UNCLASSIFIED U.S. Department of State [email protected] Burma 2010 Election Results http://hiu.state.gov HUMANITARIAN INFORMATION UNIT One small step for democracy?

Amid allegations of election irregularities, National Parliament election results, 2010* including ballot stu ng, coercion, fraud, USDP Ethnic Pro-Democracy National Unity Party Independent Canceled intimidation, and violence (see Burma 2010 People’s Parliament 258 47 9 12 0 4 Election Irregularities, page 2), the (Lower House)

regime-backed Union Solidarity and Nationalities Parliament 129 26 7 5 1 0 Development Party (USDP) won national, (Upper House) regional, and state elections. * The military appoints 25% of all seats to its soldiers: 56 additional seats in the Nationalities Parliament, 110 additional seats in the People’s Parliament Despite USDP using election apparatus and military force to manipulate votes, some people voted for the party of their choice. Ethnic states in particular voted for Lower House Upper House non-USDP candidates (see table below).

Military* USDP Other

Parliament Makeup in Ethnic States Chin

Kachin

Kayah

Kayin (Karen) Mon Yangon Region Rakhine Upper House 8 USDP Shan 4 Pro-Democracy Lower House Parliament Makeup in Regions 37 USDP Mandalay 8 Pro-Democracy

Tanintharyi

Magway National National National Independent Democratic Unity Unity Bago Force Party Party Ethnic Ethnic Ayeyarwady National Democratic Sagaing USDP USDP Military* Force Yangon Military*

* 25% of all seats reserved for military

Names and boundary representation are not Sources: Democratic Voice of Burma, Burma News International, Irrawaddy, March 26, 2012 - U553 STATE (HIU) necessarily authoritative. International Crisis Group, AltASEAN.org UNCLASSIFIED Burma 2010 Election Irregularities

Neither free nor fair? Kachin State Legal framework The 2008 Constitution, approved in a discredited referendum, Sagaing reserves 25% of all Parliament seats for members of the Region military. It also allows the government to create lists of “ghost voters” and assign these votes to the regime-backed Union Chin Solidarity and Development Party (USDP). State

Shan State Rules and restrictions Mandalay Rakhine Region State Magway The constitutionally-mandated Union Election Commission (UEC) Region rejected 10 of 47 political parties and banned from participating. Her National League for Democracy (NLD), which won a Kayah landslide victory in the ignored 1990 elections, subsequently State boycotted the 2010 election. One-third of the 3,153 approved Bago Region candidates were members of the USDP. The UEC banned election Mon commentary and analysis in the media, prohibited outside monitors Ayeyarwady State Kayin Reported election State and foreign journalists, vetted and rejected candidates, reviewed all irregularities per township Region campaign speeches, and signi cantly restricted campaigning. Fraud, Violence & Campaign Yangon harassment & intimidation, restriction Region Results and irregularities coercion arrest Number of incidents

The government’s ocial voter turnout was 76.48% at 40,000 polling Tanintharyi stations in 325 townships. Though this gure may be inated, in Region comparison, the regime claimed a 99.07% turnout (and 92.48% 1-5 6-10 >10 approval) for the 2008 constitutional referendum. Percentage of village elections Foreign-based Burmese news organizations collected more than 500 canceled per township reports of fraud, protests, illegal activity and other election irregularities. 1-33% 66-99%

33-66% 100%

U.S. Department of State [email protected] Township State/Region http://hiu.state.gov boundary boundary

HUMANITARIAN INFORMATION UNIT

Names and boundary representation are not Sources: Democratic Voice of Burma, Burma News International, Irrawaddy, March 26, 2012 - U554 STATE (HIU) necessarily authoritative. International Crisis Group, AltASEAN.org, Burma Partnership UNCLASSIFIED

U.S. Department of State [email protected] Burma Reforms and 2012 By-elections http://hiu.state.gov HUMANITARIAN INFORMATION UNIT

Since its discredited 2010 elections, the nominally civilian Government of Burma has made a number of political reforms. O cials state the April 1 by-elections will be more free and more fair than previous elections, though less than 4% of all seats are open (see map). The Union Election Commission has made voter registration lists publicly available, oered all parties an Kachin opportunity to broadcast TV and radio messages at government expense, and publicly called for State an end to informal campaign restrictions. Western governments have said they will heavily scrutinize the election conduct in the context of considering further easing of sanctions.

Sagaing Burma reform timeline Region Discredited referendum approves 5/10/2008 the 2008 constitution. It guarantees 25% of parliamentary seats to the 11/7/10 Regime-backed Union military, allows the military to take Solidarity and Development Chin over government during a state of Party sweeps rst Burmese State emergency, and creates many general election in 20 years Shan State Mandalay administrative bodies, including Region the Union Election Commission 11/13/10 Aung San Suu Kyi (ASSK) freed Rakhine Magway Nay Pyi Taw from seven years of house arrest State Region 4 lower house seats ASSK says she is willing to 11/19/10 Kayah work with the government State 3/30/11 Burma inaugurates its rst civilian government in nearly 40 years, led by President Bago Region Thein Sein announces an amnesty, 5/17/11 cutting one year from all sentences Mon and commuting death sentences 9/5/11 The government establishes the State Ayeyarwady Kayin Myanmar Human Rights Commission Region State Burma lifts bans on prominent 9/15/11 to investigate abuses under the 2008 news websites, including some Constitution Yangon Region critical of the government 9/30/11 Myitsone Dam project Open Parliament seats suspended, widely seen as a Burma frees about 200 10/12/11 Nationalities Parliament response to public opposition (Upper House) political prisoners including Tanintharyi several prominent dissidents People’s Parliament Region (Lower House) 1/13/12 Burma releases 651 prisoners, including UEC approves 19 political parties, 2/7/2012 hundreds of high-prole activists Regional Parliament including eight new parties, for the UEC eases some restrictions on by-election and approves ASSK’s 2/20/2012 Nationalities and People’s political rallies amid NLD complaints Parliament candidacy for the Lower House seat in Kawhmu township, Yangon South. Only Postponed USDP and National League for Democracy (NLD) are contesting all 48 seats. 3/26/2012 Government postpones by-elections Occupied seats in Kachin State

Township boundary 4/1/2012 Election Day

Names and boundary representation Sources: Union Election Commission, Reuters March 26, 2012 - U555 STATE (HIU) are not necessarily authoritative.