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Linux in Home Networks § Example System for DVB Streaming § Possible Future Applications • All•In•One Solution § Conclusions 23.10.2008 § Links

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Linux in Home Networks § Example System for DVB Streaming § Possible Future Applications • All•In•One Solution § Conclusions 23.10.2008 § Links VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND Outline § Benefits from using Linux § Using Linux in • Multimedia • Broadband router • Network storage Linux in home networks § Example system for DVB streaming § Possible future applications • all•in•one solution § Conclusions 23.10.2008 § Links Sami Ruponen 23.10.2008 Sami Ruponen VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND Benefits from using Linux Benefits from using Linux (continued) § Linux can be used everywhere (almost) § Communities • scales from wrist watches to super computers • lots of developers and experts worldwide • portability • help and tips • wide peripheral support, even for older ones • everyone can participate in development § Free software q programmers • development tools q translators q … • no/low costs or license fees § Experienced users can easily § Development • add functionalities • use of existing solutions (don’t invent the wheel again!) • modify for own needs • continuity q regardless of manufacturer support q future support 23.10.2008 Sami Ruponen 23.10.2008 Sami Ruponen 1 VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND Linux•based set•top box Linux in multimedia use Dreambox § Lot of improvement in recent years § Linux based § Almost equal or even better compared to Windows•world • officially user•upgradeable and modifiable § Things that slow down the development or restrict usage § Real digital TV set•top box • DRM • Linux doesn’t show up to a regular user q in CD, DVD, Blu•ray Disc ... • not a Home Theatre PC Dream Multimedia GmbH q e.g. CSS, AACS, HDCP … • set•top box like interface • closed source softwares and drivers • with Ethernet and USB interfaces and an optional HDD q not always bad thing, but what about the future? q NAS (Network Attached Storage) system can be used instead of § Compatibility between (consumer) devices is important internal HDD • various consortiums exist –even open ones § Benefits from Linux and Ethernet interface q DLNA • Digital Living Network Alliance • enables use of PC•like applications q UPnP Forum –Universal Plug and Play q ssh•terminal, file server, web browser, e•mail client, etc. q lots of others • web•based control q program guides q scheduled recordings 23.10.2008 Sami Ruponen 23.10.2008 Sami Ruponen VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND Linux•based set•top box Linux•based broadband router Dreambox Linksys WRT54GL § What’s under the hood § Hardware info • Linux operating system (2.6 series kernel) with shell access • 200 MHz Broadcom 5352 (MIPS32) • closed source kernel modules for low•level access to hardware • 16MB RAM, 4MB Flash • graphical user interface on top of Linux • 10/100Mpbs Ethernet (4x LAN, 1x WAN) q Enigma2 (Gemini2, Nemesis) ... • 802.11b/g 54Mbps for wireless LAN o C++ for low•level stuff • ships with modified Linux www.linksys.com o Python for higher•level e.g. user interface, menu etc. § What user can do § Alternative open source firmwares • download firmware upgrades from network • OpenWRT, DD•WRT • install plugins and additional softwares • install plugins and additional softwares • enables features not found in other • manage the box through shell interface consumer devices • execute regular Linux programs • even compile and install own firmware image 23.10.2008 Sami Ruponen 23.10.2008 Sami Ruponen 2 VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND Linux•based broadband router Linux•based Network Attached Storage Linksys WRT54GL Linksys NSLU2 § Benefits § Hardware info • possibility to run various servers and applications • 266 MHz Intel XScale IXP420 (ARM) q web server, radius server for authentication ... • 32MB RAM, 8MB Flash q SIP proxy • 2x USB 2.0 q firewall with content filtering • 10/100Mpbs Ethernet o caching proxy server to speed up slow Internet connection • ships with modified Linux o application•level gateway (ALG) to support applications with separate data and control channel • build your own business using open source software § History q OpenWRT•based software • originally run modified Linux o OpenSpark, FON q Linksys was required to release source codes § Other manufacturers have similar devices • communities started developing own firmware • can be used with same open source firmwares q NSLU2•Linux project • check list of supported devices from projects' web pages q alternate firmware images and operating systems q hardware modification (serial port etc.) 23.10.2008 Sami Ruponen 23.10.2008 Sami Ruponen VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND Linux•based Network Attached Storage Example system for DVB streaming Linksys NSLU2 § Ability to run an unrestricted Linux OS § Building a test system • with some memory restrictions • as a proof of concept • wide range of applications besides NAS • interesting subject q web server § Only few components tested q mail server § Built using common PCs q multimedia stream server § Open software used q VoIP server • VLC (a stream server and client) • some DVB utilities for Linux (tuner interaction) § Similar devices from various manufacturers • Iomega StorCentre devices q Open Protium project • check list of supported devices from projects' web pages 23.10.2008 Sami Ruponen 23.10.2008 Sami Ruponen 3 VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND Example system for DVB streaming Example system for DVB streaming Key components ADSL / Cable modem Wireless Ethernet Broadband Wireless modem § DVB streamer access point switch router native Ethernet • Linux + VLC (as server) • one tuner per DVB mux q commercial encrypted channels ??? Internet • one multicast IP address per channel • several possibilities to transport the stream DVB q MPEG•TS over UDP/IP streamer q RTP over UDP/IP • use SAP and SDP to advertise channels • minimal processing power needed Wireless q decapsulate streams from MPEG Transport Stream clients q no decoding of audio or video Mobile phone Media Desktop Set•top box server computer + TV 23.10.2008 Sami Ruponen 23.10.2008 Sami Ruponen VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND Example system for DVB streaming Example system for DVB streaming Key components Key components § Media server § Ethernet switch • scheduled recording/storage of TV programs • combined bit rate of channels per DVB MUX ~20Mbit/s • re•encode saved programs q thousands of multicast packets per second q to save storage space • broadcast traffic throughout LAN (unnecessary) q to play in hand•held devices q chokes wireless links q real•time, on demand or idle time q chokes 10Mbps Ethernet (even 100Mbps in case of multiple MUXs) • stream media over Internet q every host has to process regardless of interest q real•time streaming of selected channel • intelligent switch needed q saved media q only send a stream to a port with client listening • file server for q multicast and “IGMP snooping”support needed q documents q exists only in few consumer products q what ever files • streams can/should be prioritised over other traffic • Linux + VLC (as client and server) q Ethernet priority tagging q also web server, smb/nfs server, etc. q IP DiffServ 23.10.2008 Sami Ruponen 23.10.2008 Sami Ruponen 4 VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND Example system for DVB streaming Example system for DVB streaming pros cons § Software and hardware parts are easily available § Power consumption Can be solved with more § Devices assembled from standard parts § Heat dissipation and noise specialised hardware e.g. • good availability § Space requirements embedded devices • low cost § Integration of pieces needed • good Linux support • increase compatibility § Everything (almost) can be built on top of Linux • more user•friendly interface • free software • ease of development § Support from Internet • help from forums • tips and examples 23.10.2008 Sami Ruponen 23.10.2008 Sami Ruponen VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND All•in•one solution? Conclusions § How about putting it all together § Linux can be used everywhere • An embedded•like system • hardware and software exists q small size, low noise, heat dissipation, power consumption • Powerful user interface § Important issues for future development and usage • Could be used for • software integration q network storage • user•friendly interface q broadband router for o wire line access (Ethernet, ADSL) o wireless access (Wi•Fi, 3G/HSPA, Flash•OFDM, WiMAX) § Open issues / problems q advanced firewall • DRM q Wi•Fi access point, Ethernet switch • closed source software and drivers q surveillance, home automation • software patents q general•purpose server o web, e•mail, file, backup, streaming, printing, VoIP, gaming etc. 23.10.2008 Sami Ruponen 23.10.2008 Sami Ruponen 5 VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND Links § Router § Embedded Linux • http://openwrt.org/ • http://elinux.org/ • http://www.dd•wrt.com/ • http://www.openembedded.org/ • https://open.sparknet.fi/ § NAS § Compatibility • http://www.nslu2•linux.org/ • http://www.dlna.org/ • http://www.openprotium.org/ • http://elinux.org/DLNA_Open_Source_Projects § DVB streaming • http://www.upnp.org/ THANK YOU • http://www.videolan.org/ • http://upnp.sourceforge.net/ • http:// www.linuxtv.org/ Sami Ruponen § Dreambox VTT / Networks • http://www.dream•multimedia•tv.de/index_eng.php [email protected] • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreambox • http://dreambox.wikidot.com/ (in Finnish) 23.10.2008 Sami Ruponen 6.
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    Establishing trusted Machine-to-Machine communications in the Internet of Things through the use of behavioural tests Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of the University of Liverpool for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy by Valerio Selis April 2018 \Be less curious about people and more curious about ideas." Marie Curie Abstract Today, the Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the most important emerging technolo- gies. Applicable to several fields, it has the potential to strongly influence people's lives. \Things" are mostly embedded machines, and Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communica- tions are used to exchange information. The main aspect of this type of communication is that a \thing" needs a mechanism to uniquely identify other \things" without human intervention. For this purpose, trust plays a key role. Trust can be incorporated in the smartness of \things" by using mobile \agents". From the study of the IoT ecosystem, a new threat against M2M communications has been identified. This relates to the opportunity for an attacker to employ several forged IoT-embedded machines that can be used to launch attacks. Two \things-aware" detection mechanisms have been proposed and evaluated in this work for incorporation into IoT mobile trust agents. These new mechanisms are based on observing specific thing-related behaviour obtained by using a characterisation algorithm. The first mechanism uses a range of behaviours obtained from real embedded ma- chines, such as threshold values, to detect whether a target machine is forged. This detection mechanism is called machine emulation detection algorithm (MEDA). MEDA takes around 3 minutes to achieve a detection accuracy of 79.21%, with 44.55% of real embedded machines labelled as belonging to forged embedded machines.
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