Mathew Kurian Reza Ardakanian Editors Governing the Nexus Water, Soil and Waste Resources Considering Global Change Governing the Nexus [email protected] Mathew Kurian • Reza Ardakanian Editors Governing the Nexus Water, Soil and Waste Resources Considering Global Change 123 [email protected] Editors Mathew Kurian Reza Ardakanian United Nations University (UNU-FLORES) Dresden Germany ISBN 978-3-319-05746-0 ISBN 978-3-319-05747-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-05747-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2014953110 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 This work is subject to copyright. 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Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) [email protected] Acknowledgments This book is a collection of papers, some of which that were presented at the International Kick-off workshop held in Dresden, Germany in November, 2013. The volume also contains papers that are the product of two nexus observatory workshops that were organized by UNU-FLORES in Dar es Salaam and New Delhi. The volume contains some case studies from Asia, Africa and Europe that add to the policy relevance of the book. The editors acknowledge the contribution of subject matter experts drawn from different disciplinary backgrounds and pro- fessional experience who have contributed towards writing and then revising their chapters to meet the highest standards of research and publishing quality. Leslie O’Brien (our language and copy editor) and Kristin Meyer at UNU-FLORES worked painstakingly to ensure that the manuscripts met the deadline and pub- lishing guidelines of Springer. Mathew Kurian Reza Ardakanian v [email protected] Contents Part I Global Change and the Nexus Approach to Management of Environmental Resources 1 The Nexus Approach to Governance of Environmental Resources Considering Global Change ....... 3 Mathew Kurian and Reza Ardakanian 2 The Water-Energy-Food Nexus: Enhancing Adaptive Capacity to Complex Global Challenges........................... 15 Christopher A. Scott, Mathew Kurian and James L. Wescoat Jr. 3 The Nexus Approach to Managing Water, Soil and Waste under Changing Climate and Growing Demands on Natural Resources ................................. 39 Rattan Lal Part II Financing of Infrastructure Projects: Implications for Sustainability and Accountability 4 Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations: Questions of Accountability and Autonomy ...................................... 63 Linda Gonçalves Veiga and Mathew Kurian 5 Results-Based Financing and Its Potential Role in Advancing the Nexus Approach .................................. 83 Mario Suardi and Mathew Kurian 6 Life-Cycle Cost Analysis of Infrastructure Projects ........... 105 V. Ratna Reddy and Mathew Kurian vii [email protected] viii Contents Part III Strategies for Implementation: Guidance on Resource Reuse and Data Visualization 7 Applications of Life-Cycle Cost Analysis in Water and Wastewater Projects: Lessons from European Experience . 131 Georg Schiller and Stefan Dirlich 8 Designing Sustainable Wastewater Reuse Systems: Towards an Agroecology of Wastewater Irrigation............ 153 Philipp Weckenbrock and Graham Alabaster 9 Visualization of Water Services in Africa: Data Applications for Nexus Governance................... 189 Theresa Mannschatz, Manfred F. Buchroithner and Stephan Hülsmann 10 Policy Is Policy and Science Is Science: Shall the Twain Ever Meet? ........................................ 219 Mathew Kurian and Reza Ardakanian [email protected] Figures Chapter 2 Fig. 1 a Water-energy-food nexus interlinkages at multiple levels. b Water-energy-food nexus tri-opticon challenge perspectives . 20 Chapter 3 Fig. 1 Soil-water-energy-vegetation nexus affecting food security under a changing climate . 41 Fig. 2 Interdependence of food security on security of natural resources, and economic and political security . 41 Fig. 3 Inter-linkages among natural resources in relation to food security, sustainability, resource use efficiency and resilience . 48 Fig. 4 Types of soil-less culture with application to modern urban agriculture approaches . 53 Chapter 4 Fig. 1 Decentralization across the world. Note shades of the colour correspond to 0–12th, 25–50th, 50–75th, 75–100th percentiles of index of decentralization. Source Ivanyna and Shah (2014: 21). 65 Fig. 2 Extent of private sector participation. Source www.worldbank.org/ppp. 76 Fig. 3 PPPs in middle and low-income countries. 76 Chapter 5 Fig. 1 Basic results chain . 87 Fig. 2 Results-based financing schema . 88 Chapter 6 Fig. 1 Capital maintenance and service levels . 112 Fig. 2 Nexus—LCCA—Sustainable services. 112 Fig. 3 LCCA framework in nexus approach . 114 ix [email protected] x Figures Chapter 7 Fig. 1 Population connected to waste water collection and UWWTPs (Urban Waste Water Treatment Plants). Source EEA (2013). Notes Primary (mechanical) treatment removes part of the suspended solids. Secondary (biological) treatment uses aerobic or anaerobic microorganisms to decompose most of the organic matter and retain some of the nutrients (around 20–30 %). Tertiary (advanced) treatment removes the organic matter even more efficiently and generally includes phosphorus retention and in some cases nitrogen removal. North Norway, Sweden, Finland and Iceland. Central Austria, Denmark, England and Wales, Scotland, the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Luxembourg and Ireland. South Cyprus, Greece, France, Malta, Spain and Portugal. East Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovenia, Slovakia. Southeast Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey . 133 Fig. 2 Regional population projections, relative population change, by NUTS2 regions, between 2008 and 2030. Source Eurostat (2013b) . 134 Fig. 3 Product life cycle. Source UNEP/SETAC (2007, p. 12) . 136 Fig. 4 Elements of whole-life costs and life-cycle costs. Source ISO 15686-5 (2008, p. 6) . 137 Fig. 5 Long-term development of the relative net asset value (Relative net asset value = net asset value/replacement costs. German Water Association (DWA) regulation requires a relative net asset value greater than 50 %) of the canal system of alternative capital preservation strategies. Source City of Düsseldorf (2013, p. 22), amended . 139 Fig. 6 Inspection costs of alternative investment-strategies. Source City of Düsseldorf (2013, p. 16), amended . 140 Fig. 7 a Age structure of sewage main network of a German city (figure on the left). b Survival curves for types of water mains (figure on the right). Source a City of Düsseldorf; b Herz and Lipkow (2002) . 140 Fig. 8 Rural villages: Focus of new infrastructure development. Source SMUL (2004), photo by Aerobild (2000) . 141 Fig. 9 Curve of present value course for alternative sewerage systems of a rural area in Germany. Source SMUL (2004, p. 38), amended. 142 [email protected] Figures xi Fig. 10 Correlation between density and infrastructure costs. Source IÖR................................... 143 Fig. 11 Regional infrastructure cost calculation. Source Schiller (2007), amended . 144 Chapter 8 Fig. 1 Environmental classification of excreta-related diseases important in wastewater-irrigated agriculture. Source Scheierling et al. (2010: 24) . 156 Fig. 2 Guidelines on wastewater use in agriculture in 51 developing countries from Asia, Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean. Source Mateo-Sagasta et al. (2013: 64). 159 Fig. 3 Agro-ecological principles. Source Altieri (2012: 7) . 168 Fig. 4 Possible model for an agroecological wastewater reuse loop for wastewater treatment and nutrient recycling. Source Author . 172 Chapter 9 Fig. 1 General workflow from the research question via data up to visualization. 191 Fig. 2 Global distribution of climate stations (brown dots) that deliver varying number of weather variables. Source DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCDC, http://www.climate.gov/