chris Oze, Sam Hampton, Kari Bassett, Thomas Wilson, Tim Davies, Stefan Winkler (University of Canterbury), Glenn Vallender (EdRSR), Peter Almond (Lincoln University) Administration Janet George (Absolutely Organised Ltd) Symposium Convenors Caroline Boulton, Kate Pedley, Charles Williams, Mark Quigley, Laura Wallace, Russ van Dissen, Virginia Toy, Thomas Wilson, Ben Kennedy, Darren Gravley, David Lowe, Richard Levy, Chris Hollis, Kari Bassett, Andy Nicol, Brendan Duffy, David Nobes, Catherine Reid, Daphne Lee, Greg Browne, Lorna Strachan, Chris Oze, Glenn Vallender, Tim Davies, Val Zimmer, Jarg Pettinga, Jacqueline Dohaney Fieldtrip Leaders Rose Turnbull, Sam Hampton, Thomas Wilson, Jim Cole, Chris Oze, Ben Kennedy, David Bell, Valerie Zimmer, Sarah Bastin, Catherine Reid, Mark Quigley, Kari Bassett, Brendan Duffy, Jarg Pettinga, Chris Hollis, Hugh Morgans, James Crampton, Nick Mortimer & Hamish Campbell Conference Venue Host Department of Geological Sciences, University of Canterbury Bibliographic reference format for abstracts Author, A.N. (2013). Title of Abstract. In: Reid, C.M and Wandres, A. (eds). Abstracts, Geosciences 2013 Conference, Christchurch, New Zealand. Geoscience Society of New Zealand Miscellaneous Publication 136A. pp. x ISBN 978-1-877480-33-1 ISSN 2230-4487 (print) ISSN 2230-4495 (online) CHANGES IN ELASTIC WAVE VELOCITY AND ROCK DIKE ORIENTATION AND STRUCTURE IN DUN MICROSTRUCTURE DUE TO BASALT-CO2-WATER MOUNTAIN OPHIOLITE, BRYNEIRA RANGE, REACTIONS OTAGO L. Adam1, K. van Wijk2 , T. OthEim3 & M. BatzlE4 T. Adamson1 & J. Bradshaw2 1University of Auckland, School of Environment, 1Oceania Gold, Reefton Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142 2Dept Geological Sciences, University of 2University of Auckland, Department of Physics, Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142 [email protected] 3Boise State University, Department of Geoscience, 1910 University Dr., Boise, ID, USA The Bryneira Range exposes a sub-vertical cross 4Colorado School of Mines, Department of section of the Permian Dun Mountain Ophiolite Geophysics, 1500 Illinois St., Golden, CO, USA that forms the basement to Permian and Triassic [email protected] sediments of the Maitai Terrane. To the east it abuts the poly-deformed Caples Terrane along the The chemical interaction between carbon dioxide, Livingstone Fault. The lower (eastern) mantle water and basalt is a common process in the earth, section is made up of ultra-mafic rocks and is which results in the dissolution of primary minerals separated from the crustal section by the sub- that later precipitate as alteration minerals. This vertical Peanut Fault. The crustal section comprises occurs naturally in volcanic settings, but more gabbros, dike rocks, pillow lavas, and sedimentary recently basalts have been suggested as reservoirs breccias. The basic “dikes” are of diverse for sequestration of anthropogenic CO2. In both orientation and can be subdivided into older grey the natural and man-made case, rock-fluid intrusive sheets (GIS) that are consistently cut by reactions lead to the precipitation of carbonates. younger orange intrusive sheets (OIS). In well Here, we quantify changes in ultrasonic wave exposed areas, the latter can be subdivided into up speeds, associated with changes in the frame of to four successive phases on the basis of cross- whole-rock basalts, as CO2 and basalt react. After cutting relationships. 30 weeks of reactions and carbonate precipitation, Poles to dikes, that should reveal the predominant the ultrasonic wave speed in dry basalt samples extension direction, were found to be very diverse increases between 4% and 20% and permeability is and rotation about the paleo-horizontal, reduced by up to an order of magnitude. However, represented by bedding in Permian Wooded Peak porosity decreases only by 2% to 3%. The Limestone, provides no resolution. Older paleo- correlation between significant changes in wave horizontals represented by bedding in the speed and permeability indicates that precipitate is Upukerora Breccia and orientation of pillow lavas developing in fractures and compliant pores. Thin produce better results when applied to the sections, XRF-Loss On Ignition and water chemistry younger sets of “dikes”. The results support a confirm this. This means time-lapse seismic moderately variable extensional stress affecting a monitoring of a CO2-water-basalt system cannot rock mass that was rotating in the stress field. The assume invariance of the rock frame, as typically rotation is thought to relate to extensional faulting done in fluid substitution models. We conclude within a system of listric faults. The extension that secondary mineral precipitation causes a direction is very oblique to the present strike of measurable change in the velocities of elastic the ophiolite. waves in basalt-water-CO systems, suggesting that 2 A potential analogue is seen in the Bransfield Strait seismic waves could be used to remotely monitor incipient back-arc basin. Here extension is marked future CO injection sites. Although monitoring 2 by numerous normal faults, listric detachment these reactions in the field with seismic waves surfaces, a neo-volcanic zone and a number of ‘off might be complicated due to the heterogeneous axis’ central volcanoes; a combination of features nature of basalt, quantifying the elastic velocity that could explain the observed diversity in changes associated with rock alteration in a intrusive sheet pattern. An important difference, controlled laboratory experiment forms an however, is that the Bransfield Strait extension is important step toward field-scale seismic acting on pre-existing volcanic crustal rocks. In the monitoring. This study is being expanded as we Bryneira example we see the extension of pre- develop new experiments on a variety of basalt existing back-arc basin crust, possibly in an ‘off samples from the Auckland Volcanic Field. axis’ setting. The Peanut Fault may have originated ORAL as a detachment surface between the mantle and crustal sections of the ophiolite. The major Geoscience Society of New Zealand Conference -1- Christchurch 2013 changes in thickness of the Wooded Peak A 16,000-YEAR LACUSTRINE SEDIMENT RECORD Limestone indicate that sedimentation was OF PALEOCLIMATE CHANGE FROM LAKE VON, influenced by further normal faulting after the NEW ZEALAND magmatic phase ceased. H.J. AndErson1, C.M. Moy1, M.J.VandErgoEs2 & ORAL J.E. Nichols3 1Department of Geology, University of Otago, 364 AMINO ACID, OSL AND RADIOCARBON DATING Leith Walk, Dunedin 9016 OF LOESS IN NORTH CANTERBURY, NEW ZEALAND 2GNS Science, 1 Fairway Drive, Avalon, 1 2 2 Lower Hutt 5011 P. Almond & S. CovEy-Crump , M. JonEs , 3 3 4 Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia D. Kaufman & U. RiEsEr University, Palisades, NY, USA 1Lincoln University, Christchurch 2 [email protected] University of Manchester, U.K 3 Northern Arizona University, USA 4 Lake Von is a small, hydrologically-closed lake in Victoria University, Wellington the northern Southland region of New Zealand, [email protected] south of Lake Wakatipu. The lake is situated upon tills and gravels deposited by the South Von arm of Late Pleistocene loess in Canterbury has been the Upper Clutha Glacial system during the last difficult to date because their oxidised condition glacial maximum. Two 3.5-metre sediment cores has led to the loss of datable organic carbon. In the were obtained from Lake Von during the summer rare instances where radiocarbon dating of of 2013. Lake sediments consist of dark brown organics has been applied the ages suffer from organic-rich silts comprised of algal organic matter, contamination. Thermal (TL) and infra-red diatoms, and lithic fragments. Our research stimulated luminescence (IRSL) techniques have objective is to reconstruct changes in moisture been applied but age reversals in stratigraphic balance related to the strength and latitudinal sequences and conflicts with the age of a well position of the Southern Hemisphere westerly dated tephra and with radiocarbon ages on winds, which control year-to-year precipitation pedogenic carbonate have raised questions about variability in our study area. Here, we present first the techniques’ efficacy. In this paper, new ages results from our multi-proxy investigation, which are presented from Mt Cass loess section in North include 1) bulk d13C and d15N of sediments, Canterbury, where the calcareous, high pH terrestrial plants, and macrophytes; 2) dD and d18O character of the loess has preserved moa egg shell of modern surface waters in the watershed; 3) dD and terrestrial gastropods. The loess section also measured on C31 n-alkanes extracted from bulk includes cryptotephra of Kawakawa/Oruanui lake sediment; and 4) grain size analysis. tephra (KOT) in high concentration throughout a A radiocarbon chronology for Lake Von sediment restricted depth zone. The section has allowed cores identifies a basal age of 17,600 cal yr BP. ages from (1) radiocarbon dating of the egg shell, From 17,600 to 14,500, we observe declining d13C gastropods and pedogenic carbonate, (2) amino and a transition from inorganic glacial silts to acid racemisation (AAR) dating of the gastropods, lacustrine sediments that reflects the retreat of ice (3) IRSL dating of the loess, and (3) the tephra, to in the basin and conditions that favoured be compared. Moa egg shell and gastropod increased influx of terrestrial carbon and/or radiocarbon ages and AAR ages are consistent with reduced productivity. From 14,500 to 9,000 cal yr each other and with the age of KOT. An IRSL age BP, we observe relatively low d13C values and from within the concentrated KOT cryptotephra constant C31 n-alkane dD values that may reflect zone is closer to the accepted age of 25.4 k cal. yr higher lake levels. From 8,000 cal yr BP to present, B.P.
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