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Bennert2005.Pdf (9.180Mb) The Narrow{Line Region of Active Galaxies Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades Doktor der Naturwissenschaften\ " der Fakult¨at fur¨ Physik und Astronomie an der Ruhr{Universit¨at Bochum vorgelegt von Nicola Bennert Bochum 2005 The Narrow{Line Region of Active Galaxies PhD Thesis Faculty of Physics and Astronomy Ruhr{University Bochum Nicola Bennert Bochum 2005 First referee: Prof. Dr. Rolf Chini Second referee: Prof. Dr. Heino Falcke This document has been created with LATEX 2". Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 17.10.2005 In memoriam Prof. Dr. Hartmut Schulz, deceased in August 2003. I remember him gratefully for having been my \Doktorvater" in the truest sense of the word. The astronomical community has lost a wonderful colleague and a truly independent mind. Contents 1. Introduction : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 1 1.1 Global Picture . 1 1.1.1 Broad{Line Region . 6 1.1.2 Narrow{Line Region . 6 1.2 Motivation . 8 1.3 Layout of PhD Thesis . 9 2. NLR Size and Luminosity: Observations : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 11 2.1 Introduction . 11 2.2 Data . 12 2.3 Results and Discussion . 13 2.3.1 NLR Size and Luminosity . 13 2.3.2 Consequences of the NLR Size{Luminosity Relation . 19 2.3.3 BLR Size and NLR Size . 24 2.3.4 Black Hole Mass . 26 2.3.5 NLR Surface{Brightness Profiles . 26 2.4 Conclusions . 29 3. NLR Size and Luminosity: Modeling : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 31 3.1 Introduction . 31 3.2 Model Description . 31 3.2.1 Model Assumptions . 31 3.2.2 Model Predictions . 34 3.3 Receding{Torus Model and Modifications . 40 3.4 Alternatives . 43 3.5 Conclusions . 44 4. Spatially{Resolved NLR Diagnostics : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 45 4.1 Introduction . 45 4.2 Observations . 46 4.2.1 VLT/FORS1 . 46 4.2.2 NTT/EMMI . 49 4.3 Reduction and Analysis . 50 4.3.1 Standard Reduction . 50 4.3.2 Extraction . 56 VI Contents 4.3.3 Stellar Population of Galactic Nuclei . 56 4.3.4 Fe ii Template . 62 4.3.5 Emission{Line Fluxes and Reddening . 62 4.4 Results and Discussion . 67 4.4.1 Nuclear Spectra, Emission{Line Fluxes, and Temperature . 71 4.4.2 Reddening Distributions . 75 4.4.3 Diagnostic Diagrams . 79 4.4.4 Photoionization Modeling and NLR size . 82 4.4.5 Surface{Brightness Distributions . 91 4.4.6 Electron{Density Distributions . 93 4.4.7 Ionization{Parameter Distributions . 99 4.4.8 Consequences for the NLR Size{Luminosity Relation . 104 4.4.9 Velocities . 105 4.4.10 Extended Broad Lines? . 105 4.4.11 Differences between Type{1 and Type{2 Seyferts . 118 4.4.12 Detailed Case Study of the Seyfert{2 Galaxy NGC 1386 . 124 4.4.13 Comments on Individual Objects . 131 4.5 Conclusions . 160 5. Conclusions : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 163 5.1 Summary . 163 5.2 Outlook . 164 A. Hubble Constant and World Model : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 165 B. Observed Surface{Brightness Profiles : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 167 C. Calculation of Physical Parameters : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 187 C.1 Reddening . 187 C.2 Temperature . 189 C.3 Electron Density . 190 C.4 Ionization Parameter . 190 C.5 FWHM . 191 C.6 Mass . 192 D. Calculation of Errors : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 193 Bibliography : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 195 Acknowledgements : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 205 Curriculum Vitae : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 207 List of Figures 1.1 Diagnostic line{ratio diagram; Unified scheme . 5 2.1 NLR size{luminosity relation . 14 2.2 Groundbased versus HST data; NLR size{luminosity relation (3σ limit) . 14 2.3 NLR size{luminosity relation (50% luminosity); NLR{BLR relation . 20 2.4 Gaussian to total luminosity versus total luminosity and linear scale . 20 2.5 Surface{brightness profiles versus point{spread function . 28 3.1 Geometrical model . 32 3.2 Luminosity from ionization cone . 34 3.3 Projected NLR radii for type{1 and type{2 AGNs . 35 3.4 Theoretical NLR size{luminosity relations . 41 4.1 Emission{line images (NGC 1386, NGC 3281, MCG {6{30{15, NGC 5643) 48 4.2 Emission{line images (Fairall 51, NGC 6860, Mrk 915, NGC 526a) . 54 4.3 Emission{line images (MCG {05{13{017, IC 5063, NGC 7212, ESO 362{ G008) . 55 4.4 Reddening of stellar template . 58 4.5 Template subtraction . 60 4.6 Examples of Gaussian fits (Seyfert{2 galaxies) . 64 4.7 Line–profile variations in NGC 5643 and IC 5063 . 65 4.8 Examples of Gaussian fits (Seyfert{1 galaxies) . 66 4.9 Central spectra (NGC 1386, NGC 3281, NGC 5643, IC 5063) . 68 4.10 Central spectra (NGC 7212, ESO 362{G008, MCG {6{30{15, Fairall 51) . 69 4.11 Central spectra (NGC 6860, Mrk 915, NGC 526a, MCG {05{13{017) . 70 4.12 Reddening distributions (NGC 1386, NGC 3281, NGC 5643) . 76 4.13 Reddening distributions (IC 5063, NGC 7212, ESO 362{G008) . 77 4.14 Reddening distributions (Seyfert{1 galaxies) . 78 4.15 Diagnostic diagrams (NGC 1386, NGC 5643) . 80 4.16 Diagnostic diagrams (NGC 6860, MCG {05{13{017) . 81 4.17 NLR versus H ii{region spectra . 84 4.18 Diagnostic diagrams (NGC 3281, IC 5063, NGC 7212, ESO 362{G008, Fairall 51, Mrk 915, NGC 526a) . 85 4.19 Spatially varying nitrogen and sulfur line{ratios (Seyfert{2 galaxies) . 86 4.20 Spatially varying nitrogen and sulfur line{ratios (Seyfert{1 galaxies) . 87 4.21 Spatially varying oxygen line{ratios (Seyfert{2 galaxies) . 88 VIII List of Figures 4.22 Spatially varying oxygen line{ratios (Seyfert{1 galaxies) . 89 4.23 CLOUDY modeling results . 92 4.24 Surface{brightness distributions (Seyfert{2 galaxies) . 95 4.25 Surface{brightness distributions (Seyfert{1 galaxies) . 96 4.26 Electron{density distributions (Seyfert{2 galaxies) . 97 4.27 Electron{density distributions (Seyfert{1 galaxies) . 98 4.28 Ionization{parameter distributions (Seyfert{2 galaxies) . 101 4.29 Ionization{parameter distributions (Seyfert{1 galaxies) . 102 4.30 Velocity fields (Seyfert{2 galaxies) . 106 4.31 Velocity fields (Seyfert{1 galaxies) . 107 4.32 Broad Hα and Hβ emission in Fairall 51 . 109 4.33 Gaussian fits to broad Hα emission in Fairall 51 . 110 4.34 Broad Hα and Hβ emission in NGC 6860 . 111 4.35 Gaussian fits to broad Hα emission in NGC 6860 . 112 4.36 Broad Hα and Hβ emission in Mrk 915 . 113 4.37 Gaussian fits to broad Hα emission in Mrk 915 . 114 4.38 Broad Hα flux and comparison to narrow Hα flux . 116 4.39 Line{of{sight integration for type{1 and type{2 AGNs . 122 4.40 Hα–profile variations in NGC 5643 . 138 B.1 Observed surface{brightness profiles . 168 C.1 Electron density and ionization parameter as function of line ratios . 191 List of Tables 2.1 NLR size{luminosity relations and NLR{BLR relation . 15 2.2 Comparison of HST and groundbased data . 17 2.3 Observed NLR radius versus expected Str¨omgren radius . 23 2.4 Distribution of surface{brightness profiles . 28 3.1 Consequences of receding{torus model on NLR sizes . 38 3.2 Theoretical NLR size{luminosity relations . 40 4.1 Properties of the VLT sample . 47 4.2 VLT observations . 49 4.3 Properties of the NTT sample (Seyfert{1 galaxies) . 51 4.4 Properties of the NTT sample (Seyfert{2 galaxies) . 52 4.5 NTT observations . ..
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