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T.Y.B.A. Paper-8 Geography of Agriculture and Disaster 31 T.Y.B.A. GEOGRAPHYPAPER-VIII GEOGRAPHYOFAGRIGULTURE AND DISASTER © UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI Dr. Devanand Shinde Vice Chancellor Incharge UniversityofMumbai, Mumbai Dr. Dhaneswar Harichandan Anil R. Bankar Director Incharge, Associate Prof. of History & Asst. Director & Institure of Distance & Open Learning, Incharge StudyMaterial Section, UniversityofMumbai, Mumbai IDOL, University of Mumbai Programme Co-ordinator : Anil R. Bankar Asst. Prof. CumAsst. Director, IDOL, University of Mumbai. Editor : Dr. Maushmi Datta Associated Prof, Dept. of Geography, N.K. College, Malad, Mumbai Course Writer : Dr. ShivramA. Thakur H.O.D. of Geography, S.P.K. Mahavidyalaya, Sawantiwadi : Dr. R.B. Patil H.O.D. of Geography PondaghatArts & Commerce College. Kankavli : Dr. Hemant M. Pednekar Principal, Arts, Science & Commerce College, Onde, Vikramgad : Dr. Maushmi Datta Associated Prof, Dept. of Geography, N.K. College, Malad, Mumbai January, 2018, T.Y.B.A. GEOGRAPHY PAPER - VIII, GEOGRAPHY OF AGRICULTUREAND DISASTER Published by : Director Incharge Institute of Distance and Open Learning , University of Mumbai, Vidyanagari, Mumbai - 400 098. DTP Composed : Ashwini Arts Gurukripa Chawl, M.C. Chagla Marg, Bamanwada, Vile Parle (E), Mumbai - 400 099. Printed by : CONTENTS Unit No. Title Page No. 1 Introduction to Agricltural Geography 1 2. Major Agricultural Types in the World 18 3. Agricultura in India 35 4. Agriculture Trade 56 5. Economics of Agriculture Land use 75 6. Introduction to Disaster Management 98 7. Natural Disaster : Floods and Droughts 126 8. Natural Disaster 177 9. Man-Made Disaster : Forest Fire, Terrorism 228 10. Man-Made Disaster : Road, Rail Accidents, Air and Sea Accidents 278 I GEOGRAPHY OF AGRICULTURE AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT (Section – A) Agricultural Geography Unit I Introduction to Agricultural Geography Definitions – Origin of agriculture and Diffusion – Agriculture and human civilization. Determinants of agriculture – Physical factors: Topography, climate and soils; Socio – Economic Factors: Size of landholding, labour supply and skill, capital and technology, transport, market and government policy. Unit II Major agricultural types in the world Subsistence agriculture, Commercial agriculture & their sub types, Distribution of major crops in the World. Unit III Agriculture in India Characteristics of Indian agriculture Green Revolution in India, Problem associated with Indian agriculture, National Agricultural Policies. Unit IV Agricultural Trade Role of WTO in agricultural trade practices - Impact of Liberalization, privatization and Globalization on agricultural market Unit V Economics of agricultural land use Economic development of agricultural land use model of Lewis/Hoover’s – Limitations of the model and its applicability in India. Organic agriculture, Nutritional agriculture Sustainable development of Agriculture (Section – B) Geography of Disaster Management Unit-VI Introduction to Disaster Management Definition of disaster, Difference between hazards, calamity and disaster Vulnerability, capacity, risk - Disaster management cycle - Disaster management in India - Financial arrangements in Disaster management - Role of NGOs, community based organizations, media and communication in disaster management – Role of geography and GIS in disaster management II Unit-VII Natural Disaster: Floods and Droughts Meaning and nature- Types of natural disasters in India – Effects of disasters – Efforts to mitigate disasters Floods and Droughts with reference to Nature, Geographical distribution, Causes and impact, Forecasting, warning & monitoring, Preparedness and Response, Mitigation -case studies. Unit-VIII Natural Disaster : Cyclone, Earthquakes, Landslides with reference to Nature, Geographical distribution, Causes and impact, Forecasting, warning & monitoring, Preparedness and Response, Mitigation - case studies. Unit-IX Man-made disaster : Forest Fire, Terrorism, Distinction from Natural disaster Causes of man-made disasters, Basic facts of manmade disaster, Need and scope for improving disaster management systems, Types of man-made disasters, response to man-made disasters, specific risk reduction and preparedness measures, Typical post-disaster needs, case studies Forest Fire, Terrorism with reference to Nature, Geographical distribution, Causes and impact , Response to man-made disasters, specific risk reduction and preparedness measures, typical post-disaster needs, case studies. Unit-X Man-made disaster Road, Rail Accidents, Air and Sea Accidents with reference to Nature Geographical distribution , Causes and impact , Response to man-made disasters, Specific risk reduction and preparedness measures, Typical post-disaster needs, case studies 1 1 INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL GEOGRAPHY 1.0 After going through this chapter you will be able to understand the following features: 1.0 Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Subject discussion 1.3 Definitions of Agricultural Geography 1.4 Origin of agriculture 1.5 Diffusion of agriculture 1.6 Agriculture and human civilization 1.7 Determinants of agriculture 1.7.1 Physical factors: 1.7.2 Topography 1.7.3 Climate 1.7.4 Soils 1.7.5 Socio–Economic Factors: i. Size of Landholding, ii. Labour Supply and Skill iii. Capital and Technology iv. Transport v. Market vi. Government Policy 1.8 Summary 1.9 Check your Progress/Exercise 1.10 Answers to the self learning questions 1.11 Technical words and their meaning 1.12 Task 1.13 References for further study 1.0 OBJECTIVES By the end of this unit you will be able to – Understand the definitions and origin of agriculture Learn diffusion of agriculture 2 Know agriculture and human civilization Analyse determinants of agriculture such as different physical and socio-economic factors 1.1 INTRODUCTION In this first unit of agriculture we are going to learn the definitions and origin of agriculture along with diffusion of agriculture. Agriculture and human civilization will also be learnt. Analysis of determinants of agriculture such as different physical and socio-economic factors will be studied in the latter part of this unit. 1.2 SUBJECT-DISCUSSION Agriculture is derived from Latin words Ager and Cultura. Ager means land or field and Cultura means cultivation. Therefore the term agriculture means cultivation of land. It is the cultivation and breeding of animals which was primarily used to sustain human life. It was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization. Food occupies the first place on the hierarchical needs of man so we cannot neglect agriculture. If we do the same there will certainly invite some risk in the economic stability of a country. Land is a very important determinant of agricultural growth and productivity. Apart from land market, transport, capital, technology are other determinants. 1.3 DEFINITION OF AGRICULTURAL GEOGRAPHY Geography is a discipline that draws its subject matter both from the physical and social sciences. Agriculture falls within geographic studies because of its structural and spatial characteristics. Its taxonomic character also plays an important role regarding this. Specialisation in agricultural geography is the result of recent development of geography. Hence like any other specialised branch of geography, Agricultural geography, has acquired a stable position over the last few decades. The study of the ways in which patterns of agricultural activity vary from place to place, involving both the description of those patterns and the attempt to explain them is known as agricultural geography. Agricultural geography being a branch of economic geography deals with areas of land cultivation and the effect of such cultivation on the physical landscape. The territorial distribution of agriculture is recognised differently from that of industry because the relation between agricultural production and the natural environment is very special. In this case the land is a 3 means of production. Therefore Agricultural Geography is concerned with the spatial variations, distribution and location of agricultural activities on the earth’s surface and the factors responsible for them. It is dominated by the interrelationship and effects of both physical and socio-economic factors on spatial farm enterprises and farm operations. Etymologically agricultural geography means the art of cultivation of soil with reference to natural environment and human circumstances. Since agriculture is one of the primary economic activities, the study and relationship of agriculture with its environment may well deserve the title ‘Geoagercultura'. Agricultural Geography addresses bio-physical determinants of agricultural patterns and productivity; socio- cultural and economic determinants of agricultural patterns and productivity; agricultural activities and spatial organization; agricultural decision making analysis; agricultural technological changes; agriculture and economic development; and global emerging issues in agriculture from spatial and temporal perspectives. Like any other specialists, geographers are taking interests in studying various aspects of agriculture at macro, meso and micro levels. Among the elements of the economic-geographic study of agricultural geography classification and mapping of different kinds of land use is the most important one. It also includes study of the forms of organization of land used for agricultural enterprises, study of the economic factors that affects the geography of agriculture, economic evaluation of types of natural environments and sector- by-sector analysis
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