© PRG.174. 21(N) 750

C ENS U S 0 FIN D I A, 1961

VOLUME XI

MYSORE

PART VI

VILLAGE SURVEY MONOGRAPHS

No. 21 HOLALU VILLAGE HADAGALLI TALUK, BELLARY DISTRICT

Editor K. BALASUBRAMANY AM of the Indian Administrative Service, Superintendent of Census Operations, Mysore 7 . 7 •

MAP OF MYSORE (Showing Villares selected For

17'

16'

'5' fS'

ARABIAN SEA

J3'

u· VILLAGE SURVEY REPORT on HOLALU

FIELD INVESTIGATION AND FIRST DRAFT Sri B. V. Nagesh, M.A., and Sri G. Nanjundegowda, Investigators.

FINAL REPORT Sri C. M. Chandawarkar, B.Se., Deputy Supdt. (Disi. Handbooks).

TABULATION

PHOTOGR':"I.PI]S Sri S. Ramachandran, B.Se., Senior Technical Assistant (Handicraft Survey).

(ii) FOREWORD

Apart from laying the foundations of demography in this sub-continent, a hundred years of the Indian Census has also produced 'elaborate and scholarly accounts of the variegated phenomena of Indian life-sometimes with no statistics attached, but usually with just enough statistics to give empirical underpinning to their conclusions'. In a country, largely illiterate, where stadstical or numerical comprehension of even such a simple thing as age was liable to be inaccurate, as understanding of the social structure was essential. It was more necessary to attain a broad under­ standing of what was happenmg around one-self than to wrap oneself up in 'statistical ingenuity' or 'mathematical manipulation'. This explains why the Indian Census came to be interested in 'many by paths' and 'nearly every branch of scholarship, from anthropology to geography and religion'.

In the last few decades the Census has increasingly turned its efforts to the presentation of village statistics. ThiS suits the temper of the times as well as our political and economic structure. For even as we have a great deal of centralization on the one hand and decentralisation on the other, my colleagues thought it would be a welcome con­ tinuation of the Census tradition to try to invest the dry bones of village statistics with flesh-and-blood accounts of social structure and social change. It was accordingly decided to select a few villages in every state for special study, where personal observation would be brought to bear on the interpretation of statistics to find out how much of a village was static and yet changing and how fast the winds of change were blowing and from where.

Randomness of selection was, therefore, eschewed. There was no intention to build up a picture for the whole state in quantitative terms on the basis of villages selected statistically at random. The selection was avowedly pur­ posive; the object being as much to find out what was happening and how fast to those villages which had fewer reasons to choose change and more to remain lodged in the past as to discover how the more 'norrn,ll' types of villages were changing. They were to be primarily type-studies which, by virtue of their number and distribution, \\ ould also give the reader a 'feel' of what was going on and some kind of a map of the country.

A brief account of the tests of selection will help to explain. A minimum of thirty-five villages was to be chosen with great care to represent adequately geographical, occupational and even ethnic diversity. Of this minimum of thirty-five, the distribution was to be as follows;- (a) At least eight villages were to be so selected that each of them would contain one dominant community witll one predominating occupation, e.g. fishermen, forest workers, jhum cultivators, potters, weavers, salt-makers, quarry workers, etc. A village should have a minimum population of 400, the optimum being between 500 and 700. (b) At least seven villages were to be of numetically prominent Scheduled Tribes of the State. Each village could represent a particular tribe. The minimum population should be 400, the optimum being between 500 and 700. (c) The third group of villages should each be of fair size, of an old and settled character and contain varie­ gated occupations and be, if possible, multi-ethnic in composition. By fair size was meant a population of 500-700 persons or more. The village should mainly depend on agriculture and be sufficiently away from the major sources of modern communication such as the district administrative headquarters and business centres. It should be roughly a day's journey from the places. The villa.ges were to be selected with an eye to variation in terms of size, proxi­ mity to city and other means of modern communication, nearness to hills, jungles and major rivers. Thus there was to be a regional distribution throughout the State of this category of vmages. If, however, a particular district contained significant ecolgical variations within its area, more than one village in the district might be selected to study the special adjustments to them.

It is a unique feature of these village surveys that they rapidly outgrew their original terms of reference, as my colleagues warmed up to their work. This proved for them an absorving voyage of discovery and their infectious enthusiasm compelled me to enlarge the enquiries scope again and again. It was just as well cautiously to feel one's way about at first and then venture further a field, and although it accounts to some extent for a certain unevenness in (iv) the quality and coverage of the monographs, it served to compensate the purely honorary and extra-mural rigours of the task. For, the survey, along with its many ancillaries like the survey of fairs and festivals, of small and rural industry and others, was an 'extra', over and above the crushing load of the 1961 Census.

It might be of interest to recount briefly the stages by which the Survey enlarged its scope. At the first Census Conference in September 1959 the Survey set itself the task of what might be called a record in situ of material traits, like settlement patterns of the village; house types; diet; dress; ornaments and foot·wear ; furniture and storing vessels; common means of transport of goods and passengers; domestication of animals and birds; markets attended; worship of deities, festivals and fairs. There Were to be recordings, of course, of cultural and social traits and occupa­ tional mobility. This was followed up in March 1960 by two specimen schedules, one for each household, the other for the village asa whole, which, apart from spelling out the mode of inquiry suggested in the September 1959 conference introduced groups of questions aimed at sensing changes in attitude and behaviour in such fields as marriage, inheri­ tance, moveable and immoveable property, industry, indebtedness, education, community life and collective activity, social disabilities forums of appeal over disputes, village leadership and organisation of cultural life. It was now plainly the intention to provide adequate statistical support to emprical 'feel', to approach qualitative change through statistical quantities. It had been difficult to give thought to the importance of "just cnough statistics to give empirical underpinning to conclusion', at a time when my colleagues were straining themselves to the utmost for the success of the main Census operations,but once the census count itself was left behind in March, 1961, a series of threc regional seminars in Trivandrum (May 1961), Darjeeling and Srinagar (June 1961) resorted their attention to this field and the importance of tracing social change through a number of well-divised statistical tables was once again recognised. This itself presupposed a fresh survey of village already done; but it was worth the trouble in view of the possibilities that a close analysis of statistics offered, and also because the 'consanguinity' schedule remained to be canvassed. By November 1961, however, more was expected of these surveys than ever before. There was dissatisfaction on the one hand with too many general statements and a growing desire on the other to draw conclusions from statistics, to regard social and economic data as interrelated processes, and finally to examine the ~ocial and economic processes set in motion through land reforms and other laws, legislative and administrative measures, tcchnological and cul­ tural change. Finally, a study camp was organised in the last week of December 1961 when the whole field was care­ fully gone through over again and a programme worked out closely knitting the various aims of the Survey together. The Social Studies Section of the Census Commission rendered assistance to State Superintendents by way of scru­ tiny and technical comment on the frame of Survey and presentation results.

This gradual unfolding of the aims of the Survey prevented my colleagues from adopting as many villages as they had onginally intended to. But I believe that what may have been lost in quantity has been more than made up for in quahty. This is, perhaps, for the first time that such a Survey has been conducted in any country, and that purely as a labour of love. It has succeeded in attaining what it set out to achieve : to construct a map of village, India's social structure. One hopes that the volumes of this Survey will help to retain for the Indian Census its title to 'the most fruitful single source of information about the country'. Apart from other features, it will perhaps be conceded that the Survey has set up a new Census standard in pictorial and graphic documentation. The schedules finally adopted for this monograph have been printed in Appendices I and II to the monograph on village Iggalur, Bangalore District.

NEW DELHI ASOKMITRA, July 30. 1964 Registrar General, India. PREFACE

Preparation of monographs on sele:ted villages has been a special feature of the 1961 Census. The main object of these village surveys and also the basis for selection of villag~s have been explained by the Registrar General. India, in his foreword. Broadly adhering to the critffia ;ndicated by the Rrgistrar General, the selection of villages has been carefully done in such a way a~ to gi,re adquate represcntation not only to each district but also to c:lch of Lhr. twenty-fi\'c sUD-regions into which Dr. Learmonth of Liverpool University has classified tbe State on a C(uside-Lltio;] of climate, cropping pattern, physical features etc.

2. Holalu is a villagc from Hadagalli taluk in Bdlary district. It lies in the northern maidan region and in the particular sub-region (called the Harapanahalli sub-region) where it is situated the chief crops are jowar, oilseeds cotton, pulses and mixed crops. The village which was in a rclt:ote corncr of Madras Stat::: till 1953, is now showing signs of progress. It now Enjoys better tL~I1SpO. t, communication, education and meiic2.1 facilities. With electri­ fication of the village, lift-irrigation with electrically operated pumpscts is be'2oming more and more popular.

3. The field wDrk was done from January 1963 to February 1963 by Shri B. Y. Nagesha, Invo:.'stigato: and frox. March 1963 to January 1964 by Sri G. Nanjundcgowda, Investigator. Both of them have worked with zeal an,j sincerity. Sri G. Nanjundegowcla prepared the first draft a Iso. The photogra pbs ~n\> takel1 by Sri S. Ramachandran, Senior Technical Assistant, HandIcrafts Survey. The final report has been prep:lrd by Sri C. IVI. Cinndawarkar Dfputy Superintcndcpt of Ccnsu~ Opclations.

K. BALASUBRAMANYAM,

(v) CONTENTS

PAGES

FOREWORD i--ii

PREFACE 11I HOLALU IN PICTURES

CHAPTER I-THE VILLAGE VlII-XX Introduction-Location-Physica[ aspects-Flora and Fauna-Size-Residential pattern-Transport and Communication-Important public places-Burial grounds-Sources of water-Market-History of the village-- Legend and monuments 1-5

CHAPTER II-THE PEOPLE AND THEIR MATERIAL EQUIPMENTS Ethnic composition and a note on important communities-Houses and house types--Dress-Hair style and other body decorations-Ornaments-Household goods-Food and Drinks-Beliefs and pmctice, connected with birth, marriage and death

CHAPTER III-ECONOMY Economic resources: Land, Livestock and other resources-Factors influencing economic life in the viilage : Land improvement, industralisation, urbanisation, improvements in communications, Expansion of marketing facilities, Expansion of sources of finance-Economic activities and nature of changes: CA) Livelihood classes (B) Workers (C) Non-workers (D) Ownership of economic resources-Primaryand secondary occupations-- Changes in traditional occupations :-Descriptjon of different occupations: Practices connected with (A) Agriwlture (B) Animal Husbandry (C) Village industries (D) Trade and Commerce-Indcbtedness-Co-operation-lncome and Expenditure 19-37

CHAPTER IV-SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE

Population tren~s-Populati?n by age and sex-:-Birth and .dcaths-~arital status-fublic health and medical facilities-Vetermary aid-LIteracy and EducatlOn-.l.... 11gration-Fanuly structure-Size of households-Intra­ family relationship-Inheritance of property-Leisure and recreation-religious institutions, Festhals and Fairs- Statutory Panchayat-Vo[untary organisations-National Extension service-Reform measures. . . 38-47

CHAPTER V-CONCLUSION 48-49

TABLES

(vi) LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGES 1- Area, Houses and population 51 II- Population by Age-groups 51 III- Size and composition 51 IV- Households classified by Religions, Castes and sub-castes 52 V- Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes 53 VI- Age and Marital status 53 VII- Education 54 VIII- Workers and Non-woTAers by sex and broad-age groups 55 IX- Workers classified by sex, broad-age groups and occupations 55 x- Workers cl~ssified by sex, broaj-age groups and Industry, Business and cultivation belonging to the House holds 56 XI- Non-workers by Sex and Broad-uge groups and Nature of activities 56 XII- Households by number of Rooms and by numbt:r of persons occupying 56 XrII- Households engaged in cultivation, industry, business and other occupations 57-58 XIV- Types of Industry run by the households 58 XV- Types of Business run by the households 59 XVI- Traditional Industry by the number of households 59 XVII- Diet 60 XVIII- Staple diet and food habits of communities 61 XIX- Distribution of households by occupation income and number of persons 62 XX- Average annual income per household by occupation 63 XXI- Average monthly expenditure per household by income groups and occupations 64-67 XXII- Households and Development activities 68 XXIII- Indebtedness 68 XXIII-A- Indebtedness by causes 68-69 XXIII-B- Sources of credit 69 XXIV-Agricultural produce of cultivation run by the households and their disposal 70 XXV- Households owning or possessing Land or having given out Land to others for cultivation 70-11 XXV-A- Ownership of Land by Residents of Holalu village 72 XXV-B- Ownership of Land in Holalu village 73 XXV-C- Tabl~ showing the Land owmd outside the village 74-76 XXVI- General 77 II-Set TABLES Caste/Tribe or community and Nature of family 77 2 Association of Deity/sp,ecial object of worship and caste 78-79 3 Awareness of untouchability Ofiences Act 80 4 Contravention of Marriage Rules 80 4-A- Permissibility of Inter-caste marriages 81 Awaren~ss of changes in Hindu Laws of Succession and Adoption 81 5-A- Inheritance of property as in practice . 82 5-B- Share of property for different categories of relatives-sons 82-83 6 Reciprocal aid in agricultural practices 83-84 7 Livestock statistics including fishery 84-86 8 Village Industries and products 87 9 Land Reclamation and Development 88 10 Co-operative society 88 11 Habit of taking sugar as correlated to income 88-·89 ll-A- Habit of taking Tea/Coffee as correlated to income 89-90 12 - Materials culture-possession of furniture 90 12-A- Material culture-possession of consumer goods 91 12-B- Material Culture-Habits 92-93 13-A- House Type-Roof 94 13-B- House type-Wall 95

(vii) LISE OF PHOTOGRAPHS PAGE

I. Huge stone image of Lord Ananthashayana-a popular deity in the village . '} ix 2. The gamc of cards-it enthrals the old men of the village who have no better work to do ix 3. An old inscription found near Ananthashayana temple-The script is Halagannada . x

4. Main street of the village ~ xi

5. A bird's-eye-view of a portion of the village j xi

6. The huts of Lambanis xii

7. Traditional dress and ornaments popular even now among the Lambani women xiii

8. Fore-arm of a Lambani woman depicting the design of tatooing xiv

9. Silver ornaments in common use :- (i) (ii) and (iii) Anklets (iv) Waist belt (v) Casket for keeping Linga the emblem of Shiva (vi) and (vii) Anklets for infants and young girls ...... xiv

10. Ornaments of gold :-

(i), (ii) and (iii): Different types of necklaces. (iv) wristlet (v) (vi) and (vii) Bangl~s (viii) Nagaru_::._an ornament for the scalp. (ix) A black bead necklace with Thali. (x) Finger ring. (xi) and (xii) ear ornaments . . xv

11. The ::ssential aids in the making of unleavened bread called Rolti, out of jowar flour xv

12. Agricultural implements (i) Kunre, or harrow and (ii) Wooden plough xvi

13. Seed-drill xvi

14. Cart being loaded with farmyard manure transportation to the fields xvii

15. Chaff-cutter-a new device introduced recently in the village xvii

16. A leather worker repairing a 'leather-bag' used for lifting water from wells for irrigation· xviii

17. Village carpenter at work xviii

18. Village road in the making " xix

19. The villagers enjoy watching a fight between rams as a sort of recreation and on such occasions betting also prevails xix

20. Middle-aged Lambani woman with a headload of firewood xx

LIST OF MAPS AND CHARTS

1. Map of Mysore State showing the villages selected for Socio Economic survey Titl~ Page

2. District map of Bellary showing the location of Holalu village Facing page 3. Physical [eatmes around village Holalu 2 4. Nationll map of Holalu-village layout 2 5. Chart showing worke"s and non-workers by sex and age-groups 24-25 6. Chart showing population by age, sex and marital status 38 7. Chart showing population by sex, age-group and literacy 39

(viii) HOLAhU IX

1. Huge stone image if Lord Ananthashayana-a popular deity in the village.

2. The game of cards- it enthrals the old mtn of the village who have no better work to do. x HOLALU

,

3. All old illscription found near Ananthasl!ayaflfl temp'e- The Scr/pi is Halagaunada. HOLALU Xl

4. Maill Street of t/:e viflage.

5. A bird's-eye-I'iew of a portion of the vii/age xu HOLALU

6. The Huts of Lambanies.

I HOLALU XIIl

7. Traditional dress and ornament!; popular evell "OIV among tire Lamballi women. HOLALU XIV

8. Forearm of a Lamta'li Woman depicting the design of talooing

9. Sih'f'r omaments ill COillmon Ilse :- (i). (ii) and (iii) Anklets (iv ) rvaist belt. Vj Casket /01' keeping Linga the ell/breJ1l o(Shiva I vi ) alld (vii) Allklets for illfmlf~ atld young girls. HOLALU xv

fO. Ornaments of gold:- (i), (ii) and (iii) Diflerent types of Necklaces; (iv ) Wristlet; (vi ) and (vii) Bangles; (viii) Nagaru all Orna'll?lIt for tire scalp ; (ix) A black head necklace with Theali (x) Finger ring and (xi) Ear ornameflts.

11. The essential aids ill tIle making of unleavened hread called Rotti Ollt of Jowar .flollr. XVI HOLA LU

12. Agricultural implements (i) kunte or harrow amI ii Woo:len p[o:lglt.

/3. Se:!d-Drill HOLALU XVII

14. Cart beillg loaded with farmyard manure transportation to the fields.

15. Cha./f-Cllfter a new device introduced recently in the village. XVIlI HOLALU

•

16. A Leather !Yerker repairing a 'leather bag' used for fifting water from wells for irrigation.

17. Village carpenter at work. HOLALU XIX

- .'j •. ",·.,' ..1

18. Village road ill tire making.

/9. The villagers enjoy lVatching a fight betlVeen rams as a sort of recreation alld 011 such occasions bplIing also prevails. xx HOLALU

20. Middle-aged Lambani woman with a headioad of firewood. ':no .... I I 1*0 • • ~ !. u ~ >. ~ ... III ...... "...u ~I0:: ., oJ..,... ] ~ ~ 'II 1) ~ ! I:: "'l .. ~ tV QJ u ... :::I t~ "0 c Q 0 -In ?t, (t ... ?a "'0 :. Ql u qs ~ ~ .~ ~ a: ..:It u '.i: ~ ... .¥ " ;:) ...... III :s .. {!. ....~ "_ -";0 "~ ~ V2~'" a: ~ ~ ~ R N 0 0

~ 0- ,-,"T b 4!S. F>-"(\~\"\"a\' '\.t.LI:-"_'o'-__,,~ 1'"0 Y'" "'t 4{ -z .d.

" .... "0 ~ .c:: :> 'J '00 0.. 1: .~ l' -ct: :> 'a s::. ~ ~ ex 0 - J ~ . -c -.;; ClI IU ~ u .J -0) ~~~.J..J 0 ~ ,,0 ....l 0 ::::: ... UJ cu ~ III or J: \() a CD ...... "lID s:: 111 -u" 1 "l Q ..t: II.)

(lin - .... 0

~ ::i :l ~ ..J ~~ _, U ...... c( <1:1 4: ~ t:.. 0- oc;- ~ :: Wc.t <. ,_ < x:: ~ ~ ttl ~ % ~ « w II. ~ 3 -0 0 (/) 0 ~ <. ~ « Q ~ CJ a:>- :f :II ct: « ~ Q ..J Z > ..J « w '-' ox en "'"

.. ", _..... \ -'-.._ .... ' \-"

Facins page N o. I. CHAPTER I

THE VILLAGE

Introduction rich. However, as far as the village under survey is con­ cerned, it does not boast of any minerals. It is purely Holalu is a big road side village on the Hospet­ an agricultural village. Mailar road in Hadagalli taluk of the Bellary district. The river Tungabhadra flows at a distance of about 2 Location kilometres from the vi']age towards the north and north-west direction. This village is towards the south­ 3. The village lies in Hadagalli taluk. The Taluk ern-most comer of the taluk and has gained consider­ Headqua:rters is at a distance of 21 miles. Hadagalli is able fame on account of the beautiful image of Sri also known as Hoovina Hadagalli, as it is said to have Ananthasayana, carved in black stone in a temple. The supplied flowers regularly to various temples and village lies in the northern maid an region of the Mysore palaces during the period of Vijayanagar Kings. The State and the crops commonly raised are jowar, cotton legend is that flowers were taken in a boat down the and groundnut. The village population is multi-ethnic Tungabhadra river reaching Hampi (Vijayanagar) in in composition. Bellary district formerly formed a part time for the midday worship. Now it is famous for its of the Madras State and was in one corner of the State betelnut and plantain gardens. There are 2 old tem­ far away from the State capital. It is with a view to ples of Kalleswara and Keshavaswamy, built in Cha­ study the socia-economic conditions of a village in the lukyan style. Several administrative offices at the northern-maidan district, which formerly formed a part Taluk level like those of Tahsildar, Sub-Registrar, the of the Madras State that the present survey has been Block Development Officer, the Police Sub-Inspector, undertaken. etc., are located here. In December, 1964, the courts of the Munsiff-Magistrate have also been opened at 2. Bellary district forms the eastern gateway of the Hadagalli. Till that date, Holalu was coming under the Mysore State. It is bounded on the north by Raichur jurisdiction of the Munsiff-Magistrate Courts at Hara­ District; on the west by Dharwar district; on the panahalli. There is a Co-operative Land Mortgage east by Kurnool and Ananthapur districts of Bank and also a Rural Industrial Co-operative Society Andhra Pradesh; and on the south by Chitradurga dis­ at HadagaLi. trict. The general character of the district is that of an extensive plateau elevated on the shoulders of the west­ 4. The Firka Headquarters of the village is at Hire ern and eastern ghats. The height of the plateau ranges hadagalli, about 9 miles away. At Hirehadagalli, are si­ between 1200 and 1800 feet above the mean sea level. tuated the offices of the Revenue Inspector, the Deputy The land scape is interspersed here and there by some Inspector of Schools and the Police Circle Inspector. hillocks. The plains have a gentle dip towards north following the main river Tungabhadra. Before the re­ 5. Bellary forms the District Headquarters. Several organisation of States, the Tungabhadra river formed regional offices of the State Government are located the border line between Mysore and Bombay, Madras there. Of late, Bellary has also gained fame for its ar­ and Bombay and Hyderabad and Madras, but now chaeological discoveries. The recent archaeological re­ most of it flows through the Mysore State, before join­ searches in Sangankal, about 2 miles to the north-east ing the Krishna in the Andhra State. The river forms of Bellary Town, and Kappagal, about 6 miles away now the boundary of the district in the north and the from the town have thrown a flood of light on the an­ west. The district is known for its buried treasure, being cient history of this region. According to archaeologists endowed wi th vast reserves of iron and manganese some of the stone implements found here belong to the ores and several non-metallic minerals like calcite,­ old stone age dating back to 10,000 B.C. The lime stc ne, magnite, lime, kankar, etc. The iron ore significance of Bellary is more due to commercial and deposits of Bellary District are considered to be very economic factors rather than to natural advantages and 6-6 CCllllusfMysore/68 2 HOLALU climatic conditions. Cotton ginning and pressing fac­ vanna'. Annually a big fair is held here. It is also fa­ tories, groundnut oil mills, beedi making, manufacture mous for its cattle fair. Mailar is also a village on the of safety matches, manufacture of washing soap, etc., bank of the river Tungabhadra and is famous are some of the chief industries. The town has got a for the Mailar temple. Persons who dedicate municipality, wh:ch was established in 1867 and till themselves to the temple are known as 'Goravas'. recently, it had a cantonment too. Bellary is cons:dered Every February, a big fair is held here. Sogi, about 6 as a blending place of the two ancient cultures of Kan­ miles to the south-east of Hadagalli is famous for water nadigas and Andhras. It is a centre of trade, education melons. There is also a Chalukyan temple here. and cultural activities. It lies on the metre-gauge rail­ way line between Hubli and Guntakal and there is also 9. Hampi in Hospet taluk is an ancient city of proud a separate branch rne to Raidurg. The Bombay-Madras Kings and mighty victories, which today is only a de­ trunk road via Cud3pah also passes through this place. solate place of sad and salient beauty. This once mag­ nificent capital of the fabulous kingdom of Vijaya­ 6. The important centres of trade and commerce nagar, has today fallen into obscurity. All that remains for Holalu are Hospet (90 miles), Davangere (73 miles), are the scattered ruins of buildings covering an area Harapanahalli (38 m;les), Haveri (20 miles) and Rane­ of some 9 square miles, which in days gone by, were bennur (20 miles). Though Haveri and Ranebennur are palaces and temples. This ancient city founded in the nearest trading centres, most of the trading con­ 1336 A.D. was completely destroyed after the battle of nections of the village are with Hospet, Davangere and Talikot in 1565 A.D. and that marked the end of the HarapanahallL because the river Tungabhadra running Vijayanagar empire. Now only some fascinating relics between Haveri and Ranebennur on the aile side and of the 'forgotten empire' attract the tourists here. this village on the other has not been bridged. A bridge is under construction. Physical Aspects

7. Hospet is a historical place. The present Town 10. The village is situated approximately at an alti­ of Hospet was once a suburb of Vijayanagar city, the tude of 1750 feet above the mean sea level. It covers capital of the Vijayanagar Kings. This town is said to an area of about 7614 acres. The village is bounded have been bu]t by Krishna-devaraya in honour of his on the north by the village of Budnur of Hadagalli taluk mother Nagaladevi and was formerly known as Naga­ and Shakar and Hanvshi of Haveri taluk; by Herada lapura, but later on, the name got changed to 'Hosa­ and Dasanaha11i of Hadagalli taluk on the east: by pete' meaning "new bazaar". During the Vijayanagar Mailar and Dombralli of Hadagalli taluk on the south; rule, the commercial importance of the town had reach­ and by Havnur of Haveri taluk on the west beyond the ed its zenith and it was well-known for its trade in r:ver. Actually, the Tungabhadra river flows on the silk and chil1'es. In 1934, a sugar factory has been es­ western and northern side of the village and as such, tablished. Recently it has gained importance due to this village forms the boundary between the Bellary the min;ng of iron ore and so from agricultural, com­ and Dharwar districts. The village generally consists of mercial and industrial points of view, it has a bright an undulating plain, slightly sloping towards the river. future particularly so because of the Tungabhadra dam. The nearest hillock, known as Mallappana Betta is at It is situated on the metre-gauge railway line running a d:stance of about 6 miles away from the village and between Guntakal and Gadag. is about 3177 feet high above the mean sea level.

8. Some of the other places near Holalu which need 11. The soil of the village is varied in type. A part menfon are Kagali, Kuruvatti, Mailar and Sogi. All of the village has got black cotton soil, a part consists these places are in Bellary district. Kagali is an ancient of red loamy soil and some parts have stony or gravelly village in Hadaga1li taluk, about 4 miles north-west of soil. It is said that the soil in Holalu is one of the best the point where the 3 taluks of Hadagalli, Harapana­ type in the whole district of Bellary. halli and Kudligi meet. It was formerly the capital of a sub-divis:on called the Kagali 500, corresponding more 12. The climate of the village is characterised by or less to the present Hadagalli and Harapanahalli extreme dryness and scanty rainfall. Climatologically, 3 tal,uks. There is a famous Jain Basti in the village, be­ seasons are recognised in the village. From November sides several old relics. Kuruvatti is a village on the to the end of February is the cool season when the banks of Tungabhadra river. There is an ancient Cha­ north-east wind is steady and the weather is pleasant. lukyan temple of Mallikarjunaswamy, in which, facing Towards the end of February, the temperature starts the Lingam is a big bull known as 'Kuruvatti Basa- rising and by the middle Of March, the country presents ::l -I t- ~ -I ~ ~ a: 4It 0 l- J: •'A !!! t.. 0 UJ C) > ~ a: -I_. « -I .s: - -I c:::~ > UI III -s:: 0 CO Z .g ::l 0 en a: ,_~ ~ e ~ U) UI ~ .9:! a: aJ :> 3 va~ ... ~ ~ UI LL ..J- ", -I I' -I oc( . . oc( C) ,. ~ ~ CI) 0 \,_ ~ oc( > :

THEVILLAGE 3

an altered appearance. Dust storms occur frequently in the river Tungabhadra. The birds commonly seen are and by the end of May, the temperature gets very sparrows, parrots, pigeons, crows, eagles, etc. Occa­ warm. In June, the south-west monsoons are heralded sionally peafowls also may be found. The domesticated by thunder storms and the rainy season starts. The vil­ animals consist of cattle, goats, and sheep, donkeys, lage benefits both by the south-west and north-east pigs, dogs and poultry birds. monsoons and the rainy season comes to an end in October. The temperature ranges between 60.5° F in Size January and 103.4° F in April and May. 17. The village covers an area of about 7614 acres, 13. The rainfall is generally betweet 20 and 30" of which, the 'gaothan' consists of about 85 acres. The per annum as can be seen from the following figures population is 4637 comprising of 2338 males and 2299 for the years 1951 to 1957:- females. The village has two hamlets, known as 'Gora­ guddi Sannathanda' and 'Goraguddi Doddathanda'. Year 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 Both these hamlets are inhab:ted by Lamanis, who have 32 households in them. Their hamlets are at a distance In inches 22·05 28·7626·04 18·03 29·85 31.51 28·10 of 21 and 3 miles from the village proper.

14. The river Tungabhadra flows at a distance of Residential Pattem about 2 kilometres from the village site. The rivers, Tunga and Bhadra, take their origin in Varaha Par­ 18. The habitation consists of both shapeless and vatha in the western ghats in the Mysore State and linear cluster of houses. The residential area is not well join to form Tungabhadra river at Kudali, about 8 planned. The original habitation, it is said, was confined miles east of Shimoga. After running for about 400 mainly to the fort area, but now the habitation has miles, these twin rivers join the Krishna river at Sanga­ largely extended towards east. Though all the residen­ meshwar in Andhra Pradesh. Now the river has gained tial structures have clustered up in an haphazard man­ considerable fame on account of the Tungabhadra pro­ ner, each caste has generally tended to form its own jects. In the rainy season, it swells prodigiously. cluster of houses by concentrating in a particular area or street. Thus, the different streets and residential areas Flora and Fauna are known by caste names. There are separate streets where Lingayats, Brahmins, Agasas, Badagis, etc., have 15. The village has no forest area and the tree­ their own houses. The main street which also happens growth is also generally poor. However with thc increase to be the longest and the widest street is known as the in the area of well irrigated gardens, the im­ the Bazaar street. It is mainly inhabited by Banajiga mediate surroundings of the viIlage site present and Ganiga sub-castes among Lingayats. At the end of an appearance of greenary, from a distance the tall the street, there are a few houses of Bahusar Kshatriyas. cocoanut palm groves present a beautiful sight. As one Sadargeri, which is also known as Vokkalageri, is approaches the Gaothana, the plantain garden and fields mainly inhabited by Sadars a sub-caste among Linga­ of sugarcane provide a pleasing sight. Cactus grows yats, who are mainly cultivators. For this Sadargeri, wild on the side of the cart tracks. The trees commonly there are several lanes called as Ganeppanna Shan­ seen are tamarind, neem, banian, babul, jack fruit, pee­ thappa lane, Hogesoppinavara lane, Jadara lane, Ma­ pul, honge, drum sticks, cocoanut, etc. The crops com­ riajjalane, etc. monly raised are jowar, groundnut, navni, paddy, bajra wheat, etc. The commercial crops are tobacco, cotton 19. Kurubageri is generally inhabited by Kurubas, banana, chillies, onions, etc. There are a few cocoa­ Bedas, Barikas and Pinjars, Pinjars constitute a sect nut gardens also. The vegetables commonly raised are among Muslims. Towards the south-east of the fort brinjal, cluster beans, lady's fingers, gourds, leafy vege­ and near the Kurubageri, is located Madageri inhabited tables, etc. by the 38 households of Madigas who belong to one of the scheduled castes. 16. Wild animals do not find enough shelter and so they are scarce. Jackals, rabbits, wild cats an,d occa­ 20. The residential pattern of the village also re­ sionally wolves are the wild animals which may be veals the settlement history of the different sections of found in the village limits. Rats, squirrels and such the population to some extent. It is said that generally . other rodents are a Iso seen. Rcptiles are occasionally those living in the fort area are the original residents found. It is said that alligators make their appearance of the village. In the fort area, the inhabitants are the 4 HOLALU

Lingayats, Brahmins, Badagis, Barikas, Bedars and 23. The village has a Branch Post Office which Agasas. They say that the people residing beyond the affords facilities for daily clearance and delivery of fort area are immigrants who came and settled down in mail. the village during the last 300 years. But there is no evidence to substantiate this statement. Important PUblic Places

21. In houses which form linear clusters a narrow 24. The important public places of the village are street runs between two rows of houses. As one enters the village panchayat office, village chavadi, the higher the village from the northern s;de, the very wide main elementary school for boys and girls, a private high entrance with open spaces on either side is such as school, etc. The village panchayat office is now housed likely to make one think that the village is well plan­ in a rented building. Recently. residential quarters for ned and provided with broad streets and lanes. But as the Village Level Worker and a lady teacher have also one proceed to the interior of the Gaothan he finds him­ been constructed under the National Extension Scheme. self in narrow and z:g-zag lanes full of ruts and pot A primary health centre has been sanctioned to the holes. In summer the lanes are dusty and in the mon­ village and at present it runs in a private rented build­ soons they get slushy. No space is left either on the ing. A site towards the west of Ananthasayana temple s;des of the houses or at their backs. Shapeless clusters has been selected for constructing buildings for the are mostly found in the fort area and Kurubageri. The Primary Health Centre. The Co-operative society is also streets here are very narrow and run zig-zag. The vil­ housed in a rented building. lage as a whole lacks in proper planning and there is also no proper drainage system. Many of the houses 25. The important places of worship are the Anan­ low stand at such levels that during heavy rains. the th,:sayana Temple on the outskirts of the village. Vee­ rain water often enters them. This is particularly so in rabhadra temple inside the fort area, Amriteswara tem­ Vokkalageri. Recently some of the streets have peen ple outside the gao than, Gonibasaveswara temple at the prov:ded with drains under the National Extension end of the bazaar street, Maradamma temple on the Service. outskirts of the village, Kalamma temple, Anjaneya temple, Eswara temple, Sanjeevaraya temple, Peteba­ Transport and Communication saveswara temple, etc. Maradamma temple also Serves as a place for shelter for mendicants, beggars, etc. Most 22. The village lies on the Hospet-Mailar road and of these temples are in the bazaar street. Apart from daily 3 passenger buses ply on this road. Thus, the vil­ these temples, there is also a mosque, where the Muslims lagers do not find it much difficult to reach the centres of the village pray. of administration, trade and commerce. Apart from these passenger buses, several lorries also ply on this road carrying commodities to and from the village. The Burial Gmunds lorry traffic gets particularly heavy during the harvesting 26. Excepting for the Muslims, none of the other .easons. Haveri and Ranebennur, the two commercial castes have separate burial grounds. The Muslims have centres from Dharwar districts are only about 20 miles a burial ground, which covers an area of about SO away from the village, but the villagers cannot take ad­ cents, towards the north of the gaothan. The other vantage of these marketing places, as the river Tunga­ castes bury their dead in their own fields or in some bhadra has not yet been bridged. A bridge across the places, as close to the gaothan as possible. The Brah­ Tungabhadra is under construction near Havanur of mins and a few other castes cremate their dead on the Haveri taluk and when this is completed, it is expected banks of the river Tungabhadra or on the bank of a that the village will have more ties with Haved and stream flowing in the east of the village. Ranebennur. The work of this bridge is now held up due to some disputes about the excess payment made Sources of Water to the contractor. At present, the nearest railway sta­ tion to the village on a main line is at Hospet, about 90 27. There are 8 public wells, of which one is ex­ miles away. When the bridge across Tungabhadra is clusively used by the Madigas. In the hamlets occupied completed, the nearest railway station will be only 20 by Lamanii'- there are 2 draw wells. But generally, the miles away, as both Haved and Ranebennur are rail­ villager:l briug water from a Honda situated towards way 'stations on the Poona-Bangalore metre gauge line the west of the fort. They prefer this water, as it is of the southern railways. Most of the other villages are sweet. They say that comparatively, the water in the connected by cart tracks and so the bullock: cart and the other wells is a bit more brackish. Besides these public bicycle form the common modes of transport. wells there are 32 private wells. The villagers wash their THE VILLAGE 5 clothes and cattle in the waters of the Tungabhadra was then that the great empire of Vijayanagar came to river. be founded by Harihararaya and Bukkaraya aided by the celebrated scholar Vidyaranya.

Market 31. The capital of this great kingdom of Vijaya­ 28. A weekly shandy is held in the village on every nagar, was established at Vijayanagar, wh;ch is also Tuesday. More than 100 temporary stalls dealing in known as Hampi. The Vijayanagar Empire had reach­ grocery, vegetables, clothes, fruits, eatables, etc., are ed its zenith during the time of Krishnadevaraya and set up at the time. The shandy meets near the entrance the Hampi City then rose to be the paramount metro­ of the village between 1 P.M. and 7 P.M. Villagers polis, unparalleled for its splendour, vastness, richness from 20 neighbouring villages take advantage of this and beauty. It was during his period that the City of shandy. For large scale trading, the villagers generally Hospet was built. The kingdom of Vijayanagar had a go to Hospet, Davangere or Harapanahalli. Hoopet is career of over 300 years and it was laid low only in about 90 miles away from the village, whereas Davan­ the battle of Talikota in 1565 A.D. by the combined gere is 73 miles away and H~!'apanahalli is about 38 forces of the four Mohammandan principahies of the miles from the village. Deccan. 32. After the battle of Talikot, Bellary became sub­ History of the Village ject to the Muslim rulers of Bijapur, but a few Pale­ gars were then continuing independently. After a time, 29. In the absence of any ancient monuments au­ the dislr:ct became a part of the possession of the thentic books of definite historical character, old ins­ Nizam, before it passed on to the Mysore Rulers under criptions, etc., which play an important part in estab­ Hyder Ali. Hyder Ali and his son Tippu Sulthan held lishing its historic past, it is d:tIicult to say anything the district till 1792 A.D. when by a partition treaty, about the v:llage with authority. However, there it had fallen back to the lot of the Nizam. Later on by is no denying of the fact that the district has got an <~ treaty ktween Nizam and the British, the District was ancient civilisation. Till recently, it was thought, Bellary ceded to the Britishers along with Cuddanah, Kurnool and its surroundings formed a dense forest (Dandaka­ and Ananthapur districts i~ lieu of the 'lssistance ren­ ranya) without any trace of human habitation, culture dered by the Britishers to the Nizam. Till 1947, Bellary or civil"sat;on worth the name. But the recent archaeo­ was one of the ceded districts of the '-fadras State and logical finds consisting of stone implements, etc., in on the attainment of independence, the word 'ceded' Sanganahal and Koppagal, near Bellary, reveal that was deleted. On the creation of ~.he Andhra State in even in the stone age, the district had reached a high October, 1953, the district 3'j a whole excepting standard of civilisation. According to some archaeolo­ Adoni, Alur and Raidurg, taluks came to be attached gists, these implements belong to the stone age dating to the Mysore State and since then, the village forms back to 10,000 B.C.-5000 B.C. a part of this State.

30. Coming to the historical period, in the 3rd cen­ Legends and Monumellts tury B.C., this was perhaps included in the Ashoka Empire. After the beginning the Christian Era and till 33. Excepting for the image of Ananthasayana in a the forming of the Vijayanagar Empire, Bellary and its temple, there are no old monuments. It is said that this surroundings appeared to have been under the sway idol was carved out of black stone by J akanacharya, of Sathavahanas, Kadambas, Rashtrakutas, Gangas and who intended ',0 take it to the Ananthasayana temple western Chaulkyas. In the first quarter of the 14th cen­ at Hampi, but before the idol could be installed at tury, the Yadavas of Devagiri and Hoisalas of Dwara­ Hampi, the glory of Vijayanagar kingdom had started samudra were almost succumbing to the onslaught of declining. So ultimately, it is said, that the idol was Malik-Kafur, the General of A1lauddin-Khilji, and it installed in this village only. CHAPTER 11

THE PEOPLE AND THEIR MATERIAL EQUIPMEl\TS

Ethnic Composition At this stage, it may be necessary (0 consider some of the practices, customs and beliefs of the important 34. The important feature of the socio-structure castes in the village:- of the village is its multi-ethnic composition. In the village, there are Hindus, Muslims and Jains. Out of the 800 households, 43 belong to Muslims, 3 to (A) Lingayats Juins and the remaining 754 households belong to 35. 1L would be seen from the above statement Hindus. On the population basis, out of the total that numerically, the Lingayats form the major caste population of 4,637, Hindus number 4,395, Muslims in the village. There are 386 households of Lingayats number 230 and the Jains 12. There are further divi­ with a population of 2,456. Thus, they constitute 48.25 sions among each of these three religious faiths. The per cent of the total number of households and 52.96 Hindus are divided into castes, sub-castes, 'gotras', per cent of the total population. Lingayats are also "bedagus', etc. So also, the Muslims are divided into known as Lingawants or Veerasaivas. They claim that several sects. The following statement gives a picture their religious faith is a very old one, but that it gained of sllch divisions broadly:- considerable momentum only in the 12th century when the faith was revived by Basaveswara. Basaves\vara Households Population Si. ~.;o. Caste r--...... -A---~, r----..A...--~--..., was an Aradhya Brahmin from BijJPur District and 0; 0' NUl1l- /0 NUl1l- /0 he gave a stimulus to the school of devotion to shiva ber ber after abandoning some of the traditional Hindu cere­ 2 3 4 5 6 monies and rejecting some ancient scriptures. He preached several tenets to replace the traditional ones. 1 L.;ngayat 386 48.25 2456 52.96 He wanted to abolish all caste distinctions. According 2 ;;'_uruba 90 11.25 477 10.28 to his preachings, there could be no caste distinction 3 B,da 73 9.13 381 8.22 among the wearers of 'Lingas'. According to their faith, the wearers of "Lingas' are not iiable to trans­ 4 Barika 50 6.25 268 5.78 migration. They are not to observe any pollution on 5 Madiga 38 4.75 180 3.88 account of monthly sicknesses, births or deaths. How­ 6 Lambani 32 4.00 182 3.92 ever, it has to be admitted that in the village, some 7 Bahusar Kshatriya 19 2.38 121 2.61 of the old traditional customs and beliefs have re­ appeared among the followers of Veerasaivism without 8 Badagi 16 2.00 89 1.92 in any way affecting the doctrines preached by Basa­ 9 Chalavadi 3 16 veswara. 10 Brahmin 11 1.38 57 1.23 36. In the village, the Lingayats are divided into 7 0.88 0.78 11 Boyi 36 several distinct groups like Sadars, Panchacharyas, 12 Agasa 6 0.75 26 0.56 Banajigas, Jangams, Kumbars, Ganigas, and Hada­ 13 Viswakanna 5 0.62 39 0.84 pads. These distinctions are almost like castes among other Hindus. They must have first started as 5 0.62 23 0.50 14 Devanga functional distinctions and at present. they are taken 15 Myadaru 4 0.50 13 0.28 into consideration in settling marriages, etc. They 16 Rajput 0.12 5 0.11 more or less serve as endogamous divisions, as marri­ ages between two divisions are not permitted. Thus, 17 Bhajantri 0.12 3 0.06 a Sadar cannot marry a Panchacharya. In the village, 18 Sadar Sadars with 243 households and a population of 1,596 19 Muslim 43 5.34 230 4.96 are in the majority. Their main occupation is culti­ vation and a few of them also do trading as subsidiary 20 Jain 3 0.38 12 0.26 ---.-~------occupation. They are hard working and well built. TOTAL 800 100.00 4637 100.00 Sadars are further divided into several exogamous units THE PEOPLE AND THEIR MATERIAL EQUIPMENTS 7 called Adikeleyaru, Shamantigeyaru, Malligeyvaru, etc. Lingayats in the village perform some obsequeies. Persons coming from the same exogamous group can­ Though widow remarriages are permitted among not marry one another. Some of the Lingayats assign them, the Lingayats in the village do not usually per­ a lower social status to Sadars saying that they are form them. Lingayats were not taking food with any more recent converts to Veerasaivism. The family other caste till about 10 years back, but of late, some deities of Sadars are Shakaravva, Veerabhadra, Goni­ among them have no objection to take' food with basaveshwara, Mailar Lingeshwara, etc. Panchachars Brahmins. Inter-dining among the various divisions who are 269 in number and distributed in 44 house· of Lingayats is being permitted during the last 20 holds are the followers of the 5 'Peetas'-"Pancha years. However, Banajigas, Ganigars, Panch am Salis Peetas". Most of them are cultivators, but a few are and Jangams do not take food from Kurubars and hotel keepers and traders. The Banajigas are Lingayats Hadapads even now. All Lingayats wear a 'linga' on whose traditional occupation is trade. However, many their person from birth to death. They also besmear of the Banajigas in the village work at agriculture. their foreheads with 'vibhuti'. Many of them and The Jangams constitute the priestly classes among particularly the Banajigas, Jangams and Ganigars Lingayats. They officiate at all religious functions of perform 'Shiva Pooja' before meals every day. Linga­ the Lingayats as also at the time of marriage, death yats by virtue of their numerical strength as also and birth ceremonies. Traditionally the Jangams used economic superiority play a leading role in all the to seek alms from the Lingayat laity while moving from social, educational, cultural and economic activities of house to house with a bell garter tied to their legs and the village. carrying a cotton bag ('Jolagi') in the hand. They are divided into two different groups, viz., Hennu Joli­ (B) Kurubas geyavaru and Gandu Joligeyavaru. One group seeks alms in the form of flour and the other in whole 39. Next to Lingayats, the K~rubas with 90 house­ grains. There are further endogamous divisions among holds and with a population of 477 form the second them called 'sutras' like Male. Paduvadi, etc. Many major community in the village. The Kutubas are of the Jan_g:ams in the village have now taken to divided into several sub-castes like Kadukuruba, Ooru­ cultivation. They f!enerally worship Basaveswara, Mai­ kuruba, Jenukuruba, etc. All the Kurubas of this vil­ lar Lingeshwara, Veerabhadra. Siddeswara and other lage, however, belong to Oorukuruba division only. dieties. There are 11 households of Kumbars, whose The Oorukurubas are further divided into two endo­ gamous groups known as 'Unnekanakana Kuruba' and traditional occupation is pottery. Many of them attend 'Hatti Kanakanakuruba'. All the Kurubas of the vil­ to this craft even now. The Ganigars have oil pressing lage belong to 'Hattikanakana Kuruba' division. as their traditional occupation, but most of them have now taken to cultivation. The 4 households of Hadpads Though inter-dining is permitted between Hattikana­ kana and Unnikanakana Kurubas, inter-marriage is work as barbers which is their traditional occupation. not. The Kurubas in the village are further divided They receive their wa~es in the form of 'Av\l' annually. into several endogamous units called 'Bedagus'. The 37. The LingaYDts have Kannada as their mother­ common 'Bedagus' are 'Gujjaloru', 'Mandaloru', etc. tongue. They are all vegetarians. The names common 'Sagotra' marriages are not permitted. among men are Basappa, Lingappa, Fakirappa, Veer­ bhadra, Shivalingaopa. and among women, are Shan­ 40. The traditional occupation of Kurubas is sheep thavva, Parvathavva, Shivalingavva, Basavva, Fakir­ rearing and wool weaving, but all the Kurubas of the avva. Kallavva, Dvamavva. etc. Sadars usually have village are attending to agriculture. About 15 house­ the honorific 'gowda' suffixed to their names. Thus. the holds rear sheep as only subsidiary occupation. Only names common among Sadars are Basan Gowda, Vee­ one Kuruba household in the village is engaged in ran Gowda, etc. The Jangams have the honorific weaving wool. The other sheep rearers sell away the 'swamy' suffixed to their names. On all festival and wool to other villagers. The chief objects of their ceremonial occasions, the Lingayats invite Jangams worship are Mailara Lingeshwara, Gonibasaveswara, and offer them food and some cash as 'Kanike'. Each Veerabhadra, etc. Their important place of pilgrimage Lingayat household is attached to a particular Jangam is Mailar, where the famous temple of Mailar Lin­ who is paid 'Aya' annually in addition to presents geshwar is situated. They accept food and water from given to him on special occasion. a few other castes in the village like the Lingayats, Brahmins, Badagi and Barikas. They are non-vege­ 38. Though Lingayats in general are not expected tarians, but do not eat beef. They always arrane:e to perform any elaborate after death ceremonies. the marriages by paying a bride-price of about Rs. 100 g HOLALU

The bride-price is known as 'Tera'. Though re­ rians, but do not eat beef. Their mother-tongue is marriages of widows and divorce of women is Kannada. The principal occupations of many of the permitted among the castemen, in other villages, the Barikas in the village are cultivation and agricultural local Kurubas do not anow them. labour.

41. Their mother-tongue is Kannada. They are dark 45. In the past, the custom of dedication of women in colour and wen built. They work hard in the fields as 'Devadasis' was very much prevalent among them, and are reputed to be honest. They have a caste but now this evil practice has almost disappeared. panchayat of their own which wielded considerable They permit re-marriages of widows and of divorced influence till about 20 years back. All important mat­ women, but the issues from such marriages always ters relating to the caste used to be left to the decision find themselves in a lower status. The re-married of this caste panchayat. Persons declared to be guilty widows cannot also take part in several religious cere­ for any offence by the caste panchayat used to be monies. They always arrange their marriages by paying punished by levy of fine, etc., and the fine amount bride a price of about Rs. 16, but sometimes the realised was used to arrange caste dinners. But of late, bride-price goes up to Rs. 100. Early marriages were the influence of the Panchayat has been on the wane very common among them in the past, but now-a­ and at the time of this survey the Panchayat was days generally they arrange post-puberty marriages. leading only a formal existence. (E) Harijans (C) Bedars 46. There are 41 households of Harijans in the 42. Bedars are also called Talwars or Valmiki village. 38 of them belong to Madars and 3 to Hase­ Mathastaru. In oth-ef'parts of the Mysore State, Bedars gars. The Hasegars are also known as Kahaleyvaru. are also known as Naiks and Palegars. The Bedars The caste name of Kahaleyavaru is derived from the claim their descent from the great sage Valmiki. It is word 'Kanhale' meaning a musical instrument. This said that their traditional occupation was hunting and instrument consists of an elongated trumpet. Blowing robbery, but now the Bedars have given up their of such trumpets heralding the arrival of a palanquin nomadic life and have settled down in several villages. carrying the village deity is the traditional occupation Now they work as village watchmen and also as village of this caste and hence the name of this caste. The servants under the Patel and the Karnam. Many of traditional occupation of most of these Harijans con­ them have taken to cultivation and agricultural labour. sists of manufacturing leather goods. The Madigas have They are non-vegetarians and their mother-tongue is their separate residential area. They are divided into Kannada. Their castemen in Kolar and Chitradurga several endogamous units known as 'Vengare', 'Ma­ Districts have Telugu as their mother-tongue. neru', 'Aiholeyavaru', 'Gujjaloru'. Inter-dining is per­ mitted among those dilferent units. 43. They are divided into several endogamous units called 'Bedagus'. The important exogamous units are 47. Most of the Madars supply foot-wear and Meenaloru, Yenumaloru, Gijjaloru, etc. Marriages other leather goods required for agricultural purposes within a 'Bedagu' are prohibited. The custom of pay­ to the other villagers and they are paid 'Aya' for ing a bride-price of about Rs. 64 at the time of marri­ their services soon after the harvest. On an average, ages prevails among them. In the past, they used to they obtain about 50 seers of jowar from ei\ch house­ dedicate women as 'Devadasis', but this old practice hold they serve. At times, the foot-wear is also sold has almost disappeared now. They do not accept food for cash. Whenever they arrange their marriages, they and water from Boyis, Hasegars, Madigas, Lamanis, have to pay a bride-price of about Rs. 64. Till about etc. Their principal deities are Mailar Lingeswara, Yel­ 15 or 20 years back, they generally used to arrange Iamma, Dyamavva, Shakaravva, etc. They have no for child marriages, but now generally, they arrange caste Panchayat. post-puberty marriages. Till about IS years back, they also used to dedicate young girls as 'Devadasis', but (D) Barikas this custom is not much in vogue now.

44. Barikas are also known as Kabberu or Gangi­ 48. The deities they worship are Maramma, Yel­ mathastaru. Their traditional occupation consists of lamma, Durgamma, Lakkavva, Hanumantharaya, Mai­ fishing and work as boat-men, but many of them have lar Lingeshwara, etc. They have a temple of Mara­ now taken to cultivation also. They are non-vegeta- damma in their residential locality. They arrange for THE PEOPLE AND THEIR MATERIAL EQUIPMENTS 9

special worship at this temple on festival and cere­ 53. They have a common caste panchayat, for monial occasions. They are non-vegetarians and also their hamlets. Their headman is now called 'Naika', eat carrion. Their mother-tongue is Kannada. Socially, who arbitrates in all their disputes relating to marriages. economically, educationally and culturally, they are social customs and other ceremonies. They have a fair very backward. They have a caste-panchayat presided complexion and a medium stature. They are hard over by one d the elder members of their o"vn caste. working and well built. Even their women f01k work Panchayat deals with all offences pertaining to social hard in the fields and carry heavy loads of fuel over customs and beliefs of their casti!. Persons found guilty long distances. The women have a peculiar type of are punished by levy of fine and the fine amount col­ dress. They are easily distinguished by the curious and lected is usually utilised for caste dinners. picturesque dress completely different from that worn by :::ny other class in the village. It consists of a saree 49. The evil of untouchability has not completely of tartar, petticoat (langa), with a stomacher over the disappeared in the village. They have a separate drink­ bosom and mantle often elaborately embroidered, ing water well and they can use water from only this which covers the head and the upper part of the well. They do not enter any temple other than their body. The hair is worn in ringlets or plaits h:ml!ing own. They also do not enter the tea shops and hotels. down each side of the face. They wear heavy silver They are served at these places in separate vessels. and bone anklets and bangles. Many of them wear necklaces made out of 4 anna and naya paisa coins. They permit divorce and separation. Many of them 50. The Hasegar or Kahalevavaru consider them­ are addicts to intoxicating drinks and some of them. selves superior to the Madigas. They do not accept food it is said. distil illicit liquor in the nearby hillocks from Madigas. In fact, inter-dining and inter-marriages Hanuman. etc. They ohsf'rve all the qroom at the time of the m~rri~C)"f'c;. 'Th{"v ~Tl,l"c)"~ for :\ Hindu festivals. They do not aCCf'Dt food from the thre3d ceremony of their hovs. Thev accent food and HoIeyas and Madigas. water from Lingayats, Brahmins and Visvakarmas. but 7-6 CensusfMysoreJ68 10 HOLAL U

not from others. Pandarpur, Kolhapur, Prasadgad, etc., llui'orm elabor:de afta death ceremonies hesides per­ ar'~ the usual places of their pilgrimages. They invitt forming annual 'shraddhas'. a Brahmin priest to officiate at all their religious func­ tions ::md marri;>::cs. They dispose of their dead by (J) Boyis cremation. They do not permit divorces or \-\'idow fe-marriages. 60. There are 7 households of Boyis who are also called Voddars. The Voddars are divided into several (H) Badagis endogamous units like Rayollu, Mannuvodda, Bili­ gollu, etc. The traditional occuoations of the Voddars 56. Badagis are also known as Panchals. In the are stone dressing and earth digging. The Boyis of the village, there are 16 households of Badagis with a village belong to Bandodda. sub-caste. They appear to population of 89. They claim descent from Visvakarma, be immigrants from the neighbouring Districts of An­ the creator of universe. The Badagis in the village work dhra Pr~desh having come and settled down here about as blacksmiths or carpenters. In social status, they 50 years back. Their mother-tongue is Telugu, but claim equality with Brahmins. They are vegetarians they also converse in Kannada well. They are non­ and their mother-tongue is Kannada. They wear a vegetar:ans. but do not eat beef. They do not accept sacred thread after the Upanayana ceremony. They do food from the Madigas, Chalvadis, Bedars, Muslims not permit widow re-marria \1es. and Lamanis. Their principal occupations in the village consist of masonry and agricultural labour. They per­ 57. They worship Eswara, Mailara Linga, Ka­ mil re-marriages of widows and also divorces. lamma, Dyamavva. Ganapathy, etc. Brahmin priests officiate at their religious ceremonies. marriages, etc. (K) Muslims They do not accept food from any caste other than 61. There ;}re 43 Muslim households with a popu­ Brahmins. They prepare implements requ;red for agri­ lation of 230. They are all Sunnis, but they know little culture and in turn receive payment in the form of o! th,::r religion. Their social customs, dress, etc., is 'Aya' from the cultivators served by them. very much like those of Hindus. The Muslims of the village are divided into 4 sects, viz., Pinjaras, Shaik, (1) Brahmins MulL! and Syed. Inter-dining among these various sects is perrnitted. However marriage between a Pinjar and 58. There are 11 households of Brahmins belonging any other sect is not generally practised though it is to the Smartha, Madhava and Vaishnava sub-caste!>. not strictly forbidden. Majority of the Muslims of the The Brahmins are further divided into ~everal endo· village belong to Pinjara sect. Pinjaras are cotton gamons units or 'Gotras' like 'Bharadvaia', 'Vasista', cleaners. It is said that they are local converts of a 'Kapila', etc. They are strict vegetarians and their Hindu caste bearing the same name. Many Pinjars in mother-tongue is Kannada. They do not accept food the village can speak only Kanarese and do not know from any other caste. The chief deities of worship are Urdu which is the usual mother-tongue of a Muslim. Ananthasay;ma. Venkateswara. Shankarnarayana, An­ Their mode of dress, both among males and females janeya, etc. is also very much similar to the Hindus. Many of the Pinjars have now taken to cultivation. It is said that 59. Most of the Brahmins in the village were once they do not eat beef and that they still observe vows rent receiv-ers who nossessed large extents of cultivated to Hindu deities. However, their religious head is a lands. but many of them have sold away large extents Kazi. The Muslims do not accept food from Holeyas, and are now left with small holdings. A few have Madigas and Boyis. None of the Muslim women ob­ taken to nersonal cultivation. Many Brahmins from serve Burka. The Muslims of the village have Urdu the villa!!e have emigrated to other places in search as the mother-tongue but they speak Kanarese well. of service. Priests among them officiate at the religious cereTr~nies of Badagis. Bedars and Barikas also. Some Houses and House Types of them \"ere holding: hereditary offices as Karnams and also as tem"lle nri'ests. Though inter-dining is per­ 62. The houses in the village generally form a mittd ?mOD'! sub-castes of Brahmins, inter-m:lrriage linear assemblage with a street running between parallel is not. Widow re-marriages and divorces are not per­ rows of houses. Some of the streets are straight and mitten, l'vJ~rria"'es are 0'enerallv arranged by pavment ,orne run zir:-zag. But a common feature of the streets to thp hrictecrTOom of dowrv which may range between in the village is that they are aU narrow and not main­ R~. 500 and Rs. 2.000. They cremate their dead and tained well. A few of the houses form shapeless clus- THE PEOPLE AND THEIR MATERIAL EQUIPMENTS 11 ters. As the annual rainfall is generally between 20" not more than one room each. To be exact, 20.ij per and 30" almost \11 the houses have a rectangular I:em 01 me nOUM;![iOlds and 11.Uo per cent 01 lhe total ground plan with fiat roofs. There are only a few population reSlUe III nou:-es wllh no regU1ar room. houses m tne Village WdlC11 ale lile~l ami [IICY are houses wltn no regUlar room are those III willch one public like schools, hotels, etc. All the other houses room IS useG for all purposes. In other wows, III with sloping roofs consist of thatched huts. sUl:n Ilouses, tile kltl:ilell, tne llVlng space, me slore, etc., an.: all contained in one room. 70.j'j per cent of 63. Generally the houses are dark and dingy. Very We total households and 69.68 per cent 01 the total few houses have got wmdows and those houses which populatIOIl live in houses with only one room. In SUCh have windows, have them either in the front Of the 1louses, mere would be a small kitchen besides the back walls. There are practically no storeyed. houses. ltvmg room. 5.50 per cent of the households and 8.19 Light and air generally enters through the doors. They per cent 01 the total population reside in houses wit.h have some openings in the fiat fOOlS called 'Bel,l­ 2 rooms. 2 per cent of the toral hOUSCilOlds and kindis' which allow light to enter and smoke to escape. 2.78 per cent of tile total population live in Majority of the houses have no separate bath rooms. Douses ~v,tn 3 rooms. 1 per ceut or tile housenolds Arrangements for bathing are generally made in a and lA4 per cent ot tne populauon re~ide in l10uses corner in the kitchen or in a part of the cattie shed. with 4 rooms. There are no households in' the village Some people take bath in the open spaces outside the residing in houses with 5 rooms, and only 0.38 per cent houses. Thus, there are no proper bathing faciiiLies for of the households and 0.83 per cent of the popu,ation many of the households. Similarly, majority oi the reside in houses with more than 5 rooms. '1 hus, it households teather their cattle in their own residential would be seen from this table iliat the village as a houses. They have no separate cattle shed. A part of whole i<:,cks in proper living space. the living room serves as a cattle shed. It is only some of the richer Lingayat households which have separate 66. In Tables 13-A and 13-B, the houses have been cattle sheds. Majority of the houses have a;so no classified according to the types of walls and types separate facilities for storing either agricultural produce ot roofs. Table 13-A presents information about tne or agricultural implements. The implements are gene­ classification of the houses by types of walls. It IS seen rally kept in the portion serving as a cattle sh~d and from this Table that majority of the houses in the the grains arc kept in a corner in the living room. village have walls made of stone. To be exact 65.13 Very few houses in the village have separate Pooja per cent of the houses have stone walls. Then comes rooms. In majority of the houses, a part of the kitchen the houses with mud walls. 227 houses or 28.38 per serves as a Pooja room. Thus. generally the living cent of the households reside in houses with mud conditions in the village present a congested look. walls. There are a few houses in which both mud and Hardly 6 houses in the village have bee1 provided with stone or mud and wood or mud and thatched materials latrines. The nearby fields serve as places for toilet to are used for the walls. There are also a few houses the majority. There are no proper drainafe facilities m in which walls are made only of thatched material. the village. Waste water just runs into public streets or The houses in the residential area of the scheduled into the open spaces. Thus, from sanitary and hygienic caste are almost all made of mud walls. points of view, the living conditions cannot be said to be satisfactory. 67. Table 13-B classifies the houses by types of roofs. It is seen from this table that 464 households 64. If such are the living conditions in the other or about 58 per cent of t:1~ total households reside parts of the residential area, the conditions found in in houses with mud roofs. Besides these houses, there the residential area occupied by the Madigas and other are a few other houses in which mud and bamboos Barijans are particularly bad. Majority of the huts or mud and wood or mud and thatched material or in this area have no proper plinth with the result that mud and tin sheets are used for roofing purposes. the rain water very often enters the living quarters. The other types of roofs found in the houses of the The houses in this locality are constructed of poor village are of thatched material, corrugated zinc, tin material and are not well maintained. sheets, wood, bamboos, etc. There are hardly Z houses in the village with Mangalore tiles. A few well-to-do 65. An idea of about the congestion in the village residents of the village have constructed some new can be had from the information presented in Table houses with Mangalore tiled roofs and rented them XII. It would be seen from this Table that more than out to house Public Institutions like the Cooperative 90 per cent of the households reside in houses with Society, Primary Health Centre, etc. Recently the i2 HOLALU Viraktarnath has also constructed a tiled building for The houses belonging to Kurubas, Barikas, Bedars. a school hostel and now as many as the 166 boys stay etc., are much smaller in size. The houses of households in this hostel. Houses with roofs made of thatched with ail annual income of less than Rs. 500 cover a material, Mangalore tiles, bamboos, etc., have gene­ plintll area at about 250 to 300 square feet and costing rally 2 slopes. A few have got only one slope, the about Rs. 150 for construction. A few households of slope being generally towards the threshold. well-to-do cultivators have got separate cattle sheds of tIle size of 161' X 241'. They said that construction ()lj. Generally an agriculturist with a medium SIze of SUC;l separate sheds may vary from Rs. 400 in land holding i.e., between 10 and 30 acres win have a re~pect 01 'Kuchcha' cattle sheds to Rs. 2,500 for house with a plinth area of about 191 feet X 371 feet. 'pucea' cattle sheds. Majority of the houses are white­ .For such houses, the foundation runs about 4 feet deep washed and repaired either at the time of Nagar­ and is covered with loose and shapeless stones up to panchami festival or the Deepavali festival. On every the ground level. Then the plinth is raised with stones ]\;onday, the floor is given a wash with cow dung measuring about 9" X 12". The walls are raised to a emulsion. height of about 9' to 10' from the ground level and are generally about 2' thick. In majority of the houses, 70. The villagers have several beliefs regarding the walls are made of unburnt and sun-dried bricks construction of houses. Most of them would not like turned out of black earth called 'Halumannu'. Before their houses facing either the south or west. They raising tIle roof, wooden pillars are also fixed at generally prefer to const.ruct houses facing east. Before suitable distances. Such houses are usually provided they undertake the work of construction of a house, with about 3 windows of the size of 2' X l' fixed in they consult a priest both regarding the selection of the outer walls. These houses have generally 3 doors, a site and the day for commencing of the construction the front door being of 6' X 21'. The wood used for work. Before they commence the work of laying the door frames. doors and windows is generally of neem. foundation, they perform a small religious ceremony mango or jack fruit. The wood required is either ob­ called 'Guddali Pooja'. At this ceremony, the site and tilined locally or purchased in the markets at Harpana­ the implements used for laying the foundation are halli or Hospet. The stones. mud and other materials oCered worship in the presence of a few elders. They required for house construction are available locally always calculate the size of a house by a unit called in ample quantities. They engage the local masons and 'ankana' which equals to about 50 square feet. The carpenters on contract basis or on daily wages. Gene­ size of the house is always fixed in terms of some odd rally the work is entrusted to them on contract basis. number of 'ankanas' like '3 ankanas', '5 ankanas', The flooring generally consists of hard beaten earth '7 ankanas', etc. They have a second ceremony when covered with a wash of cow dung or lime mortar. fixing the threshold. This ceremony of worshipping The floor in the cattle shed is made of small sized the threshold is also fixed on an auspicious day and l.'nmite shbs. The house of an average cultivator con­ at an auspicious hour fixed in consultation with the sists of a living room, a kitchen, a store room, a local astrologers. At this ceremony, the masons, the pooja room. a cattle shed. etc. carpenters and the labourers are given some gifts. The next ceremony will be the house warming ceremony 69. The cost of construction of a house with a on completion of the construction. They offer elaborate plinth area of about 191' X 371' is as follows:- Poojas on this occasion and one of the ceremonies connected with this function is boiling the milk in a Amount Rs. p. container till it overflows. They invite several friends (i) Foundation work 500.00. and relations to a feast on this occasion. (it) Cost of stones for walls 500.00 (iii) Cost of construction of wal1s 300.00 Dress (iv) 8 wooden planks 240.00 (v) 16 wooden pillars 300.00 71. The type of dress used by the different castes (vi) 3 doors 150.00 in the village is more or less of the same type. It is (vii) 3 windowc, 50.00 not possible to distinguish the various castes by the . (viii) 300 bam boos 400.00 Ox) Wages for laving roofs 200.00 types of dress used by each of them. The Muslims (x) Cost of construction of inner 'valls 200.00 who are accustomed to wear 'Pyjamas' and long coats (xi) Plastering and other work 200.00 elsewhere use here the Dhoties and. the Shirts, just like any other Hindu caste. So also the women folk TOTAL 3,040.00 wear a saree and do not observe 'burka'. So, it is THE PEOPLE AND THEIR MATERIAL EQUIPMENTS very difficult to distinguish a Muslim from a member Gmaments of any other caste by dress alone. A few among the Muslims wear 'pyjamas' as a lower garment and that 7). Like me people of any other parts in the too only when they go outside the viliage. It is only country, the love of ornaments is inherent among the in respect of Lamani women that their mode of dress women of Holalu. In fact, in the past, all the savings differs considerably from the mode of dress of other or a household used to be invested either on landed villagers. properties or ornaments and in case of necessity, they used to prefer to dispose of landed property rather tnan ornaments. The ornaments in use in the village n. The wearing apparel of men generally consists de varied in type. The well-to-do people generally of a turban, a S:l;n and a dhoti. Those w1>o do not have ornaments made of gold and those who cannot wear a turban, generally cover their head with a small afford to purchase ornaments of such precious metals towel or a cap. The shirts are either long sleeved or have ornaments made of silver, brass, glass, etc. La­ half sleeved. The Dhoties are generally worn with a mani women move in bangles and anklets made of 'cuchcha' and very few wear them without 'cuchcha'. heavy brass and bones. Many of them can also be When working in the fields, the dhoti is generally noticed with pieces of copper strung round their necks. tucked up to the level of the knee. School going boys It is said that a fresh piece of copper is worn during and other children generally wear a shirt and a short­ each continement to propitiate the tribal gods. Thus trousers. Only boys going to the High School or the the number of copper pieces also show the number of colleges wear full trousers. There is no difference in children born to the wearer. Some ornaments like the mode of dress for festive occasions. Most of them Manf:,alasutra are considered very sacred. The Man­ wear foot wear called 'chappals' made by the local galasutra indicates the marital status of a woman cobblers. A few among the well-to-do purchase ready­ among almost all the castes. It is only widows who made foot wear at either Harapanaha11i or Hospet. dispense with the Mangalasutra after the death of their husbands. Ear rings are also not worn by widowed 73. The dress of females generally consists of a women. The widows among. Brahmins and Lingayats blouse called 'kubsa' and a saree. The saree is usually dispense with glass ornaments. The Muslims do not 6 to 8 yards in length and is used without a kucha. wear the head ornament called 'Bille'. Nowadays the The upper end of the saree covers the head also preference is for ornaments of light weight. Formerly excepting among women among Brahmins and a few ornaments like Kadaga, Bugadi, etc., were very com­ other castes. The dress of Lamani women differs much mon, bllt nowadays, they are slowly disappearing. from that of the women of any other caste. They wear The ornaments commonly seen in the village are indi­ a coarse petti-coat of blue and red with a stomacher cated in the statement below. A few of them like the over the bosom and an elaborately embroidered mantle head ornaments and the heavy ornaments are restricted covering the head and the upper part of the body. for use only on festive and ceremonial occasions. The The bodice they use is generally tucked at the back list, though big, does not mean that every household and is made of green, blue or red colour. possesses each of the items mentioned therein;-

Hair Style and Other Body Decomtim:s Ornament Metal Value Rs. 74. Women of all castes excepting the Lamanis Head Nagam Gold 50.00 part their hair in the middle and tie it at the back into a knot. Young girls plait the hair at the back BilJi Gold 50.00 like a pigtail. Lamani women tie their hair into ring­ Huvu Gold 60.00 lets or plaits hanging down each side of the face and Gurvi Gold 60.00 decorate them with shells before terminating them in tussels. The use of face powder, creams, etc., is res­ Neck Teeke Gold 300.00 tricted among the few coming from the well-to-do Padaka Gold 400.00 Lingayats and Brahmin families. Excepting widows. Gundusara Gold 250.00 most of the women wear vermilion marks on their foreheads. Tattooing is very common among the Kasinasara Gold 400.00 women of Beda, Barika, Lingayat, KUTl.1ba and Madiga Chapaiahara Gold 250.00 . castes. Saragi Gold 200.00 14 HOLALtJ

Ornament Metal Value are 39 chairs in aU, out of which, 29 are possessed by Rs. Lingayats. Out of the 22 tables, 15 are possessed by Ear Vale Gold 100.00 Lingayats. The 2 sofa sets and 3 easy chairs found B.;ndole Gold 80.00 in the village belong to Lingayats. Out of 12 benches, Bugudi Gold 60.00 9 belong to Lingayats. Thus, it is seen that most of the articles are possessed by Lingayats and this fact Nose NattLl Gold 25.00 also goes to indicate that most of the wdl-to·Jo house­ Moogubattu Gold 15.00 holds belong to Lingayats. The Madigas, Lamanis, Anns, finger and Yoyis, Agasas, Korachas, Myadars, Bhajantries, wrd Van\i Sil\ er 25.01) Muslims, etc., do not possess a single item of furni­ Vaflki Gnld 200.00 ture. Ungura Gold 80.00 Saragi Guld 300.00 80. In Table 12A, information regarding posses­ sion of consumer goods is presented. It lS seen from Bilavara Gold 30u.00 this table that most of the consumer goods also are Patli Gold 300.00 possessed by Lingayats. There are in all 31 wrist i3allgle (Bale) Gold 80.00 watches in the village and 18 belong to Lingayats. Out of the 8 petromax lights, 6 belong to Lingayats. Chain Silver 30.00 There are 17 torch lights and 11 of them belong to Anklet Silver 60.00 Lingayats. There are 5 kerosene stoves, of which 3 Toering Silver 3.00 belong to Lingayats. Out of the 13 ~)icydes in the W,\iSI Patti Gold 2,500.00 village, 9 belong to Lingayats. There are 7 radio sets Patti,' Silver 70.00 and 5 of them belong to Lingayats. Out of the 2 time pieces, 1 belongs to the Lingayat and 1 to GejJepatti Silver 100.00 Devanga. There are 9 clocks and 6 of them belong Household Goods to Lingayats. The 2 motor-cycles and I electric fan 76. In the rural areas, the residents generally do in the village belong to Lingayats. not attach much importance to the possession of furniture and other consumer goods. Even in house­ 81. In Table 12-B, information regarding certain holds which can be considered as rich, the pieces of habits like the use of mosquito nets, use of toilet and furniture found are few in number. So, the economic washing soaps, the habit of getting clothes washed by status of a household in a village cannot be assessed washerman, etc., has been taken. Tile information has by the possession of articles of furl1lture or consumer been furnished not only according to castes, but also goods. The conditions prevailing in Holalu are according to the broad income groups. It is seen very much like those obtaining in other rural areas. from this Table that hardly 11 households in the However, distribution of the few articles possessed in village are in the habit of using mosquito nets. Out the village will throw a certain amount of light on of them 9 belong to Lingayats 1 to Brahmin and 1 to the economic conditions of each household. Devanga. On a consideration of the income groups, 77 to 79. The most common ankle of furniture 10 of these 11 households are in the monthly income that is found in the village is 'Horasu'. The 'Horasu' is a group of Rs. 150 and more and the remaining 1 is in four legged wooden frame to which is fixed a net the income group of Rs. 51 to Rs. 100. Out of 800 made of coir or hemp. A 'Horasu' serves as a cot households, only 174 are in the habit of using toilet particularly at the time of deliveries and treatment of and washing soaps and out of them, 116 belong to ailing patients. Most of the households in the village Lingayats. On a consideration of the income groups, possess at least one Horasu each. In Table 12, the it is seen that 55 households in the income group of articles of furniture found in the village are shown. Rs. 150 and above, 37 households in the income group of Rs. 101 to Rs. 150, 53 households in the When preparing this table, the articles fo~md in pub­ lic institutions and public places like hotels, schools, income group of Rs. 51 to Rs. 100 and 29 households etc., are not taken into consideration. So also, .Horasus in the income group of Rs. 50 and less, use toilet or are left out. It 'is seen from this Table that there are washing soap. 286 households in the village send very few articles of furniture in the village and most of their clothes to the washermen for washing purposes. them are found with Lingayat households. There are in all 9 Almirahs. of which 4 are with Lingayats. Out of 82. The other articles commonly seen in nIl the the 14 wooden cots, 13 are with Lingayats. There households are utensils. clothing, etc. The utensils THE PEOPLE AND THEIR MATERIAL EQUIPMENTS 15

used by the poor are mostly earthen ware and a few and in the afternoon. The common beverage of the aluminium vessels. The earthern ware is mostly pre­ villagers consists of tea. Those who do not prepare it pared by the local potters. The earthen vessels at home will generally be found in the tea shops, commonly used are known as 'Kuctike', 'Madike', particularly the male members. It is seen from Table 'Gadige', 'Rooji', 'Bani', 'Marige', etc. Very few ll-A that majority of the villagers are in the habit of households in the village possess stainless steel vessels. taking tea. It is only when a person suffers frc.m Most of the metallic vessels are purchased in the some ailment or fever that coffee is taken by them. markets at Raveri, Rospet or Ranibennnr. Coarse Their festival dishes consist of sweets like 'Holige', woollen blankets called 'Kamblies' are found in 'Ruggi', 'Kadubu', 'Kari·Kadubu', 'Shamige' 'Prryasa'. almost all the households. Tad palm leaf mats are etc. Most of these sweets are prepared from jaggery, also very common. wheat and gram.

Food and Drinks 85. Smoking of beedies and cigarettes is consi­ derably on the increase. Chewing of 'pan supari' is 83. Tables XVII and XVIII present information also very common. It is said that some of the Madi­ about the food habits of the villagers. It is seen from gas, Lamanis, Vedas, Barikas, Kurubas, often consume Table XVIII that 430 households consist of vege­ intoxicating drinks locally called 'sharab' prepared 'by tarians and 370 consist of non-vegetarians. Thus, some Lamanis, but this is done not openly and nobody 53.75 per cent of the households are comprised of admits of his being a victim to this habit. vegetarians and 46.25 per cent are non-vegetari::ms. Lingayats, Brahmins, Jains and Viswakarmas, are all Beliefs and practices connected with births vegetarians. Most of the vegetarians among Hindus excepting Madigas do not eat beef. The Muslims do 86 to 87. The first pregnancy of a woman is general­ not eat pork. The non-vegetarian households pre­ ly associated with several ceremonies. Birth of the first pare non-vegetarian food only on special occas;ons child usually takes place in the woman's parental and not regularly. Their regular diet is very much house. From the third or fourth month of pregnancy, similar to that of vegetarians. The staple diet of the some restrictions are placed on her diet. Preparations villagers is jowar. 711 households have only jowar as made out of ground nut, jack fruit, papaya, etc .. are the staple diet. In 87 households the staple diet of forbidden. At times special dishes containing a lot iowar is supolemented with rice. In one household. of copra and other easily digest able ingredients the jowar diet is supplemented with Ragi or rice and are given to her. In the 5th or 7th month of pregnancy, only in one household rice forms the only staple diet. a ceremony called 'seemanta' is arranged. At this The consumption of wheat is generally restricted to ceremony, her parents are invited and they 1)resenf special occasions like festivals, entertainment of her with a saree, a blouse, bangles, betel-1e:lf and guests, etc. Jowar is generally consumed in the form betel-nuts, fruits, etc., after waving 'arati'. A few near of bread with 'rotti'. relations are also invited for the ceremony. At times, particularly among Brahmins and Lingayats. tl1 ere is 84. The villagers generally take 3 meals a day. also a custom of presenting some articles to her hus­ The first meal is usually at about 9 a.m. the second band. After the 5th month, her work is also regula­ at about 2 p.m. and the third at about 8 p.m. The ted. As far as possible, she is not permitted to do any first meal generally consists of items cooked the nre­ work involving heavy manual labour. hut among the vious day. They consume only jowar bread with agricultural labourers and other households which are some vegetables at the first meal. The curries are economically poor, pregnant women continue to do generally hot and the vegetables commonly used are the normal work till they complete the 8th month brinials. lady's fingers, cluster beans, gourds, etc. and at times even during the 9th month of pregnancy. Onions and green or red chillies are used in am ole In some odd month of pregnancy. the woman is quantities. The menu for the second and the trird taken to her parental house for delivery. meals is also very much similar. However, the jowar breads for the second and third meals are prepared 88. The deliveries are attended to bv untrained fresh. The use of ghee. butter, curds and other milk midwives called 'Dais' or 'Sulgitties'. There are some products is generally limited to only well-to-do families. such 'Dais' of Barika and Beda castes in the vi1b?-e. Groundnut oil is generally the cooking medium. Only a few among the well-to-do consult the mrdica 1 Households which are accustomed to only 2 meals a authorities re?-?rding the condition of the precmant day generally have some snaks with tea in the morning: lady and the child to be born. Generally the de1i- 16 HOLALU veries take place in the residential houses only. There 90. The villagers believe that it is a good omen to are no hospitals affording facilities for maternity cases have a girl as a first issue. They consider it not good nearby. In the case of complicated and protracted to have a daughter following 3 successive male issues' deliveries, vows are observed to the deities like Mailar or a son following 3 successive female issues. Birth Lingeshwara, Kalamma, etc. Only occasionally are of a child under 'Moola Nakshatra' or on new moon the pregnant ladies taken to the medical practitioners days is also considered to be not good. Barreness and at Hadagalli for consultation. In her parental house, still births are attributed to her sins in the past life. a separate room is set apart for her delivery and if They are called 'Karma'. The remedies frequently such a room is not available, a separate corner in the sought for such occurrences are by observing vows to living room itself is partitioned. Such rooms or the various deities. Brahmins, Lingayats and Kuru­ enclosures meant for deliveries are dark and ill-venti­ bas also undertake pilgrimages to place like Mantralaya lated. The 'Dai' who attends to the delivery cases is Thirupathi, Devargudda, etc., on such occasions. presented with a saree, some oil and cash worth about Abortions are not generally practised. During the Rs. 10. period of confinement, the women are treated with some herbs, roots and decoctions. 89. Soon after the birth of the child, the umbilical cord is cut by the 'Dai' and it is carried away in an earthen pot and buried in the manure pit or in an Beliefs and Practices connected with Marriages ant hill. The mother and child are given a warm water bath and the baby is administered an few drops of 91. Marriages are generally initiated by the parents castor oil. Among Lingayats, arrangements for tying of the bridegrooms. It is only among Brahmins and a Linga or Lingadarana ceremony are also made bv a few other castes that marriages are initiated by the inviting a Jangam, who ties a linga to the child aft;r bride's parties; The average marriageable age for breathing some sacred hymns into the ears of the boys and girls in the village is about 22 and 16 res­ child. For the first three days, the mother's food pectively. In the past, child marriages were almost consists of gruel prepared from Soji a nd from the the rule. Now such marriages take place only occa­ third day, she is given some rice with a preparation sionally. Generally, either the bridegroom or the bride has not much voice in the selection of his or her of copra called 'Kobbari Kara'. It is only after ~O days that she takes her normal food. However, she partner. His elders look out for a suitable match and is not permitted to take groundnut oil, vegetables like, then visit the girl's place to see her. If they approve brinjals, lady's finger, pumpkin and fruits like pJan­ of the match, they invite the girl's parents to return tain, jack and mangoes for sometime more. Suckling the visit and see the boy. If they reach a mutual of the child starts from the fifth day. On the fifth agreement. a date is fixeAl for betrothal. In settling day. they have a ceremony called 'Sa1vai'. The matrimonial alliances, the rules of endogamy and naming ceremony takes places on the 11 th day exogamy are strictly observed. Inter-caste marriages among most of the villagers. The naming ceremony are practically unknown in the village. is locally known as 'Namakarana'. Boyis, Madigas and Hasegars perform the naming ceremony some 92. The betrothal ceremony, locally known as time later. The Muslims perform it on the 40th day. 'Nischita Thambula' or 'Hasiru Veelya' is generally Among Brahmins, the naming ceremony takes place performed in the bride's place. At this ceremony, the after the horoscope is prepared and after the local bride is presented with a saree, a blouse piece and a priest is consulted. The Muslims !!enerally consult few ornaments. The relatives and castemen are also the Kazi before' naming the child. DlJrin.!! the first invited to a feast among Lingayats, Brahmins and three months of confinement, the mother is not allo­ Badagis. It is also customary to make some presents wed to use cold water for any purpose. Among the to the boy on the occasion. The marriage ceremony well-to-do people, the period of confinement Insts for among most of the castes excepting Badagis and about 3 months. During this period, she does not Brahmins takes place in the bridegroom's house. At attend to any domestic work. Poorer sections, how­ times. some convenient public places like a temple, a ever, start attending to normal work a hout . a month choultry, etc., are also selected according to mutual after the delivery. Worship of the well 1-y the convenience. Brahmin priests officiate at the marriages woman is the first act marking the end of the period ()f Brahmins, Bedas, Barikas, Badag;s and Bahusara of confinement. This ceremony is called 'Gange Kshatrivas. Lingayat priests officiate at the marriages Pooia'. It is only after this ceremony that she can of Linp:ayats and Kurubas. The Mt1slims have the touch and use cold water. The first nJace she is per­ Kazi to officiate at their marriages. The Madigas, mitted to visit outside the house is generally a temple. Lamanis and the Boyis have their own caste priests, THE PEOPLE AND THEIR MATERIAL EQUIPMENTS 17

The date for marriage is generally fixed in consulta­ bullock cart round the villa_Q:e on the night of the tion with a priest or a Jangam. Generally, the marriage. The other ceremonies which follow this marriages are celebrated in the months of Chaitra, 'Mangalya' tying ceremony are 'Nagoli' and 'Sulige'. Vaishaka or Sravana. The month of Ashada is scru­ Before the bride enters the bridegroom's house for pulously avoided. the first time, there is also a custom of asking her to enter the house with her right foot first and as she 93. The marriage ceremony usually lasts for about keeps her right foot on the threshold, a nail is ham­ 3 days and at times, the various programmes are mered between her big toe and the second toe. This covered in shorter periods. The first ceremony is that is said to signify her right to become a member of of erecting a pendal called 'chappara'. This is per­ her husbands family from then onwards. The nuptials formed about 2 or 3 days prior to the date of the are generally performed three J!'nnths after the marriage. The pendal is covered by cocoanut palm marriage. leaves ceremonially brought from the garden of the maternal uncle of the bridegroom. The marriage 94. Among the Muslims, the oractice of dec1arin~ usually starts with a ceremony called 'Arisina'. The a 'Mahar' by the bridegroom is prevalent. The amount bride and the bridegroom perform this ceremony of 'Mahar' usually ran2:es between Rs. 100 and Rs. 300. i independently at their own places. At this ceremony, The 'Kazi' offic;ates at their marr 8!!e ceremon:es and their bodies are rubbed with tunneric paste and they their marria!!es are recorded 'n a re!!.ister maintained by are given a ceremonial oil bath. This is followed by the Kazi. Among Pinjaras, after their preliminary a ceremony at which they seek blessings from matrimonial negotiations, a ceremony called 'chikka­ their family deities and the departed ancestors. veelya' is performed, for confirming the neQotiations. .'\. day before the marriage or at times on the day of This ceremony is very much like the hetrothal cere­ the marriage, the bride's party arrives at the bride­ mony among Hindus. Among Musli:l's, the marriaf[e groom's village and they are received with honour. usually takes place at the bride's residence Clnd they The most important of all the ceremonies are the generally perform them after sun-set. When the 'Akshata Rohana' and the tying of the 'Mangalya'. bridegroom arrives for the m~rri8 (Ye, he is llsll'l11v On this day, the rituals commence hefore sun-rise. 5 taken in procession on a horseback with his hce married women 'Muttaideyavaru' perform 'Gange covered with flower garlands. At t1'e mO~(111e the Pooja' at the village pond (Honda) and bring 4 pots bridegroom offers 'namaz' and in tl-Je me~ntime. the of water which are placed in the 4 corners of the 'MangCllya' is tied to the neck of tre bride bv 5 marriage pendal. The bride and the bridegroom are married women. On his return frolT' the mo~"ue, the given oil bath and they wear their ceremonial dress bride and the bridegroom are se?ted in the neneh! before offering worship at a temple. 5 Kalasas are and the Kazi performs the marriage ceremony placed on heaps of gratns in the pendal by the priest. called 'Nikah'. The couple sits on the sides of the 'Kalasas' and some rituals are performed. The toe-rings, Mangalya, etc., 95. Widow marriages and divorces are permitted are kept in a plate and taken round for obtaining the among most of the castes. Generallv cC'nsal1!':llineolls blessings of the assemblage. Wristlets are tied to the marriaf!es are arranged. Among Hindus. a wan C'ln wrists of the couple. The bridegroom then ties the marry his sister's daughter, paternal aunt's d

ECONOMY OF THE VILLAGE

Economic Resources In 1Yol-62, the area brought under actual cultivation was 5,243 acres 46 cents. In other words, 84.93 per 97. Holalu is predominently an agricultural cent of the cultivable land was actually put under village. As such, land and livestock form the tl'vin cultivation. About 930.20 acres or land or about 15 pillars of the agrarian economy of the village. There per cent of the cultivable land was left uncultivated for are practically no important household indu~lries. various reasons. About 88.,)2 acres were not brought The few household industries like silver and goids­ under the plough and left as current fallow to provide mithy, pottery, basket making, cobblery, etc., occupy grazing facilities to the village cattle. It may be noticed a minor and insignificant place in the economy of from the above facts regarding the pattern of land the village. utilisation, that there are no community pastures as­ signed as such. So also, there are no forest areas within the village limits. Under the circumstances, some Land of the cultivators, particularly the big cultivators are 98. Land forms the chief source of income I'or a forced to leave out some patches of land uncultivated majority of the population of the village. The \illage for cattle grazing purposes. Besides such patches, some covers an area of 7614 acres and 58 cents and the assessed lands. have also been left fallow, because of total land revenue collected by Government every year their unsuitability fer cultivation. In 1961-62, a few amounts to Rs. 5.412.l5. The pattern of land utili­ patches could not also be sown because of the vagaries sation is as follows :- of the monsoons.

100. In the revenue records, the entire cultivated S!. No. Land classification Ar<:a r---~-....A._----~ area of the village has been classified as dry land. It Acres C:lltS is true that generally the cultivation in the village is dry, but of late, about III acres and 43 cents of land 3 4 2 have been brought under irrigation. In this irrigated area, crops like plantains, coconut, sugarcane, vege­ 4515 26 1. Assessed Rayatwari land tables, etc., are raised. The soils found in the lands of 2. Inam land . 1658 <:0 the village can be classified into four categories, viz., 3. Pot Kharab ~48 52 (i) black cotton soil, (ii) red loam, (iii) mixture of black and red soils; and (iv) alkaline. Cotton and 222 84 4. Streams groundnut are the important crops in the black soil. 5. Road 32 64 J owar and some pulses are the chief crops in red soil. 6. Old school 96 The important kharif crops of the village consist of iowar, groundnut and pulses and the important rabi 81 60 7. Village site crops are rabi jowar, also known as 'Hingari lola' 8. Canal 3 72 and cotton. In 1960-61, the area under kharif jowar 9. River 177 }6 was 1965 acres and 84 cents, under cotton, 1t was 1,216 acres and 82 cents, under groundnut, it was 1,033 acres 10. Temples, etc. 30 00 and 16 cents and under rabi jowar, it was 254 acres. II.. Pond 13 49 The chief food crops of the village are jowar and

TOTAL 7614 58 Navane and the important commercial crops are cot­ ton and groundnut. The village as a whole is surplus in ----.------jowar, groundnut and cotton. These are the chief arti­ 99. On an average. about 86.17 percent of the cles exported from the village and paddy or rice is total area of the village is under cultivation. In a few the chief foodgrain that is imported from Davangere lands, double cropping is also practised. The area and Hospet. More or less. the village is self-sufficient where double cropping is done, is about 254 acres. in pulses. 20 HOLALtJ

101. The low rainfall and the absence of adequate 103. The biggest handicap they face is the lack of means oc lIriga.Lon have placed the cultivators entirely adequate grazing facilities. As already said, there are Ullutr lile m..;r..;y 0, tne monsoons. Whenever, there is no common pastures or grazing areas in the village. failure OL railllall or whenever it is not well regulated, So, the cultIvators find it hard to provide grazing tile condllion ot the villagers becomes very distressing. facilities to their cattle. A few no doubt, set apart During tne last one decade, about 32 imgation wells small patches in their private land for grazing pur­ Ii;'., e Dten dug in tne vIllage. Some of them have been poses, but this is not ordinarily possible to smaller liACU.

Other Resources

102. Livestock also plays an important role in the 104. In addition to land and livestock, the other 'vU,,',,": "~lLlullly. lll~ mouve power for the traditional economic resources of the village are household in­ p.\JUb,l " bdH:r<.t.UY proy tUed by bullocks. Livestock dustry, agricultural labour and trade. There are very alJl) lOlHh ail llnponant source or manure. Buffaloes few household industries in the village, chief of them CiilJ cull ~ are ciuellY reared for their miik and also being tailoring, goldsmithy, cobblery, carpentry, basket 10, l'ie piopagalion of their species. The possession making, pottery, etc. Household industry forms the of 1i veo,OLK ,1lc,0 provides the viJiagers with a sense principal source of income for 66 households and the of reLgious and sentimental satisfaction. They love subsidiary source of income for 13 households. In all their cc,Uie very much and on the occasion of some 105 workers are engaged in these crafts. 33 households ie"t/,aio. llKe ::'

106. The main modes under which the lands are it was proposed to classify the tenants into three cate­ held and cultIvated in the village are: (i) self-culti­ gories, viz., protected tenants, non-protected tenants vatIOn by owners and (ii) cultivatIOn through tenants. and ordinary tenants and also it was proposed to It was generaHy found that there was no security for introduce several changes in the tenancy laws, but the tenants in the village. They were more or less before the Bill could complete all the necessary stages tenants at will and also often times the lion's share for becoming a law, the re-organisation of States took in tne produce used to be claimed by the landlords place on 1-11-1956. leavmg very little for the actual tiller. Rack renting was going on, on a large scale. Before any legislative 108. The 1952 Act which stood then was amended measures lor introducing the tenancy reforms could be by an Ordinance dated 11th March, 1957, continuing undertaken in the old Madras State, this District which all leases where the period of five years had expired was formerly in the Madras State came to be trans­ and also requiring that the surrenders of the land ferred to the. Mysore State. This transfer took place should be in writing and duly verified and registered in 1953. In 1955, the provisions of the Mysore Te­ in the Office of the Amildar. The land surrendered nancy Act, 1952, were made applicable to the Bellary was taken under GC'vernment management and was to District as a whole and naturally, Holalu also came be leased out in the following order, viz.:- under its influence. The main intention behind the passing of this Act was to put an end to the hardship (1) Co-operative Farming Societies; of the tenant classes. This Act and the rules passed thereunder gave a small measure of security to certain (2) Agricultural labourers; tenants. Under this Act, tenants in possession at the (3) Landless people; and commencement of the Act were given a further period of lease for five years from the commencement of the (4) Other agriculturists. Act and they were liable to be ejectment at the end of this period unless the landlord allowed them to A Committee was set up by the Government to exa­ cultivate. Tenants who had been in continuous posses­ mine the existing tenancy laws and to suggest suitable sion for a period exceeding 12 years before the passing measures for regulating the land tenancies in the whole of this Act were given further security inasmuch as State. A Land Reforms Bill drafted generally on the the landlord could eject them on the ground of per­ basis of the recommendation of this Committee was sonal cultivation only from a part of their holding. introduced in the State Legislature in November, 1958. The landlord could resume only half the area of a The Bill as modified by the Select Committee was tenant holding 10 acres or less and in the case of passed by both the Houses of the Legislature in 1961, tenants holding more than 10 acres, the landlord and after receiving the President's assent, it has come could resume only 50 to 75 per cent of the tenancy into force as the Land Reforms Act, on 2nd October, area. However, in order to see that the actual culti­ 1965. vation did not suffer, provision was also made for ejectment on the grounds of sub-division of land, sub­ 109. In spite of these legislative and administrative letting of land, leaving the land fallow, using the land measures, it was found at the time of the survey that for purposes other than agriculture, failure to pay some of the old practices continued to be there. It was rent, doing any act destructive and permanently inju­ found that in many cases, the tenant was actually rious to the land, etc. Originally, the maximum rent paying 50 per cent of the produce to the landlord even was not to exceed one half of the produce or its value. though the Act of 1955 fixed the maximum rent at a It also gave the Government power to fix the maximum figure not exceeding one-third of the produce or its rent at a lower rate. In exercise of this power, a noti­ value. The most popular type of lease is known as fication was issued by Government in March, 1955, 'Koru' wherein, the tenant pays 50 per cent of the fixing the maximum rent at one-third of the produce produce to the landlord. The lands are generally leased in maidan area and one-fourth in Malnad area. Holalu out on oral agreement and many tenants have been being a village in the maid an area the maximum rent displaced prematurely by the landlords without taking was fixed at one-third of the produce. into consideration the provisions under the tenancy law providing them with security of tenure. In some 107. In 1954, the Government of the former State cases, the landlords circumvent the provisions of the of Mysore had introduced in the legislature a Bill for Act by declaring the actual tenants as agricultural amending the Mysore Tenancy Act, 1952. By this Bill, labourers employed for work under their personal 22 f{ULALU

superVISlOl1. The tenants meekly submit to such con­ provide principal occupation to 55 households and sub­ ullions either through fear or ignorance. So far, there SIdiary occupation to 14 households. The households lS only one tenancy matter that is referred to the having household industry as principal occupation tenancy court from the village. mamly attend to tailoring carpemry, blacksmithy, etc., and those doing it as a subsidiary occupation do cob­ Bu. At the time of the survey, it was found that bIery, tailoring, carpentry, etc. There are 3 Hour mills there were 127 tenants in the VIllage cultivating an in the vlllage owned by 3 Lingayats. These fiour milb area 0, 1,273 acres and 67 cents. Another type of lease provide employment to about 8 persons. They are run that is prevailing in the village is by payment of a with electric power. lixed amount of cash as rent per annum. Such fixed cash rent is collected either at the time of harvesting Urbanisation the crops or in advance. 114. Tne village ha.'> always presellllu a rural ap­ pearance and at LIe tIme Of tIjJ~ survey also, tnere IS Land Improvement pral:ucaHy no change eHher in the outlook or its ap­ 111. The important land improvement schemes in pearance. llle duet Ul ban amenity provided recently tne \ 11lage are tractor ploughing, development of lift has been the electrilication of the viUage. The other irrigiltlvn and soIl conservation measures by contour­ changes noticed relate to the dres~ and .lOod habits. A oundll1g. The Soil Conservation Department of the few households have started using cosmelics. 1 he habit (joveLiment of Mysore is conducting a preliminary of drinking tea is on an increase. A few also possess wrvty ior contour-bunding. According to the proposals rauio receiver sets. Some of the youngsters palticularly

Economic Activities and Nature of Chan~es 1951 1963 ,-__ _.A._...... _, ,-_ __"_~ __-, (A) Livelihood classes Livelihood classes· No. of Percent- Number Percent­ persons age of of per- age of 118. According to the Census of 1961, the village the sons the had a population of 4,375 consisting of 1,985 workers tot2.1 total and 2,390 non-workers. Only persons who are actively 2 3 4 5 and gainfully employed in some economic or social activity were classed as workers and all the rest were T. Agricultural Class: classified as non-workers. The workers then were di­ (1) Cultivators of land vided into the following 9 categories according to the wholly or mainly owned and their de- nature of their principal work:- pendents 1,837 50.05 2,163 46.65 (2) Cultivators of land Nature of principal work Number of wholly or mainly un- workers owned and their de- pendents 118 3.22 183 3.95 (1) Cultivators 623 (3) Cultivating labourers and their dependents 940 25 61 1,350 29.11 (2) Agricultural labourers 1119 (4) Agricultural rent re- (3) Mining, livestock rearing, forestry, etc .. ceivers and their de- pendents 219 5.97 53 1.14 (4) Household ind.lstry 86 SUB-TOTAL. 3,114 84.85 3,749 SO.85 (5) Manufacture other than household industry 12 II. Non-Agricultural Class: (6) Construction (5) Production other than (7) Trade and Cummerce 52 cultivation 195 5.31 315 6.79 (8) Transport and storage, etc. (6) Commerce 160 4.36 190 4.10 (9) Other services 93 (7) Other services and miscellaneous sources 201 5.48 383 &.26 TOTAL 1985 ------TOTAl. 3,670 100.00 4,637 100.00 119. In 1951, the population was divided into two main classes, viz., agricultural classes and non-agricul­ 120. It is seen from the above statement that in tural classes. Unlike the classification made in 1961, 1951, 84.85 per cent of the total population depended there was no distinction between workers and non- on agriculture as the principal means for livelihood. 24 HOLALU

In 1963, the percentage of such population is 80.85. sons engaged in household or domestic duties only Thus, during the last 1951--63 period, there has been have been classed as non-workers, though it cannot be a decrease by about 4 per cent in the population said that they are idling away their time. It is for this dependent on agriculture as a chief source of income. reason that the percentage of workers among females It would be seen from the above statement that the is so low as compared with the percentage of workers number as well as the proportion of tenant-cultivators among males. and agricultural labourers hav\.; ~hown an increase. There has been a decrease in the proportion of owner­ 123. Considering the distribution of workers in the cultivators though their number has shown an increase. different age-groups, it is found that 8.3 per cent are Agricultural rent received have registered a significant in the 0-14 age-group, 49.8 per cent are in the decrease both in numbers and in proportion. The age-group of 15-34, 35.7 per cent are in the 35-59 number of rent receivers has decreased from 219 in age-group and 6.2 per cent are in the 60 and above age­ 1951 to only 53 in 1963. This is due to the fact that group. Thus nearly 85.5 per cent of the working force some of these rent receivers have sold away their lands is in the age-group of 15-59. Sexwise, the percentage to others and a few have taken to self-cultivation. of workers in the different age-group is as follows:- However, agricultural class, if taken as a whole, there does not appear much change in the percentage figures. At this stage, it is to be observed that a large number Age group Males Females of tenants do not find their names in the revenue re­ cords. This is due to the fact that the landlords manu­ 8.3 8.0 pulate in such a way that the tenants though actually 0-14 working as lessees under them are shown as agricul­ 15-34 49.9 49.0 tural labourers in the relevant records. There has not 35-59 34.5 39.0 been much variation in the percentages of the three 60 and ahove 7.3 3.0 categories found among non-agricultural classes. The only noticeable variation is amongst 'other services and miscellaneous sources'. In this category, the percentage of the population has increased from 5.48 in 1951 to 124. Table IX presents a classification of workers It 8.26 in 1963. This increase is due to the appointment in the different age-groups by sex and occupation. of some more Government officials and also officials would be seen from this Table that 607 persons are in the co-operative society and other public institutions. principally engaged in cultivation. They constitute 32.70 per cent of the total workers. Among workers following other vocations, it is found that 0.05 per cent (B) Workers do livestock rearing, 46.26 per cent attend to agricul­ turallabour, 5.49 per cent attend to household industry, 121. The popUlation of the village has been divided 0.21 per cent attend to village industries, 4.79 per cent into two broad categories, viz., workers and non­ do trade and commerce, 3.88 per cent work mainly workers according to the nature of their economic as shepherds, 1.24 per cent are paid domestic servants, activity. A person who is gainfully employed in any 3.93 per cent are in service, 0.70 per cent do hotel social or economic activity is taken as a worker, pro­ keeping and 0.75 per cent attend to general labour. vided, he or she satisfies the criteria laid down for Out of 1,857 workers, as many as 859 persons do workers for the purposes of 1961 census. Persons who agricultural labour. A few of them have some subsi­ fail to satisfy such criteria are classed as non-workers. diary occupation. 21 persons doing agricultural labour have subsidiary occupation of cultivation, 5 work at 122. Information regarding the workers is con­ household industry as a subsidiary occupa.tion, 5 attend tained in Table VIII. It is seen from this Table. that to trade, 1 is in service and 1 rears livestock. 69 out of the population of 4.fi37. the workers number persons are mainly engaged in service. 1857 comprising of 1,360 males and 497 females. Thus, 40.05 per cent of the the total population forms the total working force ip the village and the non-working 125. Table X gives information about workers en­ population comes to 59.95 per cent. The distribution gaged in household industry, household business and of the workers according to sex will show that 58.17 household cultivation. There are in all 861 persons per cent of the male population and 21.62 per cent consisting of 786 males and 75 females engaged in of the female population consist of workers. All per- these three occupations. o ----0 o

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Between page No. 24 and 25.

ECONOMY 25

(C) Non-workers in Holalu and some of it is situated in the neighbouring villages. Among these 604 land owning households The non-workers number 2,780, conslstmg of 978 311 belong to Lingayats who own in all 4,434 acres males and 1,802 females. Detailed information re­ 66 cents or 71.6 per cent of the total owned land. 89 garding the activity of non-workers has been tabulated households among Lingayats own 3075.46 acres or in Table XI. Considering the non-workers by the nature nearly 49.7 per cent of the total land owned by the of their activity, it may be observed that 17.94% of villaQers. All these 89 households own on an average the total are students; 53.78% are mere dependents mar; than 15 acres each. It would further be seen being either too young or too old; 27.27% are engaged from this table that 114 households in all own land in house work; 0.36% unemployed; 0.61 % are rent more than 15 acres each, and they thus hold in all receivers and only one person is a beggar. Analysing 3603.56 acres or 58.2 per cent of the total owned land. the male non-workers by age-groups, it is seen that Thus more than half of the owned area is distributed 90.69% are children being less than 14 years of age, only among] 14 households. It is significant to observe 4.81 % are in the age-group 35-59 and the remaining that as many as 376 of the land owning households 3.28% are aged 60 years or more. Likewise, of the own small pieces not exceeding 7.5 acres of land per total female non-workers, 53.88% are below 14 years household. of age, 22.64% are in the age-group 15-34; 16.15% are in the age-group 35-~59 and the remaining 7.33% 128. This table presents ownership of land by are aged 60 years or more. households both according to caste and size of hold­ ings. If the households are considered by the size of Among the male non-workers, 32.9% are students, holdings owned by each, the information will present, 64.9% are dependents, 1.2% are rent receivers and the following picture:- 1.0% are unemployed while one is a beggar. Of the 321 students, as many as 31 are in the age-group 15-34 S1. No. of Totd extent while the majority are aged less than 14 years. Of No. Size of holdings home- ,-_ _.A,._ __~ the 635 dependents, only 9 are in the age-group 15-59 ho!d~ Acres - Cent! and all th~se are not engaged in any work at present L"'

(D) Ownership of Economic Resources 2 Kurubas 81 492 08 3 Bedas 58 252 71 127. As would be evident from Table XXV-A, 604 4 B:lrikas 30 159 13 households or 75.5 per cent of the total number of households in the villa()e own in all 6,190 acres and 5 Madigas 15 34 27 31 cents of cultivable land. Most of this land is situated 6 Lamanis 25 201 65 9-6 CensusIMysore!68. 26 HOLA LV

2 3 4 5 J 31. Besides the land held within the village limits, ~;ome households also own lands in other villages. 7 Bahu~ar Kshatriyas 15 III 70 Information regarding such households is presented in S P;mchala 12 FL' 1 - - 3~ Table XXV-c. Some of the lands owned outside the 9 Brahmin 7 114 07 village limits are situated in the neighbouring District 10 Boyis 4 21 OJ of Dharwar. In all 246 households own 1991.51 acres of land in their villages and their caste-wise distribution 11 Korachas 2 II 00 is as follows:- 12 Agasas 2 7 59 13 Muslim 35 2 61 Num- Tot:!l extent 14 Others 4':1 01 SI. No. Name of the caste ber ofr----'~-, ------house- TOTAL 604 6,190 - 31 holds Acres-Cents

2 3 4 5 130. Table XXV-B presents information regarding' the ownership of land situated within the limits of ! L:nga.yat 115 1,345 -- 36 Holalu village. The following statement will give the 47 207·- 00 information contained in this Table at a glance:- 3 Bcda 19 21 -- 10

Total Home- Total 4 D"rikp. }6 63 - 45 SI. Naf1l'~ of the caste number holds :.:xtent 5 ;\ldiga 2 11-00 No. of house- owning of land holds 1::'.11,1 in held in 12 82 - 36 Holalu Holalu ------7 l':-.nchala 2 13 - 00 2 3 4 5 8 Brahmin 2 10 - 00 Lingayat 386 270 3,089.30 9 Boyi 5 14 -- 00 2 Kuruba 90 46 285,08 !O Koracha 2 11 - 00 3 Beda 73 47 171,61 11 T\'fuslim 20 P5 - 64 4 Bar;lw 50 19 95.68 12 Others 4 27 - 60 ------5 Madiga 38 13 23.27 T01AL 246 1,991 -- 51 6 Lamani 32 25 201.65

7 Ba1n';J.f Kshatriya 19 5 29.34 132. Table XXV presents information regarding 8 Punchala 16 12 7;,). 83 the nature of interest in land according to size and number of households. The nature of interest has been 9 Brahmin II 6 104.07 clas~ified into three categories and indicated by diffe­ 10 BJyi 7 3 7.00 rent symbols. Symbol 'A' represents the area under II Agasa 6 '1 7.59 personal cultivation of the owners; symbol 'B' repre­ 12 Musl:m 43 19 91,97 sents the area leased out to tenants for cultivation; 13 Others 29 5 21.41 ,:nd symbol 'C' represents the area taken out for lease _-._---- - from others for cultivation. As the information con­ TOTAL XOj 472 4,198.80 tained in this Table is self-explanatory, it does not Within the village, 270 households of Lingayats own require further discussion. However, the following as much as 73.57 per cent of the total cultivable land, statement presents at a glance the position regarding Of the total 800 households, only 472 households own ownership and cultivation of lands by the various land within the village limits. castes :- ---_.--_ ... ------Nature of interest Linl!:t- Kurubas B"da Bari'k:a Madiga Lamani Bahusar Panchala Brah- Boyi Agasas Muslims Others iq l:ln:t yats Ksltatri min ya<; ----. ----_._----- 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 ------_._------A 125 2q 12 11 2 22 2 1 3 3 2 14 11 B 90 43 39 12 13 3 9 II 3 I 17 6 C 9 ~ I A+B . . , . . 1 , , .. A+C R'i 10 7 6 1 1 4 ------TOTAL 320 81 58 33 15 25 12 12 7 4 2 36 17 E CON 0).1 Y 27

133. The other important economic resources in the other public institutions. A few of the cu1t;vating village s livesu?ck. [;clailed intormabon regarding t;1[S classes have also taken to trade and commerce as a is presented in Table 7. As in the case o[ arable land, subsidiary occupation recently. even as regards the ownership of livestock, the Lin­ gayats own most of the livestock. Out of 186 cows Description of Different Occupations in milk, as many as 138 belong to 115 Lingayat house­ holds. Out of tlle 702 working bullocks, 468 belong (A) Prat!iccs COIlIlL7 C(C(1 witit A.gricliiture to 179 Lingayat households. Out of 165 shc-buffaloes 137. The most important economic activity of the 127 belong to 108 Lingayat households. Sheep in milk, village is agriculture. Generally the cultivation is dry are mostly owned by Kurubas and Bedas. Of the 849 and it is only in about 120 acres that there is irrigation. sheep, 729 arc owned by 22 Kuruba households. The Irrigation in these 120 acres is done by wells. Pump number of poultry birds in the village is very limited. sets running on electricity have been fixed to draw water from some of these wells. Though most of the Primary and Secondary Occupation crops are rain-fed, conditions of famine or scarcity are not generally encountered as the rains fall here only 134. Table XIII furnishes information about the occasionally. The principal crops of tbe village are primary and secondary occupation of the various house­ groundnut, kharif jowar, cotton and pUlses. The crop­ holds in the village besides indicating the number of ping pattern in 1960-61 is as follows:- gainfully employed persons under each occupation. 315 households i lJ the village have cultivation as their prin­ cipal occupation. Among them, 208 households have 51. No. no subsidiary occupation and the remaining 107 house­ Acres - Cent holds have one or more subsidiary occupations. Agri­ 2 3 4 cultural labour happens to be the subsidiary occupation for 50 households of cultivators. The other subsidiary 1 Khm if jOW.lf 1,965 -·00 occupations of the cultivating households are trade for 2 R;:.bi jo\,\ar • 254 - 00 32 households and service for 11 households. In these 3 Navne 219 - 29 households, there are in all 816 persoEs, who are gain­ fully employed. They consist of 718 males and 98 4 Wheat 8 - 60 females. 5 Paddy 15 -- 38

6 Chillies 86 - 57 135. 258 households depend only on agricultural labour for their maintenance. 42 households who depend 7 Hor~e-gram 322 - 06 principally on agricultural labour have also some 8 Green-gram, etc. 221 - 23 other subsidiary occupations like cultivation, household P Cotton 1,216 - 82 industry, trade, etc. Out of the 55 households princi­ 10 Sugarcane pally depending on household industry, 35 have no 14 - 96 other subsidiary occupation and the remaining 20 have 11 Groundnut 1,033 - 16 a subsidiary occupation. 12 Tobacco 34 - 94 13 Cocoanut 7 - 52 Changes in Traditional Occupation 14 Plantain 37 - 86 136. Agriculture has been the principal occupation 15 Betel-leaves 8 - 15 of the majority in the village and it continues to be 16 Mango, lirre etc. 16 - 36 so even to this day. Many land-less persons work as agricultural labourers. Even the industries running on 17 Vegetables j] -- 58 a small scale in the village more or less depend on TOTAL 5,243 --- 46 agriculture, as they relate to the manufacture of imple­ ments and goods required for agricultural operations. 138. Though both Kharif and Rabi crops are raised Practically, there is no shift from their traditional occu­ in the village, the area under kharif crops is com­ pation to some other occupation in any of the house­ paratively much mc;re than under rabi crops. The holds. Only a few educated Lingayats and Brahmins important rabi crops ure wheat and jowar and the now seek employment under Government or in some irnp8rtant kharif crops are kharif jowar, groundnut, 20 HOLALU

Navne and other crops like horse-gram, green-gram, ting it about 6" above the ground level and the cut linseed, castor seea, etc., which are raised as mixed .:rap is tled into smail bundles. Then female agricul­ crops with jowar. Lotton is generaHy considered as a tural labourers are employed to separate the ears of raol crop when smgly sown. in the village, now ever, corn Hom tne stacks. The ears are taken to the thresh­ cotton and grounanut are generally sown as mixed ing !loor where they are thrashed by the stone rollers. crops m lanos with black soil and as such, cotton is The separated grains are winnowed and collected in usually SOWH lil the village in the beginning of July some heaps for offering worship_ After worship, the and is harvested by the end 01 January. Cotton and corn is stored in underground pits called 'hagevu' or in groununut iorm the important cash crops in the village gunny bags. The jowar stacks which provide good and wherever possibie, the people prefer to grow these fodder to the cattle are stacked in some open spaces. cash crops as they fetch a better return tban food The yield of jowar varies between 3 and 5 qwntals crops. With the installation of pump sets for irrigation per acre and the average yield may be taken at about by wells, the area under plantains is slowly on an -+ quintals per acre. The yield ot fodder is about 4 increase. Year by year, it is gaining in imparlance as can loads per acre. Thus jowar is a crop taking about a commercial crop of the village. The advantages of 150 d"ys to ripen. The villagers do not use any im­ rotation of crops are also well understood by the proved seed of jowar despite the efforts undertaken people. Generally a field sown with jowar in a year oy t:1e [\iJtional Extension Service to introduce im­ is sown with groundnut the following year. prO\-e;j \~,rjeties of jowar. The jowar seed commonly used is locally known as 'Budanur Jola'. The common (a) lowar diseases of this crop are smut and 'benki sheede'. The villager.' very rarely undertake any plant protection 139. Having considered some of the broad aspects measures and the use of insecticides and pesticides is of the agriculture in the viIIage, the stage is now set [0 very limited. diSCUSS a few details about the important crop of kharif jowar. Preparations to raise this crop commence soonafter Ugadi. Before the onset of the monsoons in 141. The cost of culti.'ution of jowar per acre is the month of June, the lands ate ploughed and har­ as follows:- rowed 2 or 3 times. The implement used for harrowing Rs_ p. is locally known as 'kunti'. In April -and May, farm yard manure is transported to the fields in bullock 1 Prep::lration of land by ploughing and harrowing 15.00 carts. As farmyard manure is not availabk in sufficient 2 Ftrlll yard manure 25.00 quantities, application of this manure is done once in 3 Sowing operdtions inclJding cost of seed 10.00 2 years at the rate of about 8 cart loads per acre, With 4 lntcr-cuituring 5,00 the onset of the Punarvasu and Pushya rains, the sowing of jowar commences. Sowing is done with an imple­ 5 Weeding 5.00 ment called 'kurigi' which has 3 bills. In black soil 6 Harvtsting and threshing operations 15 00 areas, the seed rate is about It to 2 kgs. per acre and in red soils, the seed rate is about 2 to 21 kgs. per acre TOTAL 75.00 The sowing operations are followed by inter· culturing operations. Inter-culturing is locally known as 'Salu The average yield of jowar is 4 quintals valued at Hodeyuvudu'. This is done in the month of July or about Rs. 200 and the yield of fodder is 4 cart loads in the beginning of August with an implement locally valued at Rs. 50. Thus on an average, the gross known as 'Edi Kunti'. The inter-culturing operations incof'le of iowar in one acre is about Rs. 250_ usually start about 40 days after the sowing operations are completed and these operations are repeated twice (b) Cotton or thrice at intervals of 15 days each. Just about this period, weeding operations also start. Red gram, green 142. Cotton and groundnut are the 2 major cash gram, etc., which are raised as mixed crops with jowar crops of the village. Though cotton is generally con­ are sown with an implement called 'Yelashaddi'.. The sidered as a rabi or a 'hingari' crop in these areas, it seed rate of these pulses is about 2 to 3 seers each is raised as a mixed crop with groundnut in the village. per acre. Cotton is raised in the black soil areas and the crop takes about 200 days between July and January for 140. By the beginning of December, the jowar crops complete ripening. Before sowing cotton, the land is get ready for harvesting. The crop is harvested by cut- ploughed and harrowed twice in the months of April ECONOMY .29 and May. Generally no farm yard manure is applied measures. The cotton is usually disposed of by sale to tne land sown witn cotton. The sowing operations to the local wholesaiers who market them at Gadag, start at the end of June and continue till the middle Davangere, Ranebennur or some other places. Though of July when Rohini and Mrigasira rains set in. Cot­ the yield of cotton is generally not so good, the people ton seeds are sown with a seed-drill having one bill. prefer to raise this crop as it is usually grown as a This type of seed-drill is locally known as 'hati kurigi'. mixed crop with groundnut. In the village 'Lakshmi' and 'Jayadhar varieties of cotton are popular. The seed rate is about 4 kgs. per (c) Groundnut acre. Sowing is done in parallel lines with a spacing of about 30" between 2 rows. In between these 2 rows 146. Groundnut is an important kharif or 'Mun­ of cotton, 2 rows of groundnut seed are sown. The gan' crop in the village. It is usually raised as a mixed soWil1g operations are tollowed by interculturing with crop with cotton. Tne usual practice is to sow ground­ an implement called 'Edi Kunti'. Inter-culturing opera­ nut in a field in which jowar had been raised in the tions start about 20 days after the sowing operations .previous season. In April, the jowar stumps are re­ are completed. These operations are repeatEd at inter­ moved by harrowing the land with an implement vals 0, about 20 days each. After each interculturing called 'Kunt!'. Then about 5 cart loads of farm yard operation, weeding is done by employing female labou­ manure are transported to the fields. The lands are rers. For weeding operations, an implement called ploughed during 'Aswini', 'Revati' and 'Kritika' rains 'Kurchigi' is used. The crop starts flowering in the and the sowing operations start with the onset of beginning 0f October and between November and 'Aridra' or 'Mrigasira' rains in the month of June. The March, the picking operations take place. Generally seed rate per acre of land is about 2'5 seers. Sowing they employ women and children to pick cotton. Pick­ is done with an implement called 'Kurigi'. About 20 ing is done about 6 times at intervals of 12 days each. days after the sowing operations are completed, inter­ The general experience is that the yield at the second, culturing \york is undertaken with an implement called fourth and fifth picking is more. The yield for the 'Edi Kunt!'. In the month of JUly, weeding operations first picking is about one maund per acre, at the are also undertaken. In about September or in the be­ second and fourth picking, it increases to about 3 ginning of October, the crop gets ready for harvesting. maunds per acre and at the remaining 3 pickings, it is The ~rop is generally harvested by hand picking by usually about 2 maunds per acre. Thus on an average, engaglllg female labourers who are paid at the rate of about 13 mallnds of cotton are obtained from an acre 75 paise per day or at Re. 1.00 per maund of groundnut of land. In terms of cash, the value or this crop will harvested. The average yield of groundnut is about 25 be about Rs. 160 and the value of the cotton stumps maunds per acre. The common diseases are 'Tikka' will be about Rs. 15 per acre. locally known as 'Chikke Roga' and 'Chandarike Roga'. The villagers do not use any pesticides or 144. The cost of cultivation of cotton in an acre insecticides. The groundnut commonly sown in the of land is as follows:- village is of the erect type.

Rs. p. 147. The cost of cultivation of groundnut in one (i) Preparation of land by ploughing, hnrrowing, etc. 20.00 acre is as follows:-

(ij) Sowing operations including cost of seed 13.00 Rs. p. (iii) Int:r-culturing operations 15.00 (i) Preparation of land including ploughing, etc. 20.00 (iv) Weeding operations 10.00 (ii) Sowing operations including cost of seeds 30.00 (iii) Tnterculturing (v) Harvesting operations 30.00 10.00 (iv) Weeding TOTAL 88.00 5.00 (v) Harvesting 25.00 145. The improved varieties of cotton, viz., 'Lak­ TOTAL 90.00 shmi' and 'Jayadhar' have gained much popularity during the last 20 years. The common diseases' of T'l1e mcome . of groundnut is about Rs. 200 and the this crop are red leaf roller locally known as' 'Keru­ value of the fodder is about Rs. 20.00. Thus on an mannu Roga' and black jaffid locally known as 'Kare average, the total value of produce per acre is about Jigi'. The villagers do not take any plant protection Rs. 220. .10 iIOLALU

(d) Navnt weeds and shrubs are removed. About 20 cart loads of manure known as 'Kari Gobbara' is transported 148. The pieparatory tillage for raising Navne is to the field. The land is ploughed deep with an iron drGost ~ milar to that done for jowar. The land is plough in April and this ploughing operations is piO'Jg:1CG and harrowed about 3 times in May and followed by ploughing with wooden ploughs 3 times about 5 card loads of manure is applied. The Navne in May. Then drains running to a depth of 2 feet seeds are sown by broadcasting during the 'Punarvasu' are dug in the field. On an average, about 1000 drains and 'Pushya' r,"ins in July and in the beginning of are dug in an acre of land. In July, plantains sucker August. The seed rate is about 21 seers of seed per are trans-plated and after this. the crop is irrigated acre. About 20 days after the sowing operations are once every five days. Inter-culturing is done with the completed inter-culturing and weeding operations start help of a spade once in a month. Superphosphate and c0::tinue till September. The crop gets ready at the and ammonium sulphate (about 25 kgs. in all) are tirre of 'chitta' and 'swathi' rains in October and applied once in three months. The plantain suckers :kovember. The crop is harvested with the help of start yielding fruit about 12 months after trans-plan­ sickles and it is usually harvested in January. The tation. The crop is usually harvested between average yield per acre is about 3 bags. Usually red August and November. It is estimated that about ancl grc~n gram are raised as mixed crops with Navne. 900 bunches of plantains are obtained in an acre of land and the value of each hunch is estimated at 149. The cost of cultivation of this crop is as about Rs. 2 to Rs. 2-50. The fruit is marketed either fol!owv: - in the village or in the neighbouring villages. The common variety of plantains raised here is known as Rs. p. 'Gujarati Bale' and the gross income from an acre of (i) Pr,,;paration of lanu by ploughing, harrowing, land is estimated at about Rs. 1,800 to Rs. 2,000. etc. 20.00 152. The cost of cultivation of plantains in an acre (ii) M~nure 25.00 of land is as follows:- 3.00 (iii) Sowing operalions including cost of seed Rf>. p. 7.00 (i) Preparation of land by levelling, remc)'. ing (il') Weding and inter-culturing operations weeds, etc. 20.00 10.00 (v) H<:rvesting operations . (ii) Sheep manure . 100.00 TOTAL 65.00 (iii) Iron ploughing • 20.00

On an average, about 4 pallas of Navne valued at (iv) Wooden ploughing-3 times 30.00 Rs. 160 are obtained from one acre. With the value of (v) Digging of trenches 100.00 fodder, whieh comes to about Rs. 30 added to this, the (vi) Inter-culturing 100.00 total produce is worth about Rs. 190. The crop is a very hardy one and is not susceptible to pests and (vii) Application of chemical fertilizers 100.00 diseases. (riii) Harvesting 50.00 (ix) Irrigation 300.00 -....0 ______(e) Other Crops TOTAL 820.00 ------150. Horsegram is another major field crop Tools and Equipment grown in the village mainly for feeding the livestock. It is usually raised in lands which are considered less 153. The agriculturists in the village continues to fertile. The sowing operations take place during the use traditional implements. The coman implements in 'Magha', 'Pubba' and 'Uttari' rains III August and use are as shown below:- September. In August, the land is ploughed and no manure is applied. Weeding and inter-culturing S1. Local name of the Use Cost of No. implement the im- operations are also not generally undertaken. The plement average yield of horse gram is about 21 quintals per 2 3 4 acre and the crop gets ready for harvest in January. 151. Plantains are gaining in importance as one Rs. P. of the principal cash crops in the irrigated lands. The 1 Ranti Ploughing 8.00 preparatory operations for raising this crop start in 2 Kunti Harrowing 20.00 April. During this time, the ground is levelled and ----_--_- ECONOMY 31

past, the practice of extending reciprocal aid was very 2 3 4 much in vogue, but now-a-days. the tendency is for 3 Edi Kunti Harrowing 5 . 00 each individual household to act as an independent 4 Hatti Kunti To remove weeds in unit. The agricultural labourers are usually raid at in cotton fields 5.00 daily wage rates for harvesting and weeding opera­

5 Kurige (with 3 bills) So\Ving jowar, etc. :10 00 tions. The weeding work is generally attended to by women and children. Casual agricultural labourers are 6 lion plough Deep ploughing ,iO 00 paid in cash. For work between 10 a.m. and 1-30 7 Kudchigi To remove weeds O. 50 p.m., they receive a wage of about 30 paise and for the work, they tum out between 1-30 and 6-30 p.m., 8 Guddali . FOI digging pur- poses 6.00 they receive 25 paise. During this period, as a large number of labourers are easily a '.'ailable, the wage 9 SaIki For hoeing purp08e~ 5.00 rate is usually low. For harvesting operations, the 10 KodJi (axe) Cutting purposes 4.00 wage rate is about a rupee per day. The harvesting Do. 2.00 operations are usually conducted from morning till 12 Ston0 roller For threshing pur- sun-set. For cotton picking work, female labourers poses 40.00 are usually paid at 75 paise per day. A few households 13 Crow bar For digging purposes 6.00 engage attached labourers on annual basis. They are paid Rs. 200 to Rs. 300 per annum besides food and 14 Bullock C~.rt For transport 500.00 clothing. Young boys engaged on annual basis for tending cattle are paid Rs. 50 besides food and cloth­ The only improved implement in use in the village ing. is the iron plough. 2 households owning extensive holdings of lands have purchased two tractors with a Utilisation of Produce number of necessary accessaries. At times, these trac­ tors are also used for transporting grains, manure, etc. 156. Table XXVII presents information regarding production and disposal of crops. These figures relate Technique to the produce in 1961-62. During this year, the agri­ culturists have sold about 600 quintals of jowar, about 154. The villagers adhere to the age-old techni­ 8200 maunds of groundnut and 6582 maunds of cot­ ques. The importance of rotation of crops is under­ ton. These are the principal commodities which are stood and followed by many cultivators. Jowar, marketed during the year. The other produce disposed groundnut and cotton are usually grown by rotation. of by them by sale consists of plantains, onions, sugar­ The use of chemical fertilizers is popular only among cane, chillies and vegetables. Jowar and cotton are the cultivators of irrigated lands. Improved seeds marketed in the village only. Wholesalers from other are introduced by cotton growers. Improved varieties places visit the village during the harvesting periods of groundnut seed (TMV 2) is also slowly gaining in of these crops. popularity. About 3 years back, some of the culti­ vators tried to introduce an improved variety of jowar seed.. but as they did not ohtain good results, 157. Jowar is usually stored in grain pits called none in the village is inclined to use any improved 'hagevu'. If the quantity to be stored is not large, it varieties of jowar seed. However of late, persons is also kept in gunny bags. Almost all the commodi­ who can irrigate the lands are trying to raise Hybrid ties are usually marketed immediately after harvest­ Jowar. ing. The village has not been provided with any ware­ house facilities with the result that they have to dis­ pose of thoir produce as quickly as possible after the Organisation of Manpower harvest and so do not get a good price. 155. The Jand less and the petty land owners form the important source for supply of labour for agri­ (B) Practices connected with animal husbandry cultural operations. Generally all members of the household actively participate in the field operations 158. Reamg of livestock is supplementary to and it is only during sowing, weeding and har­ agriculture. The villagers have to maintain cattle in vesting operations that the household labour is supple­ order to conduct all their agricultural operations. The mented by employing labourers on wages. In the motive power for the ploughs is provided by bullocks. 32 HOLALU

So also bullock carts form the most important mode of Dispensary has been established. This dispensary transport. So it is quite necessary for the cultivators affords facilities for treatment of common ailments to rear some livestock. There are no doubt a few like the foot and mouth disease, diarrhoea, indigestion. households who do not own bullocks or who do not wounds a:1d bruises, etc. In case of serious ailments. own them in sufficient number. Tn such cases. they they have to take their cattle to the veterinary hospi­ usually obtain bullocks on hire. The villagers love tal just about 20 miles away. The common cattle their cattle very much. On festivals like Karu diseases are black quarter, small pox and H.S. Hunnime, Basava Jayanthi, etc., they actually worship, (Haemorrhagic scepticamia). Whenever epidemics their cattle. The possession of cattle is con­ break out, the villagers take some preventive ~easures. sidered as a symbol of social status in the village, and The nearest artificial insemination centre is at Hada­ as such, some of the well-to-do cultivators invest much galli, but none in the village has taken their cattle to amount on purchasing livestock. this centre. There is one breeding bull of Hallikar breed in the village. Sheep shearing is done by the 159. The breeds commonly found in the village Kurubas of the neighbouring villages like MaiIar, are the Jawari and Hallikar. A pair of Hallikar Budanur, Raravi, etc., twice a year. None of the bullocks cost a bout Rs. 500 to Rs. 1000 and if the sheep rearers in the village is doing weaving of woollen bullocks are of exceptionally good quality, the cost blankets. Though a river flows by the side of the may go upto even Rs. 2000 or more. The Jawari village, none from the village is interested in fishing. breed costs abou Rs. 500 per pair. The Jawari breed is of shorter stature. Even then it is considered to be quite good. The cattle are generally purchased at the (C) Practices connected with village industries cattle fairs held at Ritti, Kuruvatti, Ranebennur, Haveri, etc. Cows and she-buffaloes are usually pur­ 163. The details about the industries existing in chased in the neighbouring villages. Cows in milk the village are furnished in Table XIV. In all 69, cost about Rs. 150 to Rs. 200 and she-buffaloes m households are engaged in various industries. Out of milk cost about Rs. 300 to Rs. 500. Sheep and goats them, for 52 households, these household industries form the primary occupation and for 14 households, are generally purchased locally in t he months of March and April. they form the secondary occupation. 16 households are engaged in tailoring and among them 15 belong 160. The villagers pay particularly more attention to Bahusar Kshatriyas for whom tailoring has been a to the maintenance of working hvllocks, cattle in milk traditional occupation. 5 households of Bahusar and in male calves. During the slack season- -bet­ Kshatriyas are attending to tailoring besides trading ween January and March, the working bullocks are in ready-made clothes. Shoe making is attended to fed on stalks of jowar a'1d Navane, besides small by the Madigas. 10 households of Madigas have this quantities of cotton seed and horse-gram. During the industry as a principal source of income and for 6 working season, the working bullocks are fed cn horse households, it forms a subsidiary occupation. Basket gram (1 to 2 seers) and cotton seed about ! kilo­ making is atter.ded to by 8 households. 5 of them grams. Milch cattle are also fd on cotton seed (l to belong to Korachas and 3 to Myadars. Myadars pre­ I! kilograms), groundnut oil cakes mixed with horse pare baskets from bamboo <;trips whereas Korachfls gram, etc. The working bullocks are usually stall-fed, prerare them from wild date palm leaves. Date palm whereas other cattle are taken out for grazing to the trees are found growing near the banks of the river and bunds and the green uncultivated patches. Between the streams. The Myadars purchase the bamboos September and December, green fodder is available required for their industry at Hadagalli or Hirehada­ in plenty and during this period, the quantity of CO::1- galli. Both males and females work at basket making centrates is reduced. The cost of maintenance of a and they earn on an average about Re. 1 per head per p'lir of bullocks ranges between Rs. 300 to Rs. 500. day. 7 households of Lingayat Kllmbars are engaged Sheep and goats are never stall-fed. They are always in pottery. For 5 households, pottery forms the prin­ taken out for grazing to the open fields. The absence cipal occupation and for others, it forms only a secon­ of some assigned pasture is the greatest difficulty felt dary occupation. The clay suitable for pottery is by the villagers in the maintenance of livestock. Sheen obtained from a nearby place called 'Kumbargundi', and goats are also fed on green leaves of tflmarind, but the main problem that the potters face is not babul and neem. about the availability of clay, but is about the availability of fuel for burning the pots they 161. The villagers generally sell milk and ghee to prepare. They are able to collect fuel only in the local hotel keepers. In 1960, a Rural Veterinary small quantities, from the shrubs and wild plants. In ECONOMY 33

fact, the scarcity of fuel has very much reduced their tobacco trade, 14 in selling vegetables, 4 in selling activity. The clayware is sold in the village on betel lewes and 24 Lamani households deal in fuel. shandy days on a large scale. The potters also at All these households dealing in fuel do so as a subsi­ times move about in the neighbouring villages for diary occupation. The Lamani women trudge over selling their wares. At times, the claywares are also hnC' distances with heavy loads of fuel on their heads, disposed of on barler. and move hawking in the village. Besides the Lamanis there is one separate dealer in fuel. For him, this 164. There are 6 households of goidsmiths belong­ happens to be the principal occupation. 2 house­ ing to Viswakarma and Panchala castes. 5 of these holds are engaged in selling bangles and 2 in selling households belong to Viswakarmas \'vho have migra­ sweet meats. ted from the North Kanara District. The Gold Con­ 168. Genera:ly. the villagers purchase all their trol Rules recently introduced have very much 'affec­ requirements in the village itself. On shandy days, a ted their activity and they are now ·hard hit. It is number of people from the neighbounng villages only during the marriage season that they find some attend the shandy here. This happens to be a nretty work. On the whole. they find it very difficult to eke out a living from their traditional craft. There are big village in the region and so forms a fairly impor­ tant trading centre for the villages in the neighbour­ few households which do blacksmithy and carpentry. They manufacture and repair agricultural implements. hood. The shop keepers purchase the various com­ Usually they are paid in cash for new implements modities in the markets at Davangere, Ranebennur, produced and for the implements repaired, they are Hospet, etc. The shop keepers provide credit facili­ paid in kind. They also get attached to certain ties to a few well-to-do households in the village. hou~eholds and atte~d to the repairs of all imple­ Such credit accounts are settled after the annual har­ ments belonging to those households. In return, they vest. The system of barter is in vogue in provision receive their wages in the form of 'Aya' annyally at shops. The agricultural labourers purchase articles on barter system whenever they receive their wages in the time of harvest of jowar. kind. 165. There are 2 households of Barikas who work on lime. They collect lime stones in the fields and Indebtedness prepare lime out of them by hurning. There is only 169. Table XXIII presents information regarding one Devanga household engaged in weaving some indebtedness by income groups. Out of the 800 coarse blanket and cotton cloth on handloom. There households in the village, 523 are indebted and the are 3 flour mills working in the village. total amount of debt is Rs. 3.88,142. The average indebtedness per household in deht works out to 166. There has been no change in the types of Rs. 742.15, whereas the per capita debt works out to tools and implements used for the various industries. Rs. 83.70. The percentage of households in debt is None in the village has received any special training the highest in the higher income group of Rs. 100 from agencies like the industrial training institutes, and above. There 76 per cent of the households are etc .. and none of them also has received any nnan­ in debt and the average indebtedness per household in cial or technological help from Government. debt works out to Rs. 1413.15. In the income group of Rs. 25 and below, only 13 out of the 66 house­ (D) Pn;ctices Regarding Trade and Commerce holds are in debt. In the income group of Rs. 26 to Rs. 50, l88 011t of 303 households are in debt. The 167. Information regarding the various trading figures contained in this table reveal that the per­ and commercial activities of the village is furnished centage of households in debt and the average in Table xv. There are in all 89 households engaged indebtedness increase with the income. This is in different types of trade. 16 households are enga­ because. the creditors readily allow credit facilities ged in selli!'g provisions and stationery articles, 11 of to p",rsons in the hicrher income groups who are in a them run such trading establishments as the primary oosition to offer Droner security for the advances they occupation and for the remaining :; househo1,ds trau­ receive. And with the increase in S1Jch faci1ities for ing is only a secondary occupation. There are 12 obtaining loans, the tendency to obtain loan also petty shop keepers dealing in beedies. cigarettes. nuts, increases. Though poorer sections of the poou­ etc. There are 7 cloth shops and one cycle shop in lat;on have greater need to horrow. their cfl'1::Jcitv to the village. The cloth shops generally belong to obtain loan is limited as they cannot provide proper Bahusar Kshatriyas. 6 households are engagep in security. 10-6 Census)Mysore/68 34 HOLALU

170. Tab!::: XXIII -A furnishes informatiun about o~tained loans for both pr?ductive and non-produc­ indebtedness by causes. Before discussing the con­ tive purposes. tents of this Table, two points need elucidation. The first point that needs clarification is about the num­ 174. Table XXIII-B gives information about the ber of households in debt. In Table XXIII. the num­ sources of indebtedness. The 3 important sour\:es of ber of hOllseholds in debt is 523 and in this Table. credit are the private money lenders, the co-operative the number is 638. This Table deals with debt by societies, and the Governmental agencies. It would causes, if any household has obtained loans for more be seen from this table that the private money lenders than one purpose, that household will figure more than form the most important source of credit for the once in this table. Thus if a :lOusehold gets indebted \:; 'age. Jn fact. 8 i.38 per cent of the total amount when p'.lrchasing bullocks and again whe-n sinking a held in debt is obtained from private money lenders. well, it will figure twice in this staternent and this The co-operat.ve society is responsible for only 10.34 factor accounts for the difference in the number ot. per cent of the amount in debt. The governmental households in debt as shown in the 2 tables. agencies including the Mysore State Electricity Board are responsible for only 7.40 per cent of the 171. The other point that needs elucidations is advan2es and the remaining 0.88 per cent are due to about the cause of debt. It is very likely that in seme relatives and friends. The village money lender con­ cases the loans are drawn for one purpose and utili­ tinues to be the dominant force in the matter of sed for quite a different purpose. For example a crdit in the economy of the village. The villagers person obtaining loan for carrying out improvements grumble that it is difficult to obtain credit from either in his land may utilise the amount for some dome~tic the Government or the co-operative societies and also purposes. The information contained in this Table state that it is generally the well-to-do in the is as returned by the individuals in the course of the village who benefit from these agencies. The enquiry. It ic; seen from th;s tah'e that 158 house­ figures in Table XXIJI-B speak for themselves holds have incurred in all a debt of Rs. 89,072 for on this issue. 49.55 per cent of the amount in debt cultivation purposes. The amount held in debt for is du~ from persons owning 10 acres and more 34.09 this p:Irpose works out to about 22.95 per cent. It per cent is due from persons owning between 3 cannot be said authoritatively that all this amount and 10 acres, 9.29 per cent is due from persons owning has been utilised for cultivation purposes only. less than 3 acres and 7.07 per cent is due from non­ cuHivators. 172. Considering the debt incurred for other pro­ ductive purposes besides cultivation, it is seen that 26 Co-operation famil;es have obt:lined loans ~mountjng to Rs. 36.275 or 9.35 per cent of the total debt for irrigation pump­ 175. There is only one co-operat've society in sets, 21 families have borrowed Rs. 15,850 or 4.08 the village. It is a service co-operative society started per cent of the total debt for purchDse of bullocks, 5 in 1924 and it covers only this village with its two families have borrowed Rs. 9,100 or 2.34 per cent of hamlets. The total membership of this society is the total debt for sinking wells, one family has borro­ 591. The society is managed by a Board of Directors wed Rs. 2,000 or 0.52 per cent of the debt for purchase consisting of 9 elected members. Among these 9 of a tractor, 6 families have borrowed Rs. 2,600 or 0.67 members, 8 are Lingayats and one is a Kuruba. 8 of per cent for industrial purposes, one family has the elected members are cultivators and one is a mer­ borrowed Rs. 200 for bullock cart and one family chant. During 1962-63, the Board of Directors met has borrowed Rs. 14,000 for purchase of a lorry. 8 times and once a general body meeting was held. The members of the managing committee are elected 173. Among the loans obtained for non-oroduc­ at the general body meeting every year. For the tive purposes. the m'trriage expenses account fo ... meetings of the Board of Directors, the average 19.61 par cent of the total amount in debt. The attendance is about 6. The society has a share capi­ amount in debt on account of livdihood, cdtivatio~ tal of Rs. 13,372, a reserve fund of Rs. 1,237.93 and and C'.:lrriage expenses together constitute 54.61 per the deposits from the members amount to Rs. 8,030. cent of the total amount in debt. 51 households have In 1961-62, the society had a membership of 657 incurred debts to the tune of Rs. 14.280 for domestic with a share capital of Rs. 10,572. Some of the expenses. One household has inc~lrred debts even smaller cultivators who could not obtain loans from to fight out an election. This shows that whenever the society have withdrawn their membership and that credit faciHties are available, tbe villagers have accounts for t.he decrease in membership, BCONOMY 35

176. This society is mainly a credit society advan­ per month. In all 195 households or 24.4 per cent of cing short-term and medium-term loans to its mem­ the total of the total households earn Rs. 101 and bers. In 1960-61, the society advanced short-term above per month. Only these households can be con­ loans of Rs. 35,789 and medium-term loans of sidered as some-what sound economically. The 369 Rs. 14,650. In 1961-62, the society advanced 8hort­ households or 46 per cent of the total households have term loans of Rs. 29,300. In 1962-6j, the society has an income which is below even the subsistence level. not advanced any loans as its previous adval1ce~ have remained unrecovered. Even though the society was 178. The average annual income per household started as long back as in 1924, it is still run in a and per aduit equivalent male in the 5 occupational private rented building. In 1962-63, the society lmder­ groups is as follows :- took the distribution of sugar. The villagers com­ plain that the affairs of the society are 110t being run SI. No. Occupation:; Ave:-;;ge Average annual ;;nnual satisfactorily and the poorer sections grumble that It inco:ne income is very much dominated by a few big cultivators W;1O per per adult also do money lending business privately. houc;c- equ;valent hold male Income ., 3 4

177. Tables XIX and XX furnish data regarding 1. Cultivation of owned land 1,702 74 290.00 the income among different groups of households. For a study of the income and expenditure pattern, 2. Cultivation OJ lands taken on lease 1,390.60 241.00 the 800 households in the village have been grouped 3. Agricultural labour . 487.93 139.00 under the following 5 broad categories, vi~.:- 4. Household industry 809.40 188.00

(1) Households which derive a major portion of 5. Others 1,0+~. 99 261.00 therir income from cultivation of owned land. (2) Households which derive a major portion of The above statement clearly shows that the agricul­ their income from the cultivation of land taken tural labourers form the poorest sections in the on lease. village community. Both the average annual income per household and the average annual income per (3) Households which derive a Ilujor portion of equivalent adult male show the lowest figures for t~~cir iLlcome from agriculturd la ~our. agricultural labourers. Cultivators of owned land (4) Households which derive a major portion of show the highest average income figures and next to their income from household industry. them come the households grouped under 'others'. Among others, are included households in service, (5) Households which derive a major portion of their income from sources other than (1) to (4) trade, etc. above. 179. It has to be observed at this stage that the In category (1), there are 290 households with 2163 income figures shown in these t\yO Tables relate to persons. Out of the 290 households, 137 come under the gross income and not the net income. Cultivators the income group of Rs. 101 and above per month. have to invest a lot of money on production. They In category (2), there are 26 households with a popu­ have to meet costs of seed, labour, operational expen­ lation of 183 and among them, 14 households have ses, etc., before they derive their income. Then the an income of Rs. 101 and above each. Of the total tenant cultivators have to pay rent to their superior 306 households of agricultural labourers with a popu­ holders bes'des meeting the cost of production. The lation of 1350, only 4 households come under the traders abo have to initially invest on the purchase of income group of 101 and above per month and 195 commodities in which they deal. So th;;re would be households come under the income group of Rs. 26 much difference between the gross mcome and the to Rs. 50. Out of the 55 households which follow net income for the households in these 3 groups. The household industry as the principal cccupation, only households industries in the village are more or less 5 households earn more than Rs. 101 per month and small serv:cing units stations and the industrial 23 households are in the income group of Rs. 26 to workers do not invest much in purchasing the raw Rs. 50. 124 households are grouped under the last material. The raw matenals are usually supplied by category of 'others', have ~ population of 643 and 35 the customers. The agricultural labourers are not re­ households from this category earn Rs. 101 and above quired to invest anything initially. So the difference 36 HOLALU between the gross and net incomes in the case of sources of income (as classified into 5 categories when these two categories will not be as much as in discussing the income factor) as also their income the case of the other categories. Sq, if the net income range are presented in Table XXI. As Table XXI IS considered, the difference in the average incomes contains many details regarding the expenditure among the households in the 5 categories will get pattern in the various income groups, the information narrowed down to some extent. contained therein is summarised in the statement below wherein the average expenditure per house­ Expenditure hold and per adult equivalent male on the various items of expenditure among the 5 occupational cate­ 180. The details with regard to expenditure of gories are indicated :- households on various items co-related to the primary

S1. Ite:ll' of Cultivatocs OJ Cultivators 01 i.,nus Agricultc:ml Household Others No. e,penliture owned land; taken on lease Iabo\j~ industry _...A-. _____ ~ r--~-_A_------~ r- -- ~./''-~--~ ,--- -~ ------.. r--~-...A_---\ r-- - - Per house- P~r Adult Per hou,e- Pcr adult P::r hou,e- Per adult Per house- Per ~,iu\t Per house- Per adult holJ E-::[uiva- hold equiva- holu equiva- hold eqlllva- hold cquiv::'.- lent male ient male lent male lent male lent mate

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1. Food cereal 43· 83 7'47 39'40 6'82 23· 30 6,66 29'52 6·86 31' 86

2. Non-cereal 13'30 2'26 10' 63 l' 84 6·26 1'79 9'61 2·23 10·70 2'67

3. Beverage~. 4'96 0'84 3'65 0'63 1,31 0,31 4·44 1·03 5'98 1'49

4. Fuel and lighting 1,77 0'30 1'20 0'21 0·85 0·24 1'50 O' 35 2'67 0'66 5. House rent and re­ pairs 0,45 0'08 0'17 0'03 0·12 0·03 0'41 0'10 1'07 0'27 6. Clothing 17'87 3'04 12'51 2'16 7·46 2'13 10'91 2'54 12·12 3'02 7. Travelling 0·88 0'15 0'21 0'04 0·20 0,05 1·80 0'45 8. Recreation 0·25 0·04 0'02 0'07 0'02 0'60 0·04 9. Education 3· 93 0'67 0'43 0'07 0.12 0'03 0·77 0·18 2'09 0'52

10. Miscellaneous Services 1· 95 0'33 0'60 0'10 0.50 0'14 0'29 0'07 2'45 0'61 11. Interest 6·70 1·14 7'06 1·22 (')·93 0,26 1'20 0·28 2'31 0'58 12. Rent 6'37 1'08 27·81 4'81 0'09 0'02 0'41 0'10 o 39 0'10 ,13. Remittances' 0,17 0,03 0·10 0,03 l' 25 O' 31 14. Hired labour 13 ·24 2'25 6'66 1'15 0·11 0,03 0,07 0'02 0'59 0'15 15. Purchase for produc­ tion 16'22 2,76 9,82 1· 70 0·50 0,14 3'51 0,82 6·69 1·69 16. Others' 6·00 1·02 4· 36 0·75 2,88 0'82 5'04 1,17 3'22 0'80

TOTAL 137·89 23'46 124'53 21'53 44,53 12'69 67,98 IS' 82 85·22 21·27

181. The percentage of expenditure on food and tions in the village. The average monthly expendi­ other items considered as necessities generally reveal ture per adult equivalent male is as follows :- the economic strength of a household. It would be seen from this statement that the proportion of Rs. p. expenditure on food is as high as 66.39 per cent of (1) Owner cultivators 23.46 the total expenditure among agricultural labourers. They are closely followed by those engaged in house­ (2) T ('nant cultivators 21·53 hold industry who have to incur 57.56 per cent of the (3) Agricultural labourers 12,69 total expenditure on food alone. These facts clearly indicate that the agricultural labourers and the (4) \Vorkt:rs at ho~.'sehold industries, 15.82 workers at household industry form the poorer sec- (5) Others 21,27 ECONOMY 31

182. The percentage of total eX;Jcnditure on some o('cupational categories are as shown below :-- of the important items by the households in the 5 ------Cat,':_]",·y I C;_~tGgory 2 Ca:egory 3 C··:,:~,--, -:/4- Catc_;;0ry 5 r------A.. ------., ,---- - ____ .. ...A ------, ( • _ .• _ _.___...... _A______------..., r------__.A..------") ,--___.~_~ ____" Sl. Expc!1di- P~r :':ill7.. _~e E>~;y'n litu;.: r;'f~ Ci1:C.~;:2 LXr;'-'lldi- [,. r...:c;-,tr.. ze E'q~C'nt1i- Pcrcenu:gc Expendi- Ft.. rCl'~lt~.ff No_ L'-.--' r,Cf of cot2.1 '""j ·,)f t~;t.·~~ tur(' (1 I'\~- tClt;!.l 1t~re r:,;r of eXrCr1- !u~-c PCI' c,j' expert- adl~li Expend:- ~'.du:~ (.'\ liU1 .... 1;- ,: "I, ('-.,:',:;;.(.1'- ~f_7u!t dilUl'C adl'lt c;ilurc equiV,:;C~1t tUfC (;(1' ·\'alc.1: tUft: (': .';-'~:'\;;, L~:(: cqei\a!cr.~ c<1ui\·~'.lcr:~ n1ale , ~. '" rr:'~ 1c

------~-- _.----- () (J <) 2 4 " 10 11 12

"1' :). '\:J :,-;. ,".{) , 31.) 1. To. ill ro~:j ') "J ~ 1 ·43 1 8, ':'.':; >(19 :;7- 5" 10· 58 ,\9'79 j. i;D -J (;.j'j 2. B:-/",-.: ~;: ~ o'[>-!- 0-63 :: ~.j J " 2-94 1-03 1 ·40 7·02 , 3. CIot;l.!:~~ I); 1.'.-9(, 16 '0 0-1 -- Ll 'G 75 2'51 tG'Of, (1.2 14-22 (·1 4. R'1t e 1 :.ll1J 08 .;., 62 ..f. 81 :';'·33 (l '- O· 2~) O· 10 O-W \). 10 0·4(,

5. Hired t10.)U C l>J:ti\.;,:- '), (,:) tion COOS-So (; ~._:. 2·25 1 15 5·35 0'03 0'25 0 ,)2 O· It) () 1:5 0 69 6, Remittances 0·03 O· 12 O'OJ (lo 22 0·31 1'47 7. Education o (,7 2'85 0·07 0'34 (l.JJ (')'27 () 18 13 0-52 2-45 ------_,------_------.------The aVerage monthly expenditure on hOi!seholds in as follows :- different occupations and in different income groups ---_._------_------Sl. Iten1S ;(s. 25-50 Rs. 76-100 Rs. 101 and No. ,.bovc - _ .._------_-- _. --.------1. Cultivators of 0wn,c'J lands 30'64 34- j 1 ~f-70 105-31 206'29 2. TC;U'lt5 51-29 1D'71 18· +2 87·45 1S7'93 3. Agricclitura! iab::lUrers 2). 39 39',)1 66-80 98'65 112- 79 4. Household I'1Jlbtry 24'78 -~6' Sf) 66'23 88'07 187'47 5. Other,; 19'10 13 '67 67'05 86'64 158'15 ------It would be seen from the above statement tint the taken on lease. Partial failure of crops accounts for expenditure per household exceeds even the income Its low income and in fact the household which could figures of households in some of the categories earn­ not even pay the rent to the landlord borrowed from ing below Rs. 75. Thi;; is particularly noticeahle him for its normal maintenance. It consists of 2 among cultivators of owned land and tenant-cultiva­ :ldu'ts and 3 children and as cultivation of 5.00 acres tors. This is due to the failure of crops during the would require their whole time care, they were unable two years immediately preceding this survey. Among to work at any other occupation. Under favourable the cultivators of owned lands, there are three house­ seasonal conditions the household gets an yield holds earning on an average Rs. 25 or bela,;: per valued roughly at Rs. 800. Similarly the single month but spending Rs. 30-64 per month. This dis­ household falling in the income range of Rs. 25-50, parity in expenditure in relation to the income is could earn only Rs. 600 though its average income caused by the fact that one of the three households 1il a normal year would be about Rs. 1500. This which has 6 members in it and cultivates 4.00 acres household owns and cultivates 3 acres of land in of land earned a meagre sum or Rs. 160 from culti­ addition to 6.00 acres of fertile land taken on lease on vation during the reference year as against its income an annud rent of Rs. 400. It consists of 2 from cultivation in a normal year which would be members and depends partly on hired labour to carry about Rs. 500. During the reference year, the hOilse­ on the cultivation. To make good the difference bet­ hold earned a further sum of Rs. HO by s-;1:: of tire­ ween the expenditure and the income, the household wood thus raising its am,nal in,orne to R,. 300. But horrowed Rs. 400 and re:l1ised Rs. 200 by sale of even the normal maintenance ex!'.:nditure C'l' the D"Li'e­ assets. In the income range of Rs. 51-75 a Iso such hold amounted to Rs. 500 emd It \\:15 forced to instances as cited above are responsible for the dis­ borrow Rs. 20G to make goo:: the (1;:iicit. Arnon:' parity betvveen the ilverage eX:-Jenditure and the actual the tenant clllti':aton. there is ·lr.(' hOilschold vh:::h income earned during the reference year. earned only Rs. 225 by cultivating 5.00 acres of lands CHAPTER IV

SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE

L'of>ulation Trends broad age group of 0-14 years, there are 1000 males and 1012 females together accounting for 43.39 per 183. At the time of the present survey conducted cent of the total population of the village. In the in 1963, the population of the village was found to next age group of 15-34, there are 726 males and be 4637 consisting of 2338 males and 2299 females. 653 females forming 29.74 per cent of the total popu­ They were distributed in 800 households. According lation. In the third broad age group of 35-59, there ro 1961 census, the population of the village was 4375 are 481 males and 486 females accounting for 20.85 distributed in 776 households. In 1951, the popula­ per cent of the total population. Lastly. there are 131 tion was 3670 comprising of 1810 males and 1860 males and 148 females in the age group of 60 and females distributed in 714 households. Thus, the above accounting for 6.02 per cent of the total popu­ average size of a household has increased from 5.14 lation. in 1951 to 5.8 in 1963. Between 1951 and 1963, the popuhtion has recorded an increase by 26.35 per cent 185. The sex ratio for the village as a whole works and the households have recorded an increase by out to 983 females for every 1000 males. For the 12.0: per cent. During 1951-1961 intercensal period, Taluk, the sex ratio is 976 to 1000 and for the Dis­ the population has increased by 19.21 per cent and trict, it is 960 to 1000. Sex-wise there are 2338 males between 1961 and 1963, it has increased by 5.76 per and 2299 females in the village. In other words, 50.4 cent. The percentage increase in population is 18.2 per cent of the population consists of males and 49.6 for the District and 24.0 for the Bellary District. The per cent consists of females. In 1951, the sex ratio density of population at the time of survey works out was 1027 females for every 1000 males and in 1961, to 389.66 persons per square mile as against 276 per­ it was 959 females for every 1000 males. sons per square mile for 'Hadagalli Taluk and 240 persons per square mile for the District of Bellary. Births and Deaths 186: The village officers maintain a record of Population by age and sex births and deaths occurring in the village. The vital statistics pertaining to the village, as obtained from 184. The distribution of the population 1Il the the Office of the Inspector of Health, for the years different age groups is contained in Table II. In the 1951 to 1961 are as follows :-

Year 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961

Births 148 149 163 151 195 183 189 169 156 161 147

De,cths 70 85 91 92 90 73 93 75 105 63 79

The average number of births p~r annum during 1951- of the total population of 4637, 2401 or 51.8 per cent 1960 period works out to 166.4 and the average num­ are never married; 1776 or 38.3 per cent are married; ber of deaths for the same period works out to 83.7. 436 or 9.4 per cent are widowed; and 24 or 0.5 per cent are divorced or separated. Considering the marital status according to sex, it can be seen that 56.6 per Marital Status cent of the male population and 46.8 per cent of the 187. Details regarding age and marital status have female population are never married; 38.8 per cent been presented in Table VI. The population of the of the males and 37.7 per cent of the females are village has been distributed into four categories on the married; 4.1 per cent of the males and 14.8 per cent basis of their marital status. The 4 categories are (a) of the females are widowed; and 0.5 per cent of the never married, (b) married, (c) widowed and (d) divor­ males and 0.7 per cent of the females.are divorced or ced or separated. It is seen from this Table that out separated. ~ r------~----:---~----~------~.~ """ 0 0'" 0- '" 0 0~ on~ 0Co) .. 0~ ~ ~ f====~====~====~====~o====:o====~o~====o~s---J ! ~ E====~~~~~~~~~=t__ O~~=====------=====~~ "'tJ I "TJ o ~ C------==]_ "'tJ c - r ~ ~ r------» ~ "TJ r---~~~~~~-- I -f o z m -< (1\ CD X en ~ » x r°-r»»...&. XJG)O -<~r or» ~~r :ore o c -t ~

f1l (1\ (1\ rn ° ~-f -0 -t ~ C ::0 (1\ ~ rn o

~ en Z

0 0 z "It II) ~ 0 In U) t') UJ I-« 0: tIJ I- en 0 0. ...J- In j ...J til

0 0 I/) a:: [] 0 I.i.J C) N ..J 0( UJ ~ W (!) 0 U. < l.n- 0 0 z 0 « - ¥ I- )( 0 j U UJ l.n V) :l «..J a: ... >- 0 ..J ... ~ m .... 4C( 0 + "It ..J- 0 - I >- .0 _. ..J U 0 < cr;> « 0 0 c." ~ cr « .J UJ :I: 0 ..J .... 0 -< UJ ..J In X (0 0 0 Z 0 <(

0 II) Z l.n 0 1.&1 ..J I-- 0( 0 ~ « 0 ..J (II j Ul Q. L&J I- 0 0 In Q. « N 0: til 0 ... 0 (W) .J- (J'> 0 en In .., ~ CO) ~ "~ bO 0 .~ 0 "It "" SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE 39

188. There are a few women of marriageable age Anantasayana Temple, is selected for constructing a who are not married. To be exact, there are 24 building for the primary health centre. At the' time females aged above 24 years who are never married. of this survey. the Medical Officer working at Hada­ Among them, a few lead the life of prostitution. There galli Hospital, used to visit the village twice a week. was formerly a custom of dedicating some girls to the The villagers prefer to have the delivery cases atten­ various deities as 'Devdasies'. This custom was pre­ ded at home only by the local 'Dai' and 'Soolgithies'. valent particularly among the Bedas, Barikas and the Madigas. This custom is very much on the wane, 191. There is no protected water supply and the though it has not completely disappeared. There are villagers usually drink water from a pond called about 56 girls aged between 15 and 24 years who are 'honda'. The water in this 'Honda' gets dirty often not married due to poor economic circumstances, non­ and particularly during the rainy season and in sum­ availabiHy of suitable aI1ian~es etc. There are 16 mer. Some of the villagers also polute the water by girls who are married though aged below 14 years. bathing in the 'honda'. Water in the other wells is Though generally post-puberty marriages are common, said to be brackish and hard and not suitable for child marriages have not completely disappeared. drinking or cooking purposes. There are 9 males and 15 females who live singly because of divorce or separation. Divorces and 192. The common ailments are fever, diarrhoea, separations though permitted among many of the general disability caused by mal-nutrition. etc. It is castes. take place only rarely due to temperamental said thM there are about 10 persons who are suffering incompatibility. extra-marital relationships. etc. Inter­ from Tuberculosis. Most of them seek the help of caste marriages are practically unknown in the village. the local private medical practitioners. Till about 2 years back D.D.T. spraying was being conducted Public health and medical facilities regularly in the village.

189. The climate of the village is said to be much 193. The villagers use the nearby fields and gar­ cooler than in the other parts of the District. bec;1Use dens for toilet. Only one house in the village is pro­ of its higher elevation and also its proximity to the vided with a separate latrine. The Panchayat Board river Tungabhadra. However, between March and is constructing a few public latrines for the use of the May, the day temperature goes beyond very warm. villagers. It is during this period that stray cases of cholera are reported. From June to February, the climate is Veterinary aid generally pleasant excepting for short spates of heat in October. The village is not noted for any chronic 194. The nearest veterinary hospital is also situa­ diseases or epidemlics. The Village Panchayat Board ted at Hadagalli, the Taluk headquarters. From looks after the sanitary arrangements in the village. March, 1960, a Rural Veterinary Dispensary is There is practically no underground drainage and as funotioning in the village. This dispensary has been such, the village sanitation requires some improve­ serving the people well. In 1963. the cattle of the ment. The streets are narrow excepting near the village were inoculated for protection against black entrance to the village. They get dusty in summer quarter and in the same year, the poultry birds were and slushy in the rainy season. inoculated for protection against 'Raniket'. About 50 heads of livestock are treated every day at this 190. The nearest hospital for the village is at dispensary. The Gramsevak of the village is also Hadagal'i, the Taluk headquarters. For all their provided with a veterinary first aid kit. minor ailments, the villagers approach the local pri­ vate medical oractitioners who practise in Ayurvedic Literacy and Education and Allopathic medicines. There are three such practitioners in Ayurvedic medicine. It is only in 195. The details regarding literacy and education cases of serious ailments that the villagers avail them­ are furnished in Table VII. In the village. there are selves of the medical facilities provided at Hadagalli. 1175 literates consisting of 875 males and 300 females. In October, 1963, the village has been sanctioned a Thus, the percentage of literacy for the village is Primary Health Centre. At the time of the survey. a 25.53 as against 21.5 per cent for Hadagalli Taluk. Compounder and a Midwife were working in this and 20.06 per cent for the BeBary District. In 1951, Health Centre. The Health Centre is situated in a the percentage of literacy in the village was 19.29. private rented building. A site to the west of the So between 1951-1961, the literacy has increased by 40 HOLALU about 6 per cent. The 25.53 per cent of literates is rial nreZl of the Adikarnatakas. This school was started constituted of 16.83 per cent of literates without any purticuIarly with the object of imparting education to educational standard; 7.63 per cent of literates who the Harijan children. The strength of tJoe school is have reached the primary or basic school standard: about 100 students and the staff consists of two 0.71 per cent of literates reaching the matriculation teachers. About 50 per cent of the students in this or higher seco~dary school stand;mJ; 0.04 Der cent of school belong to Harijans and the rest belong to the litrrates who have reached the in\'"nnediJt~ or p.ne. Barikas, Bcdas, Kuruba and Pinjara castes. There standard; 0.06 per cent of graduates and 0.06 per cent is no Lingayat or Brahmin child studying in this of diploma holders. The Diploma Holders hold school. In July, 1960, the villagers started a private Diplomas in medicine. 4 persons from among the high school called 'Vivekananda High School'. This permanent residents of the village have gradwlted school is now run in a rented building. At the time themselves, but they are all staying outside the village. of the survey, this school was teaching upto 3 classes The graduates now found in the vilbge are immigrants and had a stre'1gth of 147 boys with 5 teachers to employed as Teachers in the local High School Cind teach them. With the starting of this school, the one of the graduates is holding a L '\\V degree. boys from the neighbouring villages have also started prosecuting their studies beyond primary school 196. CO'1s:dering the position of lite~i1cy accord­ standards. To accommodate such boys, the villagers ing to sex, it is found that 37.43 per cent of tl,e tota1 are nmning an hostel. This bostel run by the Virakta male population and 13.05 ner cent of the tota1 fer:~:ll~ Mutt (Mallikarjunaswamy Mutt), is housed in a pri­ population are literates. Thus it would be ~een that vate building. Formerly it was housed in a building though the percentage of literacy has increasd cOI~si­ owned by a cultivator in the village, but now the derably among males, it is not so amonr( females. ViraktCl. Mutt has constructed a row of rooms near Excepting for one female, who has reached the m~.tri­ the Ananthasayana Temple for this hostel. With the cuJation standard, none among the female liter,~tt's it') .

198. The Board Higher Elementary Schools for 200. There is not much of either immigration or Boys is the oldest school in the village. This is said emigration. During the last five years a Boyi to have started functioning nearly 100 years back. family connected with the construction of the hridge The school is run in an old rented hlddin'!. The' across the Tungabhadra River near Havanur, has accommodation provided for this school is quite in­ come and settled down in the village. Another family s'!.lfficient and the. school also lacks in sr)ort fields. that has settled down in the village belongs to a The total strength of the school is 323. Arrangements Lingayat, who runs a tea shop. This family has come are made to provide mid-day n;eals to t1'e s,tudents. and settled down about 10 years back. The other The Board Higher Elementary School for <:tir1s was immigrants to the village are the teachers in the local started about 50 years back. It is also housed in a High School and Government officials em1)loyed in rented building. The school teaches u;>to the pri­ the Veterinary Dispensary, the Primarv Health mary VII standard and at the time of this survey, 214 Centre and the various educational institutions. About girls were studying in it. The Government prim:HY 20 persons from the village employed by Government school was started in September. 1960, in the residen- are working elsewhere. SOCIAL AND CULTURALLIFE 41

Family structure Inheritance of property

201. For a study of the types of family, the 204. Patriarchal system of inheritance is in vogue various families in the village have been divided into both among Hindus and Muslims. On the death of 4 groups, namely, simple family, Intermediate family, the father, the sons inherit the property. The property Joint family and others. A simple family consists of is equally divided among all the sons and at the time the husband. wife ad unmarried children. An Inter­ of division sOIne provision is made for the marriages mediate family consists of the husband, wife unmarried of unmarried sons and daughters and also for the children with widowed sisters or brothers. The joint maintenance of the widowed mother. The eldest son family consists of the husbflnd, wife and married sons usually gets an extra share called 'Jyeishta Bhaga' as or daughters. All families which cannot come under he has to shoulder some more responsibilities. Out anyone of these three groups have been classed as of the 800 persons interviewed, only 22 persons admit­ 'others'. After this grouping, it is found from Table I ted that they were aware of the changes in the Hindu that 39.9 per cent of the families in the village are of succession laws and only 5 persons said they were the simple type, 11.6 per cent are of the intermediate aware of the changes in the Hindu Adoption Act. type, 8.6 per cent are of the joint type and the remain­ But even those persons who admitted that they were ing 39.9 per cent come under 'others'. In the past, aware of these changes said that they were following families of the joint type were predominant, but as only the old customs of sharing the property by only the families grew in size. the accommodation availa­ the male heirs. Only one Muslim household stated ble was found to be insufficient and so, the tendency that a share in their property was also reserved for to form simple families started showing an increase. the daughters. Another reason for this break up of ioint families is that individuality in the present generation and the desire for greater freedom from the control of elders. Leisure and Recreation The prevalence of a large number of joint families 205. Majority of the villagers are engaged in agri­ among Lingayats is due to their possession of large culture and as such they find sufficient leisure only extents of lands which could only be profitably culti­ between January and March. At other times, they vated under ioint family system. Among agricultural are usually engaged in agricultural ooerations like labourers. the tendency appears to be more towards ploughing harrowing, sowing. weeding. inter-culturing, the simple type of families. harvesting, etc., and it is only in the evenings that they find some leisure. Most of them spend their leisure hours in gossip. A few listen to the radio Size of households broadcasts and some of the literates soend their time in reading newspapers, novels, etc. There are 7 radio 202. Table III presents data regarding the size receiving sets in the village, of which 5 belong to and composition of households. It is sleen from this Lingayats, 1 to a Devanga and 1 to Bahusar Kshatriya. Table that majority of the households in the village About 20 households in the village ohtain daily news­ cosist of 4 to 6 members each.' There are 323 paners like the 'Samyukta Kamataka' in Kanarese households with 4 to 6 members each as against 143 and 'Deccan Herald' in English. A few also obtain with 2 to 3 members each, 221 with 7 to 9 members Kannada weeklies. fortnightlies and monthlies. each and 71 with 10 or more members in each. Recently an adult education library and a youth club have started functioning in the village. The adult education library is run by the Panchayat Board. The Infra-family relationship youth club organised in 1962. provides facilities for 203. The relationship between the members of the playing games like volley ball. ball badminton, etc. different families is generally cordial. The elders are Playing of cards is also very common. always resoected and their guidance is sought fre­ quently. The elder members of a family generallv 206. Young children play indegenous games like supervise over all the activities both at home and 'Kabadi.' 'Hu-to-to.' hide and seek. etc. Young girls elsewhere. The mother and father occupy a reveren­ are often seen playing a game called 'Achhangayi' tial position in the family. The feeling of oneness with 5 small flat stones. On moon lit nights. some . among the members of the family can be seen on youths play 'Kolata'. On festival davs, they also various occasions of social, economic, cultural and organise some special games. At the time of Ugadi, religious importance. both young and old playa game called 'Chendata' with 11-6 Census/Mysore/6B 42 HOLALU a ball made of cotton rags. On the following day, they Act. The lands of the temple are in the possession of organise community hunting. The periodical festivals the priest· who offers daily worship. The present and fairs provide recreation to the people. On such building is said to have been renovated twice once occasions, they organise processions through the main about 150 years ago and again about 6 years back. streets. At times they stage mythological dramas. About 6 years back. the renovations including electri­ These are usually arranged in summer when agricul­ fication cost about Rs. 3,000. The deity is offered turists are free from the work in the fields. They also daily worship and in every April a special fair or visit the periodical fairs particularly those arranged in Jatra is performed. This fair lasts for about 3 days Mailar Kuruvatti and Shakar. On certain festival. and consists of a car festival, 'Palakki Utsava', etc. days, they organise community singing of Bhajans. Such Bhajan programmes are arranged particularly at 209. Veerabhadraswamy Temple is a minor the time of Ramanavami, Basavajayanthi, Shivaratri, Muzrai institution. This is also an old temple said etc. The folk songs sung by the females have special to have been built about 900 years ago. This temple attraction for the villagers. On National holidays is situated near the entrance to the fort area and faces like -the Republic Day, the Independence Day, etc., east. The stone pillars of the temple are beautifully the public institutions and the educational institutions carved. The temple has ahout 103 acres of land. The arrange programmes on an elaborate scale with the ri?ht to cultivate these lands is annually auctioned out co-operation of one and all. The various schools also and the amount realised is held in the Taluk Treasury. observe their annual school days. when they arrange At the time of survey. the balance in the Taluk special programmes of variety entertainment. Treasury was about Rs. 3,000. A Lingayat priest engaged on a monthly salary of about Rs. 20 offers Religious institutions daily worship at the temple. Annually, a car festival is held in honour of this deity. The temple building 207. There are a number of religious institutions IS in need of immediate repairs. in the village, the chief of which are the Anantasayana Temple, Veerabhadra Temple, Mailar Linga Temple, 210. Petebasaveswara Temple is said to have been Amriteswara Temple, Basavanna Temple, Kalamma constructed about 200 years back by a Lingayat is Temple, - Durgamma Temple, Anjaneya Temple, situated in the main street of the villa!!e. This tem­ Gonibasaveswara Temple, etc. ple has stone walls and stone roofing. This was reno­ vated at a cost of about Rs. 2,000 about 6 years back. Daily worship is offered by a Lingayat priest. On 208. Anantasayana Temple.-This temple is one Basavaiayanthi day, special poojas are arranged at of the most important religious institutions in the this institution. The temple has got about 2 acres of village. This is the chief temple for the Brahmins. land donated by a Lingayat household. These lands It is stated to have been built about 800 years· back are held by the priest. under the patronage of the Chola Kings. The temple is situated _to the south of the village 'goathan' and faces east. The temple proper is about 30' X 15' 211. CTonibasaveswara Temple is a minor muzrai and is built of stone. The building is a simple one institution. This temple is said to be about 300 years but the image of Anantasayana is a fine piece of old. Gonibasaveswara is the family deity of several architecture. The idol is about 8 feet in length and households among Lingayats. Kurubas and Batikas. 4 feet in breadth. It is carved out of black stone and Pooia is perfomled at this temole daily. The tern ole is a fine specimen of our old sculpture. This is attri­ building is in need of immediate reoairs. The tem­ buted to the famous scuptor Jakanacharya. ple has about 15 acres of inam land which are leased It is said that the idol was prepared for out annually by auction. The temnle is managed by being taken to Hampi during the Vijayanagar rule, a committee of trustees appointed under the Religious but for some reason, this idea was dropped. The Endowments Act. villagers said that in about 1953-54, there was ano­ ther attempt to shift the idol to Hospet and that 212. There are two temples of Kalamma. One is cranes were actually brought to the village to lift it, situated in the heart of the v1llage and the other on but the villagers putforth strong objections and ulti­ its outskirts. Both these temoles are said to have mately the idol was not disturbed. This temple has been built more than 200 years back. Pooia is per­ inam lands measuring an area of 27 acres 38 guntas. formed daily by a Panch ala priest. Ka1amma is consi­ The temple affairs are administered by a brahmin dered as the Grama Devatha of the village. The trustee appointed under the Religious Endowments temple has no lands. Till about 5 years back, they SOC I A LAN ~D CULT U R ALL 1 F E 43 used to perform a special festival in honour of this harram, Id-Melad, etc. The various castes in the village deity every year, at which, animals were offered in extend mutual co-operation to one another in the cele­ sacnfice. '1 he vIllagers have belief that offer of animals bration of these festivals. The Hindus extend all co­ in sacrifice to this deity would ward off epidemics like operation to the Muslims and in Muharram, several cholera, plague. etc., but now, no animals are sacri­ Hindu households actually participate in the celebra­ ficed at this altar. Instead, in Navaratri some special tions. poojas are arranged. 219. Ugadi.-It falls on the first day of Chaitra 213. Anjaneyaswamy temple is situated near the (March-April). It is a new year day for all Hindus. entrance of the fort. This is also an old temple. A On that day, their houses are white-washed. The cele­ Lingayat priest offers worship to this deity and the brations start with an oil bath and wearing of new affairs of the temple are managed by a Committee of clothes. They offer worship to their family deities and trustees. The t~mple has inam lands of about 17 acres. consume a bitter mixture of neem leaves, neem flowers and jaggery. This is followed by a sumptuous meal. 214. Sanjeevaraya Temple situated in the fort The special dishes for the day consist of Holige, Huggi, area, has about 13 acres of land. The lands are in etc. In the evening, the caste priest reads the almanac. the possession of the priest. About 6 years back, the Young and old also playa ball game called 'Chendata' temple building was renovated at a cost of about in which a ball made of pieces of cloth is used. The Rs. 200. Mostly Brahmins offer worship to this deity. day following the Ugadi, some of the male folks go out hunting. In short, the day is spent in gaiety and re­ 215. Durgamma temple and Amriteswara Temple joicing. It is usually on this day that the cultivators are small ones without any arrangement for daily start their agricultural operations in the fields. worship. 220. Ramanavami.-Following on the 9th day of 216. Maradamma temple is located in the area Chaitra, marks the birth day of Sri Rama. On this day occupied by Madigas. It faces east. The deity is . sumptuous meals are prepared at almost every Hindu very much revered by the Madigas. The temple has home and in the evening, community singing of Bhajans no lands. The temple building was renovated at a is organised. cost of about Rs. 500 about 2 years back. At the time of Navaratri, the Madigas arrange special 'poojas' at 221. Karuhunnime.-This festival is observed on this temple and the deity is also taken in procession in the full moon day of Jyeista (June). This festival is their residential area. devoted to the worship of the bullocks. On this day, the bullocks are given a wash and they are also taken 217. Dargaraswamy institution is located in the out in procession. residential area of Pinjaras, a major sub-caste among the Muslims of this village. This institution is said to 222. Nagarpancnami.-This festival falls on the 5th be about 300 years old. The observe special vows to day of the broad half of 'shravana'. On this day, ant this deity and in fulfilment of their vows, animal sacri­ hills and clay images of snakes are offered worship. fices are occasionally offered. Several Hindus also Snake charmers move round in the village with live observe vows to this deity. There is a separate Mus­ snakes which are offered sweetened milk. Newly mar­ lim mosque in the fort area. It is here that the ried daughters are invited to their parental homes and Muslims offer their Namaz. The mosque is managed given some presents. by a Kazi. 222. Ganesha Chaturthi.-This festival falls on the Festivals 4th day of Badrapada. Clay images of 'Ganesha' are installed in several households of Lingayats, Brahmins, 218. Both the Hindus and the Muslims from the Panchalas and Bahusara Kshatriyas. Such images are village observe a number of festivals. The important installed in several shops in the village. Worship is Hindu festivals are Ugadi, Ramanavami, Karuhun­ offered to these images for 7 or 9 days and on the 7th nime, Nagarpanchami, Ganesh Chaturthi, Navaratri, or 9th day, the images are immersed in a well or pond. Gowri Hunnime, Sheegihunnime, Deepavali, Makara­ sankramana, Mahasivaratri, Basava Jayanthi, etc. The 223. Navaratri.-Navaratri is a festival lasting important Muslim festivals are Ramzan, Bakrid, Mu- about 10 days. It starts on the first day of Aswija and 44 HOLAL U is chiefly dedicated to the worship of the three god­ arrange special poojas at Petebasaveswara Temple and desses, viz., Lakshmi, Saraswathi and Durga. On the take out the idol of this temple in a procession. 9th day WhiCh is known as 'Ayudna Pooja' day, worship is oftered to weapons and other implements of labour. 230. Ramzan.-Ramzan is considered as a solemn On the 10th day, the deities of the various temples are month and several Muslims observe fast during the taken out in a procession in the village. A special fea­ month. At the end of this period of fast, they gather ture of this day IS the exchange of 'Banni' leaves. These at the mosque and offer special prayers and distribute leaves symbohse gold and are exchanged with all cor­ alms in the form of cash and clothes to the poor. diality. AU old ammosities are expected to be forgotten with the exchange ot such leaves. During ~avaratri, the 231. Bakrid.-Bakrid is a festival celebrated in ho­ various educational instltutions in the village arrange nour of the sacrifice of saint Abrahim. This is a festival special programmes of vanety entertainment by school of rejollllllg for all Muslims. On this day, they sacrifice children. They also arrange Bhajan programmes. rams and goats.

224. Gowrihunnime.-This festival falls on the full 232. Muharram.-Muharram is a 10 da observance moon day of Aswija. This festival is associated more of intense mourning in commemoration of the martyr­ with the female tolk. Clay images of Gowri are installed dom of Imam Hussain. Several Hmdu households also in several households. join the Muslims in the celebration of this festival. 225. Sheegihunnime.-This festival falling on the Fairs 14th and 15th day of Aswija is more or less a cere­ mony of thanks giving to mother earth. On this day, 233. Besides celebrating some fairs ill the village the villagers have their meals in the fields. They arrange itself, the residents of HolaJu visit many other fairs 5 stones symbolising 5 Pandavas on one side and keep in the neighbourhood. The important fairs in the village another stone separately symbolising 'Kama'. Before are the Anantasayana Fair performed in every April, taking food, these stones are worshipped. Veerabhadraswamy Fair, etc. The Anantasayana fair lasts for 3 days. On the first day, they have a car fes­ 226. Deepavali.-This festival starting on the 13th tival, on the second day, they observe 'vokuli' i.e .• day of the dark half of the lunar month of Aswija lasts playing in coloured water, and on the third day the for about 5 days. This festival of lights is of special 'utsava murthy' is taken out in a procession to the importance to the trading classes. It is on the Deepavali house of the priest. Though all the ..castes from the vil­ day that they open their new accounts after worshipping lage participate in this fair. it is considered as of goddess Lakshmi. Many people in the village believe special importance to the Brahmins. About 5,000 peo­ that gambling on this day is no sin and as such they ple gather at the time of this fair. Some shops and indulge in gambling with cards all through the night. stalls in sweet meats and other articles are also set up. The Veerabhadraswamy Temple fair also lasts for 3 227. Makarasankramana.-This festival falls on the days. On the first day, they observe the car festival 14th day of January. This festival is also known as which is attended to by a large number of people from 'Hellu Beeruva Habba'. On this day, people exchange the neighbouring villages. People of all castes partici­ a mixture of til and jaggery. pate in this fair, but it is of special importance to the Lingayats. 228. Mahashivaratri.-This falls on the 14th day of the lark half of Magha. Several people keep awake the 234. The important fairs in the neighbourhood are whole night listening to 'Shiva Purana'. Special Bhajan Ramadevara Car festival at Hadagalli, Mailar Linga­ programmes are also arranged on this day. Some peo­ geswaraswamy Temple fair at Mailar, Mallikarjuna ple observe fast on this day. Car festival at Kuruvatti, etc. Many people from the village attend these fairs. 229. Basavajayanthi.-On Basavajayanthi day, .the villagers take out a procession carrying the picture of 235. The temple of Ramadeva in Hadagalli is loca­ Basaveswara in a bullock cart. This festival is asso­ ted in the heart of the Town. The car festival of this ciated with the birth of Basaveswara, the founder of deity is performed on the 'Poornima' day of Chaitra Veerasaivism. This is considered to be one of the and lasts for about 3 days. About 10,obo people gather important festivals in the village. On this day, they at the time of this fair. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE 45

236. The fair at Mailar is considered to be an ween the villagers of Chikkuruvatti of Ranebennur important one in this region. The village Mailar is Taluk and Hirekuruvatti of Hadagalli Taluk. Each of about 2 miles from this village. The temple here is these villages wanted to hold the cattle fair within its dedicated to Shiva in his form 'Mallari' or 'Mallahari', limits. The other reason is because of the starting of meaning the defeat of Mana. The legend associated a cattle fa:r at Karji in Haveri Taluk. The fair at with thIs temple is that Mallasura and his brother by Karjgi was started about 15 years back. virtue of their penance, obtained an assurance from Brahma that they would never be harmed by a human­ Matutory Panchayat being. On obtaining this assurance, they began harassing 238. A statutory panchayat has been functioning in the sages who were performing penance. The sages the village from 1950. This Panchayat was reconsti­ appealed to God Shiva who came to earth in the form tuted in 1960 under the provisions of the Mysore Vil­ of dog to circumvent the promises given by Brahma lage Panchayat and Local Bodies Act, 1959. The present and killed both Mallasura and his brother after fighting panchayat has jurisdiction over only 6 villages together them for about 10 days. Even to this day, in comme­ with its two hamlets. The panchayat consists of 15 moration of this legend, several devotees called 'gora­ elected members of whom 10 including the Chairman vas' dress themselves in blankets and go out barking and the Vice-Chairman are Lingayats. Other 5 mem­ and howling like the dogs, at the time of the annual bers are one each from the Bahusar Kshatriya, Kuruba, fair. On the occasion of this fair, some predictions re­ Lamani. Madiga and Barika castes. 13 of the members garding the condition of crops, etc., are also made. are cultivators and the other 2 are traders. The Vice­ About 10,000 people gather at this fair. Chairman of the Panchayat also happens to be the Chairman of the service co-operative society. None of 237. The Mallikarjuna car festival takes place in the members has received education beyond the pri­ February-March every year, in the village Kuruvatti, mary school standard. Office of the present Panchayat which is about 4 miles away from Holalu. This car Board is housed in a rented building. The staff consists festival lasts for about 4 days, and is followed by cattle of one Secretary, one Bill Collector, 2 Sweepers and a fair which lasts for about a week. About 2,500 heads Peon. The membesr generally meet once a month to of cattle are brought for sale at the time of this festival. transact bus;ness relating to the Panchayat. This temple elaborately carved in black stone is a fine specimen of Chalukyan architecture. The cattle fair at Kuruvatti has lost some of its old importance' for two 239. The income and expenditure of the Panchayat reasons. The first reason is because of the quarrel bet- for 1961-62 and 1962-63 are as follows:-

1961-62

Sl.No. Receipts Amount Sl. No. Payments Amount

Rs. Rs. Balance carried over from the previous year 3,205 ·29 1 Expenditure on staff 2,440'23

2 Government grant for constructing new draw 2,782'25 Expenditure 011 development activities: wells. (a) Formation of roads 2,081' 90 (b) Repairs to Kunta . 145'00

3 (a) Share of land revenue 30% 1,668'00 Expenditure on civil and municipal function 3,187'74

(b) Surcharge on stamp duty . 651· 82 Cash in treasury account 4,824'18 Cash on hand 995'77 4 Money realised by disposal of capital assets, pro- perty, etc., Sales of rubbish, etc. 18·24

5 Self-imposed taxes • , 2,025' 11

6 Others 174·14

TOTAL 13,674' 87 13,614'87 46 HOLALU 1962·63

Sl. No. Receipts Amount SI. No. Payment Amount

Rs. Rs. Balance carried over from the previous year 5,819'95 Expenditure on staff . 2,740'05 2 Government Grant 7,826.12 2 Expenditure on development activities 12,615.05

3 Share of land revenue 30% 1,668.00 3 Expenditure on civil and municipal functions 3,041.60

4 Money realised by disposal of capital assets 24.00 4 Year closing bahnce . 12,852.12 property, etc.

5 Self-imposed taxes . 2,178'72 6 Compulsory Taxes . 3,024'79 7 Others 10,702'24 TOTAL 31,248' 82 31,248' 82

240. The important developmental activities of the gress. These factions which started only about a couple Panchayat after 1960 are as follows:- of years back have gained such deep roots that all the developmental activities in the village are much ham­ SI. No. Nature of work Estimated Yea: pered by them. contribu- tion by the Panchayat Voluntary Organisations 1 2 3 4 242. There are some caste Panchayats among Ku­ 1 4 drinking water wells 2,500.00 1962 tubas and Madigas. However, these caste Panchayats 2 Road construct;on about 2 furlongs 1,700.00 1962 have lost their previous hold and are not as influential as they were in the past. A few leaders of the village 3 6 culverts 2,600.00 1962-63 have been doing good work. Their advice is frequently 4 Lady Teachers Quarters 500.00 1963 sought by the common man. 5 Construction of Gramsevak quarters. 1,500.00 1963 243. The voluntary organisations in the village are These works have already been completed. The works the Vivekananda High School Committee, Saraswathi in progress are the construction of drains at a cost of Mahila Samaj and the Youth Club. In 1960, the High Rs. 5,000 and the construction of a community centre at School Committee collected about Rs. 10,000 and • a cost of about Rs. 35,000. For both these works, the started a High School in the village. This has been a Panchayat expects to get a contribution of about 75 noticeable achievement of this Committee. In 1963, a per cent of the total expenditure under the National Youth Club has been started in the village and at the Extension Scheme and the balance is to be met by the time of this survey, its membership was 60. The Panchayat and popular contribution. The Panchayat members come mainly from the student popUlation. has also proposed to provide street lights under the The Youth Club provides sports and games materials Rural Electrification Scheme and protected water sup­ like volley-ball, ball badminton kit, foot ball, etc. The ply under the Rural Water Supply Scheme. club has not activised itself in the field of agriculture. The Mahila Samaj has been started in November, 1963. 241. There have been some factions in the village It has a membership of 30. It is run in a private rented and they hamper a· lot the developmental activities. building and is provided with two sewing machines. 4 There are said to be two factions based on personal girls are learning tailoring under the auspices of this affiliations to two leading personalities in the village. Samaj. One of these lead~rs happens to be the present President and the other, - its past President. These factions National Extension Service based mainly on personal affiliations have now been given a political colour and one of the parties calls 244. The National Extension Service was started in itself as a Praja Socialist Party and the other as Con- Hadagalli Taluk in October, 1961, and in October, 1962, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE 47 the Development Block reached Stage I from the pre­ operation in December. 1963, when a camp for con­ Extension State. After the starting of this National ducting such operations was organised at Hadagalli, the Extension Scheme, several developmental activities Taluk Headquarters. have been taken up in the village. An approach road connecting this village with the village Haravi has been 246. The evil of untouchability has not yet com­ constructed at a cost of about Rs. 18,000 under the pletely disappeared. The Madigas and Kahaleyavars Rural Communication Scheme. In 1963, a Primary are still not received freely in the society. However, it Health Centre has been opened in the village. Under' is to be admitted that there is some improvement in the the Rural Housing Programme, quarters for a lady treatment meted out to these castes. Formerly. they teacher have been built in the village. Drainage works could never go near a tea shop, but now, they have to improve the sanitation of the village have also been access to the hotels and tea shops, but are served in taken up. Loans have been sancti(lned to about 10 separate vessels set apart for them. The village barber persons for sinking irrigation wells. The Block autho­ and washerman do not serve them. They do not also rities have been trying to introduce improved seeds, get free access to the various institutions. Thus a lot chemical fertilisers, improved techniques of cultivation. of change in the outlook of the villagers is necessary etc .. into the village. before this evil can be completely eradicated.

Reform Measures 247. The village has been declared as dry, but it is 245. The villagers in general have no idea about said that illicit distillation still goes on, Ol! the sly. family planning and no attempt appear to have been Some people say that a few Lamanis distil iilicit liquor made by any agencies to educate the people in this which has got a ready market in the village, but none matter. About 20 persons have undergone vasectomy in the _village admits this fact readily. CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

248. The preceding four chapters have been in the they sow 'Laxm,' cotton during Rohini rains and when nature of a report based on the investigations made in it is sown as a single crop, they sow either 'Jaydhar' the course of the survey conducted in Holalu in 1963. or No. 881 cotton seed during Magha and Hubha They contain facts and figures with description, discus­ rains. sion and analysis of the socio-economic aspects of the 250. In the field of education, they have taken some village as found then. Before this report could go to big strides during the last 3-4 years. They have started the press, the village was visited again in January, a private High School, which has a strength of about 1966. Quite a few changes, particularly in the agricul­ 250 students. To provide facilities for students from tural and educational fields were then noticed. It is the neighbouring villages, they have also been running true that such changes are inevitable in a big village a Hostel for boys, where the students are provided like Holalu. But even then it cannot be forgotten that with free food and shelter. These institutions are largely just about a decade or two back, though equally big, run by raising private contributions. This fact clearly it was all steeped in rural sleepiness in one corner of shows that the villagers appreciate the value of edu­ the State. It then formed a remote area of the Madras cation and also are keen to create a proper atmosphere State, connected only by some bridle paths. With ex­ to import education. As it is, the percentage of literacy tension of the electrical transmission lines and the in the village is higher than that for the Hadagalli starting of a High School, the village has slowly started Taluk or the Bellary District. Now that four educa­ putting on a new appearance. tional institutions have been functioning in the village, 249. In the field of agriculture, the demand for the standard of literacy and education are bound to go irrigation facilities has been on an increase. At the time still higher. And this presents a pleasing 'picture. How­ of the Survey in ]963, there were about 32 wens fixed ever, it has to be admitted that the accommodation with electrically operated pumpsets. This number has provided for the various schools at present is quite further increased and there is still much scope and insufficient. demand for further expansion. In 1966, it was noticed 251. About public institutions like the statutory that about 10 more pumpsets have already been fixed panchayat, the co-operative society, the voluntary orga· and that the irrigated area has also increased by nisations, it has to be remarked that they are not func­ about 40 acres. With the increase in the irrigation tioning as well as they should. Many of the activities facilities, there is also a growing demand for improved of these organisations as also several other develop­ varieties of Jowar seeds. In 1965, a few cultivators who mental activities in the vi11ages are hampered by the could irrigate their lands sowed their lands with Hy­ factions among the village populace. It is these factions brid jowar and one of them was proudly saying that which impede the work of sponsoring any development he could get an yield of more than 25 quintals of jowar programme that will do good to the village as a whole. per acre. A few cultivators were complaining that seeds The leaders of these factions forget the important role of hybrid jowar were not available to them and a few to be played by them in the community and village were seen trying to convert their dry lands into wet development. They forget that if they stand united, they ones. The soil in the village which is considered to be can do more things more effectively through organised one of the best types 1n the whole of Bel1ary District groups. In their own interest as also in the interest of is also said to be quite suitable for irrigation. So even the village as a whole, they should endeavour to resolve though by and large, the village is stilI clinging on to their differences early or at least see that their action the age old methods in the means of production and in no way harms the village. It is quite necessary for agriculture, the urge in them to change over' to the the co-operative society to see that it caters the bona improved techniques is quite apparent and it is felt fide needs of all persons who seek its help. The that if they get necessary financial assistance and tech­ Panchayat has to see that the village development acti­ nical advice, many of them will adopt improved me­ vities are sneeded up. by providing good roads, drains, thods. For raising cotton crop. many of them have etc. They have to ~ork together to create an integrated. already introduced improved varieties of seeds. When­ specially cohesive village society. It would only be then ever cotton is grown as a mixed crop with groundnut, that the village would earn richer dividends. CONCLUSION 49

252. As regards Public Health and Hygiene, it has 253. The Harijans continue to suffer all the evils to be observed that much attention is not paid to this of untouchability. They have their own separate resi­ aspect. The streets and lanes are not well paved. They dential area. They do not readily get admittance to any are dusty in summer and slushy in the rainy season. hotels and even where they get, they have to eat and They are very narrow at several places, though the drink in separate vessels meant for them only. The main road at the entrance to the village is quite wide. village barber and washerman do not serve them. So The facilities for providing drinking water are also far they continue to face all the old handicaps in spite of from satisfactory. Many of the villagers drink water all the legislative and administrative measures under­ from the pond called 'Honda'. Sufficient care is also taken by Government to ameliorate their condition. not taken to see that this water does not get polluted. Even among themselves they observe certain codes of One or two persons were actually seen bathing in this discrimination. The Kahaleyavars consider themselves pond. The village has been sanctioned a Primary Health as superior to the Madigas and so they do not even Centre as also a Veterinary Dispensary. But both interdine. It is quite necessary that there should be a these institutions have not been provided with sufficient change in the outlook of the people and this can be accommodation and are also not staffed properly. achieved more by education than by mere legislation.

12-6 Census/Mysore/68

TABLES 51

TABLE I

Area, Houses and Population

Area in Population ,-_____..A.,______-, Density Number of Number of ,­ Acres Hectares per ~q mile houses Households Persons Males Females

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

7,615 3,081.71 389.6 981 800 4,637 2,338 2,299

TABLE II

Populationlby Age-groups

Total of all ages 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-44 45-59 60+ Age not stated

,-____ ~ ______"""'\ ,-.A.-, ,--..A.,,-..A., ,-_..A.,,-~ ,--A..-., ,-~,-~ ,-~,-~,-----"---\ Persons Males Females M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F

2 3 4- 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

4637 2,338 2,299 368 350 340 368 292 294 184 147 178 180 177 166 187 160 261 216 220 270 231 148 .,

TABLE III Size and Composition of Households

Size of Households Total No. ,------~ of House- Single member 2-3 members 4-6 members 7-9 members 10 members & above holds ,-___---A. ,- .---___..A-, ___--., ...----A----, ,---..A.___ --., Households Males Females House- M F House- M F House- M F House- M F Holds Holds Holds Holds

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

800 43 15 28 143 183 184 322 786 806 221 887 832 71 467 449 52 HOLALU

TABLE IV Households Classified by Religions, Castes and Sub-Castes

Papulation Religion Caste Sub-Caste Number of r- ___A.. households Persons Males Females 2 3 4 5 6 7

Hindu Lingayat Sadar 243 1,59b 807 189 Panchacharya 44 269 136 133 Banjigaru 45 253 121 132 Jangama 30 186 96 90 Kumbara 11 65 38 27 Ganiga 9 70 34 36 Hadapadavaru 4 17 11 6 Kuruba 90 477 235 242 Beda 73 381 175 206 Barika 50 268 135 133 Madiga 38 180 99 81 Lambani Adavi Lambani . 32 182 93 89 Bahusar Kshatriya 19 121 54 67 Panchala or Badagi Chickamani 16 89 46 43 Brahmin Smartha 9 50 22 28 Madhva 6 3 3 Vaishnava Boyi 7 36 21 15 Agasa 6 26 16 10 Koracha 6 22 12 10 Vishwakanna 5 39 20 19 Devanga 5 23 14 9 Kahaleyavaru 3 16 6 10 Myadara Bandigara 4 13 8 5 Rajput Suryavamsa 1 5 4 Bhajantri 3 2 Sadar 1 1 Muslims Sunni Pinjara 24 102 53 49 Sheik 11 76 40 36

MuIJa 4 29 18 11 , Syed 3 19 12 7 Khaji 4 3 Jains . Jams Swethambara 1 4 2 2 Digambara 2 8 3 5 -----~------TOTAL 800 4,637 2,338 2,299 TABLI:lS S3

TABLE. V

Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes

.___ Scheduled.A. ______Castes -., , ______Scheduled ..A. Tribes______-, Caste No. of Persons Males Females No. of Persons Males Females Households households

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Madiga 38 180 99 81 Lambani 32 182 93 89 Boyi 7 36 21 15 Koracha 6 22 12 10 Kahaleyavaru 3 16 6 10

TOTAL 86 436 231 205

TABLE VI

Age and Matrial status

Total population Never married Married Widowed Divorced or Unspecified separated status Age-Group ,------"----~ r-----"'----... ,---"------... r---_A,.,.,~ ,---"---, ,--A---, Persons Males Females M F M F M F M F M F

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

All ages 4,637 2,338 2,299 1,325 1,076 908 868 96 340 9 15 0-4 718 368 350 368 350 5-9 708 340 368 340 368 10-14 586 292 294 292 278 16 15-19 331 184 147 183 48 98 1 20-24 358 178 180 97 8 81 169 3 25-29 343 117 166 26 5 148 157 3 3 30-34 347 187 160 5 3 171 126 9 27 2 4 35-39 244 125 119 3 3 118 100 3 13 3 40-44 233 136 97 8 4 118 62 10 29 2 45-49 168 74 '94 2 69 54 4 37 50-54 193 80 113 4 70 45 9 61 3 55-59 129 66 63 2 54 28 10 35 60+ 279 131 148 3 78 13 51 131 2 Age not stated 54 1:!oLALU

Is N ,.d0_§ 1-1»~ ~ r~ N oemi3»<;::'-"'01 ~'-'" ::s <]e:,ViI~ ;:::l 0' l 0 N -",.....oS., _ r~ c.~ '~f-< 0\- 0 i~ .... l oS e 00 0 0. r~ (,,", 6 l~ I"-.... M .,'" \CJ -; rll. ::s "c:l I oS M N ... i . II') 0 ., l~ -;0 "'".... :a;:i., , r~ ~~ N ...... ,'" 0 M ~ l~ """ ...... o »... N 0'" oS r~ ,_ J:l "c:l - ~.~§ N N 0'1 N :::s::t:~ i~ .... M .... "'" "'" r/l l ....

00 II') M ..... 0 \CJ II') ...... C c·~ r~ ..... >- = oS'" ~ - i ,§~ ~ V') N I"- !l:1 C.I ...... 0'1 M I"- M N ~ ::I ~o l:::s N IXl "CI ~ V) ...... 0'1 l"- N I"- 0 \CJ 0- \0 V') II') Oi' 00 ...... M M N M ~ ~;§~ 00 .... ~ O·.zj~ Ill.

0\ II') 00 M N 00 0'1 N 00 00 .~:€~§ M N l"- .,.., .,.., -..l~.gt;; 0'1 M \0 \CJ I"- ~ M ., l:::s l"- V) "'" "'"

0\ M N II') I"- 00 M 0\ 0 M 0 00 0 0'1 ., 0\ V'> 0 N M M .... 00 0 V') -; \CJ M M N ...... ~ - "'" "'" ~ r~ ...... ,.., ~ i M 00 N II') N I"- 0\ I"- N 0\ 00 M 0\ 00 M M :S>-< \0 ~ \Q N 00 0\ 0 \CJ N I"- .,.., M N ...... l~ ""t...... 0\ \Q 0'1 I"- M M 00 $:l 0 00 I"- 0 0 0\ 0\ II') \Q 0'1 00 \Q \0 .... 0'1 .... \Q 0 N ...... "'" ...... '';: M M "'"N "'".... "'" oS "'" C'l' '3 l"- I"- .,.., \0 0 \0 ...... 0- 00 00 0 N 00 M M \0 0\ 00 l"- I"- 00 N ...... "'"I"- 00 \0 M 0 M M M M N "'" ...... ~ {: C'l' "'" - M -g I"- 00 00 \0 ...... 00 M I"- 00 M 0'1 0'1 M 0 M ...... 00 M .,.., \0 0\ N l"- .,.., M M "'"N N ...... N f-< l~ N \0.,; I"- ~ M M "'" "'" "'"

.....

"0 E ~ \Q < TABLES 55

TABLE VIII

Workers and Non-workers by Sex and Broad Age-Groups Total population Workers Non-workers Age-Group -"------, r------"'-- Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

All Ages 4,637 I 2,338 2,299 1,857 1 ,360 497 2,780 978 1,802 0-14 2,012 1,000 1,012 154 113 41 1,858 887 971 15-34 1,379 726 653 924 679 245 455 47 408 35-59 967 481 486 664 469 195 303 12 291 60 & over 279 131 148 115 99 16 164 32 132

TABLE IX Workers classified by Sex, Broad Age-Groups and Occupations 0-14 15-34 35-59 60 & above SI. ,--_.A. ,---.A. ,-~ ~ No. Name of Occupation Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females

1 Cultivation only 12 262 5 187 4 47 2 Cultivation and Agricultural Labour 2 29 17 4 3 Cultivation and Household Industry 1 2 2 4 Cultivation and Trade 8 8 4 5 Cultivation and Service 5 6 6 Livestock and Cultivation 7 Agricultural Labour only 42 30 226 208 136 149 20 15 8 Agricultural Labour and Livestock 1 9 Agricultural Labour and Cultivation 8 8 2 2 10 Agricultural Labour and Household In- dustry 1 2 2 11 Agricultural Labour and Trade 2 2 12 Agricultural Labour and Service 13 Household Industry only 2 45 9 25 7 8 14 Household Industry and Cultivation 2 15 Household Industry and Agricultural Labour . . . . . 3 1 16 Trade only 2 15 17 26 20 6 17 Trade and Agricultural Labour 2 18 Village Industries. 2 19 Herdsmen 42 8 16 5 20 Servants 9 12 1 21 Service 2 33 4 21 5 3 22 Hotel-keeping 6 6 23 General Labour only 5 5 1 24 General Labour and Cultivation 1 2 25 Service and Cultivation . 1 26 Service and Agricultural Labour 1 1 TOTAL 113 41 679 245 469 195 99 16 56 HOLALU

TABLE X

Workers classified by Sex, Broad Age-Groups and Industry, Business and Cultivation belonging to the Households

Workers Engaged in ,------"------Total Workers Household Industry Household Business Household Culti-"' Age-Groups vation ,---____;.._------, ,-___...A.. __--, ,-----A-__--, ,---A. , Persons Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

All ages 1,857 1,360 491 95 17 72 42 619 16 0-14 154 - 113 41 2 2 14 15-34 924 679 245 41 9 25 18 314 6 35-59 664 469 195 34 8 36 22 234 10 60 & above 115 99 16 12 10 51

TABLE XI

Non-Workers by Sex and Broad Age-Groups and Nature of Activities

Age-groups ,------"- ----, Activity Non-workers 0-14 15-34 35-59 60 & above , ___~__A. ____, r----"------. ,------A-__, , _ ___.A.----., ,------"------., Persons Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Students 499 321 178 290 177 31 Dependents 1,495 635 860 597 153 5 3 4 28 29 16 House work 158 158 41 404 260 53 Unemployed 10 10 10 Beggars

Rent receivers 11 11 6 1 1 3 3 3 TOTAL 2,180 918 1,802 887 971 47 408 12 291 32 132

TABLE XII

Households by Number of Rooms and by Number of Persons Occupying

Households Households Households Households Households Households Households with no with one with two with three with four with five with five regular room rooms rooms rooms rooms rooms and Total Total Total No. of room more No. of No. of family ,-_ ___.A.____, r----"------. ,___.A.--, r---A.--, ,~ ,___.A._---, ,--"---, Households rooms members No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. House- of House- of House- of House- of House- of House- of House- of holds family holds family holds family holds family holds family holds family holds family mem- mem- mem- mem- mem- mem- mem- bers bers bers bers bers bers bers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 11

800 152 4,637 166 792 563 3,231 44 380 16 129 8 67 3 38 TABLES 57

TABLE XIII

Households engaged in Cultivation, Industry, Business and Other Occupations

Total Total persons Number of Gainfully Employed persons Households engaged in No. of r----~,-----"\ Households Persons Males Females Persons Males Females

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Cultivation only 208 1,536 778 758 490 466 24 Cultivation and Agricultural Labour 50 303 160 143 141 98 43 Cultivation and Household Industry 4 39 20 19 15 14 1 Cultivation and Trade 32 256 126 130 97 77 20 Cultivation and Service 11 137 71 66 39 ,36 3 Cultivation and Village Industry . 1 5 3 2 3 3 Cultivation and Hotel-keeping • 6 4 2 2 2 Cultivation, Agricwtural Labour and Trade • 7 5 2 4 4 Cultivation, Agricultural Labour and household Industry 1 7 6 1 4 4 Cultivation, Agricultural Labour and Service 2 15 5 10 7 6 1 Cultivation, Trade and Agricultural Labour 2 16 7 9 8 4 4 Cultivation, Service and Agricultural Labour 8 3 5 3 1 2 Cultivation, Service and Trade 1 11 6 5 3 3 Livestock only . 3 16 8 8 6 6 Livestock and Cultivation 2 9 3 2 2 Livestock and Agricultural Labour 3 22 14 8 9 6 3 Agricultural Labour only . 258 1,077 515 562 585 309 276 Agricultural Labour and Livestock 2 12 8 4 7 6 1 Agricultural Labour and Cultivation 16 95 52 43 53 33 20 Agricultural Labour and Household Industry 7 39 24 15 27 19 8 Agricultural Labour and Trade . 17 95 43 52 52 26 26 Agricultural Labour and Service . 2 6 3 3 4 2 2 Agricultural Labour, Cultivation and Livestock 1 8 5 3 4 4 Agricultural Labour, Cultivation and Trade 2 9 4 5 6 3 3 Agricultural Labour, Household Industry and Cultivation 1 9 4 5 5 2 3 Household Industry only . 35 186 93 93 59 46 13 Household Industry and Agricultural Labour, 15 76 47 29 42 27 15 Household Industry and Trade . 1 5 3 2 1

Household Industry and General Labour 1 2 2 Household Industry, Cultivation and Agri­ cultural Labour 1 8 3 5 5 2 3 Household Industry,g Aricultural Labour and Cultivation ' 7 4 3 2 2 Household Industry, Services and Cultiva­ tion 14 9 5 5 6 13-6 Consus/Mysore/68 58 HOLALU

TABLE XIII-Conrd.

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Village Industry only 3 17 9 8 3 3 Trade only 29 155 69 86 46 40 6 Trade and Cultivation 1 14 8 6 5 5 Trade and Agricultural Labour 3 21 Il 10 9 6 3 Service only 39 183 101 82 48 44 4

Service and Cultivation . 2 13 7 6 7 4 3 Service and Agricultural Labour 6 28 19 9 16 10 6 Service and Household Industry 7 5 2 2 2 General Labour only 2 13 10 3 5 5 General Labour and Cultivation 2 15 8 7 3 3 General Labour and Agricultural Labour 4 21 12 9. 9 6 J HoteJ..keeping 8 56 24 32 12 12 Non-Workers 16 53 18 35 TOTAL . 800 4,637 2,338 2,299 1,857 1,360 497

TABLE XIV

Type of Industry run by the Households

Total Households having householcl Households having household Industry number of Industry as primary occupation as subsidiary occupation ~ ______-----A. ______-, House- r-, ----.. Name of Indastry holds Nuinber Persons engaged Total persons Number Persons engaged Total Persons of in Industry in households ' of in Industry in households House- mentioned in House- mentioned in holds Col. No.3 holds Col. No.8 ,-__..A.. ___-, r---..A..--~ r----A.------., r---A.---, Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Tailoring 16 14 18 38 41 2 5 9 13 SandIe making 16 10 10 30 21 6 6 21 16

Basket making 8 7 11 10 15 11 2 2 Carpentry 7 5 7 11 16 2 6 12 5 Pottery 7 5 6 14 9 2 9 5 Goldsmithy 6 6 9 22 19

Carpentry and Blacksmithy 2 2 2 6 4 Limestone manufacturing 2 2 5 3 10 8 Stitching of dining leaves 3 3 Weaving

Blacksmithy 5 9 5 Stone dressing 1 Photo Frame work 6

TOTAL 69 55 75 16 160 138 14 20 59 42 tABLES 59 TABLE XV

Types of Business Run by the Households

Households having Busin<:ss as prinnry Households having Business as Subsidiary occupation occupation r-- ______-A- ______"-l ,-______A.______., Total No. of Persons engaged Total persons No. of Persons engaged Total persons Name of Business number House- in business in Hhs. men- House- in business in Hhs. men- of holds tioned in Col. holds tioned in Col. House- NO.3 No.8 holds ,,-----"'----, r-----"---~ r--_....J.-_--_...... " ,.__ .A-_-----, Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Provision stores 16 11 14 34 39 5 5 25 30 Sale of eatables 2 2 2 4 4 Dealer in vegetables 14 4 2 4 5 12 10 8 34 42 Betel leaf dealer 4 3 4 5 4 3 Dealer in fuel 25 4 4 24 6 25 64 63 Dealer in cloth 7 2 3 7 13 5 6 25 25 Dealer in Tobacco 6 2 2 7 2 4 5 14 13 Dealer in Bangles 2 2 1 5 4 Petty Shop Keeper. 12 8 14 23 24 4 5 16 16 Cycle shop 6 5 TOTAL 89 33 41 7 88 102 56 31 35 194 205 ------

TABLE XVI

Traditional Industry by the Number of Households

Name of Traditional Industries___,A.______-,

b.O b.O '0 b.O t:: .S 1:» t:: >. .;::: ..c: ~ ~ >. "'..c:: .~ OIl .... C·;:: 83 Total 8 c:: ~ .....s 0° 8 <;; ·c ..... C ~'" ...... ;g ~ '0 .2 ] .s 1 e-tl "';::! 0 t:: ~ "0 t;; at:: 0 -Jl ;§ ~ ~ u a~ ::lS ------1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ------Number of 5 16 13 8 8 7 2 60 households in each Traditional Industry 60 HOLAL TABLE XVII

Diet

Total Households taking ..A.. No. of ,- -~-"------." Community Households One meal a day Two meals a day Three meals a day More than three in each m<.:alsa day communitYr---______.A...~ ,----"------, ,---__"_--~ ,-___...A...---.-..... Adults Children Adults Children Adults Children Adults Children

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Lingayat 386 56 41 330 345

Kuruba 90 15 5 75 85

Beda 73 13 9 60 64

Barika 50 10 7 40 ·43

Madiga 38 15 14 23 24

Lambani 32 10 22 32

Bahusarkshatriya 19 9 10 19

Panchala or Badagi 16 6 10 16

Brahmin 11 8 3 11

Boyi 7 7 7

Agasa 6 6 6

Koracha 6 2 4 5

Viswakarma 5 4 4

Devanga 5 3 2 5

Myadara 4 2 3 2

KahaJeyavaru 3

Rajput

Bhajantri 1

Sadar

Jain 3 3 2

Muslim 43 3 40 43

TOTAL 800 157 83 643 717 TABLES 61

TABLE XV1I!

Staple Diet and Food Habits of Communities

Households taking ,...-______.A. Community No. of -, Vcgeta- Non- house- Jowar Jowar Jowar Rice rian vegeta- holds & Rice Ragi & rian Rice

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Lingayat 386 325 60 386

Kuruba 90 89 2 88

Beda 73 73 73

Barika 50 49 49

Madiga 38 38 ;8

Lambani 32 32 12

Bahusarkshatriya 19 11 8 2 '-I , Panchala or Badagi 16 14 16

Brahmin 11 4 7 11

Boyi 7 7 7

Agasa 6 6 6

Koracha 6 6 6

Viswakarma 5 5 5

Devanga 5 4 4

Myadara 4 4 4

Kaltaleyavaru 3 3 3

Rajput 1

Bhaiantri 1 1

Sadar 1

Jain 3 2 3

43 43 Muslims 43

TOTAL SOD 711 87 431 369 -----~.---. --_ 62 HOLAtu

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TABLE XXII

Households and Development activities

Secured '--' Total Number of Better irriga­ Better seeds Better imple­ Better Manure Resorted to the Undertaken Households tional facilities ments use of pest i­ Land improve­ ci1es ment measures like reclama­ tion, soil conservation and consolida- tion

800 24 127 10 5

TABLE XXIII

Indebtedness

1ndebtedness .A.by ______income Group --, Amount Average Income-grour Total No. of No. of house- Rs. p. Percentage of indebtedness households holds indebted Col. 3 to Col. 1 fOT household in debt Rs. p.

1 2 3 4 5 6 Rs. 25 and below 66 13 2,385'00 20 183 '46

Rs. 26 to 50. 303 188 59,094'00 62 314· 33 Rs. 51 to 75 . 158 U8 65,610'00 75 556·02 Rs. 76 to 100 78 55 50,405'00 71 916·45 Rs. 100 and. above 195 149 2,10,648'00 76 1,413'15

TOTAL 800 523 3,88,142'00 65 742'15

TABLE XXUI-A

Indebtedness by causes

Proportion of debt Cause Amount in debt No. of families in due to cause to the Remarks debt total amount of debt 2 3 4 5

Livelihood 46,775 172 12·05 Cultivation 89,072 158 22·95 Domestic plJrposes 14,280 51 3·68 Purchase of land 19.190 13 4·93 Marriage purposes 76,100 95 19'61

Business 29,550 34 7·61 House construction and repairs 6,900 14 1'78 6~ T A,B LES

TABLE XIII-A-Concld.

2 3 4 5

Irrigation pump sets 36,275 26 9·35 Education 4,700 7 1'21 Purchase of bullocks 15,850 21 4·08 Sinking a well 9,100 5 2'34 Purchase of house 2,150 4 0·55 Medicine (sickness) 8,300 14 :::·14 Purchase of Tractor 2,000 0·52 Litigation 5,700 3 1·47 Election 1,000 (J-26 Industry 2,600 6 0-67 Funeral Ceremony 450 2 0-11 Temple Construction 500 0,13

Paying rent 1,600 3 0'41 To clear outstanding debts 1,890 5 0,49

Purchase of bullock cart 200 0'05 Purchase of lorry 14,000 3-61

TOTAL 3,88,142 100-00

TABLE XXlll-B Sources of credit

Indebtedness of cultivators having lands r-­ ------~------.-----.------, Sources Less than 3 acres 3 to 10 acres 10 acres and above Non-Cultivators r-----..A.------, ,. .A...____ -, r- -"--___-, ,.---"-----~ Amount Amount Amount Amount Amount Amount Amount Amount borrowed outstanding borrowed outstanding borrowed outstanding borrowed outstanding ------2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Money Lenders 34,245 34,245 1,26,670 1,22,520 1,37,000 1,33,400 25,900 25,690 Co-operative Societies 1,600 1,600 9,800 8,250 30,850 28,550 1,900 1,750 Government 1,500 1,064 14,600 5,698 Mysore State Electricity Board 500 500 26,850 21,475

Friends and Relatives 200 200 3,200 3,200

TOTAL 36,045 36,045 1,38,470 1,32,334 2,12,500 1,92,323 27,800 27,440 ------'0 ilOLALU TABLE XXIV Agricultural Produce of Cultivation run by the Households and their Disposal Year 1961-1962 ..A. Name of crop Area Unit Number Total Quantity Quantity Paid as Paid as Reserved Balance"' of production for sold rent Interest for left over House- domestic seeds holds consump- tion

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Jowar 2,371'05 Pallas 305 4,635'00 3,5W'25 627·50 358·50 13'00 86'75 39'00 Groundnut 903·40 Maunds 271 10,164'00 201·00 8,201·00 777·00 24·00 961'00 Cotton 768'70 224 7,219'00 93·00 6,582'00 505'00 39·00 Navanc 312·95 Pallas 186 430·15 386·90 16·00 26'75 0'50 Horsegram 200·25 104 245·25 233·75 4·00 7·00 0'50 Chillies 23·95 Maunds 24 109·50 39·50 70·00 Paddy 3·85 Pallas 4 19·50 7·00 8·25 4'00 2 2'50 2·50 Wheat 4·00 " Benga!gram 8·20 ,. 8 10·50 10'50 Sugarcane 9'30 Maunds 21 1,047'00 290·00 757·00 Greengram 0·30 Seers 1 25·00 25·00 Oil seeds 3·00 Pallas 5·00 5·00 TUf 7·20 .. 9 8-70 7·70 1·00 Onions 6·85 Rupees 18 2,780-00 40·00 2,740-00 Vegetables 9·16 .. 19 4,095'00 195 3,900'00 3 2,200-00 2,220·00 Cocoanut 1·20 " 2 200.00 200·00 Mangoes 1'20 " 33 32,450·00 32,450'00 Plantains 27·19 " Sajje 1·00 Pallas 2·00 2'00 Betal1elf 5·40 Rupees 8 4,045·00 4,045·00 Tobac;;o H)() Maunds 50-00 50·00 H)O Castorseeds 1·00 Pallas 1·00 Lime 2·10 TABLE XXV Households Owning or Possessing Land or have given out Land to others for Cultivation Nature Number of Households and extent of land of inte- ,--______.A...... ------.----- Community 1'10 rest on No. 50 No. 51-100 No. 1 to 2-49 No.2-50 to 4-99 No. S"()() to 10.00 No. 10 acr~ land land * of Cents & of Cents of Acres of Acres of Acres of and Hhs. below Hhs. Hhs. Hhs_ Hhs. Hhs above

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 12 13 Lingayat 66 A 1 0'S8 21'14 49'05 21 148'54 78 2,256'05 B 2 1'30 15 25'88 29 104'69 32 206'08 12 219'08 C 1 2·40 4·20 3 21'35 4 66·02 ·A+B 2 8·87 2 13·22 7 513'02 A+C 4'64 12 90,36 72 1,686'56 3 5'00 6 10 Kuruba 9 A 21'56 67'68 9 150·29 B 9 16·68 24 80·41 9 60·32 1 12·59

* NOTE-A = Land owned and cultivated. B = Land owned but given for lease. C = Lands taken on lease. TABLES 71

TABLE XXV-Contd.

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

A+C 2 17·06 8 139·49 Beda 15 A 2 3·50 3 12·19 4 28·75 3 42·61 B 0·92 16 26·16 17 58·28 4 23·18 14·30 A+C 3 21·78 4 82·04 Barika 17 A 2 2.06 2 6.85 3 20.11 4 66.36 B 0.50 4 6.08 5 17.36 2 11.00 C 6.00 2 22.00 A+B 9.81 A+C 4 28.50 2 30.00 Madiga 23 A 4.00 7.27 B 4 2.00 7 10.00 3.00 8.00 Lam~ani 7 A 2.00 8 31.06 8 58.58 5 100.26 B 2.00 2 7.75 Bahusar Kshatriya 4 A 4.50 1 16.10 B 4 23.36 3 15.00 5 56.74

A+C 1 11.50 ;>anchala 4 A 15.30 B 2 2.56 3 9.91 5. 32.01 24.05 Brahmin 4 A 5.00 2 79.79 B 4.00 2 10.78 A+C 16.50 Boyi 3 A 3 17.50 B 3.50 Agasa 4 A 1.50 6.09 Koracha 4 B 2.00 1 9.00 Viswakarma 4 B 3.35 Devanga 2 B 2.30 2 15.77 Myadara . 3 B 3.00 Kahaleyavaru 2 B 6.59 Rajput 1 .. Bhajantri 1 .. Sadar .. A 18.00 Jain 3 Muslim 7 A 2.00 5 17.81 5 34.90 3 55.90 B 7 10.00 5 17.92 3 22.81 2 26.00 C 16.00 A+C 4 54.27 TOTAL 183 5 2.50 4 3.10 86 143.26 137 491.26 148 1,012.26 237 5,811.6 HOLALU

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TABLE XXVI General

Number of Households ---,.....___ ------, Member or Mem- Member or members Members or members Total No. of Households Reading daily news­ bers of which work of which take active of which have joined paper for social uplift part in politics Co-operative Socie­ ties.

2 3 4 5

800 55 Nil 244

TABLE 1 Caste/Tribe or Community and Nature of Family

Total No. Types of families living in the Households Caste/Tribe or Community of House- r- .A.___ -, Remarks holds Simple Intermediate Joint Others

2 3 4 5 6 7

Lingayat 386 153 49 39 145 Kuruba 90 41 12 8 29 Beda 73 15 6 2 50 Barika 50 22 2 3 23 Madiga 38 21 2 14

Lambani 32 16 4 11 Bahusar Kshatriya 19 9 3 7 Panchala or Badagi 16 3 2 2 9 Brahmin 11 5 4 Boyi 7 3 2 2 Agasa 6 1 4 Koracha 6 4 2 Viswakarma 5 3 Devanga 5 1 3 Myadara 4. 3 Kahaleyavaru 3 1 Rajaput 1 Bhajantri 1 1 Sadar Jain 3 1 2 Muslim 43 18 5' 7 13

TOTAL 800 319 93 69 319 78 iIOLAt,U TABLE 2 Association of Deity and Special Object of Worship

d >. °C..... Deity/Special objects of worship oS ~ ..c: oS '" t 0; .c '" ] o~ -5 0 '"oS' ~ ~ .5 b'b t. 0= ::l ~ oS r: '" ..c: oS ~ ~ ~ ~ ::E j ~ ~ ~ ~ ::E ~ 0 ;>' ::g ~'" ~ ~ ~ ,_, ::g

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Mylaralinga 32 79 7 16 2 8 2 4 2 3 Basavanna 76 Honnathavva 33 39 7 Kuruvatti Basappa 50 Goni Basaopa 16 3 8 7 4 Veerappa 18 2 Siddeswara 4 4 Hanumanthe Devaru 3 8 Lingappa 34 7 Honnathappa 3 2 Kottureswara 6 2 Yellangma 3 15 Belagavi Basappa 4 Kotlur Mallappa 4 Shakaralekkavva 31 Kotraiah 6 Magadichanna Basappa 3 Veerabhadreswara 37 4 Mugappa Harihara Lingappa

Mailikarjunaswamy Kabodi Siddappa 1 Mallappa 6 Channaveeraswamy 1 Venkateswara 5 2 9 4 3 1 . 1 Baramappa 2 Sangameswara 2 TABLES 79

TABLE 2-Contd.

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Siddalingadevaru

Kotturappa

Virupakshappa

Dyamavva 5

Huchangavva 3 6 5 ]0

Sankavva

Lakkamma

Goniswamy

Bombadavva 2

Huligamma 2

Hosooravva 2

Basappa 2

Gonappa 2 2

Sajjeveeraiah

Raradappa 15

Galamma

Galappa

Maradamma

Durgavva 27

Amba Bhavani

Varavimura

Sankavva 2

Nanjundeshawra

Padmavathamma

Rcvanasiddappa

Brahmudevaru

Daragaswamy 38

Jammalaswamy 2

Darbasavva 2

Madarswamy 80 HOLALU

TABLE 3 Awareness of Untouchability Offences Act

No. of persons aware of Caste No. of persons interviewed prohibition of untouchabi­ Remarks lity under Law

2 3 4

LingaYllt 386 237 Kuruba 90 61 Beda 73 38 Barika 50 27 Madiga 38 15 Lambani 32 28

Bahusar KshatriYll 19 15 Panchala or Badagi 16 8

Brahmin 11 11

Boyi 7 5 Agasa 6 4 Koracha 6 4 Viswakarma 5 4 Devanga 5 4 Myadara 4 2 Kahaleyavaru 3 2 Rajaput 1 Bhajantri 1 Sadar 1 Jain 3 3 Muslim 43 31

TOTAL 800 502

TABLE 4 Contravention of Marriage Rules

Np. of marriages in Frequencies of each type of contravention Caste/Tribe contravention of r------..A.....------.,. Remarks Caste/Tribe Type I Type II Type III Type IV Type V Type VI

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Nil TABLES 81

TABLE 4-A Permissibility of Inter-caste Marriages

No. of persons who consider it is permissible to form marital ties with Remarks including running note on back­ ,------.----..A..------.ground of the persons No. of persons giving affirmative re- Caste/Tribe interviewed Caste/Tribe I Caste/Tribe II Caste/Tribe III Caste/Tribe IV ply (educated young Name Name Name Name man Panchayat Mem- ber)

2 3 4 5 6 7

In the village None considers it permissible to marry outside his or her own caste.

TABLE 5 Awareness of Changes in Hindu Laws of Succession and Adoption

No. aware that No. aware that Number of per­ there have been there have been Remarks Caste/Tribe/Community sons interviewed changes in Hindu changes in Hindu Succession Act Adoption Act

Lingayat 386 16 3

Kuruba 90 Beda 73 Barika 50 Madiga 38 Lambani 32 2 1 Bahusar Kshatriya 19 Panchala or Badagi 16 1

Brahmin 11 3 Boyi. 7 Agasa 6 Koracha 6 Viswakarma 5 Devanga 5 Myadara 4 Kahaleyavaru 3 Rajaput Bhajantri . 1 Sadar Jain , 3 Muslim 43

TOTAL 800 22 5

16--6 Cens/Mysore/68 82 HOLALU

TABLE 5-A Inheritance of property as in practice

Number indicating that Ielations of the following categories are entitled No. of to inherit property in their respective Caste/Tribe ------______A______--, Caste/Tribe/Community persons r--- inter- Sons and Sister's Brother's Others viewed Sons Daughters Wife Mother Brother son son

Lingayat 386 386 Kuruba 90 90

Beda~ 73 73 Barika 50 50 Madiga 38 38

Lam~ani 32 32 Bahusar Kshatriya 19 19 Panhcala or Badagi 16 16 Brahmin 11 11 Boyi 7 7 Madivala (Agasa) 6 6 Koracha 6 6 Devanga 5 5 Viswakarma 5 5 Myadara 4 4 Kahaleyavau 3 3 Bhajantri Sadar RaJput Jain 3 3 Muslim 43 42

TOTAL 800 799

TABLE 5B Share of property for different categories of relatives

Number indicating that sons inherit No. of persons property in the following manner interviewed ., Community All sons Daughters get equal gets 1/3 of the share property

2 3 4

Lingayat 386 386 .Kuruba 90 90 Beda 73 73 Barika 50 50 Madiga 38 38 ABLES 8S

TABLE 5~B.-Contd.

2 3 4

Lambani 32 32 Bahusarkshatriya 19 19 Panchala or Badagi 16 16 Brahmin 11 11 Boyi 7 7 Madivala 6 6 Koracha 6 6 Devanga 5 5 Viswakarma 5 5 Myadara 4 4 Kahaleyavaru 3 3 Bhajantri 1 1 Sadar 1 Rajput Jain 3 3 Muslim 43 42

TOTAL 800 799

TABLE 6 Reciprocal aid in agricultural practices

No. of households No. of Households No. of Households that take help of that assist neighbours Caste/Tribe/Community practising agricul­ neighbours at and receive help at Remarks ture the time of sowing the time of cultiva­ or harvesting tion in the shape of manual labour

2 3 4

Lingayat 230 21 Kuruba 38 4 Beda 9 Barika 21 5 Madiga 2 Lambani 2 Bahusarkshatriya 3 Panchala or Badagi Brahmin 4 Boyi 3 84 HOLALU

TABLE 6-Contd.

2 3 4

Agasa 2 Koracha Viswakarma Devanga Myadara Khahaleyavaru Rajput Bhajantri Sadar Jain Muslim 19

TOTAL' 335 30

TABLE 7 Livestock Statistics including Fishery

Cows in Cows Adult Bulls Working Other adult Young Young milk in dry females not bullocks males Stock Stock cowed (Males) (Females) Caste/Tribe/Community .----"----;r---~----"----, r--~ .----"---v----"---..r----"-----..,----'---.. No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Lingayat 115 138 119 211 4 8 179 468 16 21 66 87 36 51 Kuruba 7 7 17 22 35 74 3 3 7 7 Beda 7 7 11 14 11 22 1 2 2 7 7 Barika 6 6 7 10 14 32 3 4 3 3 Madiga 1 6 7 2 5 3 5 1 Lambani 7 10 9 18 21 50 7 12 2 4 Bahusar Khatriya 2 2 2 2 3 6 3 3 1 Panchala or Badagi 3 3 4 8 3 1 1 Brahmin 4 4 4 7 2 6 2 3 2 2 Boyi 1 1 2 4 1 2 Agasa 2 2 1 2 2 Koracha Viswakarrna 2 2 1 Devanga 2 2 Myadara Kahaleyavaru :

Rajput no Bhajantri j Sadar Jain Muslim 5 7 12 15 15 30 6 6 4 5 TOTAL 158 186 198 321 5 9 286 702 22 29 98 128 63 81 ljS TABLES

TABLE 7-Contd.

He- She- She- Young Sheep Goats Pigs Horses, buffaloes buffaloes buffaloes stock ponies & (Adult) in milk dry (buffaloes) mules ,---.A__-, Caste ~ ,----"---, ,---.A__-, r--'_.A.__~ r--...A..-~ ,----A..-""l ,---..A.--, No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs.

1 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

Lingayat 4 6 108 127 93 130 8S 101 2 2 2 7 1 Kuruba 5 5 12 26 5 5 22 729 10 43 Beda 5 7 4 5 6 8 6 107 12 52 Barika 8 8 7 7 7 7 6 57 Madiga 3 3 5 1 Lambani 5 8 7 16 4 7 2 23 Babusar Kshatriya 2 2 4 7 2 2 Panchala or Badagi 3 3 2 2 Brahmin 1 1 3 3 2 4 Boyi Agasa Koracha Viswakarma Devanga Myadara Kahaleyavaru Rajput Bhajantri Sadar Jain Muslim 2 2 7 8 5 5 2 6 2 5

TOTAL 5 7 141 165 144 209 121 144 33 849 36 189

Any other Donkeys Cocks Hens Chicken Ducks Others animals Fisheries or birds Caste ,---..A... __-, ,---"---, ,---"---, ,----"---, ,--..A...--, ,...---..A..._--..., ,---.A__-, ,--..A...-----., No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs.

34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49

Lingayat Kuruba Beda 2 10, 3 31 Barika 6 25 3 15 10 Madiga 86 HOLALD

TABLE 7-Concld.

34- 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49

Lambani 3 8 3 4 Bahusar Kshatriya Panchala or Badagi , , .. Brahmin Boyi Agasa Koracha 2 3 2 Viswakarma Devanga Myadara 4 Kahaleyavaru

Rajput .., Bhajantri Sadar Jains Muslims 3 6 3 11

TOTAL 3 7 14 49 13 63 1 10 TABLES 87

ro~ ICl I~ - I~.: 01 V) >0 0 .: Os -.t ..s:: ~ - ~

01 M N N 'Q) ~ o~ ~ 2 ,01 018 ('I. V) V) '" ~ ... ..1! ",01 >..1<1 - .... €::t r- .... "0 00 ~ ~!>II - ..... a - "0 '0 :.:i 0 ..s:: ' -.t ICl g ~ S - ::t: 01 ~ - o~ '" V) "0T~ -5 M o ~ !>II 01 :3 b'b p.. ~ &l ~ M M 1 "001 00 ~ ~ » -5 ~ 00 01 ::t '" V) 1 0 -5 on ~ ::t: ....01 r- ...:t ~ .... 0 I=Q 0 ~ < :s 0 E-< !i !>II ICl ICl Z '" ICl ] :a - Q,l I~ tIJ) GI 05 V) U; =....;;.- ::3 ~

~'2 -.t V) V) I"''''..s::<;;:; - l..a~ l~~ C;b~~ ICl ICl 00 r- r- ICl N N ..... 0::3 "0 M - '"ICl 0'00- f-

!l~ '" ~01 ,::s on 1:: 5~ .: , 00 , ..s:: 0 8 80 OJ ... OJ c U 00 '" ..!:! 011 ...l :3 E 0 ... 0 02 :3 « ... 0 0."0 C. 8 .a £-< "0 <1S ~ c 0 00 0 ..s:: 8", '" ~ 8 :.:i 8 ... a 0 ... t.:J rIl a ..... :a ..s:: ..... 0 f-< c...... t: 0 .:: .... Os .... "0 001 0 .... OJ '- 0 iZi 0 -5 01 0 ~ ... U'" -5 ~ 00 ...... !>II ... "0 btl 00 0) E..I .8 .~ ;3 "'C:: (5 00 ·~:;.5 0 .1:: ~ :'=0 Z .~ c~ (5 60 fr (5 0'" ..s:: ~o~ '"01 p..... Vj- p.. ~~ p.., ~E <8 U <>8 p..'"

.!. ::t » b8 ti c:: ..I. 01 OJ > o§ 0 «I ..s:: c:: a$ ..s:: '" OJ 00 » '" 01 ..8 ~ ... o'§ i:' 0 .!:l 00 o'§ ~ 8 c:: ... >. d» -:;; 00 c:: "0 ..s:: OJ 0 ... 05 ..I

TABLE 9 Land Reclamation and Development

No. of Households benefited by the Brief description of land reclamation Community land Reclamation and develop­ and development ment

~::::t J~ 32 60 acres of land brought under lift irrigation Beda I by electric pump sets. Brahmin

TABLE 10 Co-operative society

Number of members belonging to ,-- , Name of Co­ Linga- Kuruba Beda Barika Lam­ Bhahusar Pancha- Brah- Boyi Viswa- Devanga Mya- Muslims operative Society yat bani Kshatriya laor Badagi min karma dara

1. Service Co-opera- tive Society, Holalu 169 14 9 13 3 9 3 8 2 2 2 6 2. Rural Industrial co-operative Society, Hada­ galli 5 2 2 3. N.G.O. Society Bellary 4. Land mortgage Bank, Hada­ galli 5. Service Co-opera- tive Society, Budanur

TABLE 11 Habit of taking sugar as correlated to income

No. of Households taking sugar with No. of Households not taking sugar with monthly monthly income of income of Caste/Tribe/Community ,--______--A.. ______:_, ,--______---"- Above Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs.25 Above Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs.25 Rs.150 101-150 76-100 51-75 26-50 or less Rs. 150 101-150 76-100 51-75 26-50 or less

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Lingayat 63 46 31 37 18 2 14 21 16 39 79 20

Kuruba 4 3 3 3 4 4 14 51 3 Beda 5 2 3 5 9 34 11 Batika 4 5 3 3 4 6 18 6 Madiga 2 5 24 5 Lambani 2 18 '7 Bahusar Kshatriya 2 2 2 5 8 TABLES 89

TABLE l1-Concld.

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Panchala or Badagi 2 3 2 4 2 Brahmin 2 3 2 Boyi 2 4 Agasa 2 2 1 Koracha 5 1 Devanga Viswakarma Myadara 2 Kahaleyavaru Bajantri Sadar Rajput 1 Jain 2

Muslim 8 4 3 9 13 2

TOTAL 76 65 45 69 48 4 22 32 33 89 254 62

TABLE ll-A Habit of Taking Tea/Coffee as Correlated to Income

No. of Households taking tea with monthly No. of Households not taking tea with monthly income of income of . Caste/Tribe/Community ,------"------., Above Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. 25 Above Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. 25 Rs. 150 101-150 76-100 51-75 26-50 or less Rs. 150 101-150 76-100 51-75 26-50 or less

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Lingayat 74 55 34 49 27 2 3 12 13 27 70 20 Kuruba 4 3 4 3 4 4 14 50 3 Beda 5 3 4 2 9 35 11 Barika 4 5 2 3 4 6 19 6 Madiga 2 5 24 5 Lambani 2 2 18 7 Bahusar Kshatriya 2 2 ·2 4 7 Panchala or Badagi 2 3 5 2 Brahmin 3 3 2 Boyi 2 4 Agasa 2 2 Koracha 5 1 Devanga Viswakarma

17-6 Census/Mysoref68 90 HOLALU

TABLE ll-A-Concld.

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Mydara 2 Kahaleyavaru Bhajantri Sadar Rajput Jain Muslim 7 4 3 10 13 2

TOTAL 90 72 47 78 59 4 8 25 31 81 243 62

TABLE 12 Material Culture-Possession of Furniture

No. of households possessing ·Caste/Tribe/Community r­ -_._--"------Almirah Cots Chair Table Sofa Bench Easy Desk Wall­ chair shelf

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Lingayat 4 13 29 15 2 9 3 Kuruba Beda Barika Madiga Lambani Bahusar Kshatriya . 3 Panchala or Badagi

Brahmin 2 3 Boyi Agasa Koracha Viswakarma 4 Devanga Kahaleyavaru Myadara Rajput Bhajantri Sadar Jain Muslim

TOTAL 9 14 39 22 2 12 3 TABLES 91 TABLE 12-A Material Culture-Possession of Consumer Goods

No. of households possessing Caste/Tribe/Community r----~---~------A-_~ ______. Wrist Petro- Battery Kerosene Bicycle Radio Time- Clock Motor Electric watch max torch stove set piece cycle fan light

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Lingayat 18 6 11 3 9 5 6 2

Kuruba 2

Beda

Barika

Madiga

Lambani

Bahusar Kshatriya 3

Panchala or Badagi

Brahmin 2

Boyi

Agasa

Koraeha

Viswakarma 2 2

Devanga

Kahaleyavaru

Myadara

Rajaput

Bhajantri

Sadar

Jains

Muslim ------TOTAL 31 8 17 5 13 7 2 9 2 92 HOLALU TABLE 12-B

Material Culture - Habits

- No. of Households No. of Households that No. of Households that that use mosquito do not use mosquito cur- use toilet soap,'washing curtain having tain having monthly soap having monthly in- monthly income of income of ,.-___..A.. __---., ,-___come..A.. ____ of ---, Caste/Tribe/Community ,------"------, Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. 150 & 101- 51- 50 or 150 & 101- 51- 50 or 150 101- 51- 50 or above 150 100 less above 150 100 less above 150 100 less

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Lingayat 8 69 67 122 119 44 23 35 14

Kuruba 3 8 22 57 1 2

Beda 6 3 14 SO 2

Barika 7 16 27 6

Madiga 8 29

Lambani 2 2 3 25

Bahusar Kshtriya 2 2 7 8 2 2 4 4

Panchala or Badagi 2 5 8

Brahmin 2 5 3 3 5 3

Boyi 3 4 1

Agasa 3 3

Koracha 6

Devanga 3 1

VisYlukarma 2 1 2

Myadara 2

Kahaleyararu1 2

Bajantri

Sadar 0 0

Rajput

Jain 3 2

Muslim 2 21 19 2 2

TOTAL 10 88 97 236 368 55 37 53 29 TABLES 93 TABLE 12-B

Material Culture - Habits

No. of Households that No. of Households that No. of Households that do not use toilet/washing send clothes to washer- do not send clothes to soap having monthly in- man having monthly in- washerman having come of monthly income of come of ,--______...A- ______~ Caste/tribe/community ~------~------~ r------_,.A_------~ Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. 150 & 101- 51- 50 or 150 & 101- 51- 50 or 150 & 101- 51- 50 or above 150 100 less above 150 100 less above 150 100 less

14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Lingayat 33 44 88 105 73 55 72 26 4 12 51 93

Kuruba 3 7 21 55 2 3 5 22 56

Beda 4 3 13 50 4 2 2 13 49

Barika 16 26 7 2 15 25

Madiga 8 29 8 29

Lambani 2 2 3 25 2 2 3 25

Bahusar Kshatriya 3 4 2 3 4 1 4 4

Panchala or Badagi . 5 7 4 3 1 5

Brahmin 3 5 2

Boyi 2 4 3 4

Agasa 3 3 3 3

Koracha 6 6

Devanga 3 3

Viswakarma 2 1

Medaru 2 0 2

Kahaleyavalu 2 2

Bajantri

Sadar

Rajput 1

Jain 2

Muslim 19 17 2 20 19 ------TOTAL 43 60 184 339 85 71 90 40 13 26 147 328 94 HOLALU'

V) ~ 0 <"l 0 00 N a.. ~ ..... t-- ~ ~ on on <"l t'"l o . 00 0\ t"- V) M ..... Z"-' '" '" "'" ""

"0 on 0 00 0 t:i:

o

~ ~3 N N ..... '-..c:: N ..... Noo "'" "'"

"0 ~ .... 00 \0 N .,., r- M '" '" - "'"N N \Q ..c::~ f-o \0 '

..J ~ ~

.€ S 01 '50 01 § ,2 "0 ;:s ~. ~ ... ..0 ... 01 ~ ..0~ ~'" 0 8 01 01 >. ·c .... c:: 01 01 01 ~ ·c 01 '2 ... 01) ~ ... f-o ..s OIl 01 01 ~ 01 01 ., e:: ...;:s ~ 01 8 c:: 01 'r;. ... "0 '~ c:: I

TABLE 13-B House Type - wall

Number of Households with r- .A. ---""""\ Caste/T ribejCommunity Total Stone Mud Jowar Mud & Thatch- Bamboo Mud & Zinc Mud & Wood No. straw stone ing wood Jowar Hhs. grass straw

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Lingayat 386 294 71 2 15 2 Kuruba 90 53 29 5 Beda 73 45 26 2

Brika 50 28 19 2 Madiga 38 7 27 3 Lambani 32 7 20 5 Bahusar Kshatriya 19 13 6 Panchala or Badagi 16 11 4 Brahmin H 7 4 Boyi 7 2 3 2 . Agasa 6 3 3 Koracha 6 3 2 Devanga 5 5 Viswakarma 5 4

Myadaru 4 4 Khahaleyavaru 3 3 Bhajantri

Sadar Rajput

Jain 3 2 Muslim 43 28 11 2

TOTAL 800 521 227 10 23 7 5 4 1 1

MGIPCBE-S3-6 Census/Mysorc/68-22-9-70-750 ..