Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology, (2009) 27(3): 242-6 Original Article
DERMATOPHYTES, RELATED KERATINOPHILIC AND OPPORTUNISTIC FUNGI IN INDOOR DUST OF HOUSES AND HOSPITALS I Singh, A Mishra, RKS Kushwaha* Abstract
Dermatophytes, related keratinophilic and opportunistic fungi were isolated from indoor dust samples of 46 hospitals and 47 houses in Kanpur. A total of 19 fungi represented by 11 genera were isolated by the hair-baiting technique from 230 and 235 samples from hospitals and houses respectively. The isolated fungi are Acremonium implicatum (Indian Type Culture Collection) ITCC 5266, A. strictum (Germplasm Centre for Keratinophilic Fungi) GPCK 1137, Aphanoascus fulvescens GPCK 1081, Arthroderma simii GPCK 1275, Chrysosporium queenslandicum ITCC 5270, C. indicum ITCC 5269, C. pannicola GPCK 1022, C. tropicum GPCK 1269, Ctenomyces serratus ITCC 5267, Gymnoascus reessii ITCC 5265, Malbranchea fulva GPCK 1075, Malbranchea pulchella ITCC 5268, Micosporum gypseum GPCK 1038, Microsporum cookei GPCK 2001, M. fulvum GPCK 2002, Paecilomyces lilacinum GPCK 1080, Penicillium expansum GPCK 1082, Trichophyton mentagrophytes GPCK 2003 and T. terrestre GPCK 2004. In hospitals, the minimum frequency was of Ctenomyces serratus ITCC 5267 while the maximum frequency was of Arthroderma simii GPCK 1275. In houses, Chrysosporium queenslandicum ITCC 5270 and C. tropicum GPCK 1269 were with minimum and maximum frequencies respectively. This makes the first report of these fungi with keratinolytic ability in the indoor dust of hospitals and houses.
Key words: Dermatophytes, hospitals, houses, keratinophilic fungi
Introduction In recent days, human exposure to the potentially pathogenic fungi is a matter of health risk. Several non- Keratinophilic fungi have been receiving considerable pathogenic fungi are now being reported as opportunistic attention in recent days as these include dermatophytes and pathogen and their occurrence in various environments are able to degrade various types of keratinous substrates. where they are naturally occurring is not directly Several opportunistic keratinophilic fungi with pathogenic investigated. Identifying both environments and fungi potential are emerging rapidly. The hair-baiting technique of where people are exposed to them is of major health isolation of these fungi from soil added new keratinophilic concern.[5] The hospitals and houses are continuously fungi. The teleomorph development of many of these inhabited by human beings. Their floor dusts become fungi on soil hair is an additional outbreak. Soil-inhabiting heavily contaminated from different sources, particularly keratinophilic fungi are now reported from almost all the shoes, barefoot and/or domestic animals and indoor air flora, habitats of the world. Several scattered reports of occurrence which settle down during the night. The indoor dust (soil) of of these fungi in India are appearing. Taxonomic account hospitals and houses in the city of Kanpur was screened for of human pathogenic fungi[1] and keratinophilic fungal potentially pathogenic dermatophytes, related keratinophilic flora of India[2] are reviewed. Chrysosporium, the most and opportunistic fungi in order to find out their occurrence abundant genus of keratinophilic fungi is also reviewed and ability to perforate human hair. and its pathogenic potential is discussed.[3] In addition to Materials and Methods the pathogenic potential of keratinophilic fungi, their other relevance like enzyme keratinase to degrade prion, use The indoor floor dust (soil) samples from 46 hospitals in feather meal production and dehairing of hides etc. are and 47 houses in the city of Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, were recently reported.[4] collected during October–December in the morning before normal sweeping as it settles down during the night. Five dust samples from each hospital and house were collected *Corresponding author (email:
www.ijmm.org July-September 2009 Singh, et al.: Keratinophilic fungi in hospitals and houses 243 were transferred to Sabourauds dextrose agar (Hi Media ITCC 5268 >Malbranchea fulva GPCK 1075 >M. fulvum Laboratories, Mumbai, India) supplemented with 0.05 mg/L GPCK 2002 >Aphanoascus fulvescens GPCK 1081 >A. chloramphenicol (CDH, New Delhi, India) and 0.5mg/L strictum GPCK 1137 >C. queenslandicum ITCC 5270 cycloheximide (Sigma, St Louis, MO, USA) and incubated >Micosporum gypseum GPCK 1038 >Trichophyton at 28±2°C. The fungi were cultured on Sabourauds dextrose terrestre GPCK 2004 >Paecilomyces lilacinum GPCK agar and identified. The hair perforation ability of the 1080 >Acremonium implicatum ITCC 5266 > C. pannicola isolated fungi was tested by inoculating the fungal spore GPCK 1022 >T. mentagrophytes GPCK 2003 >C. tropicum suspension, prepared from eight-day-old colonies, on GPCK 1269 >C. indicum ITCC 5269 >Arthroderma simii sterilized human hair pieces. Hair pieces were observed GPCK 1275. In houses, the fungi in increasing frequency under an Olympus BX40 microscope [Olympus Optical are C. queenslandicum ITCC 5270 >Malbranchea pulchella Co. Ltd. Tokyo, Japan] after 15 days of incubation. All ITCC 5268 >M. fulvum GPCK 2002 >Aphanoascus the isolated fungi were deposited in Indian Type Culture fulvescens GPCK 1081 >T. terrestre GPCK 2004 >T. Collection (ITCC), New Delhi, and Germplasm Centre mentagrophytes GPCK 2003 >C. pannicola GPCK 1022 for Keratinophillic Fungi (GPCK), Department of Botany, >Gymnoascus reessii ITCC 5265 >Penicillium expansum Christ Church College, Kanpur. GPCK 1082 >Acremonium implicatum ITCC 5266 >A. strictum GPCK 1137 >Malbranchea fulva GPCK 1075 > Results Microsporum cookei GPCK 2001 >Ctenomyces serratus A total of 19 fungal species represented by 11 genera ITCC 5267 >Arthroderma simii GPCK 1275 >C. indicum were isolated from 230 and 235 samples from hospitals ITCC 5269 >Paecilomyces lilacinum GPCK 1080 and houses, respectively. A total of 215 and 239 fungi were >Micosporum gypseum GPCK 1038 >C. tropicum GPCK recovered from hospitals and houses. All the isolated fungi 1269. showed a positive hair perforation test, indicating their Discussion ability to digest human hair. Chrysosporium indicum and Arthroderma simii were found in 22 hospital soil samples T. terrestre and T. mentagrophytes isolated here showed whereas C. tropicun was found in 20 samples, Trichophyton positive hair perforation. T. mentagrophytes is reported mentagrophytes in 17 and Acremonium implicatum and C. as the causal agent of tinea pedis, tinea corporis, tinea pannicola were restricted to 14 samples only. Ctenomyces cruris and onychomycosis. Arthroderma simii showed serratus and Microsporum cookie showed their least diverse teleomorphs in Microsporum, Trichophyton presence in two and three samples only. The JB Hospital, and Chrysosporium. Microsporum gypseum, a common Kanpur Nursing Home and the LLR Hospital soil samples geophilic fungus, is isolated from 13 hospital dusts, showed less than 10 fungi, with the least being two. In causes tinea corporis and tinea capitis in humans and is hospital soil, Acremonium implicatum was 100% in two also reported from cats, dogs and rodents. M. fulvum is samples of the Diagnostic Centre and Kanpur Nursing geophilic and rarely infects man and animals, and was Home and 60% in 12 other hospital samples. Among three found in 17 hospital dust samples. Penicillium expansum species of Chrysosporium, C. indicum and C. pannicola causes keratitis. Penicillium lilacinum causes several were 100% in eight and 10 hospital samples respectively types of infections.[6] C. tropicum is the probable cause of [Table 1]. Arthroderma simii was 100% in eight hospitals dermatomycoses.[3] C. pannicola is found to be involved and the remaining were 100% in one to three hospitals, in superficial infection in human and skin infection in except Microsporum fulvum, Ctenomyces serratus and dogs. Aphanoascus fulvescens was reported in several skin Penicillium lilacinum. C. tropicum occurred in 25 and infections in man and animals. Acremonium strictum causes Microsporum gypseum in 24 houses whereas Penicillium invasive infection in neotropenic patients. M. cookie is a lilacinum occurred in 22 houses and the rest of the fungi geophilic fungus, reported from dogs and monkeys, with no in less than 20 houses. C. queenslandicum, Malbranchea certainty existing in its pathogenecity to man. pulchella and Microsporum fulvum showed their presence in two or three houses only. All the houses showed presence There were some studies on non-keratinophilic and of two to five fungi. A maximum of 11 fungi were present pathogenic fungi in Indian soil. But these fungi were not in the Gurudev Rawatpur soil. Of these, 13 houses showed reported from indoor hospital and house dust nor was their presence of two or three fungi only. In soils from houses, C. hair perforating ability determined. However, Vidyasagar [7] indicum was present in 100% in 15 samples, C. tropicum in et al. reported keratinophilic fungi from hospital dust and [8] eight, C. pannicola in four and the remaining were 100% in soils of public places from Gulburga, India. Kushwaha one to three samples [Table 2]. reported dermatophytes and keratinophilic fungi from hospital waste collected outside. Arvanitidou et al.[9] In hospitals, fungal species in increasing frequency isolated 30 filamentous fungi from hospital and potable are Ctenomyces serratus ITCC 5267 >Microsporum water, including dominating Penicillium, Aspergillus and cookei GPCK 2001 >Penicillium expansum GPCK 1082 Acremonium species. Dermatophytes and their relatives >Gymnoascus reessii ITCC 5265 >Malbranchea pulchella were reported from clinical specimens of different parts
www.ijmm.org 244 Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology vol. 27, No. 3 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 3 1 4 5 4 4 4 2 4 4 7 8 7 4 5 4 4 7 4 4 7 4 4 3 2 5 9 5 4 5 3 6 2 6 6 11 GPCK 11 GPCK 11 215 Total Fungi Total
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 60 60 60 60 60 40 60 60 60 60 19 100 100 TT 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 20 60 60 20 60 60 60 60 20 10 18 100 TM 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 40 20 40 60 17 100 MF GPCK 1075, 10. AF= Aphanoascus 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 60 16 100 MC 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 0 60 60 80 60 60 20 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 15 100 100 100 100 AS 100 100 100 100 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 60 20 20 60 14 PE GPCK 1080, 14. PE= Penicillium expansum GPCK 1082, 15.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 60 20 20 60 60 40 20 60 60 60 20 20 13 100 PL 100
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 20 40 40 60 60 60 60 60 60 12 100 CT 100 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 40 11 CS 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 20 50 20 60 60 10 100 AF 100 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 20 20 60 60 60 60 MF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 8 60 60 60 80 60 60 50 50 60 60 100 100 100 MG 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 10 60 60 60 60 60 20 60 60 60 100 AS 17. MF= M. fulvum GPCK 2002, 18. mentagrophytes TM= Trichophyton GPCK 2003, 19. terrestre TT= T.
6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 6 40 60 60 40 100 MP
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 5 60 60 20 40 30 40 20 60 60 60 20 60 60 40 60 100 CP Table 1: Frequency of keratinophilic fungi in hospital soil 1: Frequency Table 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 0 4 60 60 80 60 60 10 40 60 60 60 80 60 60 60 CI 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 3 60 60 60 60 20 20 60 60 60 60 20 20 CQ 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 40 20 20 20 20 100 GR ITCC 5268, 7. AS= A. strictum GPCK 1137, 8. MG= Micosporum gypseum GPCK 1038, 9. MF= Malbranchea fulva 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 1 60 60 60 60 60 60 40 60 60 60 60 60 60 AI 100 100 GPCK 1081, 11. CS= Ctenomyces serratus ITCC 5267, 12. CT= C. tropicum GPCK 1269, 13. PL= Paecilomyces lilacinum
Total Vimal nursing home Vimal Sulaxmi nursing home Sukhmani nursing home Shushila nursing home Shekhar nursing home RKDevi hospital Regency hospital RC memorial hospital Ramkaur nursing home Raj hospital Priya nursing home Navyug nursing home Moti nursing home MCRobert hospital Mariampur hospital Madhulok nursing home Madhraj Nursing home LLRhospital Leelamani hospital Lakhanpur hospital Kulwanti hospital Krishna medical centre Kanpur nursing home Kanpur medical centre Kalyanpur nursing home Jolly nursing home JL Rohtagi memorial hospital JL Jeewan jyoti nursing home JB hopital GT nursing home GT Eye hospital Durga nursing home Durga Duffrin hospital Duffrin DS nursing home Diagnostic centre Cswaroop nursing home CL nursing home CL Chanrabhal nursing home Chandani nursing home Bhatia nursing home Bhargawa nursing home Bhargawa Beema hospital Ayurvedic hospital Ayurvedic Asha nursing home Amba nursing home Abha nursing home
Hospitals Data shows frequency of fungi. implicatum ITCC AC= Acremonium 5266, 2. 1. ITCC GR= Gymnoascus 5265, reessii 3. CQ= Chrysosporium queenslandicum ITCC 5217, 4.CI= C. indicum ITCC 5269, 5. CP= C. pannicola 1022, 6. MP= Malbranchea pulchella fulvescens AS= Arthroderma simii GPCK 1275, 16. MC= Microsporum cookei GPCK 2001, GPCK 2004. terrestre TT= T. GPCK 2003, 19. mentagrophytes TM= Trichophyton 2004. 17. MF= M. fulvum GPCK 2002, 18.
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8 7 5 3 3 2 5 3 3 5 2 3 GPCK 5 4 5 3 3 4 3 2 5 4 3 6 6 5 7 6 5 9 5 7 7 9 5 6 8 2 6 6 9 4 4 4 5 5 GPCK 11 239 Total Fungi Total
6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 20 60 60 60 60 19 TT 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 60 20 60 60 18 100 100 TM 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 20 60 17 MF GPCK 1075, 10. AF= Aphanoascus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 60 60 60 80 60 60 40 32 20 60 40 60 16 100 100 100 MC 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 40 20 20 20 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 80 60 20 60 15 100 AS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 20 20 40 60 40 40 20 60 40 20 60 14 PE 100 GPCK 1080, 14. PE= Penicillium expansum GPCK 1082, 15.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 20 60 60 40 40 50 40 60 40 20 20 60 40 60 60 60 20 20 60 40 20 13 100 PL
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 20 60 60 60 60 60 20 60 60 60 40 60 60 60 60 60 60 12 100 100 100 100 CT 100 100 100 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 20 60 60 60 60 20 20 20 60 20 60 60 40 60 60 20 11 20 CS 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 20 20 20 20 10 100 AF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 13 40 60 40 60 60 80 40 20 40 60 60 60 60 MF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 24 60 80 60 40 80 60 60 80 60 20 40 40 60 60 40 10 40 60 20 20 100 100 100 100 MG 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 13 20 60 60 20 60 60 60 40 60 60 60 100 100 AS
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 20 60 60 MP
9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 10 60 60 60 20 100 CP 100 100 100 Table 2: Frequency of keratinophilic fungi in houses 2: Frequency Table 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 22 60 60 60 40 60 60 20 CI 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 60 100 CQ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 10 80 40 60 60 10 60 40 60 60 20 GR ITCC 5268, 7. AS= A. strictum GPCK 1137, 8. MG= Micosporum gypseum GPCK 1038, 9. MF= Malbranchea fulva 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 13 60 60 60 40 60 60 60 60 AI 100 100 100 100 100 GPCK 1081, 11. CS= Ctenomyces serratus ITCC 5267, 12. CT= C. tropicum GPCK 1269, 13. PL= Paecilomyces lilacinum
Total Vishnupuri Vinyak pur Vinyak Vikas nagar Vikas Tilak nagar Tilak Taffco civil lines Taffco Swaroop nagar Souter ganj Shiwala Shastri nagar Sharda nagar Shanti nagar Sarvodya nagar Saket nagar Rambagh Panki Pandu nagar Nirala nagar Nehru nagar Nawab ganj Naveen nagar Lajpat nagar Khalasi line KESA colony KESA Kalayanpur Kakadeo Juhi Jawahar nagar Indra nagar IIT Harizender nagar Gwaltoil Gurdev Rawat pur Gumt number 5 Geeta nagar Govind nagar Dev nagar Darshan purwa Company bagh Civil lines Chunni ganj Chowk Birhana road Azad nagar Awadh puri Awadh Avas vikas Avas Arya nagar
House Allen ganj Data shows frequency of fungi. implicatum ITCC AC= Acremonium 5266, 2. 1. ITCC GR= Gymnoascus 5265, reessii 3. CQ= Chrysosporium queenslandicum ITCC 5217, 4.CI= C. indicum ITCC 5269, 5. CP= C. pannicola 1022, 6. MP= Malbranchea pulchella fulvescens AS= Arthroderma simii GPCK 1275, 16. MC= Microsporum cookei GPCK 2001 , 17. MF= M. fulvum GPCK 2002, 18. TM= Trichophyton mentagrophytes GPCK 2003, 19. terrestre TT= T. 2004.
www.ijmm.org 246 Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology vol. 27, No. 3 of India.[10] Kumari et al.[11] isolated 46 fungi from 40 soil and biotechnological potential. In: Biology of dermatophytes samples of Manipal. Their study included Cunninghmella, and other keratinophilic fungi. In: Kushwaha RKS, Guarro J, Fusarium, Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Pennicilium and editors. Spain: Rev Iberoamericana Micol Bilbao; 2000. p. 66- 76. Paecilomyces. Acremonium, Pseudoallescheria boydis and [12,13] 4. Kushwaha RKS, Gupta P. Relevance of keratinophilic fungi. other pathogenic fungi were isolated from Indian soil. Curr Sci 2008;94:706-7. The present brief survey of hospitals and houses reports 5. Madisen AM, Hansen VM, Meyling NV, Eilenberg J. Human potentially pathogenic keratinophilic and other opportunistic exposure to airborne fungi from genera used as biocntrol fungi. The presence of these fungi in indoor dust samples of agents in plant protection. Ann Agric Environ Med 2007;14:5- hospitals and houses indicates that indoor soil harbors some 24. potentially pathogenic fungi which are able to penetrate 6. Hoog de GS, Guarro J, Gene J, Figueras MJ. Atlas of clinical and degrade hair. Certain other reports of these fungi in fungi. CBS, Utrecht. Netherlands and Universitat Rovira I indoor environment, schools and parks have also been Virgilli, Reus Spain: 2000. p. 1-1126. 7. Vidyasagar GM, Hosmani N, Shivkumar D. Keratinophilic made. Mancianti and Papini[14] isolated Microsporun canis, fungi isolated from hospital dust and soil of public places at M. gypseum, T. ajelloi, T. terrestre, T. mentagrophytes, Gulbarga, India. Mycopathologia 2005;159:13-21. Chrysosporium tropicum, Chrysosporium keratinophilum 8. Kuswaha RKS. Dermatophytes and non dermatophytes in and Chrysosporium state of Arthroderma tuberculatum hospital waste. 13Cong Inter Soc Human Animal Mycol. from floors of 50 veterinary clinics of Italy. Shadzi et al.[15] 1997; 036 Abs. isolated 214 keratinophilic fungi from the soil of schools 9. Arvanitidou M, Kanallou, K Constantinidis TC, and parks in Iran, of which C. keratinophilum was the most Katsouyannopoulos V. The occurrence of fungi in hospital and frequent. Saidi et al.[16] isolated 21 fungal genera from community potable waters. Lett Appl Microbiol 1999;29:81-4. skin infection in poultry and correlated high prevalence 10. Sarma S, Borthakur AK. A clinico epidemiological study of dermatophytes in North East India. Indian J Dermatol of Chrysosporium species both from soil and skin lesions. Venereol Leprol 2007;73:427-8. The results of this study suggest the periodic survey of the 11. Kumari GR, Mahrora S, Rao PS. Prevalence of non indoor environment of hospitals and houses for continuous keratinophilic fungi in the soil. Indian J Med Microbiol monitoring of the prevalence of potentially pathogenic 2005;23:144-5. fungi because the ascoma forming fungi survive for a longer 12. Gugnani HC, Shrivastava JB. Occurrence of pathogenic fungi period and may develop a reservoir of these fungi. in soil. Indian J Med Res 1972;60:40-7. 13 Pankajlakshmi VV, Taralalakshmi VV. Mycetoma in the Acknowledgements tropics. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 1984;27:233-8. 14. Mancianti F, Papini R. Isolation of keratinophilic fungi from This work was carried out with financial assistance received the floors of private veterinary clinics in Italy. Vet Res Commu from DST and MoEF. 1996;20:161-6. 15. Shadzi S, Chadeganipour M, Alimoradi M, Isolation of References keratinophilic fungi from elementary schools and public parks in Isfahan, Iran. Mycoses 2002;45:496-9. 1. Kushwaha RKS, Tripathi N. Human pathogenic fungi, 16. Saidi SA, Das P, Sikdar A. Keratinophilic fungi of poultry and a review. In: Animal and Human Pathogenic Fungi. In: their environment in India. Indian J Comp Microbiol Immunol Kushwaha RKS, editor. Jodhpur: Scientific Publishers; 2004. Infect Dis 2000;21:49-55. p. 185-250. 2. Tripathi N, Kushwaha RKS. Indian keratinophilic fungal flora: A Review. In: Fungi: Diversity and Biotechnology. In: Deshmukh SK, Rai MK, editors. Jodhpur: Scientific Publishers; 2005. p. 31-62. Source of Support: DST and MoEF, 3. Kushwaha RKS. The genus Chrysosporium its physiology Conflict of Interest: None declared.
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