INFORMATION to USERS the Most Advanced Technology Has Been
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photo graph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the original text directly from the copy submitted. Thus, some dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from a computer printer. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyrighted material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are re produced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each oversize page is available as one exposure on a standard 35 mm slide or as a 17" x 23" black and white photographic print for an additional charge. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. 35 mm slides or 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Accessing the World’s Information since 1938 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA Order Number 8824486 The origin of political instability in Nigeria: The case of the First and Second Republic Dejene, Dagem, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1988 Copyright ©1988 by Dejene, Dagem. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark -/ . 1. Glossy photographs or pages_____ 2. Colored illustrations, paper or ______print 3. Photographs with dark background_____ 4. Illustrations are poor copy______ 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy______ 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of page_______ 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages _ 8. Print exceeds margin requirements______ 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost in_______ spine 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct______ print 11. Page(s)___________ lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s) ____________ seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages num bered . Text follows. 14. Curling and wrinkled pages______ 15. Dissertation contains pages with print at a slant, filmed as received_________ 16. Other_______________________________________________________________________ UMI THE ORIGIN OF POLITICAL INSTABILITY IN NIGERIA: THE CASE OF THE FIRST AND SECOND REPUBLIC DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Dagem Dejene, B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1988 Reading Committee: Approved By Dr. Richard P. Gunther Dr. Chadwick F. Alger Dr. Isaac J. Mowoe Adviser, Department of Political Science Copyright by Dagem Dejene 1988 Dedicated to my parents. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I express sincere appreciation to my advisor, Dr. Richard P. Gunther, for his patience, encouragement, and guidance throughout this research. Thanks also go to my 'other advisors. Dr. Chadwick F. Alger, for his encouragement, understanding, and suggestions; and special gratitude is expressed to Dr. Isaac J. Mowoe, who has been my teacher, as well as my friend, since I came to Ohio State. Of course, special thanks to my wife, who has given me her tireless effort in typing this dissertation and her unshakable faith in me throughout my graduate work. To my son, Samuele, I thank you for being an additional inspiration to my work and to my life. VITA January 12, 1955 ............ Born - Yirgalem, Sidamo, Ethiopia 1978 ............. B.A., Denison University, Granville, Ohio 1979 ........................ M.A., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1978-1988 .................. Graduate Teaching Associate, Department of Black Studies, The Ohio State University 1987-1988 .......... .. Visiting Instructor, College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio Fields of Study Major Field: International Relations Minor Field: Comparative Politics TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DEDICATION......................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................... iii VITA ............................................... iv LIST OF TABLES .............. .................... vi LIST OF F I G U R E S ...................... .......... viii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ............................... 1 II. HISTORICAL REVIEW ......................... 35 III. THE ROLE OF THE MILITARY AND THE PERIOD OF TRANSITION TO THE SECOND REPUBLIC, 1975-1979 137 IV. POST-ELECTION POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC CRISES ..................................... 197 V. CONCLUSION................................. 270 BIBLIOGRAPHY...................... 307 V LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Percentage Pool by Region .............. 72 2 Population Figures .................... 90 3 Demographic Test of the 1 9 6 3 Census . 93 4 Allocation of Federal Constituencies, 1 9 5 9 and 1 9 6 4 .......................................................................... 116 5 Membership of the Constitution Drafting Committee .................... 152 6 FEDECO Disqualifications of Candidates for Governor, Senator, and House of Representatives: By Political Party . 172 7 Election to the Senate ................ 174 8 Distribution of Seats: House of Representatives ........................ 176 9 Gubernatorial Office (Including Deputy Governors) By States .................. 177 10 1 9 7 9 Presidential Balloting by States . 178 11 Party Control of States ................ 179 12 The Results of the 1 9 8 3 Presidential Election .............................. 228 13 "Incredible" Increase of Registered Voters, 1 9 7 9 -1 9 8 3............................................................... 230 14 Volumes of Principle Agricultural Exports 241 15 Share of Agricultural Petroleum in Nigeria's Export, 1 9 6 0 - 1 9 8 0 .................................. 242 16 Nigeria Food Imports .................. 243 17 Percentage Sectoral Distribution of Gross Domestic Product at Current Factor Cost, 1 9 6 0 /6 1 through 1 9 7 5 /7 6 .............................................. 245 vi LIST OF TABLES (CONTINUED) Table Page 18 Percentage Sectoral Distribution of Total Gainful Employment, 1966-1975 .......... 246 19 Crude Oil S t a t i s t i c s ................... 248 20 Nigerian Crude Oil Prices, 1972-1981 . 250 21 Federal Government Revenue from Crude Petroleum, 1970-1981 .................. 251 22 Index of Agricultural Production in N i g e r i a ................................... 254 23 Index of Industrial Production in Nigeria 256 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Nigeria: Major Ethnic Groups and Four R e g i o n s .......................... 50 2 Nigeria's Nineteen States ............... 149 3 States of Nigeria Identified by Political Party Performance in 1979 Elections ........................... 187 viii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION At independence, many of the African states adopted western forms of political systems with the hope that this would lead their countries to democratic political participation, political stability, and economic development. However, the democratic experience was short lived in many parts of Africa, and political instability (as indicated by coups, counter-coups, and internal political conflict) has been prevalent in the past two-and- one-half decades of African independence. Nigeria is a good example of an African state whose efforts at establishing a stable, democratic institution have failed. Why is Nigeria experiencing so much turmoil and political instability? What were the causes of the political instability during the First and Second Republics that led to military intervention? The primary task of this study is to examine the root causes of political instability during the First Republic (1960-1966) and the Second Republic (1979-1984) of Nigeria. 1 Although both the First and Second Republics collapsed because of intense inter-party and intra-party conflict, the reasons and causes of political conflict during these two republics are different. Thus, the study attempts to explain the causes of political instability through the analysis of the following independent variables: (1) ethnic diversity, (2) political structure, (3) elite political culture, (4) relationship between class and state, (5) performance of the economy, and (6) characteristics of the military. In many modern African countries, modern competitive politics is characterized by ethnic politics. That is to say, ethnicity is the primary source of political mobilization and organization. In many states of Africa, the ethnic diversity or the plural nature of the society (identity derived from shared language, culture, and religion) has become and important and often crucial determinant of political alignment and conflict. Ethnicity is the most effective and salient basis of political and economic competition. Ethnicity is effective because of the strong human attachment to primordial sentiment. In most African societies, other social roles or classifications, such as class, are less significant and less salient. The reason is that most traditional African societies were classless and were not stratified with regard to the ownership of the means of production. Actually, the community as a whole owned the means of production. Any social distinctions