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European MSs In the British Library (BL) & Wellcome Library (WL) Moorcroft papers, BL: MSS Eur. D. 236 MSS Eur. D. 238 MSS Eur. D. 239 MSS Eur. D. 240 MSS Eur. D. 243. Eighth Fascicilus of a journal from the 17 Aug. to Sep. 16 and Ritanka ke joth in Koolloo to Toong-Ioong ghath in Tartary MSS Eur. D244. Ninth Fascicilus of a journal from Sept. 16 to Oct. 21, 1828 in the country of Ladakh. Memorandum Respecting Rhurbarb' ff 684-92 MSS Eur. D.246 WB. O'Shaughnessy Papers, BL MSS Eur. E 301/4 Monckton Papers, WL MSS 3596-3611. Edward Henry Cradock Monckton, collections of chemical, alchemical, medical and miscellaneous recipes, Indian in origin 1842-53 Law, J .A., 'Essay on Cholera Founded on Observations of the Disease in various parts ofIndia and in Sunderland, Newcastle and Gates• head, with Notices of the Treatment and of the Civil and Hospital Police Adopted in the Towns', T.923 Bibliography 363

Printed Books in English, Eighteenth-Nineteenth Centuries Adam, W, Reports on the state ofeducation in Bengal (I835-8) including some account ofthe state ofeducation in Bihar and a consideration of the means adapted to the improvement and extension ofpublic ins• truction in both provinces, ed. A. Basu, Calcutta, 1941 Adam, W, Third report on the state ofeducation in Bengal including some account ofthe state ofeducation in Bihar, and a consideration ofthe means adapted to the improvement and extension ofpublic ins• truction in both provinces, Calcutta, 1838 Ainslie, W.H., Materia Medica or some account ofthose articles which are employed by the Hindoos and other eastern nations in their medi• cine, arts, and agriculture, 2 vols, Calcutta, 1813, second edition, London, 1826 --, Observations on the cholera morbus ofIndia: a letter addressed to the Court ofdirectors ofthe English East India Company, London, 1825 Annesley, J., Researches into the causes, nature and treatment ofthe more prevalent diseases ofIndia and ofwarm climates generally illustrated with cases, postmortem examinations and numerous coloured engravings ofmorbid structures, 2 vols, London, 1828 --, Sketches ofthe most prevalent diseases ofIndia, comprising a treatise on the epidemic cholera ofthe East. Statistical and topographical reports ofthe disease in the different divisions ofthe army under the Madras presidency; embracing also the annual rate ofmortality etc ofEuropean troops and practical observations on the effects of calomel on the alimentary canal and on the diseases most prevalent in India, London, 1825 Balfour, E., Medical hints to the people ofIndia. The Vydian and the Hakim, what do they know ofmedicine?, Madras 1857 Breton, P., A vocabulary ofthe names ofthe various parts ofthe human body and ofmedical and technical terms in English, Arabic, Persian, Hindee, Sanskrit for the use of the medical department in India, Calcutta, 1825 Broughton, TO., Letters written in a Mahratta camp during the year 1809, descriptive ofthe character, manners, domestic habits and reli• gious ceremonies ofthe Mahrattas, London, 1813 364 Bibliography

Corbyn, E, A treatise on the epidemic cholera as it prevailed in India. Together with reports of the medical officers made to the Medical Boards ofthe presidencies ofBengal, Madras, Bombay, for the purpose ofascertaining a successfol mode of treating that destructive disease and a critical examination ofall the works which have hitherto ap• peared on the subject, Calcutta, 1832 Davies, S., Report of govt. dispensary, Patna. Prepared with inputs sent by Ram Eshur Awushtee, incharge govt. dispensary, January 1840 Gladwin, E, Tr., Ulfoz Udwiyeh or the materia medica in the Arabic, Persian and Hindevy languages compiled by Noureddeen Muhammad Abdullah Shirazy, Calcutta, 1793 Hooper, R, The anis ul Musharrahin or the Anatomist's Vade-Mecum, tr. into Arabic by J. Tytier, Calcutta, 1830 Holwell, J.Z., An account ofthe manner ofinoculating for the smallpox in the east Indies. With some observations on the practice and mode oftreating that disease in those parts, London, 1769 Hutchinson, J., Code of regulations for medical deptt. of the Bengal establishment compiled by order ofgovernment under Supdtt. ofMedi• cal Board, Calcutta, 1838 --, Observations on some ofthe most important points connected with the consideration and treatment ofcholera asphyxia, Calcutta, 1832 Irvine, R.H., A short account ofthe materia medica ofPatna, Calcutta, 1848 Jameson, J., Report on the epidemic cholera morbus as it visited the terri• tories subject to the presidency ofBengal, in the years 1817, 1818 & 1819, Calcutta, 1820 Kerr, J., A review ofpublic instruction in the Bengal presidency, from 1835-1851, Calcutta, 1852, part I --, A review ofpublic instruction in the Bengalpresidency, from 1835- 1851, London, 1853, part II Leitner, G. W, Reports on the state ofeducation in the Punjab since an• nexation and in 1882, Lahore, 1882 --, History of indigenous education in the Punjab since annexation and in 1882, Calcutta, 1882 McRae, J., Report on Cawnpur Dispensary, 1 February 1841 Bibliography 365 Memorial ofSurgeon John Tytler ofthe Bengal establishment, addressed to the court ofdirectors ofthe EIC. L. No. ix, ] Tytler's reply to the committee of native medical education as to the best language to be used as a medium of instruction, Tracts 15. Moore, J., The history ofthe small pox, London, 1815 O'Shaughnessy, W.B., The Bengal Pharmacopoeia and general conspectus ofmedicinal plants arranged according to the natural and therapeutical systems, Calcutta, MDCCCXLIV --, The Bengal Dispensatory and Companion to the Pharmacopoeia, Calcutta, MDCCCXLII Playfair, G., tr., The TaleefSheree/or Indian Materia Medica, Calcutta, 1793 Playfair, G. & A. Ross, Report on Delhi city dispensary for 1840, V/241 732 Selections from the records ofthe Bengal government, no. xiv, papers relat• ing to the establishment ofthe Presidency college ofBengal, Calcutta, 1854, MF 1/871 Shoolbred, ]., Report on the progress of vaccine inoculation in Bengal from the period of its introduction in Nov. 1802 to the end of the year 1803 with an appendix submitted to the medical board, Calcutta, 1804 Sprenger, A., Report ofthe researches into the Muhammadan libraries of Lucknow, by Alois Sprenger, Calcutta, 1896 Spilsbury G.G. and S. Dutt, Hindustani Version ofthe London Pharma• copoeia, edition 1836, 1841. Done into the Persian from the Nagri character with the addition ofan appendix. Contains an abstract of the actions, uses and doses of all the preparations contained in the pharmacopoeia, by Fred Mouat, Calcutta, 1845 Stewart, c., A Descriptive catalogue of the oriental library of the late Tipu Sultan ofMysore, Cambridge, 1809 Thaclaah, c.T., Cholera its character and treatment with remarks on the identity ofthe Indian and English and a particular reference to the disease as now existent at New Castle and its neighbourhood, Leeds, 1832. Wellcome Library, T 923 Tytler, ]., tr. into Arabic, A short anatomical description of the heart extracted from the Edinburgh medical dictionary, Calcutta 1828, p.v 366 Bibliography

--, tr. into Arabic, Hooper, R: The an is ul Musharrahin or the Anato• mist's Vade-Mecum, Calcutta, 1830 --, Tracts 1881 a 3, The Calcutta Literary Gazette, 14 June 1834, essay no. VII --, ed., Arabic tr of the Aphorism of Hippocrates or the Fusool-i• Abkrat by Hoanin Ben Motawukkue, Calcutta, 1832 Usman, Khan Bahadur Muhammad, The Report of the committee on the indigenous systems of medicine, Madras, part I, 1923

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Persian Manuscripts WMS. Per. 199 (D), 3 folios, Wellcome Library, London WMS. Per. 580, Wellcome Library, London Bibliotheque Nationale Paris, no. 342, supplement llajat-i-Dara Shikuhi, 342A, vol 2, Paris llajat-i-Dara Shikuhi, 857-9. Supplement Persan 342, 342A, 342B Mizan-i- Tibb, Add Mss. 17949, British Library, London Egerton 1006 & 1007 being vols 1 & 2 of Tibb-i-Akbari Bibliography 367

Urdu Books, Newspapers, and Articles Ahmad, Hakim Iftekhaar, 'Matba-i-Ustaad Kei Chand Fakahaat', Risaalah Takmil ut Tibb, Lucknow, May 1950 Ahmad, Imad al Din, ed., TibbiAyeenaa, 1879 Ahmad, Munshi Sayeed Fakhr-al-Din Ahmad, Alaijab Mutahsir, 1260 hijri, 1844 All India Ayurvedic and Unani Tibbi Conference, Delhi, Ek Munsa• fanah Nazar, by Abid Ali Khan, Lucknow, undated pamphlet Ali, Hakim Ihsan , Tibb-i-Ihsani, 3rd edition, Lucknow, 1281 hijri, 1864 Ali, Qamar, Kitaab Lajwaab wa kimyaab nuskha naushadarwee sihat ayeena, Lucknow, 1867 Ali, Maulvi Syed Nawab, 'Tazkira Attiba-i-Lucknow', Risala-i- Takmil ut Tibb, March 1948 Ali, Muhammad Hasan,tr., Mizan-i-Tibb, Delhi, 1852 --, Mizan-i- Tibb, Kanpur, 1872 Ali, Asghar, llaj al Ghuraba, Lucknow, 1281 hijri, 1864 Aziz, Hakim Abd al, Risaalah TuhJa-i-Azizi, Lucknow, 1888 Baksh, Ilahi, Tashreeh al asbaab musammabeh Mazhar al ulum, Kanpur, 1877 Hafiz, Ikram al Din, Tibb-i-Nabawi, Lucknow, 1869 Khan, Hakim Hadi Husain, tr., Zakhirah-I-Khwarzmshahi, Lucknow, 1878, 3 vols, 10 parts Khan, Ihsan Ali, Maqaalat-i-Ihsani, Lucknow, 1878 --, Qarabdeen lhsaani, Kanpur, hijri 1281, 1864 Karawai Jalsah Awwal. (Proceedings of the first convention.) Presi• dential address by Chaudhury Muhammad Altafat Rasool, Report Ijlaas Doawwam (2nd). All India Unani Tibbi Conference, 4 February 1913, Lucknow, Nami Press Lucknow, July 1913 Lahori, Zia ud Din, Khud Nawisht. Hayat-i-Sir Syed, Karachi, 1996 Minutes of the Executive Committee of Takmil-ut-Tibb College, Lucknow, 1902-9 Nadwi, Maulana Suleiman Syed, Hayat-i-Shibli, Azamgarh, 1943, reprint, 1999 368 Bibliography Nagrami, Hakim Syed Muhammad Hasan, Tarikh Tibb, Delhi, 1989 Nath, Pandit Kashi, Akhlaaq-i-Kashi, Agra, 1870 Oudh Akhbar, 1876---81 Pamphlet on 'Reasons for remaining away from the All India Vedic and Unani conference, Delhi', Nami Press Lucknow, 1911 Raudad-i- Takmil-ut- Tibb (Proceedings ofTakmil-ut-Tibb) 1908-11 Risaalah-i- Takmil-ut- Tibb (Magazine of Takmil-ut-Tibb). All issues for the year 1948-50 Rahman, Hakim Zillur, Tazkira-i-Khandan-i-Azizi, Aligarh, 1978 Rahman, Hakim Zillur, ed., Bayaaz-i-Wahidi, Aligarh, 2002 Rashid, Hakim, Almaun fi al Taun, Matba Anwari Muhammadi, Lucknow, 1897 Saiyid, Hakim Ali Hasan, Zubdat al Mufradat, Lucknow, 1877 Tahreer Hakim Mukhlis-ul-Daulah Jaipuri (Speech of Hakim Mukhlis-ul Daulah Jaipuri), Report-Ijlaas Doawwam (2nd) All India Unani Tibbi Conference 4 February 1913, Lucknow, Nami Press Lucknow, July 1913 Yahya, Hakim Ghulam 'Risalah-i-Qarurah', in Risalah Naadir Ahwal, Munshi Newal Kishore Press, Lucknow, 1877 Index

aab-i-zam zam (fountain of holy Abd al Rashid, Hakim 294-5, water) 217 300-2,305,310,315,319 aab-o-hawa 269 Abd al Wahid, Hakim (1859-1902), Abbasid, Hunain Ibn Ishaq, translator compendium of 202-3; (750-1517) 20-1, 23 compilation of 314,317-18 Abd al Aziz, Hakim/family Abd-al-Wadud (Fi Dhamm at-takassub (1855-1911) 14,201-2,292-5, bi-sina at tibb) 26 300,302,306-7,314-18,321-2, Adalat, Nizamat 64 329; and Anjuman-i-Tibia Adam, John 83 (the medical society) 294; anti• Adam, William on native Ayurveda stand 311n; on British education 51 support 296-7; and colonial Adil, Muhammad 30n medicine 295-306; founder of Agra Medical College 300-2; donor Takmil-ut-Tibb College, students 304-5 Lucknow 294; identity of 323-5, Ahmad, Maulvi Niaz 48 328,337; sons of 305,311 Ahmad, Munshi Nasiruddin 152 Abd al Halim, Hakim (1905-54), son Ahmad Qazi, Hafiz Ghulam 48 of Hakim Abd al Aziz 295 Ahmad, Sir Syed 312,332-3 Abd al Hamid, Hakim 202,294-5; Ahsanu- 'I Akhbar by Ali Husain Khan dam of 315-16; in Justice 247 Gokaran Nath Misra Ainslie, W. Dr 111,135,137,174 committee 320; patrons and Ainul-Akhbar (Urdu weekly) 247-8 donors 304; on syllabus 311; Aiwaz, Hakim Muhammad 105,107 teaching Nafisi and Kamil ul Sana Ajab-ul-Ajaib 50 298; training in surgery 300-2; akh~q 4,47,209,212,232,238, Unani medicine and 305 245,247,286; literature 230,238 Abd al Latif, Hakim 295,333 Akhlaaq-i-Kashi by Pandit Kashi Nath Abd al Majid, Hakim 298, 302-3 118-20,230-5,238 Abd al Moid, Hakim 202, 298, Akh~q-i-Mohsini 230-1 302-3,316,331 Akhlaaq-i-Nasiri 230-1 Abd al Nazim Hai, Maulana 315 al Beruni 22 370 Index al Daulah, Hakim Mukhlis Jaipuri Anatomist's Vade Mecum, The (Robert 277-8,332; and Abdul Hooper) 60-2 Muhammad Syed Jamaluddin anaromy, see human anatomy 263-4 Andalusi, Abu-al Qasim-ibn Abbas al Farabi (surgeon) 274 332 al Ghazali 26 Anderson, Benedict 12 al Hasan, Jorjany 35,44 Anderson, Col. J. 301-3 alMamun 20 Andersonian University, Glasgow al Mansur 20 116 al Razi, Abu Bakr Muhammad bin Anglicist reforms of the 1830s 8 Zakariya al (865-925) 24, 309n, Anglo-Muhammedan Conference of 331 Sir Syed Ahmad Khan 332-3 Al-a-gharaz al Tabiah wa almbahat at Anjuman-i-Punjab, English journal of almeiah of Ismael al Hasan Jorjany 259; newspaper 287-8 44 Anjuman-i-Tibia 323-33 Alam, Muzaffar 27,37-8 Annesley, James, Diseases ofIndia of Alam, Shah (Mughal emperor) 107, 97; researches of 145; tracts on 120,131,169 anatomy of 144; treatise on Ali, Abul Mansur Abdullah bin Shaikh cholera epidemic 144-5 us Sadid Abul Hasan 309 Arab medical traditions 26 Ali, Barkat and Brothers (agents of Arabi, Abu al Hasan 286 Dr De rooz) 284 Arabic, abolishing of Urdu Unani Ali, Hakim Asghar 214-15 institutions 56; of Avicenna 50; Ali, Hakim Mirza Muhammad, books books 209; culture 58; driven of 199 'communities ofliterature' 9; Ali, Hakim Wohab 128 learning and Englishmen 5; Ali, Hakim Zulfiqar 62, 68 literature 42, 60; medical Ali, Maulana Anwar 200 knowledge 58; medical science of Ali, Maulvi Yaqub 48 Muslims 46-7; medical texts 4; Ali, Muhammad Fatehpuri 251 Persian or Galenic-driven; Ali, Sayid Wazir Hakim 306 schools 48-52; -style healing 42; Ali, Shaikh Waris 98 translations of European texts 55, Ali, Syed Sharf 215-16 61; Unani and 26,60; Urdu print Aligarh Muslim University literature and 109; vs Western 266 medical and scientific literature Alijaan, Muhammad Hasan 215 67 Alison's Pathology 86 Arabization 46 All India Ayurvedic and Unani-Tibbi aristocratic virtue 37, 39, 41 Conference 311 Aristotle/Aristotelian 25; medical All India Unani Tibbi Conference ideas of 19-20; rationality and 311n,327-9;Second 331-2 219; Shifaa 50 All India Unani-Vedic Conference Arnold, David 10; on medical 325-6, 329-32 philanthropy 296n, 300 Index 371

Arzani, Hakim Muhammad 32, Barmaki, Jafer 34 39-40,218; Jalal-ul-Din al Suyuti's Battee, LH. 157 Arabic text Tibb-i-Nabawi 42; Bayley, W.B. 113-14 on kaifiyats of human body Bayly, c.A. 10 40-1; Qarabadeen Qadiri 44; Bayr-al Hikmat 21 Tibb-i-Nabawi 219; translated Beemar aur Teemar 276 Tibb-i-Akbari 42, 38 Beg, Mirza Samiullah 328 Asadullah, Maulvi 80 Bengal Medical Regulations and Asaf-ud-daula, Nawab 199 dispensary 179 ashrafsociety 206 Bengal Pharmacopoeia 136, 139-41, Ashraf, Hakim Sayid Wahi-ud-Din 149,152; and Spilsbury's 317 Hindustani translation of 174 Asiatic Society of Bengal 89,136 Bentinck (Governor General) 62-4, astrology 46,206,218; and New 66-7, 74-5, 81n, 84n; Unani 30; used by hakims 228-9 establishment of medical attars 261-2; corruption of 253-4, institution 95-6; on Western 262 medical learning 98 Attewell, Guy 10 Bharat Bandhu (Hindi and English Avicenna (physician philosopher) 35, weeklybyTotaRam) 251-2, 197,274,331; Arabic Canon 258 of 42-3,207,209,244,293; Board ofIndian Medicine 294; Syed Graeco-Arabic works of 4 Wajid Husain and 319 Awasthi, Ram Ishwar 91n, 96,172-3 body, humours and 110, 225; Ayurveda 21,24,27-8, 121,277, humoral understanding 333 311, 325, 329; and Hindu Bois, Monsieur Arthur du 119 medicine 330; and religious Boulderson, LM. 48-9 identity 330; pharmacopoeias 36 Brahmins 108-9; of Hindus tan Azad (Ahmad Ali) 257 102-9; and medical knowledge Azam, Muhammad 30n 21; vaccinators in Bengal 103 Azizuddin, hakim 123n Bramley, M.J. (of the Calcutta Medical College) 97n,98 Babur, first Mughal emperor 29, 32 Breton, Peter 62-3, 76, 77-9, 83, Bahadurshah, Hakim Syed 285,288 119; on Arabic medical literature Bahlah 21 68; on cataract operations 146-7; Baillie, G. (surgeon) 118-19 and communities of medical Bain Dr 140 learning 80; dictionary on human Baksh, Ilahi 219 anatomy 181; lithographic press Balfour, Edward 192, 196 89-90; on Sanskrit 67; text on Balfour, John 178-9 human body 146; tracts and 79, Banarsi, Hakim Abul Hasan Sahib 81; translation of London 288-9 Pharmacopoeia 181 barber surgeons (jarrahs) 121 British colonial culture 10; cures and Bareilly, Boulderson 52 Unani 124; diet and clothing 372 Index

124; experimentation on pharmacy chemicals ofIndian origin 127 336; institutions 9; materia Chishti, Maulana Shah Muhammad medicas and H.R. Irvine 148-9; Suleiman Qadri 331 medical drives 190-1; medical cholera epidemic, 'Bengallee' literature and chemistry 149; medicines for 113; in Calcutta public health 338; teaching and 1817 108; in England 1830s 8; medicine 50; and traditional of 1817-18 100-1, 109-21, 132; families 295-7; wine for Ranjit of 1818-19 336; of 1830s 101, Singh 124 171; and Fateh Chand 126; British doctors 119, 123-4, 169-70; management 115-18; opinion for in Asia and Africa 7; authorship 110; remedies 112; report on and authority 336; at court 121; 114; vaccination drives 8 focus on symptoms 193; and cinchona bark for Tarai fever 126-7 Hindustani healers 118; medicines Claquet's anatomy descriptions 85; and advertisements 279-84; and see also anatomy Ranjit Singh 123-4; training and Clarke, R. 156-7 192,257;Unaniand 174,284 Cleveland, Augustus 108 Broughton, T.D. 121 clinicallaboratoty 154 Browne 157 clothing for health 274-5 Bukhari, Hakim Mirza Muhammad Coats, Thomas, surgeon at Poona Ali 30n 103-4 Buksh, Rahim 80 Cobbe, T.A. 63 Cole, Juan 10 Calcutta General Hospital 70-3; Colebrooke, C.E. 66 see also hospital(s) colonial medical knowledge 8; and Calcutta Madrasa 55, 56-65,73, medical drives 335; and 115; and Arabic medical professional hakims 318-20; learning 99; British medical reforms by Indian healers 10 teachers of 82; medical class 95; colonial medicine: see Western medical teaching at 51; scientific medicine literature, translations of 60; and Committee of Public Instruction, Urdu 74 Hakim Abdul Majeed 84 Calcutta Medical College 96, 136, communities of healers, repositories 178; and Native Medical of 129-30 Institution 97 Company, and Arabic-driven medical Canon ofMedicine (al Qanun fi tibb) culture 64; and epidemic by Ibn Sina (Avicenna) 23-4, 29, management 133; and indigenous 208 medical practitioners 100; and cataract operation 121-2; training madrasa instruction 69-70; and hakims in 175-6 Muslim native doctors 186; and Chandavarkar, Raj 10 native doctors 90-3; printed Charaka, physician 21,24 texts 132; Urdu medical literature Chatterji, Raj Kristo 172 and dispensary 9,206; use of Index 373

Urdu 55; vaccination drive Dhan, Ibn 21 103 Dharmashastras 27 compound medicines 227 diet 275; and deportment 234-5, Conolly, w.I. 163n 273-4 Conwell, W.E.E. 117 Discon, Lt. Col. c.G. 162 Cooper 84; on hernia 85; Surgical disease, fear of 217; religious and Dictionary of 86 cultural etiology of illnesses Corbyn, Frederick 117 207-12 Couch, Sergeant Major 165 dispensary 133-4,153-4,179-80, Crawford,]. 82 338; administration of 155-7; Cullen, William 103 Almora 166; appointments cures, in Tibb-i-Nabawi 221 in 186; Awadh dispensaries 249; Badaun 162-3; Bareilly 162, 163, dais in midwifery 297-8; college 171,173; Behara 157; Benares for 298; and surgery 300 159,161; Beylopoor 160; Bijnor Dar al-Islam 22,28, 198,201; 162-3; branch dispensaries knowledge of medicine and 156-7; caste, class, and 18 'respectability' 246, 190; for dam 197-201,312-16; as models clinical trial of 71-4; for 'secular' insrruction contributions for 157,165-6, 200 168; corruption in 248; country Dam-i-Nizamiya and Darrs-i- Tibbi drugs in use 173-4; critiques of 198,313 245-9; Dehra Dun 164-6; Das, Lala Bhagwan 241 Delhi 170; dialogical site 182-3; Das, Rai Munshi Parmesher 286 donors and patients 157-68; Dastoor-al-llaj 219 donors by rank 167-8; Dastur at Amal 131 establishments of 156; Dataram, Hakim 186 Ghazipur 158, 164, 172; of Daulah, Hakim Masih 200 government and hakims 255; Davies, S. 172-3, 142 Kanpur 170, 174; Lucknow Dayal, Devi 162 186-7; and materia medica 156; Dayal, Rai Burj Mohan 328, 330 and medical care 168-71; Dayal, Rai Deen 328 Mirzapur 158; Moradabad 162, De rooz, Dr 280-2;' Dawa-i-Qatraat 177, 186; Nainital 158; native Hayaai or 'Life-giving Drops' doctors 246-8; native of 281, 284 subscriptions for 156-7; Delhi Commi tree of Public Instruc• Ousangunge 159-60; Pilibhit tion 150-1 162; private subscribers for 164; Desi Dawa khaanah (Indigenous recruitments ofhakims 156; of Pharmacy) 254 Punjab region 178; Rohilkhand desi tabibs 261 province 162-3; Saharanpur Dewhurst's Anatomy ofMuscles 97 158; Shahjahanpur 158,163; Dey, Baboo Rajakishna 170 British medicine and 176-8; as 374 Index

training school 174-85; and European: translations of medical Western medicine 185-7, literature 66; medical science 196-201 150-1; tracts 150 divine causation of disease, theory of exercise for stability 235 192-3 Diwani, Sadr 64 fakirs 11, 127-8,225,237,338 doctors: pension benefits of 92; status family members as medical subjects as military men 93 107,313 'doctry' 249; incompetence of fann nuskha navisi (art of writing self-taught hakims 249-50 prescriptions) 199 Dufferin, Lady, for separate hospitals Farangi Mahal madrasa 293-4,313; for women 297 seminary in Lucknow 200 Duncan,Jonathan 159,171, fasting (jaaqah) 235; see also diet 173-4 Fazl, Abul 32-3, 50 Dun, Samchurn 152 Fort William College 89 Fusool-i-Abkrat 59 education committee 49-50 Eliot, John 1l0-1l Galen(ic) 4, 18-19,35-7,69,206, Elphinstone, William 77 211, 220; anatomical rationality encyclopaedic medical works 209; contribution to human 22 anatomy 25; De Diffirentiis English East India Company and Febrium and De lJpis Febrium education 47-9; and Unani of 20; driven by Unani 26; tradition 5 medical literature and 35; English language 64n; vs Arabic medicine 27; notion of human orientation 65; doctors and procreation 19; patronage of the 272-3; introduction of 55; Ummayad caliphs in Damascus pharmacopoeias and 268 274; theory of humours 191-4; English medicine 160,271; translation of 23 'modernity' of 274; and territorial Galenism 19 identity in England 271; Wellayut Galloway, A. 63 medicines 113 Geertz, Clifford 10 epidemic 121-9; see also cholera; General Committee of Public smallpox Instruction 150 etiquette 209,229,230-1, 234-5, General Hospital, in Calcutta 87; 238; drinking water and 235; and Company dispensaries 87; for hakims 225; Mughalliterature closure of 72; see also of 4; Persian culture and 50; of hospital(s) Persian schools 47; physical Ghulam, Maulvi 52 234,247; role of social Gilani,Abul Fath 32 conduct and 212; social Gilani (hakim at court of Akbar) 230-3; and Unani 218, 33-4; Fattahi of 35 276 Gladwin, Francis 130-1 Index 375

God's medical wisdom, repository of Haq, Najmul 240 219 Hasan, Sir Wazir 328 Graeco-Arab, medical tradition 30; Hastings, Warren 56-7; patronage to philosophical tradition 333; Arabic learning 56 works 4 Hawaashi Qanooncha, Mujizul• Graeco-Roman medicine and Qanun, Nafeesi aur uske Islam 19; texts 20-1 hawaashi 219 Graham, Captain I. 108 Hazrat, Maulvi Ghulam 48 Greek, medical and political healers and alternative treatments philosophical literature 20; 153; see also communities of medical theory and Muslims 19; healers; native doctors philosopher Aflatoon (Aristotle) healing, Christian cross for 225; 309; philosophical traditions 28; communities and patrons 6; and Syriac medical literature 20 powers of saints and shrines 26 Gupt, Madhusudan (Pandit of the health 37,60,269; British doctors NMI) 64n, 96n on 112; Hippocratic notion Guthrie 165 of 208-9; idea of 111; Islamic notion of 210-11; and public Hadith 25-7,217,218-21; welfare 101-2; and religion 275; compendium of 27 as social well being 109-21 Hafiz, Ikram al Din 219-20 Hellenism 333 hakim(s) 14,123-6,155-8,162, Hindi adwiyah (medicines) 277 171, 177,231-2, 242-60; and Hindu hakims 177; and Muslim Aurangzeb 34; title of Ayn native doctors 90; Muslim al-Mulk 34; code of conduct reaction to disease 195; and for 228; and colonial medical religious purity 195 space 318-20; definition of 278; Hindustan (newspaper) 259 and doctors 136,154,279; family Hippocrates/Hippocratic 144-5; ofLucknow 17; and fresh recruits Aphorisms 20 180-1; grants for 261; God as Holwell, J.Z. 102-3 healer 210; identity 311-12; Hooper Dr 85; text on anatomy 136; Iranian 30-3, 42; Ishaq 20; and tract on anatomy 147 jarrahs (barbers) 178; and lack of hospital(s) or shifokhaana 21, 297, employment 260; and miraculous 318-19; army 71-2,88-9, 141; cures 286; as moderators of diet and Azizi family 306; Bombay 7n; 225; of municipalities 262; British colonial state in nuskha advertisements 285-90; establishment of 297-8, 300; Oudh Akhbar and 286; as charitable 296n; charitable Tibbi professionals 311-18 ; recruits 326,331; Delhi 29; government 156; self taught 250-2; superiority 180; Madras General 144; Mughal of 142; and vaids 196; Western 42; native 89, 155n; relief 183; methods and 175 state-run 2; of Un ani medicine Halloway, Professor Thomas 282 324; for women 297 376 Index

Hubaysh 20 Ilm-i-Tibb as Islamic Tibb 328 human anatomy 64-70,78-80, Indian, communities with British 85-9,220; European texts on 55, doctors 154; healing techniques 60-1; Galen's contribution to 25; 29; medical texts 20, 30; Hooper's text on 61; Monat's text medicines, trade in 20; trained in on 174; and pharmacy literature British medical schools 192 of Europe 85; practical knowledge indigenous: medicine 13; medical of 87; Urdu text on 86 communities 109-21; and Sikh Humayun 32 ascetics 6n humoral pathology 172 inoculation drives 101-2; see also humoral theory 19,25; of Arabic vaccination; and hill chiefs 108; texts 206; and etiquette 30; of seal of royal legitimacy on 104 health 30; of medicine 224; Irvine, R.H. 142 Mughal medical texts 30 Irving, James 173, 184; materia Husain, Chaudhury Muhammad medica of 181 Khuslat 285 Islam(ic), beliefs about illness 204; Husain, Fakhir Ghulam's Asbaab al communitarianism 337-9; culture Amraaz 241 10; encyclopedic tradition of Husain, Hakim Sayid Asghar 198, Avicenna's C'anon 36; and 261,263,266-72,274; idea of a European sciences in English 66; Unani-British medical fusion 268; families and Arabic sciences 97; 'Tareeqah-i-Hifoan-i-sihat' of 273 Hadith and code of rituals 221-2; Husain, Inayat Sub-Assistant hakims 177,220-1; history of Surgeon 175,188-91, 194-5n, 310; idea of well being 218-19; 196; Tracts of 192 learning 16; matrimony or nikaah Husain, Mirza Nissar 276 and purity 221; medical ethics Husain, Muqaddar Dr 289 231-2; unity of being (tauhid) 25; Husain, Syed Ghulam 241 universalism 337-9 Husain's Tracts 193 Islamization and Arab learning 45-6 Hutchinson, James 117; Bengali Ismael, Hakim (1822-86) 315 tracts 85 Ismael, Tanoji, Muhammad bin 22, Hyder, Nasir-ud din 169, 186, 293 199-200 Isphahani, Hakim Abdul Majid 30n Isqaliboos (Aesculapius), as originator ibn Ishaq, Hunayn (808-73) 20 of Un ani (the first hakim) 308 Ibn Sina, see Avicenna Ibrahim, Hakim (d.1882) 200-1; art Jaan sahib, Hakim Sayid Muhammad of nuskha navisi 316 229 ilaj as a Quranic prayer 222 Jamaluddin, Abdul Muhammad 267 Ilaj-i-Ghuraba, The 214-16,219 Jameson, James 73, 76, 132-3; to ifm al abdaan (knowledge of the body) medical board 114; on native 224 doctors 72; report of 115-16; IlmFiqh 52 secretaty to medical board 81-2 Index 377

Jauziya, Ibn Qayyim al 27 Khan, Mohammad Muneer 241 Jhawain-tola 292 Khan, Nawab Saadat Ali 169 John (surgeon at Bareilly and vaccine Khan, Nawab Wulleedad 128 inoculation) 105 Khan, Sir Syed Ahmad 16,264--6, Johnson Company, English 306 pharmaceuticals and 280 Khurasani, Hakim Yusufbin Jurjani, Muhammad Ahmad-al• Muhammad bin Yusuf al-Tabib Hasani-al 207-8; and Avicenna (physician) 29, 198-9 (Ibn Sinal 23-4 Khwarzmshah, Ala-ul Din Justice Cokaran Nath Misra Muhammad 207 committee 319 Kindi, Yaqub 232 Kishore, Munshi Newal Kasmandavi, Hakim Abd-ul-Ahad (1836-95) 214,263,281-3, 317 285--6, 288; on 'advertorials' for Kavivachan Sudha (Hindi Western drugs 283; British weekly) 258 patronage for 243n; print Kayasth, Mohan Rai 37; amali tibb capitalist 242-3; Unani and (practical medicine) 37; ilmi-tibb 243 (theoretical medicine) 37 Komandwi, Hakim Maulvi Abad Kerr,J. 50 Ahmad 317 Khairabadi, Abd al Haq 315 Kulliyaat Qanun, Hamiyaat-al-Qanun Khalifa, Rashid-ud-din Ali bin 309 Kamil-al-Sinaaitah 219 Khan, Abdul al Rahman, agent of Kulliyat-i-Qanun 314 Dr De rooz 284 Kumar, Deepak 13 Khan, Abid Ali 329 Khan, Ajmal 324-5 Laird, John 130 Khan, Bahwa bin Khwas (physician) Lall, Hira 98 29 Langford,Jean 13 Khan, Chalib Ali 105, 107 Lawrie, James Adair (surgeon) 116, Khan, Hakim Haadi Hasan 117n Moradabadi 209 Leckie, Dr 185 Khan, Hakim Mannan Muhammad Leny, R. 112 Abdur Rahman bin Haji libraries, of Abdur Rahim Khan Muhammad Roshan 216 Khanan 35n; ofBairam Khan Khan, Hakim Sharif 132 35n; with Mughal Persian medical Khan, Ihsan Ali 223-4; Maqaalaat-i• texts 44 lhsani 223; on pharmacy 225; lithographic press 76-86, 89-90; and Tibb-i-Ihsani 224-5 181; Arabic translations of Khan, Jam-i-Bahadur 52 European texts 61; Tytler as in Khan, Maulana Abdul Aleem Nasrulla charge of 67-8; Urdu book Hakim 285; and nawabs 106 production 70; Urdu Khan, Mirza Muhammad Husain translations 55n; see also printing 106 Lizar's Anatomical Plates 80 378 Index local healers, and British McRae, James 170, 174; at Kanpur doctors 121-9; materia medica dispensary 143 and cures 134-5; medical McWherter, Dr 120-1 communities 9; practitioners Mecca and Medina 217 126 Medical and Physical Society of Lock, LD. 119 Calcutta 89 Lock, W. on lack of dispensaries in medical labour market 31 Bengal 115 Medical Practitioners Bill 262; see also Logan, Dr 165 hakim London Pharmacopoeia 85,89, 174; Medical Registration Act 259 Urdu version of 79; Peter Breton medical, board 93-4; classes of 95; and 152 communities 112; community of London, cholera in 1830s 116,336; Urdu literature 69-70; education movement for public health in 65-9; encyclopaedias 35-8; and 117 family schools 52-3; Indian Lord Auckland, Governor materia medica 85, 148; General 176 instructions 48-9, 185; and intellectuals 191-5; knowledge Madhub, Babu Nee! 185 and transformation of 147-53; madrasa reforms 1830s 64-5 rationality 225; science shift to magic, psychosomatic cures and 24-5 Arabic 45; vernacularizing 65, Mahabharat, Persian translation of 33 76-86 Mahomed, Ghulam 36 medicine (hikmat) 57; historians Mahomed, Maulvi Syed 48 of 10; and Mizan-i-Tibb 38-9; Majeed, Hakim Abdul 59, 63n, 64n, for royalty 125; as science 335; 96n; translating medical texts into with science and anatomy 65; and Arabic 63-4 theology 47; Tibb-i-Darashikohi Majid, Abdul 30n 38 Majmuah Tibb 288 medieval Islam, manuscript Makhzan al Adwiyah and Ilaj al production and 23-4 Ghuraba 209 Mercer, T.W Lt. Col. 178 Mansur, Caliph 21 Metcalf, Barbara 16 Maqaalat-i-Ihsani 222-8 Metcalfe, c.T. 85n,91n, Martin, James Ronald 118; public Metcalfe, T.c. 66n,151n health 118 Mihr-i-Nimroz (Urdu bi-weekly) 251 Masih-ud daulah, commentaries of Mirror o/Health (Tibbi Ayeena), Urdu 200 journal 239-41 maulvis and pandits 80 mizaaj (temperament) 230,233,237, Mazhar ul Uloom by Qazi Ilahi Baksh 241,251, 270-1 287 Mizan 39-41; as translated by Mazhar-ul-Ulum and Tibb-i-Nabawi Muhammad Hasan 216 216-22 Mizan-i- Tibb of Arzani 52; Urdu McLeod, B. Dr 120 translations of 214-16 Index 379

Mohiyuddin, Maulvi ofErki 52 educated at NMI 176; and Monat, fJ. 181 knowledge of 90; in military 90, Monckton, Edward Henry 180; recruitment 71-2; trained Cradock 127-8; manuscript of 177; and Unani learning 185-7 127-9 Native Medical Institution (NMI) Mond, Dr Lali 283-4 62-5,69-76; certified native Moorcroft, William 129, 175; British doctors and 91; and Civil Finance botanist Ill; and hakims 122, Committee 95; demonstrating 174-5; travelogue 121-6 new knowledge 86-90; graduates Mouat, FredJ. 152 from 91; shifting of 95; staffers Muftadaat al 230 96n; and Urdu Lithographic Mughal: akhlaaq 4; and British Press 76-86; Western medicine at doctors 130; court patronage to the Sanskrit College and 115 Unani physicians 32; emperors native hospitals 155n; medical and libraries 35; empire 28,44; education committee 95-6; and health as aristocratic virtue physicians 113; remedies 3-5; madrasas and medicine 42; 112-13 medical labour market 30-1; Nayn, Kanwal 30n medicalliteratureltexts 2, 35-43, Naynsukh 30n 131; medicine 2-3; and orientalist Naysaburi, Hakim Abdur Razzaq 30n literature 2-3,61; Persian texts of new hakims; see also hakims, anatomical literature 61; and established families and 295 Unani learning 28,34-5 Nicolson, L. 71-2 Muhammad, Maulvi Ghod 48 Nomani, Shibli 315; on Takmil-ut• Muhammadan libraries 44; see also Tibb experiment 321-3 libraries nuskha navisi (prescription Muhammedan Conference 329 writing) 126-7,149,173,197-8, Muhammedan Educational 201-4,215,241,315-16; Conference 323-8 alchemical 128; the art of 314; Muhiuddin, Maulvi 48 British quest for 127; hakims and Mukhlis-ud-Daulah 332 128-9; Kushta of copper 128; Murtaish, Mir Muhammad 196-8, Monckton's collection of 128-9; 293,317 scientific rationality of 216; Muslim and Hindu inoculators 105n writing of 203-4 Mustafser, Raqim 270 O'Shaughnessy, William B. 135-7; Nadwat-ul-Ulama 315,321 apothecary 136; Bengal Nakamal, Lala of Lalitpur 289 Dispensatoryof 137-42; Bengal Nath, Pandit Kashi's Akhlaaq-i-Kashi Pharmacopoeia of 136-41, 230-2; on nafi-akhlaaq connection 149-50,152; on chemical testing 232; on native doctors 70-3,76, 39-40; experiments of 139-40; 89,155; and Bengal Presidency at medical college in Calcutta 74; and British medicine 190-1; 149-52 380 Index

OudhAkhbar 214-15,242-4,290; literature 4; medical literature into and advertisements 278-90; on Urdu 51, 54, 207-14; medical Asghar Husain 276; campaign for manuscripts 43,45; medical Unani 278; on dispensaries knowledge 42; medical patronage 245-9; 'French doctors' and to 99; medical services 31,35,45; 283-4; hakims and 242-60; medical texts 30, 36; readings of making of Un ani 'modernity' and 50; Zakhirah 210-11 263-5; on municipal committee Persianate hakims 31-5 262; on 'Nation' (mulk) 276-8; Perzoes 20 newspaper advertisements and Peshwa 104 278-80; pharmaceutical pharmacies 253; in Urdu texts advertisements and 282-3; 226-7 professionalization and 259-63; pharmacologicallaboratoty 172 on Unani and English medicine pharmacy, falling standards of 265-74; on Urdu Unani 249-54 253-61 Pious Caliphs 38 Pandit, Prasad 64n, 96n plague in 1904 260; epidemic at Paris's Pharmacoloquia 86 Garhwal1852 189-90; in Pathology, Smith's Botany by Hooker, Lucknow in 1903 300 and the Medical Gazette 97; Tytler Playfair, George 170; TaleefShareef and 85-6 and 131,149 Patna materia medica 148-9 print(ing), arrival of 129-47; 129, patronage: of Abbasid caliphs 204; capitalism 338; culture 316; and and the Company 9,22,126, English Company 130; lithograph 160,320; competition for 101-2, printing in India 129; materia 109,119; of court and Unani medicas 130; medical texts learning 28-32, 36; and donors 132-3 304; governor general's refusal of professionalization 336-7; and 115; medicallearningltechnology pharmacists 261 of 2-3,22,129-49,159,254, Prophet (Tibb-i-Nabawi) 11, 259-61,301,308,338; and 216-28; as healer 196,216; Mughal governance 31-2, 44; person of the 337 Oudh Akhbar for government 254; Prophetic medicine 26-7, 195, to Persian medical learning 99; to 217-18,220; investment in publish manuscript on cholera 116-17; manifesto 8,101; and 115-16; of royal 331; for teaching native doctors 100 of Unani 255; and Warren public health/service/welfare 7, Hastings 56; for Western medicine 100-1, 114-15,335,338; elites as 310 managers of 336; and new medical Persaud, Pandit 81 knowledge 90-5 Persian: and Arabic schools 47-51; aristocratic virtue 9; derived Qaiser-i-Baitulshifa (the king's Unani 42; medical and etiquette hospital) 296-7 Index 381

Qalbarqal 21 Russell, w., superintendent general of qanun-i-tibb (rules of medicine) vaccine inoculation 106 226 Qfznun-i- Wahid-fi-Afadatun Moed 20, Sabzawari 38 316-17 Safavid Iran 30 Qarabadeen Ihsani, as nuskha Sahib, Bandah Hasan 285 compendium 222-8 Sahib, Hakim Ghulam Imam 214, Qasidah dar hifz i-sihat 29 298, 302; on Islamic notion of quinine 271, 273 charity 299 Sahib, Maulana Lutf Ashad 201 Rahat al-Insan of IIi as bin Shahab Sanskrit/Indian medical literature 29 translations 21-2,28-9,34 Rahim, Akbar Abdul 48 Sanskrit College 55,84 Rahim, Maulvi Abdul 84 Sassanian empire 20 Rai Dayal, Deen Hakim 313-14 Scientific Society, Aligarh 263 Rajendranath, Babu 277 Seton, A. 105, 107 Ramsay, A.F. 165, 181; British sex and child birth 222 medical sciences and 148 ShahJahan 34-6,44,130 Rashid, Harun 20-2, 34 Shah Muhammad Fakhir Allahabadi Rasool, Chaudhury Muhammad 330 Altafat 331 Shah, Maulvi Mullook 48 Rauzatal-Tahirin, Tahir Muhammad Shah, Nawab Muhammad Ali Imad aI-Din Hasan Sabzawari 187 38 ShahiShijakhaana 186-96 Raza, Akbar Hakim Ahmad 202 Shapur, Jundi medical institution Reid, Dr 107, 169, 120-1; at the at 18-19 Calingah dispensary 87 sharbat-i-kadar 39 rhubarb, as purgative drug 129 Sharh 60-2 Richards, N. 158n Sharh al-Asbab wa al-Alamat of Nafis Rickett, M. 126 bin Aiwaz Kirmani (d. 1449) Rind, J.N. Supdt, Government 38 Lithographic Press and 77,83n, Sharh-i-Mujiz by Muhammad 90 Kazim 59,65 Risaalah 11m Keemiyaa by Maulvi Sharh-i-Mujiz by Ala-ud-din Ali Bin Zakaullah 287 Abu al Hazim al Qureishi 45; and Risaalah Sihat kaa Tarjumaah 288 the Mizan-i- Tibb 52 Risaalah-i-Qarura 228-30 Sheikh, Muzzurud-din Husain 48 Rohilkhand Gazette 261 Shifa, Darul 219 Ross, A. 170 Shifakhaana, Shahi 187-96 Roxburgh Dr 137 Shikoh, Dara (1615-59) 36 Royal Hospital and Dispensary Shinde, Mahadaji 121 187-8 Shirazi, Nur-ud-Din Muhammad Ruddell, D. 62,64-5 Abdullah 32,38, 130; and 382 Index

Greek humoral theory 33; Tibb-i• Tarikhi-llaj-i-Kulli Muallafoh Darashikohi and Arzani 41; wri ter muratabah Janam Ustaadi Hakim of AlJaz-ul-Adwiyah 36 Abd al Wahid Sahib Lucknowi Shoolbred, John 103 Madda Zilluhul Aali 317 Shula-i-Tur by Tasawwar Husain 257 Tashreeh al asbaab musammabeh, Sihat Ayeena 238 Mazhar-ul-Ulum 219 Singh, Babu Deo Narayan 160-1 theology and religious instruction Singh, Babu Devi Dayal 160-1 199 Singh, Kharak, diagnosis of 125-6 Thomas's Practice ofPhysic 85-6 Singh, Kunwar Dowlat 49 Thomason Hospital at Agra 180,184 Singh, Kunwar Rutten as Arabic Thomson, James 108; Dispensatory teacher 48-9 of 85 Singh, Ranjit 123-5, 169 Thornton,1.J. 158, 161, 182-4 smallpox 100-2; vaccination Tibbi Ayeena 214-15 drives 8; Fisher on 85 Tibbi College at Hyderabad, Hakim Smith, Ee. 113, 171 Abd al Hamid 311 Smith, P. 164n Tibbi dam 313 Spilsbury, Dr G.G. 152 Tibb-i-Akbari 219; and Mizan-i- Tibb Sprenger, Alloy 44, 58; principal of 218 the Calcutta Madrasa 97 tibb-i-badani (medicine of the body) Stark, Ulrike 279 and tibbi-nafiaanee (medicine of Stevenson, W. 118, 187 the psyche) 232-3; theory of Stokes, Dr 161 humours 233 Sudhasan Graha 103 Tibb-i-Darashikohi 34-5,37,42,86, Sufi, healing 206,218,337-8; pirs, 131; by Shirazi 36-7 217 Tibbi-darrs 200-1; of Hakim Abd al Sufism 26 Aziz 315 Sukanand vaid 30n Tibb-i-Firoz Shahi 29 Sultan, Tipu 44-5, 63 Tibb-i-Ihsani 222-8 superstitious charms 225 Tibb-i-Nabawi 222-3; and Surrullah, Maulvi 48 Galen 220 Swiney, Dr 183 'Tibbi-Nassah' (Directory of Advice on symptomatic treatments 226 Medicine) 280 'Tibb-i-Qadeem'(Ancient Medicine) tabaabat (the practice of medicine) 268 231 'Tibb-i-Unani waAngrezi' 270 Tabaish, Imad al Din Ahmad 239 'Tibbi- Unani wa Doctory' (Tibb-i• Takmil-ut-Tibb College in Unani and English Lucknow 14-15,292,295-306, Medicine) 265-7 312-13,321-4; and colonial Topkhana and Farhad Baksh state 296-306; donors to library 44; see also library 303-4; college experiment Trevelyan, Charles 66, 150, 152 321-3 Troll, Christian 16 Index 383

Tuain'sAnatomy 85 III 291; cultural sphere and Tucker, H.C, magistrate of Azamgarh 268-74;darrsand 312-13; as 143-4,175 elitist Muslim medical Tucker, w.c 176 system 186-90; families 256; Turkish Delhi Sultanate 28 family and private libraries Tusi, Nasir aI-Din 27,33 196-201; healing 160,174-5, Tytler, John 63,95-7; anatomy and 205, 225; history in Hindustan dissections 87; Arabic medical 15-17,28-30,43-4; History of texts 59; and defence of Arabic 'Ancient' 272-6; humoral theory learning/medicine 68-9; Hakim 221; and Husain 194-5; Ibn Sina's Abdul Majeed and 63; on Galen (Avicenna) Qanun-fi-al-Tibb as 69; his medical classes 95-9; at text 298-301; identity of 306, Sanskrit College in Calcutta 311; institutions (madaaris) 146-7; shifted the NMI to a larger of 257-8; knowledge codification building 93-4; on study of of 172-3; legitimacy for 217; anatomy 60-1; superintendent• literature of 205-6; medical ship of the NMI 84; surgeon and localisms 206; medical rationality medical classes 57-8; translated andAyurveda 24-5; medicine 12, Hooper's 61; translated medical 35, 186-93, 197-8; modernity texts/ tracts 67-8, 85 of 237; and Mughal emperors 33; Tyrler, R. Charles Chapman 110, in Mughal India 30-3; and 115-16 Muslim hue 321-3; Muslim profile of 332; Qaiser on 10; ulema 15,200-1, 221-2, 313, 315, names of medicines 22; as national 321-2 medicine 13-14,338; national Ulfoz Udweiyah and Avicenna's profile for 306; and new illiterate Qanun-fi-tibb 135 hakims 255; and new medical Umayyads (661-750) 20 localisms 337; offerings of 22; Unani 9,128,174,210,245-9,256, plague 300-1; practitioners as 275-8, 333; anatomy (tashreeh) aftal makhlooqaat 239; in 250; and colonial medicine practitioners vs British trained 265-8; Arabic fold and 46; Arabic doctors 300-1; prayer (dua) and medical learning and 4-5,43-53, charity (khairaat) 276; press and 73; as aristocratic virtue 31; and learning 206, 291; professionaliza• Aristotelian tradition 228; blood tion of 244,262-80; 325-7; transfusion in 250; books Prophetic medicine and 219-20, 298n; British co-operation 223; proximity to Islam 332; and 296-303; and British medical qadeem (ancient) as word for 271; literature 236-41; and British reforms 11-13,292; religious medicine 239-41; chemistry profiling of 25-7, 186, 189,332; in 331; Claudia Liebeskind remedies and 275; scientificity on 10; colonial encounter and 8, of 245; and social etiquette 10,154-5,334; corruptions 230-5; and surgery (jarrahat) in 384 Index

250, 309-10; syllabus for learning vernacular print culture 335-6 of 297-8; teaching Urdu and vernacularization 150-1; of medical 328; and traditions of the literature 160 Prophet 223; training 177; and Vizeanagram Rani and medical school Urdu Press/language 263-5,323; 185 and Vedic education 259,332 Unani-Vedic Conference 323-8 Wahabi 45 United Provinces Medical Act, 1916 Wali, Hakim Abdal 329 319 Wallich, Dr, on flora and fauna UP Registration Act 319-20 126-7, 137 Urdu 77; as advertisement 237n; on Western: clinic-laboratory 192; and anatomy and pharmacy 86; book Husain 194; medical knowledge 78, 60; as language of Western established 56; medical learning in medical education in India 70; English 95; medical science 82; medicalliteratureltext 11, 86, 98, science and literature 66 182,236; print culture 295; and Western medicine 5-6, 15, 124-6, Prophet Muhammad 210-11; 174-85; and home-grown healing tracts 76; translation of 85,89; practices 5; and Unani 264-5; Zakhirah 207-12 and Unani medicine 187; Urdu Unani, critique of 218, development of 6; and 249-54; as family-controlled 249; hakims 125; rumours about nuskhas on diseases 212-13; 248-9; and native doctors 190-1 Tibb-i-Unani kei fowaaid ba William, Fleetwood 166n muqaabaLah 249 Wilson, Dr H.H. 63,66-7, 120, urine testing 229 169; on NMI 76 uroscopy 229-30 Wright, U. Lt. Col. 63 Usman Committee report on indigenous medicine 319 Yahya, Hakim Chulam 317; Usool Tashkhees (Principles of Risaalah-i-Qarura of 229-30 Diagnostics) 199 Zakhirah-i-Khwarzmshahi 207-14, vaccination 101; Sumit Cuha 219; of al Jurjani 24,29; Urdu on 104; drive 1802-23 101-9 translation of 287 Vaid ibn Saleh 21 Zia Muhammad Masood Rasheed vaids (medicine men) 21,29-31,73, Zangi; Majmuah Ziai 29 196-7; for municipality jobs 329; Zij bahadur Khani 52 qualification/education 252-3, Zubdat-al Hikmat or Sihat Ayeena as 258, 259; and registration self-help primers 233-6, 238 318-20 Zuhrawi, Khalf-bin Abbas, Kitaab-i• Vedic Sabha, Lucknow 330 Zuhrawi 309