A Cost Analysis of Degree Programs for Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University

For the Asian Development Bank

De La Salle University Research Team

DR ANDREA SANTIAGO * MS MITZIE IRENE PONCE * MS SHERRYL UY March 2004

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The cost analysis was conducted for Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University using data presented by the SUC. The financial, student and faculty information was for the calendar year 2001 while the course data provided was for the first term SY 2002-2003.

In brief, the highlights of the cost analysis reveal the following:

Enrollment 11,3881 Enrollment (net of Basic Education) 9,974 Graduates 2,131 No. of Teaching Faculty 600 Student Per Faculty 16.62

Total Expenditures P306,109,6322 Tuition & Miscellaneous Fees 11,491,035 Other Income 1,447,297

Average PS per Faculty P 438,5653 Average Expenditures per Student P 30,6914

Based on the computations made, the following are the indicative figures:

Total number of sections offered for undergraduate subjects 1,993 Total number of sections offered for graduate subjects 89 Total number of sections offered for open university 70

Average class size for undergraduate subjects5 26.89 Average class size for graduate subjects 23.18 Average class size for open university 10.06

Average unit cost per student for undergraduate subjects 420.09 Average unit cost per student for graduate subjects 617.88 Average unit cost per student for open university 358.49 Average MOOE per undergraduate student 646.47 Average MOOE per graduate student 684.27 Average MOOE per open university student 1,086.83 Average indirect cost per student 16,952.93

1 1st term 2001-2002 2 Taken from individual budgets. 3 Computed by dividing total personnel services for teaching positions by total number of teaching positions. 4 Computed by dividing total university expenditures by total enrollment net of basic education. 5 Averages are simple averages only and not weighted averages.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Executive Summary i

University Description 1

Cost Analysis at the University Level 2

Cost Analysis Across Campuses 10

Cost Analysis Per Academic Unit

North La Union College 13 Mid La Union College 17 South La Union College 23 Graduate School 26 Open University 30

Qualifications 33

Appendix A. Brief Description of Methodology 38 Appendix B. Faculty Workload Guidelines 39

COST ANALYSIS: DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY Dr. Andrea L. Santiago, Mitzie Ponce, Sherryl Uy

This paper is a cost analysis of the financial statements of Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University as part of the ABD Project on Normative Financing. The paper looks into the various cost components to arrive at the closest approximate to a Cost Per Degree Per Student.

Don Mariano Marcos State University (DMMMSU) is claimed to be the only university in La Union6. It was acknowledged as the first university in the Philippines whose Teacher Education and Agriculture programs were evaluated for Level III status by the Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities in the Philippines (AACCUP). In the June 2002 Foresters’ licensure examination, DMMSU ranked as the Top performing school.

DMMMSU prides itself as the present site of the Sericulture Research and Development Institute, National Apiculture Research and Training Development Institute, Philippine Carabao Center, Northern Luzon Aquatic Resources Research and Development Zonal Center, Affiliated Non-Conventional Energy Center and the Regional Computer Information Technology Center. Its Sericulture Research and Development Institute was a major contributor to the 62 researches and 34 on-going researches of the University.

DMMMSU is one of five state colleges and universities (SUCs) in the country offering an Open University System. It has an academic partnership with the National American University, one of the first universities in South Dakota, USA.

The DMMMSU started as a small agricultural high school known as La Union Agricultural School in 1960. In 1968, it was converted to an agricultural college and in 1974 became a state college. Shortly after the Balaoan School of Fisheries was integrated into the state college. Finally in 1981, by virtue of Presidential Decree 1779, the state college was elevated into a university with the integration of the La Union School of Arts and Trades, Southern Ilocos Polytechnic State College, the Community College of La Union, and the Sapilang Elementary school. With its integration and subsequent reorganization in 1993, DMMMSU maintains three campuses located in five different sites.

North La Union Bacnotan Mid La Union San Fernando South La Union Agoo, Sto. Tomas, Rosario

6 Information on the first page and a half were taken from the Fact Sheet provided by the DMMMSU as well as the revised Faculty Manual 2001.

For school year 2001-2002, the university offered 59 regular academic programs as follows:

Post Graduate Programs 6 Masters Degree Programs 24 Undergraduate Degree Programs with 65 specialization areaas 25 Open University 4

It also offers the following:

Post Secondary, Non-Degree Programs 9 Evening Opportunity Classes 8 Laboratory School for Elementary and Secondary Levels

COST ANALYSIS AT THE UNIVERSITY LEVEL

DMMMSU has been one of the SUCs receiving the biggest budgetary allocation from the National Government. For CY 2001, it had the fourth highest budgetary allocation. Total allotments from GAA and Fund 164 for 2001 amounted to P314,472,265 while total expenditures from both sources amounted to only P306,109,6327. The expenditures are broken down by use as follows. Since allotments from the GAA was at P295,993,295, excess of allotments amounted to P2,822,072.

GAA 101 Other IncomeTotal

Personnel Services 263,139,295 27 263,139,322 MOOE 29,239,000 9,512,987 38,751,907 Capital Outlay 792,928 3,425,395 4,218,323 Total 293,171,223 12,938,409 306,109,632

7 See section on qualifications.

The same expenditures are shown per cost center.

FUND 101 + FUND 164 OPERATING UNIT PS MOOE CO TOTAL Central Administration 23,152,595 9,442,474 1,012,928 33,607,996 North La Union Campus 56,830,247 11,699,651 540,490 69,070,388 Sericulture Research 28,168,395 2,512,394 0 30,680,789 Mid la Union Campus 70,352,099 6,785,456 839,289 77,976,844 Graduate College 9,423,024 1,795,789 350,295 11,569,109 Open University 1,544,366 756,243 76,321 2,376,930 South La Union Campus 73,668,596 5,759,979 1,399,000 80,827,575 263,139,322 38,751,987 4,218,323 306,109,632

A breakdown of the other sources of income that helped fund the expenditures of the university follows. When compared to the total expenditures for each campus, we find that the tuition and miscellaneous fees8 charged by the Graduate School and the Open University support almost 10% each of their operating budgets. The North La Union campus had the lowest contribution at only 1.9% of expenditures. Mid La Union, while collecting tuition fees of P5.6 million had an expenditure level of P78 million and thus tuition fees accounted for only a 7.2% recovery of expenses.

TUITION AND OTHER TOTAL SUC OPERATING UNIT MISC. FEES INCOME INCOME SLUC 3,110,375.00 3,110,375.00 MLUC 5,660,600.00 5,660,060.00 NLUC 1,334,287.00 1,334,287.00 OUS 237,167.00 237,167.00 Graduate College 1,148,846.00 1,148,846.00 Interest Income 116,331.00 116,331.00 Bus Enterprise Revenue 1,330,966.00 1,330,966.00

GRAND TOTAL 11,491,035.00 1,447,297.00 12,938,332.00

The P263 million personnel expenditures allocation supports a total of 1,028 official plantilla positions across the different campuses. 600 of these plantilla positions are teaching staff. There is incomplete data on the part-time faculty for the period under study so it could not be assessed how many they were. We assume salaries are being drawn from the centralized lump-sum fund.

8 Undergraduate (1st – 3rd year) P25.00/unit Undergraduate (4th – 5th year) P10.00/unit Law P25.00/unit Masteral Level P80.00/unit Doctoral Level P120.00/unit Open University P40.00/unit for all levels Individualized Learning P160.00/unit for masteral regardless of residency in the Phil.

The breakdown of plantilla positions per campus follows:

Non- Faculty Faculty Total

Central Administration 20 49 69 North La Union 140 169 309 Mid La Union 235 65 300 South La Union 183 136 319 Graduate School 18 7 25 Open University 4 2 6 Total 600 428 1028

The different ranks as well as the highest educational attainment of faculty members is summarized per campus and shown in the tables following:

Asso. Asst Not Yet Professor Professor Professor Instructor Identified Total

Central Administration 16 2 2 20 North La Union 45 43 22 29 1 140 Mid La Union 9 24 88 110 4 235 South La Union 16 47 84 34 2 183 Graduate School 18 18 Open University 11 2 4 Total 60 74 174 146 146 600 Percentage of Total 17.50% 19.50% 32.67% 29.17% 1.17%

Not Yet Doctoral Masteral Bachelors Identified Total

Central Administration 15 3 2 20 North La Union 51 61 27 1 140 Mid La Union 29 120 79 7 235 South La Union 32 86 63 2 183 Graduate School 18 18 Open University 22 4 Total 96 211 144 189 600 24.50% 45.33% 28.5% 1.67%

Total enrollment for first term academic year 2002-2003 was 11,388, while total graduates for the year was 2,131 students. The breakdown of enrollment and graduates per level follows:

No Enrollment Graduates

TOTAL BASIC ED 1,414 466 TOTAL TECH/VOC 825 291 TOTAL UNDERGRAD 8,352 1,278 TOTAL MASTERS 679 78 TOTAL PHD 118 18

GRAND TOTAL 11,388 2,131

The number of students enrolled per campus is also shown below:

Summary By Campus Basic Technical Undergrad Masters Doctoral Total

North La Union (Bacnotan, Main) 915 57 26 998

Mid La Union (San Fernando) 685 4,497 295 62 5,539

South La Union (Agoo, Sto. Tomas, Rosario) 1,414 37 2,876 226 30 4,583 Open University 103 64 101 268 1,414 825 8,352 679 118 11,388

The succeeding table shows the cost per degree together with enrollment and graduate figures for SY 2000-2001. Note that some degrees do not have data because either the curriculum was not available or the faculty loading for these degrees was not submitted.

TECHNICAL/VOCATIONAL LEVEL

Total Graduates Cost per Enrollment Graduates (3- years) Degree COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY (Mid La Union Campus, San Fernando City) Diploma of Technology 176 22 80 110,429.46 Professional Certificate (BSIT Ladderized Curr) 15 12 80 Evening Opportunity Class 120 98 346 311 132 506

COLLEGE OF ARTS AND MANAGEMENT (Mid La Union Campus, San Fernando City) Secretarial 0 0 12 Associate in Office Management 185 48 119 Associate in Hotel and Restaurant Management 10 9 32 Certificate in Food Service 5 2 7 200 59 170

School of Midwifery (Mid La Union Campus, San Fernando City) Diploma in Midwifery 174 59 166 51,823.60 174 59 166

Institute of Agriculture (South La Union Campus, Rosario) Diploma in Agriculture 37 10 34 37 10 34

Open University System ( San Fernando City) Certificate in Teaching 76 21 54 19,141.68 Certificate in Early Childhood Education 12 7 10 16,426.05 Certificate in Entrepreneurship 15 3 10 22,597.61 103 31 74

UNDERGRADUATE LEVEL

INSTITUTE OF VETERINARY MEDICINE (North La Union Campus, Bacnotan, Main Campus) Doctor of Veterinary Medicine 113 12 29 748,794.66 113 12 29

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE (North La Union, Bacnotan, Main Campus) BS Agricultural Engineering 62 6 26 730,614.49 BS Agriculture 186 30 99 Major in Agronomy 567,080.76 Major in Soils 569,120.38 Major in Sericulture 571,377.14

Major in Apiculture 571,377.14 Major in Horticulture 551,148.05 BS Elementary Education 154 33 99 587,440.75 BSE 62 15 30 Major in Home Economics & Tech 568,492.73 Major in Home Economics 574,688.35 BS Agroforestry 56 8 37 556,320.21 BS Forestry 36 18 28 548,038.75 BS Agribusiness Management 75 10 42 503,699.26 631 120 361

INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES (North La Union, Bacnotan, Main Campus) BS Environmental Science 95 9 33 518,359.21 95 9 33

INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (North La Union, Bacnotam Main Campus) BS Information Management 76 0 0 7600

COLLEGE OF LAW (Mid La Union Campus, San Fernando City) Bachelor of Laws 142 5 28 75,652.54 142 5 28

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (Mid La Union Campus, San Fernando City) BS Electrical Engineering 666 75 171 108,252.86 BS Mechanical Engineering 518 65 174 112,989.73 1184 140 345

COLLEGE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION (Mid La Union Campus, San Fernando City) Bachelor of Elementary Education 412 67 250 137,111.94 BS Industrial Education (Hard) 554 114 325 195,927.71 BS Industrial Education (Math) 154,247.16 BS Industrial Education (Tech & HE) 146,428.70 966 181 575

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY (Mid La Union Campus, San Fernando City) BS Industrial Technology 1281 185 467 1281 185 467

INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (Mid La Union Campus, San Fernando City) BS Information Technology 171 16 16 93,520.51 171 16 16

COLLEGE OF ARTS AND MANAGEMENT (Mid La Union Campus, San Fernando City) Bachelor of Arts 202 24 89 Bachelor of Arts (Public Administration) 78,420.11 Bachelor of Arts (Political Science) 83,309.44 BS Office Management 83,617.92

BS Management (Thesis) 324 59 173 84,946.04 BS Management (Practicum) 84,613.06 BS Hotel and Restaurant Management 227 29 97 84,780.33 753 112 359

COLLEGE OF EDUCATION (South La Union Campus, Agoo) Bachelor of Elementary Education 623 126 452 126,283.42 Bachelor of Secondary Education 606 133 499 125,277.22 1229 259 951

COLLEGE OF SCIENCES (South La Union Campus, Agoo) BS Biology 223 37 119 128,050.92 BS Mathematics 286 37 93 115,773.86 BS Psychology 248 63 169 115,661.00 757 137 381

INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER SCIENCE (South La Union Campus, Agoo) BS Computer Science 133 9 9 143,465.97 13399

INSTITUTE OF FISHERIES (South La Union campus, Sto. Tomas) BS Fisheries 265 35 69 Major in Inland Fisheries 154,319.64 Major in Marine Fisheries 152,437.27 Major in Fish Processing 155,243.30 BSE-Fisheries and General Science 188 13 27 453 48 96

INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE (South La Union Campus, Rosario) BS Agriculture 181 21 73 Major in Agricultural Technology 129,959.32 Bachelor of Agriculture 123 20 51 304 41 124 Open University System BS Agriculture 38 4 4 72,494.34 BS Management 26 0 0 136,929.34 6444

MASTERAL LEVEL

GRADUATE COLLEGE - Bacnotan MS Agricultural Education 15 2 7 48,052.93 MS Agronomy 21 0 2 51,802.34 MS Animal Science 5 0 48,913.68 MS Rural Community Development 7 0 3 59,100.83 MS Agroforestry 8 4 5 112,530.17 Diploma in Agroforestry 0 0 5 22,712.03 MS Sericulture 1 2 3 GC (Bacnotan) TOTAL 57 8 25

GRADUATE COLLEGE - San Fernando MA Technological Education 144 9 62 MA Technological Education-Tech/Voc 98,948.11 MA Technological Education-EPPI 92,618.29 MA Technological Education-Math 147,690.49 MA Technological Education-Tech 131,402.13 Master in Development Administration 122 11 41 86,128.51 MA Science Education 29 4 12 100,637.31 GC (San Fernando City) TOTAL 295 24 115

GRADUATE COLLEGE - Agoo MA Educational Management 16 2 10 MA Human Resource Development & Planning 2 1 1 47,009.33 MA Guidance & Counseling 35 4 6 87,804.76 MA Language Teaching 23 3 5 146,606.32 MA Math Education 9 0 5 92,946.73 MA Science Education 35 4 13 55,955.61 MA Special Education 21 0 7 123,191.46 MA Physical Education 26 0 54,889.17 MA Teaching Music 20 2 4 58,255.43 Master in Development Administration 24 10 19 86,128.51 Certificate in Development Administration 8 5 22 MA Teaching Home Economics 7 0 172,116.51 GC(Agoo) TOTAL 226 31 97

SYSTEM MDA - Local Government Administration 42 3 16 MDA - Police Administration 11 1 2 52,674.89 MA Science Education 33 1 2 91,858.31 Certificate in Local Government Administration 10 6 37 52,674.89 Certificate in Police Administration 5 4 12 33,309.74 OUS TOTAL 101 15 69

DOCTORAL LEVEL

GRADUATE COLLEGE - Bacnotan PhD Agricultural Education 8 0 5 106,914.55 PhD Extension Education 11 2 6 106,503.91 PhD Agricultural Sci-Agro 6 1 2 105,554.73 PhD Agricultural Sci- Animal Sci 1 0 104,795.75 GC (Bacnotan) TOTAL 26 3 13

GRADUATE COLLEGE - San Fernando PhD Technological Education Mgt 62 15 33 GC (San Fernando City) TOTAL 62 15 33

GRADUATE COLLEGE - Agoo PhD Science Education 8 0 0 63,096.41 PhD Educational Administration 22 0 0 115,983.35 GC (San Fernando City) TOTAL 30 0 0

COST ANALYSIS ACROSS CAMPUSES

The Central Administration expenses for CY 2001 amounted to P33,607,997, 69% of which went to personnel services. Of the 69 plantilla positions in central administration, 20 of them held teaching positions as well. The biggest expenditure was for finance and administration. Almost half of the non-teaching positions are assigned to this department with average personnel services expenditure of P173,832.

With respect to teaching expenditures, the 20 teaching positions had total personnel services expenditures of P7,072,2059. This amounted to an average rate of P353,610. After deducting teaching expenditures, the total non-teaching expenditures resulted in a balance of P26,535,792. After removing capital outlays, the share of each student in recovering the costs of the central administration was P2,558.9410.

9 The teaching costs of Central Administration personnel were removed from the Central Administration budget and distributed in the campuses where they teach. A portion of the personnel services were later on returned as indirect costs. 10 This is not yet the indirect cost per student. This figure does not take into account the non-teaching portion of personnel services of teaching faculty.

CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION PS MOOE CO TOTAL Office of the President 2,445,681 1,233,181 3,678,862 Office VPPA 858,283 206,325 1,064,608 Office VPPD 1,414,390 275,100 1,689,490 Office VP Administration 1,531,179 275,100 1,806,279 Office VP Research 1,737,352 1,358,280 3,095,632 Student Admissions 378,637 6,809 385,446 Infirmary 1,090,304 343,874 1,434,178 Campus Planning 588,436 136,188 792,928 1,517,552 Network Operating Center 287,742 1,274,800 1,562,542 Finance and Administration 3,998,155 1,581,822 170,000 5,749,977 Others 2,148,472 2,750,995 50,000 4,949,467 Centralized Lump-Sum 6,673,964 6,673,964 Total 23,152,595 9,442,474 1,012,928 33,607,997

North La Union was the most expensive campus. Its P69 million budget when compared to its small enrollment of only 915 students yielded an average cost per student of P75,487. The cost of running the campus was quite large as 18% of the total budget was spent for MOOE and capital outlay. On the other hand, Mid La Union and South La Union were heavy on direct teaching costs. About 90% of their budget was spent in personnel services. Their average cost per student was remarkably lower than that of North La Union.

North La Mid La South La Graduate Open Union Union Union School University Total

Total Expenditure 69,070,388 77,976,844 80,827,576 11,569,108 2,376,930 241,820,846 Personnel Services 56,830,247 70,352,099 73,668,596 9,423,024 1,544,366 211,818,332 % PS to Total 82.28% 90.22% 91.14% 81.45% 64.97% 87.59% % MOOE to Total 16.94% 8.70% 7.13% 15.52% 31.82% 11.08% % Capital Outlay to Total 0.78% 1.08% 1.73% 3.03% 3.21% 1.33%

Enrolled Students 915 5,182 2,913 696 268 9,974 Average Cost per Student 75,486.76 15,047.63 27,747.19 16,622.28 8,869.14 24,245.12

There were many contributing factors that accounted for the high cost of maintaining the North La Union campus. There were highly paid faculty members and while there were only 140 of them, the student to faculty ratio was very low at 6.54:1. The Mid La Union campus however was able to allocate its costs better as their expenditures are spread over a bigger base. Slightly over 50% of all students enroll in this campus thus bringing the student to faculty ratio to a high 22:1.

North Mid South Graduate Open La Union La Union La Union School University Total

Enrolled Students 915 5,182 2,913 696 268 9,974 Faculty 140 235 183 39 40 637 Student:Faculty Ratio 6.54 22.05 15.92 17.85 6.70 15.66

Average Graduate/Year 141 889 504 81 50 1,665 Total Graduates - 3 years 423 2632 1598 278 147 5,078

Moreover, the class sizes also affected the costs per student for each of the campuses. The least number of students in a class was for the Open University. Given the nature of this university, the size is to be expected. The table below shows that the North La Union campus also had smaller class sizes. So we find that higher teaching costs and smaller class sizes redounded to very high expenditures per student.

North Mid South Graduate Open La Union La Union La Union School University Total

Total Direct Teaching (1 sem) 7,332,284 19,101,383 7,402,037 1,416,256 281,037 35,532,997 Number of Sections Taught 419 1,191 391 88 70 2,159 Average Unit Cost 671.90 264.62 326.15 617.88 358.49 447.81 Number of Students Taught 7959 32,847 10,710 1,294 752 53,562 Average Class Size 20.36 32.70 27.62 23.18 10.06 22.79 Average Teaching Cost/Section 17,499.49 16,038.11 18,931.04 16,093.81 4,014.82 14,515.45

With respect to investment in research and extension services, again the North La Union campus showed that much of the faculty time was spent on research and production. This probably accounted for the low student to faculty ratio. In contrast, the Mid La Union campus was a teaching campus and consequently spent only P395 per faculty member in CY 2001.

North Mid South Graduate Open La Union La Union La Union School University Total

Enrolled Students 915 5,182 2,913 696 268 9,974 Faculty 140 235 183 39 40 637 Total Expenditure 69,070,388 77,976,844 80,827,576 11,569,108 2,376,930 241,820,846

Tuition Fees 1,334,287 5,660,600 3,110,375 1,148,846 237,167 11,491,275 % Tuition to Expenditure 1.93% 7.26% 3.85% 9.93% 9.98% 4.75% Average Tuition Fee/Student 1,458.24 1,092.36 1,067.76 1,650.64 884.95 1,152.12

Research & Extension 8,865,910 2,050,016 5,261,350 607,926 16,785,202 Average Research/Faculty 63,327.93 8,723.47 28,750.55 15,587.85 0.00 26,350.40 Average Research/Student 9,689.52 395.60 1,806.16 873.46 0.00 1,682.90

COST ANALYSIS PER CAMPUS

North La Union Campus

The North La Union campus has four colleges/institutes under its supervision. These are the Institute of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, Institute of Environmental Studies, and Institute of Computer Studies. It is responsible for 10 degrees. Its enrollment base of 915 students for the first term school year 2002-2003 was 11% of the total undergraduate population of the University.

Enrollment Graduates 3-Year Grads INSTITUTE OF VETERINARY MEDICINE (North La Union Campus, Bacnotan, Main Campus) Doctor of Veterinary Medicine 113 12 29

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE (North La Union, Bacnotan, Main Campus) BS Agricultural Engineering 62 6 26 BS Agriculture 186 30 99 BS Elementary Education 154 33 99 BSE 62 15 30 BS Agro-Forestry 56 8 37 BS Forestry 36 18 28 BS Agribusiness Management 75 10 42

INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES (North La Union, Bacnotan, Main Campus) BS Environmental Science 95 9 33

INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (North La Union, Bacnotam Main Campus) BS Information Management 76 0 0

Total expenditure for the North La Union campus for CY 2001 was P99,751,177 inclusive of the Sericulture Research Center expenditure. The campuses’ biggest expenditure was for the College of Agriculture and Forestry. When divided among the 631 enrollees, the average cost per student enrolled in this particular College was P49,686. The expenditure levels of the other 3 institutes in the campus were quite low.

NORTH LA UNION PS MOOE CO TOTAL College of Agriculture & Forestry 29,573,462 1,778,911 58,000 31,410,373 Institute of Environmental Science 899,833 240,476 1,140,309 Institute of Computer Science 1,007,131 228,528 64,000 1,299,659 Institute of Veterinary Medicine 1,918,997 294,113 65,490 2,278,600 Centralized Lump Sum 4,768,527 4,768,527 Office of the Chancellor 1,330,720 165,285 1,496,005 Finance & Admin Services 10,332,303 2,079,842 28,000 12,440,145 Registrar 314,776 65,780 380,556 Library 337,986 48,067 25,000 411,053

Student Admission 452,238 75,050 527,288 Others 641,892 383,020 300,000 1,324,912 Sub-Total 51,577,865 5,359,072 540,490 57,477,427

Research Costs Fisheries Res. Training Institute 2,470,201 256,850 2,727,051 Research 2,782,181 4,471,479 7,253,660 Share in Sericulture Research 18,358,453 1,625,000 19,983,453 Sub-Total 23,610,835 6,353,329 0 29,964,164

Extension Costs Extension 1,612,250 1,612,250 Share in Sericulture Research 9,809,942 887,394 10,697,336 Sub-Total 9,809,942 2,499,644 0 12,309,586

Total 84,998,642 14,212,045 540,490 99,751,177

Finance and administrative services was another high-level expenditure for this campus. Its average cost per student was P13,565. This is an extremely high figure since the other campuses have administrative expenditures rates from P800-P1,000 per student. In fact in the central administration, the P5.7 million budget for finance and administration is only P537 per student. Thus the P12.4 million that is allocated in this campus for this expenditure is quite high.

Of the total expenditure for the North La Union campus for CY 2001, 82% went to personnel services. When divided over the total number of students enrolled in the campus, the average cost per student was P75,487. However despite the students contributing an average tuition fee of P1,458 (the highest when compared to other campuses), its contribution to expenditures was only 1.93%. This is understandable with a very low student to faculty ratio of only 6.54. There are too few students to warrant 140 faculty members. Perhaps again the low student to faculty ratio is attributed to the thrust of the campus on research and production as the campus is basically agriculture in focus.

On another area, this campus graduates an average of 141 students per year. For the last three years, there had been 423 graduates. There is no graduate yet for BS Information Management as it appears it is a new course. The more popular courses for this campus was BS Agriculture and BS Elementary Education. The least popular was BS Forestry.

The cost of maintaining the Sericulture Research Institute appears to be an expenditure for this campus as its research output complements the programs offered by the campus. The total cost for CY 2001 was P30.6 million. This increases the cost per student for this

campus to about P35,000. Consequently, indirect cost per student reaches an abnormally high P95,15111, thereby possibly distorting the costs per degree in this campus.

For direct operating expenses, the average expenditure of a North La Union student was P772. The different costs per college/institute are shown below.

Students Average NORTH LA UNION MOOE Enrolled MOOE College of Agriculture & Forestry 1,778,911 1700 1,046.42 Institute of Environmental Science 240,476 348 691.02 Institute of Computer Science 228,528 270 846.40 Institute of Veterinary Medicine 294,113 972 302.59 2,542,028 3,290 772.65

Given the high maintenance cost of this campus, it is understandable to see that the cost per degree ranges from P500,000 to P750,000 per student. The most expensive degree was that of Doctor in Veterinary Medicine at a total cost of P748,795, having 267 units. The next most expensive degree was the BS in Agricultural Engineering with a total of 215 units. A far third was the Bachelor in Elementary Education. On the other end, the least expensive degree relative to all others in the campus was that of BS in Agribusiness Management, with total units of only 162.

Institute of Veterinary Medicine Cost/Degree Total Units Doctor of Veterinary Medicine 748,794.66 267

College of Agriculture and Forestry

BS In Agricultural Engineering 730,614.49 215 BS Agriculture Major in Sericulture 571,377.14 170 BS Agriculture Major in Apiculture 571,377.14 170 BS Agriculture Major in Agronomy 567,080.76 170 BS Agriculture Major in Soils 569,120.38 170 BS Agroforestry 556,320.21 171 BS Agriculture Major in Horticulture 551,148.05 172 BS Forestry 548,038.75 162 BS Agriculture Major in Animal Science 567,824.60 170 BS Agribusiness Management 503,699.26 162

11 An alternative is to spread the cost of the Sericulture Research Center over the total population of DMMSU. This would add P3,076 per year to the different costs per degree in the other campuses and reduces the costs per degree in the North Campus by about P32,000 per year. Despite this however, the costs per degree in this campus is still quite high.

College of Education

BSE Major in Home Economics 574,688.35 176 BSE Major in Home Economics and Technology 568,492.73 176 B Elem Education: HELE 587,440.75 170

Institute of Environmental Science

BS Environmental Science 518,359.21 176

It is noteworthy to mention at this point, as it applies also to other campuses, that part of the high costs per degrees was attributed to high unit cost for general education courses. It appears that each campus hired faculty members to teach general education courses in their respective college/department/institute. Thus there are no economies of scale. For instance, an English course in the North campus is a very high P370 per unit. When compared to various colleges/institutes in the Mid campus, the cost for an English course ranges from P128 to P168 per unit.

A sample of the cost breakdowns of selected degrees is shown:

DOCTOR OF VETERINARY MEDICINE CURRICULUM PS MOOE Indirect Total First Year 24,003.91 4,841.37 95,151.71 123,996.99 Second Year 23,504.22 4,841.37 95,151.71 123,497.30 Third Year 27,884.62 4,174.84 95,151.71 127,211.17 Fourth Year 30,371.34 3,933.61 95,151.71 129,456.66 Summer 5,143.21 302.59 0.00 5,445.79 Fifth Year 16,164.37 5,143.95 95,151.71 116,460.03 Summer 5,143.21 302.59 0.00 5,445.79 Sixth Year 19,103.35 3,025.85 95,151.71 117,280.91 Total 151,318.24 26,566.16 570,910.27 748,794.66

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

PS MOOE Indirect Total First Year 18,844.47 4,236.20 95,151.71 118,232.37 Second Year 24,541.75 6,329.03 95,151.71 126,022.49 Third Year 39,896.65 8,837.85 95,151.71 143,886.22 Fourth Year 59,863.10 14,449.84 95,151.71 169,464.65 FifthYear 61,314.38 16,542.67 95,151.71 173,008.76 Total 204,460.35 50,395.59 475,758.55 730,614.49

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRIBUSINESS MANAGEMENT

PS MOOE Indirect Total First Year 18,726.27 4,980.03 95,151.71 118,858.01 Second Year 28,480.89 7,816.70 95,151.71 131,449.30 Third Year 33,674.15 8,499.17 95,151.71 137,325.03 Fourth Year 16,540.34 4,374.86 95,151.71 116,066.91 Total 97,421.65 25,670.76 380,606.84 503,699.26

Mid La Union Campus

The Mid La Union campus offers technical/vocational courses as well as undergraduate courses. 83% of all technical/vocational students in the University enrolled in this campus, while 54% of all undergraduate students at DMMMSU enrolled also in this campus. There are six colleges/institutes in this campus, namely: College of Law, College of Engineering, College of Technical Education, College of Technology, Institute of Information Technology, and College of Arts and Management. Together, they are responsible for 10 degrees.

The Mid La Union campus had the biggest enrollment. There were 685 technical/ vocational students while there were 4,497 undergraduate students. 50% of all students at Don Mariano enrolled in this campus, generating P5.6 million in tuition fees. This contributed 7.26% of total expenditures for the year under study.

For technical/vocational courses, the largest enrollment was in the Associate in Office Management degree. However for the last 3 years, the evening opportunity class had graduated the most students at 346 although its current enrollment was only 120 students. The next highest enrollment is in the Diploma of Technology degree that has graduated 80 students in the last 3 years. The course with the least enrollment is the Certificate course in Food Service with only 5 students and graduating only 7.

Enrollment Graduates 3-Yr Grads COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY (Mid La Union Campus, San Fernando City) Diploma of Technology 176 22 80 Professional Certificate (BSIT Ladderized Curr) 15 12 80 Evening Opportunity Class 120 98 346

School of Midwifery (Mid La Union Campus, San Fernando City) Diploma in Midwifery 174 59 166

For undergraduate studies, there was an impressive 1,281 enrollees in the College of Technology. The College consistently produced graduates at the rate of 150 a year. The Colleges of Technical Education and Engineering also attracted a big number of students although the latter generates more graduates a year.

The Institute of Information Technology had offered a new course and had graduated its first batch of 16 students. The College of Law attracted a reasonable enrollment of 142 students. Perhaps because the fall-out is very high, there is an average of only 8 students a year who graduate from this course. At this point, it is noteworthy to state that only the Dean is a full-timer in this College. The other 13 faculty members are all part-timers.

Enrollment Graduates 3-Yr Grads COLLEGE OF LAW (Mid La Union Campus, San Fernando City) Bachelor of Laws 142 5 28

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (Mid La Union Campus, San Fernando City) BS Electrical Engineering 666 75 171 BS Mechanical Engineering 518 65 174

COLLEGE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION (Mid La Union Campus, San Fernando City) Bachelor of Elementary Education 412 67 250 BS Industrial Education 554 114 325

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY (Mid La Union Campus, San Fernando City) BS Industrial Technology 1281 185 467

INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (Mid La Union Campus, San Fernando City) BS Information Technology 171 16 16

COLLEGE OF ARTS AND MANAGEMENT (Mid La Union Campus, San Fernando City) Bachelor of Arts 202 24 89 BS Management 324 59 173 BS Hotel and Restaurant Management 227 29 97

In terms of expenditures, the Mid La Union operated on a P77.9 million expenditure level for CY 2001. Given the healthy number of enrollees, the cost per student ranged from P7,000 to P16,000 depending on the course. It is the School of Midwifery that was most expensive as there were only 174 enrollees.

There was a relatively small budget allocated for research and extension services in this campus. Only about P8,700 was allocated per faculty member to conduct research. When compared to enrollment size, this campus allots an extremely low level of P395/student for the purpose.

MID LA UNION CAMPUS PS MOOE CO TOTAL College of Technical Education 14,293,036 1,117,561 89,128 15,499,725 College of Engineering 6,945,595 1,321,418 109,687 8,376,700 College of Arts and Management 7,037,814 1,068,751 42,000 8,148,565 School of Midwifery 2,672,871 203,295 63,000 2,939,166 Information Technology 1,597,646 194,582 147,225 1,939,453 College of Technology 22,169,388 1,826,751 388,249 24,384,388 Office of the Chancellor 1,221,311 4,066 1,225,377 Finance and Admin. Services 5,203,429 40,078 5,243,507 Student Admission and Services 3,956,114 27,871 3,983,985 Research and Extension 1,072,989 977,027 2,050,016 Others 455,836 4,056 459,892 Centralized PS Lump-Sum 3,726,070 0 3,726,070 Total 70,352,099 6,785,456 839,289 77,976,844

Given the expenditures of the campus, the indirect cost per student was computed at only P5,103. On the other hand, the different direct operating costs of each department was computed arriving at an average of P625 per student per subject.

PS Portion Student Cost Per MID LA UNION CAMPUS Removed PS MOOE Total Population Student Office of the Chancellor 1,221,311 4,066 1,225,377 5182 236.47 Finance and Admin. Services 5,203,429 40,078 5,243,507 5182 1,011.87 Student Admission and Services 3,956,114 27,871 3,983,985 5182 768.81 Others 0 455,836 4,056 459,892 5182 88.75 Sub-Total 0 10,836,690 76,071 10,912,761 2,105.90 Share in Central Administration 2,558.94 Indirect Cost Per Student: Teaching 4,664.84

Research 26,491 672,282 402,027 1,100,800 5182 212.43 Extension 194,860 400,707 575,000 1,170,567 5182 225.89 Indirect Cost Per Student - Mid 221,351 11,909,679 1,053,098 13,184,128 5,103.16

PS- PS - Students Average PS - Admin Production Others MOOE Total Enrolled /Student College of Technical Education 1,798,007 0 6,189,543 1,117,561 9,105,111 6,430 1,416.04 College of Engineering 1,026,336 333,453 13,125 1,321,418 2,694,332 7,074 380.88 College of Arts and Management 2,182,620 289,787 449,333 1,068,751 3,990,491 6,224 641.15 School of Midwifery 190,013 257,323 0 203,295 650,631 1,422 457.55 Information Technology 519,664 0 0 194,582 714,246 1,158 616.79 College of Technology 3,626,665 1,371,453 1,456,161 1,826,751 8,281,031 10,583 782.48 Law 10,000.00 36,960 0 46,960 574 81.81 Total 9,353,305 2,288,976 8,108,163 5,732,358 25,482,802 33,465 625.24

In terms of degrees, the most expensive degree is that of Bachelor of Science in Industrial Education Major in Hard Technology. A major contributory factor to this is the cost of a technical major class. There are 42 units taken at P1,540 per unit. The reason it is at a very high level is attributed to the fact that there are an average on only 12 students per class.

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION Major in Hard Technology PS MOOE Indirect Total First Year 26,918.37 24,072.61 5,103.16 56,094.13 Second Year 25,185.74 22,656.57 5,103.16 52,945.47 Third Year 26,074.57 19,824.50 5,103.16 51,002.22 Summer 1,131.53 2,832.07 0.00 3,963.60 Fourth Year 15,490.84 11,328.29 5,103.16 31,922.29 Total 94,801.04 80,714.04 20,412.62 195,927.71

The second most expensive degree is also in industrial education but majoring in mathematics for technology. It is less costly than a major in hard technology only because there are fewer number of units to complete the course.

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION MAJOR IN MATHEMATICS FOR TECHNOLOGY PS MOOE Indirect Total First Year 17,672.91 24,072.61 5,103.16 46,848.67 Second Year 13,214.61 24,072.61 5,103.16 42,390.37 Third Year 12,424.40 19,824.50 5,103.16 37,352.06 Fourth Year 9,808.58 12,744.32 5,103.16 27,656.05 Total 53,120.49 80,714.04 20,412.62 154,247.16

Industrial technology is likewise an expensive course. The most expensive subjects again are in the majors but it is less expensive than industrial education since average class size reaches 20 students. The mechanical engineering degree, although it has the most number of units to complete the degree is reasonable at P113,000.

The least expensive courses are law and midwifery. Law is probably relatively inexpensive because only part-timers handle courses and consequently the teaching expenditure is much less. With respect to midwifery, it is only a 2-year course having total units of only 101.

LAW CURRICULUM PS MOOE Indirect Total First Year 8,832.96 981.74 5,103.16 14,917.85 Second Year 13,426.10 981.74 5,103.16 19,510.99 Third Year 14,486.05 1,308.98 5,103.16 20,898.19 Fourth Year 14,486.05 736.30 5,103.16 20,325.51 Total 51,231.15 4,008.76 20,412.62 75,652.54

MIDWIFERY PS MOOE Indirect Total First Year 10,263.65 8,380.08 5,103.16 23,746.89 Second Year 16,041.46 6,932.10 5,103.16 28,076.71 Total 26,305.11 15,312.18 10,206.31 51,823.60

Following is a summary of all costs per degree offered in the Mid-La Union campus.

Cost/Degree Total Units BSIE Major in Hard Technology 195,927.71 187 BSIE Major in Mathematics for Technology 154,247.16 177 BSIT Major in Electromechanical Technology 146,428.70 195 BSEE Major in Home Economics and Livelihood Education 137,111.94 176 BS in Mechanical Engineering 112,989.73 164 BS in Electrical Engineering 108,252.86 226 DIPLOMA OF TECHNOLOGY Major in Automotive Technology 110,429.46 137 BS in Information Technology 93,520.51 168 BS in Hotel and Restaurant Management 84,780.33 176 BS in Management with Thesis 84,946.04 174 BS in Management (Practicum) 84,613.06 174 BA Major in Political Science 83,309.44 164 BS in Office Management 83,617.92 188 Law Curriculum 75,652.54 161 BA Major in Public Administration 78,420.11 161 Midwifery 51,823.60 101

When comparing the efficiencies of colleges/institutes within the Mid La Union campus, we find that the College of Technology has the most number of enrollment and the biggest class sizes. The College of Engineering offers a far second in terms of course offerings and while enrollment is high, the average cost per unit is on the up trend as class sizes are relatively smaller.

Direct Cost Per Average Teaching No of Student Per No of Class Costs Sections Unit Enrollees Size College of Technology 7,873,636.30 549 230.90 10,583 37.80 College of Technical Education 3,625,387.69 182 304.18 6,430 35.54 College of Engineering 2,753,133.57 201 322.57 7,074 33.08 College of Arts and Management 2,542,717.65 145 189.04 5,606 37.41 School of Midwifery 1,122,976.88 43 229.49 1,422 34.39 School of Law 513,873.56 22 353.32 574 26.09 Information Technology 669,657.75 49 222.83 1,158 24.58 Total/Average 19,101,383.38 1,191 264.62 32,847 32.70

The phenomenon of different unit costs per student for general education courses is best exemplified in this campus. An English course for instance has a unit cost range per student from P128 to P168. It is most expensive in the School of Midwifery since the population is relatively small. One professor taught 3 sections of English with an average class size of 36 students. On the other extreme, an English course at the College of Engineering is at P128.

Mathematics is also a clear example of how inefficient a system can get if a college/ institute hires its own faculty to teach general education subjects. The costliest mathematics course was computed for the College of Technical Education. A 3-units mathematics course is about P18,000 and when considering the average class size of 22, the cost per unit per student was P502.

The other extreme is the College of Engineering. 1,145 students enrolled in the 29 sections of mathematic courses, with an average class size of 39 students. Considering too the lower cost for a 3-unit mathematics course in this college of P15,000, the unit cost per student was only at P113.

Subjects Technology Tech Ed Engineering Arts& Mgt Midwifery IT Chemistry 275.15 271.28 114.87 Computer/Information Technology 136.51 282.88 228.27 124.05 221.58 Drawing 695.87 357.12 80.15 Economics 190.31 163.35 237.03 Education 200.88 397.53 English 153.67 163.44 128.48 141.87 168.12 129.49 Filipino 110.41 169.80 105.04 139.35 172.55 203.10 Literature/Arts 123.29 138.61 2,914.97 132.57 148.97 Logic and Ethics 130.55 122.79 53.27 234.68 162.38 Math 280.35 501.52 113.25 183.47 174.52 401.45 Natural Science 227.10 136.35 226.95 208.32 Physical Education 225.84 163.16 128.40 72.13 196.31 187.95 Psychology 345.60 191.71 131.60 138.73 Social Science and History 159.87 157.88 115.32 134.87 209.03

South La Union Campus

The South La Union campus accounts for 17% of the total student population in technical/vocational courses and 34% of the total student population in undergraduate studies. There are five colleges/institutes: College of Education, College of Sciences, Institute of Computer Sciences, Institute of Fisheries, and Institute of Agriculture (that offers both a diploma and undergraduate course). There are 10 undergraduate degrees offered by this campus.

The South La Union campus also has a relatively large enrollment. While the diploma course had only 37 students, the undergraduate courses were at a level of 2,876, which was 34% of total enrollees for undergraduate courses at the DMMMSU. The campus generates about 500 graduates a year from its various degrees.

Enrollment Graduates 3-Yr Grads Institute of Agriculture (South La Union Campus, Rosario) Diploma in Agriculture 37 10 37

COLLEGE OF EDUCATION (South La Union Campus, Agoo) Bachelor of Elementary Education 623 126 452 Bachelor of Secondary Education 606 133 499

COLLEGE OF SCIENCES (South La Union Campus, Agoo) BS Biology 223 37 119 BS Mathematics 286 37 93 BS Physics 248 63 169

INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER SCIENCE (South La Union Campus, Agoo) BS Computer Science 133 9 9

INSTITUTE OF FISHERIES (South La Union campus, Sto. Tomas) BS Fisheries 265 35 69 BSE-Fisheries and General Science 188 13 27

INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE (South La Union Campus, Rosario) BS Agriculture 181 21 73 Bachelor of Agriculture 123 20 51

The most popular course in the campus was education. This supports the laboratory school where there were 1,414 students. The College of Science also attracted a good number of students as compared with the other Institutes. However, the Institute of Computer Science which was then a new institute, had graduated its first 9 students last school year.

Around 91% of total expenses for the campus were spent for personnel services. When divided over the total number of enrolled students, this amounted to an average cost of P27,750. The campus was able to generate P3.0 million in tuition fees at an average rate of P1,000 per student. Given the size of the expenditure level, tuition fee collection contributed only 3.85% to expenditure recovery. The cost of running the canteen however was recovered as canteen revenues reached P629,000 compared to its maintenance of P450,000.

SOUTH LA UNION CAMPUS PS MOOE CO TOTAL College of Education 21,606,082 1,398,319 345,000 23,349,401 College of Sciences 9,969,028 873,949 253,500 11,096,477 Institute of Computer Science 1,476,708 183,180 273,500 1,933,388 Institute of Fisheries 13,126,894 699,160 75,000 13,901,054 Institute of Agriculture 9,953,794 384,538 175,000 10,513,332 Graduate School 357,938 17,280 375,218 Office of the chancellor 736,779 23,040 50,000 809,819 Finance and Admin. Services 2,674,896 157,119 50,000 2,882,015 Registrar 1,112,150 40,320 1,152,470 Physical Plant Office 1,727,413 84,000 1,811,413 Library 729,558 34,560 69,500 833,618 Canteen 327,468 17,280 107,500 452,248 Others 1,905,605 97,920 2,003,525 Research and Extension 3,512,035 1,749,315 5,261,350 Centralized PS Lump-Sum 4,452,248 4,452,248 Total 73,668,596 5,759,980 1,399,000 80,827,576

A reasonable amount was likewise allocated for research and extension. Its P5.2 million budget when allocated across faculty members reached a level of about P28,700. When allocated across student enrollment, it was at a P1,500 level.

After removing direct personnel services and direct operating expenses, the indirect cost of the South La Union campus was computed at P14,878 for each of the 2,913 students. On the other hand the direct operating expenses per student for each of the colleges in the campus is shown below.

Students Average MOOE Enrolled MOOE College of Education 1,398,319 3687 379.26 College of Sciences 873,949 8327 104.95 Institute of Computer Science 183,180 191 959.06 Institute of Fisheries 699,160 762 917.53 Institute of Agriculture 384,538 1109 346.74 Total 3,539,146 14,076 541.51

Of the three colleges/institutes, the most expensive courses in this campus refer to the Bachelor of Science in Fisheries, regardless of the major12. It takes an average of 160 units to complete the degree. To major in fisheries, a student has to enroll in 57 units of major subjects valued at P683 per unit per student. Fishery major subjects are the most expensive when compared to all other subjects offered by the 3 colleges/institutes.

Cost Units Bachelor of Science in Fisheries Major in Fish Processing 155,243.30 164 Bachelor of Science in Fisheries Major in Inland Fisheries 154,319.64 161 Bachelor of Science in Fisheries Major in Marine Fisheries 152,437.27 161 BS Computer Science 143,465.97 178 Bachelor in Secondary Education: General Science 141,975.34 192 BS Information Management 138,353.76 161 Bachelor in Secondary Education: Information Technology 134,031.96 194 Bachelor in Secondary Education: Chemistry 131,992.05 193 Bachelor in Elementary Education: Social Studies 131,537.08 182 Bachelor of Agricultural Technology 129,959.32 180 Bachelor in Secondary Education: Biology 129,328.06 183 Bachelor in Secondary Education: Agriculture and Fishery Art 129,244.46 173 Bachelor in Elementary Education: Filipino 128,506.24 188 Bachelor of Science in Biology 128,050.92 179 Bachelor in Elementary Education: English 126,283.42 185 Bachelor in Elementary Education: Mathematics 125,897.17 188 Bachelor in Secondary Education: Home Economics 125,277.22 179 Bachelor in Elementary Education: Early Child Education 124,909.56 182 Bachelor in Elementary Education: Musika, Sining 124,360.96 179 Bachelor in Elementary Education: Non Formal Education 124,360.96 185 Bachelor in Secondary Education: English 122,204.98 176 Bachelor in Secondary Education: Filipino 121,159.95 176 Bachelor in Secondary Education: Physics/Chemistry 117,436.87 195 Bachelor of Science in Mathematics 115,773.86 170 Bachelor of Science in Psychology 115,661.00 178 Bachelor in Secondary Education: Physics 114,016.56 178 Bachelor in Secondary Education: Social Studies 113,895.77 173 Bachelor in Secondary Education: PEHM 112,202.87 173 Bachelor in Secondary Education: General Fisheries 111,713.91 182 Bachelor in Secondary Education: Mathematics 111,489.95 176

12 There was no data on the courses taught for the College of Education and the Institute of Computer Sciences. Thus, the comparative analysis that follows only covers the College of Science and the Institutes of Fisheries and Agriculture.

One of the cheaper degrees in the campus was the Bachelors degree in Psychology. Despite the greater number of units as compared to the fishery degrees, this degree had a total course cost of only P115,000. Generally, courses from the College of Sciences were relatively inexpensive because there were a greater number of students to spread the costs around. The table below shows that 50% of the course offerings was from this college. Note while the class size is the lowest of the 3, the cost per course was the lowest implying that most of the faculty members are of lower ranks.

Direct No. of Cost/Unit/ No. of Ave Teaching Sections Student Enrollees Class Size College of Sciences 3,052,433.91 187 301.52 5,338 26.60 Institute of Fisheries 2,519,724.16 119 683.90 3,057 28.03 Institute of Agriculture 1,297,489.94 75 367.03 2,267 29.64 Total 6,869,648.01 381 295.33 10,662 28.09

Graduate School

The graduate school is located in 3 campuses and is responsible for 29 degrees. The bulk of the graduate students are enrolled in the San Fernando or Mid La Union campus. There were 18 faculty members assigned to the graduate school. They were supported by 21 other faculty members from the other campuses. When the total enrollment of 696 students is divided by the 39 faculty members, the student to faculty ratio is 17:1.

Of the various course offerings, the following would still have to generate graduates: MS in Animal Science, PhD in Agricultural Science (Animal Science), MA in Physical Education, MA Teaching in Home Economics, PhD in Science Education and PhD in Educational Administration. The more popular courses are offered in the San Fernando campus that is able to generate an average of 50 graduates a year. Unpopular courses are the Diploma in Agroforestry, MS in Sericulture, PhD in Agricultural Science, and the MA in Human Resource Development and Planning.

GRADUATE COLLEGE - Bacnotan Enrollment Graduates 3-Yr Grads MS Agric Education 15 2 7 MS Agronomy 21 0 2 MS Animal Science 5 0 0 MS Rural Community Development 7 0 3 MS Agroforestry 8 4 5 Diploma in Agroforestry 0 0 5 MS Sericulture 1 2 3 PhD Agric Education 8 0 5 PhD Extension Education 11 2 6 PhD Agricultural Sci-Agro 6 1 2 PhD Agricultural Sci- Animal Sci 1 0 0

83 11 38

GRADUATE COLLEGE - San Fernando Enrollment Graduates 3-Yr Grads MA Technological Education 144 9 62 Master in Development Administration 122 11 41 MA Science Education 29 4 12 PhD Technological Education Mgt 62 15 33 357 39 148

GRADUATE COLLEGE - Agoo Enrollment Graduates 3-Yr Grads MA Educational Management 16 2 10 MA Human Resource Development & Planning 2 1 1 MA Guidance & Counseling 35 4 6 MA Language Teaching 23 3 5 MA Math Education 9 0 5 MA Science Education 35 4 13 MA Special Education 21 0 7 MA Physical Education 26 0 0 MA Teaching Music 20 2 4 Master in Development Administration 24 10 19 Certificate in Development Administration 8 5 22 MA Teaching Home Economics 7 0 0 PhD Science Education 8 0 0 PhD Educational Administration 22 0 0 256 31 92

The Graduate School was granted P11.5 in budgetary support for CY 2001. There was about P345,000 in the budget of the South La Union campus that could probably be included as part of graduate school expenditure. The Graduate School was able to collect tuition fees of P1.1 million that contributed to 9% of total expenditures of running the School.

GRADUATE COLLEGE PS MOOE CO TOTAL PhD Agriculture 344,607 13,066 33,500 391,173 PhD Education 2,213,325 145,157 100,000 2,458,482 MS Agriculture 277,732 59,393 35,295 372,420 MS Education 1,185,562 528,718 61,250 1,775,530 MDA 677,210 257,054 35,250 969,514 Office of the Dean 1,568,635 65,926 15,000 1,649,561 Finance and Admin Services 548,654 52,504 0 601,158 Registrar 238,216 25,420 0 263,636 Library 244,101 27,500 0 271,601 Research & Extension 0 607,926 0 607,926 Others 1,162,129 13,125 70,000 1,245,254 Centralized Lump-Sum 962,853 0 0 962,853 Total 9,423,024 1,795,789 350,295 11,569,108

From the above figures, the average indirect cost per student per year was computed at P14,000. This included the share of Central Administration expenses of P2,558.

PS Portion Student Cost Per GRADUATE SCHOOL Removed PS MOOE Total Population Student

Administrative Positions 2,120,024 2,120,024 696 3,046.01 Office of the Dean 1,568,635 65,926 1,634,561 696 2,348.51 Finance and Admin Services 548,654 52,504 601,158 696 863.73 Registrar 238,216 25,420 263,636696 378.79 Library 244,101 27,500 271,601696 390.23 Others 646,806 1,162,129 13,125 1,822,060696 2,617.90 Sub-Total 2,766,830 3,761,735 184,475 6,713,040 9,645.17 Share in Central Administration 2,558.94 Indirect Cost Per Student: Teaching 12,204.11

Research 304,570 0 401,926 706,496 696 1,015.08 Extension 370,394 0 206,000 576,394696 828.15 Indirect Cost Per Student - Graduate 3,441,794 3,761,735 792,401 7,995,930 14,047.35

With respect to direct operating costs per student per subject, there were various figures computed per department. The average rate per student was P684.

Students Average MOOE Enrolled MOOE PhD Agriculture 13,066 59 223.35 PhD Education 145,157 153 951.85 MS Agriculture 59,393 229 259.36 MS Education 528,718 630 839.23 MDA 257,054 224 1,147.56 Total Direct MOOE 1,003,388 1,294 684.27

The top three most expensive degree programs were the masters in teaching home economics, masters in technological education, and masters in language teaching. The bottom three degree-programs were the masters in agricultural education, masters in human resource development & planning and the diploma in agroforestry.

Cost Per Degree

MA Teaching Home Economics 172,116.51 MA Technological Education-Math 147,690.49

MA Language Teaching 146,606.32 MA Technological Education-Tech 131,402.13 MA Special Education 123,191.46 PhD Educational Administration 115,983.35 MS Agroforestry 112,530.17 PhD Agricultural Education 106,914.55 PhD Extension Education 106,503.91 PhD Agricultural Sci-Agro 105,554.73 PhD Agricultural Sci- Animal Sci 104,795.75 MA Science Education 100,637.31 MA Technological Education-Tech/Voc 98,948.11 MA Math Education 92,946.73 MA Technological Education-EPPI 92,618.29 MA Guidance & Counseling 87,804.76 Master in Development Administration 86,128.51 PhD Science Education 63,096.41 MS Rural Community Development 59,100.83 MA Teaching Music 58,255.43 MA Science Education 55,955.61 MA Physical Education 54,889.17 MS Agronomy 51,802.34 MS Animal Science 48,913.68 MS Agricultural Education 48,052.93 MA Human Resource Development & Planning 47,009.33 Diploma in Agroforestry 22,712.03

A closer look into the components of degree costs reveals that the biggest driver of costs was that of the thesis-writing subject. It would appear that there is only 1 professor handling the course that was attended to by only 20 students. With recalculation, it is likely that the cost for education degrees would drop.

MASTER OF ARTS IN TEACHING HOME ECONOMICS PS MOOE Indirect Total Basic 2,269.35 3,356.94 5,626.29 Major 26,049.81 4,196.17 30,245.98 Cognates 10,987.26 2,517.70 13,504.97 Thesis 34,452.02 1,678.47 36,130.49 (assume 3 years) 86,608.79 86,608.79 Total 73,758.44 11,749.29 86,608.79 172,116.51

MASTER OF ARST IN TECHNOLOGICAL EDUCATION Major in Mathematics

PS MOOE Indirect Total Basic 2,269.35 3,356.94 5,626.29 Major 2,729.78 5,035.41 7,765.19 Cognates 2,355.61 4,196.17 6,551.78 Thesis 39,459.96 1,678.47 41,138.43 (assume 3 years) 86,608.79 86,608.79 Total 46,814.71 14,266.99 86,608.79 147,690.49

Open University

The Open University offers degrees at the following levels: technical/vocational, undergraduate, and masteral. There are 268 students enrolled in the program for a mere 2% of the total student population of DMMMSU. Thus, average MOOE per student is the highest in the University at P1,086. The direct operating costs for a graduate student was P1,881, while that for the undergraduate student was P291.

Open University System ( San Fernando City) Enrollment Graduates 3-Yr Grads Certificate in Teaching 76 21 54 Certificate in Early Childhood Education 12 7 10 Certificate in Entrepreneurship 15 3 10

BS Agriculture 38 4 4 BS Management 26 0 0

MDA - Local Government Administration 42 3 16 MDA - Police Administration 11 1 2 MA Science Education 33 1 2 Certificate in Local Government Administration 10 6 37 Certificate in Police Administration 5 4 12

As with the Graduate School, the four faculty members assigned to the Open University were supported by faculty members from the other campuses. There were about 36 faculty members who handled courses offered in this program. Considering the small student population, the student to faculty ratio was a very low 6 students for every faculty member.

The total expenditure allocated to the Open University in 2001 was P2.4 million. The costs to sustain the University were small because the 36 faculty members received only honoraria for their teaching contribution. Also, almost 10% of the expenditure was supported by tuition fee collections.

OPEN UNIVERSITY PS MOOE CO TOTAL Graduate Program 291,991 572,097 53,000 917,088 Undergraduate Program 366,016 130,710 23,321 520,047 Office of the Director 442,503 35,624 478,127 Others 177,421 17,812 195,233 Centralized Lump Sum 266,435 266,435 Total 1,544,366 756,243 76,321 2,376,930

After accounting for all costs, the indirect cost per student per year was computed at P9,184. Again, this includes the P2,558 share of the administrative costs of the Central Unit. The computation is shown subsequently:

PS Portion Student Cost Per OPEN UNIVERSITY Removed PS MOOE Total Population Student Administrative Expense 954,546 954,546 268 3,561.74 Office of the Director 442,503 35,624 478,127 268 1,784.06 Others 0 177,421 17,812 195,233 268 728.48 Sub-Total 954,546 619,924 53,436 1,627,906 6,074.27 Share in Central Administration 2,558.94 Indirect Cost Per Student: Teaching 8,633.21

Research 117,130 117,130 268 437.05 Extension 30,577 30,577268 114.09 Indirect Cost Per Student - Graduate 1,102,252 619,924 53,436 1,775,612 9,184.36

The direct personnel services cost was obviously more expense for graduate degrees because of the smaller population. On the average, a subject in the graduate program of the Open University costs twice that of the undergraduate degree. Despite this however, the most expensive degree program from the Open University was the bachelors degree in management because of the length of time it takes to complete the course. The 180 units are spread over 6 years with an average load of 11-12 units per term. Since indirect costs are carried for each year, this effectively increased the cost of the degree by P18,000-P27,000.

Bachelor of Science in Management PS MOOE Indirect Total First Year 3,244.28 2,334.11 9,184.36 14,762.75 Summer 884.80 583.53 0.00 1,468.33 Second Year 2,801.88 2,042.34 9,184.36 14,028.58

Summer 884.80 583.53 0.00 1,468.33 Third Year 5,424.20 2,334.11 9,184.36 16,942.67 Summer 2,769.79 583.53 0.00 3,353.31 Fourth Year 8,251.67 2,042.34 9,184.36 19,478.38 Summer 1,827.30 583.53 0.00 2,410.82 Fifth Year 10,136.66 2,042.34 9,184.36 21,363.36 Summer 2,769.79 583.53 0.00 3,353.31 Sixth Year 9,213.39 2,334.11 9,184.36 20,731.86 Electives 6,924.47 1,458.82 9,184.36 17,567.64 Total 55,133.03 17,505.80 64,290.50 136,929.34

The Masters in Arts in Science Education was comparatively expensive. This was a combined result of higher teaching expenditure and smaller class sizes. But more importantly, it had to do with a single professor whose entire salary was allocated for one subject with only one student at the time of study.

The table below shows that education and police administration were attractive courses in the Open University. Consequently, they had bigger average class sizes.

Direct No. of Cost/Unit/ No. of Ave Teaching Sections Student Enrollees Class Size UNDERGRADUATE Education 72,477 13 204 237 18 Business Management 39,667 8 462 70 9 Agriculture 13,950 9 86 51 6 Other Basic Subjects 26,852 13 147 90 7

GRADUATE

Science Education 44,717 10 784 75 8 Police Administration & LGAdmin 83,372 17 337 229 13

281,037 70 514 125 10

A summary of the different costs per degree at the Open University is listed below:

Cost/Degree BS Management 136,929.34 MA Science Education 91,858.31

BS Agriculture 72,494.34 MDA - PAPDE 52,674.89 Certificate in Local Government Administration 52,674.89 Certificate in Police Administration 33,309.74 Certificate Police Administration 33,309.74 Certificate in Entrepreneurship 22,597.61 Certificate in Teaching 19,141.68 Certificate in Early Childhood Education 16,426.05

QUALIFICATIONS

The methodology used to allocate costs and to analyze its components was taken from an earlier study entitled “Comprehensive Cost Analysis of Degree Programs for Selected Higher Educational Institutions (NCR Pilot Study – Phase 1)” submitted to the Commission on Higher Education, October 2002. A brief description of the methodology is attached as an Appendix.

1. The financial data was for the period 2001. However the data collected on subjects taught was for first semester 2002-2003.

 To capture the costs of 2001, what was needed were subject data for the second semester of 2000-2001, summer of 2001, and the first semester of 2001-2002. Nonetheless, the cost analysis proceeded for indicative levels.  There was a different tally of faculty members listed in the plantilla in CY 2001 and in 1st term SY 2002-2003. Thus, some of the professors did not have salaries since their names were not included in the CY 2001 plantilla.

2. The financial allotments on the aggregate level did not tally with the individual campuses. Thus it was difficult to ascertain what the true CY 2001 allotment level was. Note in this table there is a discrepancy of P5.5 million.

PS MOOE CO Total

Fund 101 263,139,295.00 29,239,000.00 12,066,114.43 304,444,409.43 Fund 164 30,000.00 3,615,000.00 6,382,855.82 10,027,855.82 Total 263,169,295.00 32,854,000.00 18,448,970.25 314,472,265.25

FUND 101 + FUND 164 OPERATING UNIT PS MOOE CO TOTAL Central Administration 23,152,595 9,442,474 3,835,000 36,430,069 North La Union Campus 56,830,247 11,699,601 540,490 69,070,338 Sericulture Research 28,168,395 2,512,394 0 30,680,789 Mid la Union Campus 70,352,099 6,785,456 839,289 77,976,844 Graduate College 9,423,024 1,795,789 350,295 11,569,108 Open University 1,544,366 756,243 76,321 2,376,930

South La Union Campus 73,668,569 5,759,980 1,399,000 80,827,549 263,139,295 38,751,937 7,040,395 308,931,627

3. The financial expenditures on the aggregate level did not tally with the individual campuses. Thus it was difficult to ascertain what the true CY 2001 expenditures level was. There is a difference of P5.1 million. This paper used the campus totals.

PS MOOE CO Total

Fund 101 263,139,295.00 29,239,000.00 792,928.00 293,171,223.00 Fund 164 3,000.00 11,932,101.56 6,181,041.85 18,116,143.41 Total 263,142,295.00 41,171,101.56 6,973,969.85 311,287,366.41

FUND 101 + FUND 164 OPERATING UNIT PS MOOE CO TOTAL Central Administration 23,152,595 9,442,474 1,012,928 33,607,997 North La Union Campus 56,830,247 11,699,651 540,490 69,070,388 Sericulture Research 28,168,395 2,512,394 0 30,680,789 Mid la Union Campus 70,352,099 6,785,456 839,289 77,976,844 Graduate College 9,423,024 1,795,789 350,295 11,569,108 Open University 1,544,366 756,243 76,321 2,376,930 South La Union Campus 73,668,596 5,759,980 1,399,000 80,827,576 263,139,322 38,751,987 4,218,323 306,109,632

4. We created a master list of personnel. We noted that there are some faculty members who are assigned in different campuses but whose combined salary is too large. These are:

Lilia Madriaga Open University P119,725 South La Union P236,710 Monserrat Paguia South La Union P201,124 Mid La Union P201,361 Herminia Rivera Graduate School P352,365 South La Union P364,483

5. The entire salaries of teaching Administrators were distributed to the campuses where they teach. However, their administrative expense was temporarily treated as part of indirect costs for the campus. In the final report, these expenses shall be brought back into the Central Administration budget since it is a cost to be shared by all enrolled students. 6. For Mid La Union campus, there were students for the College of Law but there was no expenditure budget for the College. Since only the Dean is a full-timer, we assume that the 13 part-time lawyers were paid from lump-sum expenditures and that the dean did not have administrative expenses. To facilitate computation, we assumed a lawyer is paid P500 per hour. Moreover, for cross analysis we included the data of the Law courses in the College of Arts and Management.

7. Of total personnel services expenditures for Mid La Union, the amount of P56,563,167 refer to teaching positions paid from the GAA. When expenses were broken down per college/institute this resulted in unaccounted personnel services of half a million.

Per D2/ Per C2 Per Campus Worksheet Difference Chancellor's Office 1,103,318.80 0.00 College of Technical Education 14,293,036.42 14,293,036.00 15,643,034.08 (1,349,998.08) College of Engineering 6,945,595.25 6,945,595.00 7,130,065.69 (184,470.69) College of Arts and Management 6,919,821.61 7,037,814.00 7,845,826.97 (808,012.97) School of Midwifery 2,672,871.23 2,672,871.00 2,672,871.23 (0.23) Information Technology 1,597,644.10 1,597,646.00 1,684,045.10 (86,399.10) College of Technology 22,169,388.28 22,169,388.00 22,924,751.43 (755,363.43) SAS Office 201,361.60 0.00 Research & Extension 392,092.34 0.00 Others 268,008.00 0.00 Total Teaching 56,563,137.63 54,716,350.00 57,900,594.50 (3,184,244.50) Non-Teaching 10,062,892.08 11,909,679.00 11,909,679.00 0.00 Centralized Lump-Sum 3,726,070.00 3,726,070.00 Total Personnel Services 66,626,029.71 70,352,099.00 69,810,273.50 541,825.50

8. The compensation of Richard Patacsil (College of Arts and Management) was listed only as P9,060. However, he carried an 18-unit load. We assumed his salary. We also assumed salaries for Harry Mangaoang (Engineering), Rudy Ducusin (Technology), Elnora Eleazar (Technology) and Lutgarda Fernandez (CAM) whose names were not listed in the payroll as of 2001. 9. For the South La Union Campus, the discrepancy was very large at P11 million.

Per Per Per C2 Campus Worksheet Difference College of Education 21,606,082 21,606,08222,107,847 (501,764.99) College of Sciences 9,969,028 9,969,02810,458,363 (489,334.84) Institute of Computer Sciences 1,476,708 1,476,708 1,476,708 0.22 Institute of Fisheries 9,297,77113,126,894 9,297,771 3,829,122.82 Institute of Agriculture 5,235,607 9,953,794 5,715,697 4,238,096.88 Graduate School 357,938 357,938.00 Office of the Chancellor 383,558 0.00 Registrar 364,483 0.00 Physical Plant Office 254,941 0.00 Total Teaching 48,588,178 56,490,444 49,056,386 7,434,058 Non-Teaching 21,005,410 12,725,90412,725,904 0.00 Centralized Lump Sum 4,452,248 4,452,248.00 Total Personnel Services 69,593,588 73,668,596 61,782,290 11,886,306

10. Faculty loading was presented for the College of Education but there was no listing of courses taught for the period. Thus, the direct personnel services cost for education is understated. For the direct operating costs, the figure was initially overstated since there was a small population of students. Assuming however that each enrolled student would take about 3 education subjects per term, we assumed the total student population enrolled for the period to bring down the direct operating cost per student per subject. 11. For the North La Union campus, total discrepancy was P1.9 million.

Per Per D2/ Per C2 Campus Worksheet Difference College of Agriculture & Forestry 38,706,839 29,573,462 38,706,839 (9,133,377) Institute of Environmental Science 899,833 899,833 Institute of Computer Science 1,007,131 1,007,131 Institute of Veterinary Medicine 1,918,997 1,918,997 Fisheries Res. Training Institute 2,470,201 2,470,201 Total Teaching 38,706,839 35,869,624 38,706,839 (2,837,215) Non-Teaching 1,193,100 16,192,096 16,192,096 0 Centralized Lump-Sum 4,768,527 4,768,527 Total Personnel Services 39,899,939 56,830,247 54,898,935 1,931,312

12. For the Graduate School, there were subjects in the curriculum but were not taught in the term. Thus, the cost could not be determined. So as to provide indicative figures, we assumed the cost of Ag.Ext3 and Ag.Ext4 to be the same as AgEd. 13. There were faculty members not listed in the master list of graduate teachers. The salaries of these faculty members were assumed. 14. Moreover, it is not clear whether the amounts indicated in Form D1 refer to yearly costs or costs per month or unit. It was temporarily used in the same manner as total salaries. Consequently, the cost of a graduate course could very well be understated. 15. Total discrepancy for Graduate School was a negative P829,000.

Per D2/ Per C2 Per Campus Worksheet Difference PhD Agriculture 344,607.00 344,607.00 PhD Education 2,213,325.00 2,213,325.00 MS Agriculture 4,388,434.00 277,732.00 6,490,868.69 (6,213,136.69) MS Education 1,185,562.00 1,185,562.00 MDA 677,210.00 677,210.00 Office of the Dean 1,560,055.00 0.00 Total Teaching 5,948,489.00 4,698,436.00 6,490,868.69 (1,792,432.69) Non-Teaching 1,193,100.00 3,761,735.00 3,761,735.00 0.00 Centralized Lump-Sum 962,853.00 962,853.00 Total Personnel Services 7,141,589.00 9,423,024.00 10,252,603.69 (829,579.69)

16. In the open university, the discrepancy was a negative P550,000.

Per D2/ Per C2 Per Campus Worksheet Difference Graduate Program 734,435.00 291,991.00 1,476,777.42 (1,184,786.42) Undergraduate Program 366,016.00 366,016.00 366,016.00 Total Teaching 1,100,451.00 658,007.00 1,476,777.42 (818,770.42) Non-Teaching 177,421.00 619,924.00 619,924.00 0.00 Centralized Lump-Sum 266,435.00 266,435.00 Total Personnel Services 1,277,872.00 1,544,366.00 2,096,701.42 (552,335.42)

APPENDIX A Brief Description of Methodology Used Santiago, A., Largoza, G., Ponce, M., Intal, P., Alba, M., and Rufino, C. (October, 2002). “Comprehensive Cost Analysis of Degree Programs for Selected Higher Educational Institutions (NCR Pilot Study – Phase 1).” CHED, Manila

The objective of the study is to arrive at a cost per student per degree. To do this, it is necessary to properly allocate all costs to a particular degree. There are two components of costs: direct costs and indirect costs. Direct costs refer to the teaching expenses for personnel services and MOOE of the department offering the degree. Indirect costs refer to research, extension services, and administrative costs of running the entire HEI, the total of which is distributed to all departments.

The approach taken by the research team is to identify the following: an average cost per unit for each subject a student would have to take to attain a degree; an average share in the direct maintenance and operating expenses of departments by students who enroll in subjects offered by that department; and an average share in all other yearly costs to run a university by the total number of student enrolled in the university.

There are different ways to compute the average cost per unit per subject per student, from the simplest to the most complex. Intuitively, the simplest formula that can arrive at cost estimates quicker makes many assumptions and consequently provides the roughest estimate of unit costs. On the other extreme is the complex methodology that entails more manpower efforts, minimizing assumptions, and thereby presenting more realistic estimates of unit costs. In the ideal situation, we recommend always the use of the more complex and detailed formula.

Notwithstanding, the framework calls for determining an average cost per student to take a course, for instance English. If the average cost is expressed in units, this cost is multiplied by the total number of units a student must take for English to complete a degree. If the average cost is expressed per subject, the average cost is then multiplied by the number of English courses a student must take to complete a degree.

Therefore, if the above procedure is done for all major subject categories, then the direct teaching cost per degree per student can be readily attained. It can also be presented per year, thus fully disclosing how costs to educate may increase as a student progresses to higher years.

To fully complete the cost per degree, the direct costs for operating expenses and the indirect costs per student are then added to determine the cost per student for each of the years in the university. The direct operating expense is determined by dividing total direct operating expense by the number of students taught; while the indirect cost per student is arrived at by dividing the total indirect costs, earlier described, by the total student population.

APPENDIX B Faculty Workload Guidelines (Taken from the Revised Faculty Manual 2001)

The regular workload of a faculty member shall be 18 units per week in accordance with the guidelines enumerated. Concomitant to the teaching function are: (1) student consultation, (2) membership in school committees, (3) preparation of syllabi and instructional materials. Activities in instruction (I), research, extension and production (REP), student affairs services(SAS) and administration (A) form part of the workload.

Formula for determining workload for teaching:

FWT = CH (Uc) + E (Us)

Where:

FWT = total faculty workload for teaching CH = contract hours per week Uc = credit factor P = number of class preparation in excess of 2 E = number of excess students p = preparation per week s = number of students in excess of prescribed class size

Class sizes:

Graduate Studies: Lecture/Discussion/Laboratory 5 – 25 Undergraduate Courses: Lecture/Discussion 15 – 45 Undergraduate Courses: Laboratory 10 -25

Formula for Total Faculty Workload

TFW = I + REP + ARA + A

Where:

TFW = total faculty workload I = instruction activities REP = research, extension and production activities ARA = academic related activities A = administrative activities