DOCSLIB.ORG

Language Planning

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Language Planning LANGUAGE PLANNING Andi Asrifan Email: [email protected] Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidenreng Rappang ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT This article will explore linguistic preparation. This paper offers a summary of the various language plans that can be listed. An summary and a revised bibliography of the field of language planing are provided. Language planning is defined as the planning of deliberate changes in the way or the implementation of the variety of languages and is seen as a sociolinguistic sub-discipline. Topic Discussion The themes discussed include linguistic planning, ideal language • What is language planning? planning, language planning goals, linguistic planning styles and levels, linguist's positions in language planning, language planning • The language planning research, language planning and linguistic planning implementation programme and assessment, bilingual training and education policies. • Aims of language planning • Language planning as product planning • Types of language planning • Levels of language planning • Role of the linguist in language planning • Language planning and other types of planning • Language planning surveys INTRODUCTION Language planning is a tentative concept as the planning of deliberate change in the form or use of language(s) (or varieties). Planning as well as language use are social practices and language planning is usually considered to be a subdiscipline of sociolinguistics. However there are strong ties between language planning and other types of planning, for example in economic and cultural areas, which offer a strong multidisciplinary taste to linguistic planning. Never far are linguistic or political gaps (Mazrui 1975; O'Barr, W. & O'Barr 1976) and the complexity of linguistic planning studies in linguistic planning is arguably tied together inextricately. If one agrees that linguistic planning deals more with social than linguistic structures, it can be considered to belong to the 'macro' target of socio-linguistics or linguistic sociology (society study) instead of 'micro' sociolinguistics (society study) (see Hudson, 1980: 4-5 for discussion of the differences). In the fourth concept of Fishman, Language Preparation may definitely be included (Fishman (ed.)1971:9): "Language sociology deals with language diversity as a target, as a barrier and as 9 facilitator, as well as language users and uses as aspects of wider social models and processes." However, the distinctions "makro" and "micro" are not clear: "there are no wide-ranging links between language and society, which are not interactive in individual ways to make them a reality" (Fishman, 1971b: 31). Two ends in one clinic are macro- and micro-sociolinguism, the former stress social, the latter linguistic, structures. Planning would have to take place on various stages in the process of language planning at different points along this path, with a useful mid-way point in Fishman's concept of domain (20071 b). A. What is Language Planning? In socia-linguistics, language planning is relatively recent, but not new, discipline (see, for example, Fishman, 1971 c), and the malel building and theory building are at present very significant in their development. Therefore, the number of different meanings and words of the literature, which 1 may attempt to explain can be initially confused with those who are not acquainted with the language planning. The description from Weinstein provides a useful assessment: language planning is an accepted, long- term, sustained, and conscious attempt on the part of governments to alter the role of language in a society in order to solve communication problems (Weinstein, 1980: 56). Definitely, Jernudd and Das Gupta. On (1971) the political, problems resolving the essence of linguistic planning is similarly stressed, and das Gupta and Ferguson (1977) considers language planning to be a linguistic resource evaluation, the assignment of preferences and functions to one or more languages and a misuse according to previously established goals. Rubin (1973) stresses the future-oriented nature of the company's challenges by identifying priorities and by considering solutions at each point in the process. She underlines the social nature of language planning and the need for plan makers to take account of the needs and expectations of people who plan. The development of policies is not planned. Many so-called 'failures' for language preparation may have been nothing more than policies without any planning. B. The language planning programme In an ideal language planing program, Rubin (1977) offers a detailed overview of the stages. Step 1 requires the compilation of facts, identification of problems and the:solving of possible restrictions. Step 2, where the priorities are set, tactics planned and the results expected, is the preparation phase. The plan is then introduced, I in stage 3 and input on the plan's progress or failure in step 4. Because of the input, adjustments to the programme, the preparation is also an ongoing process at every point. Although this is an ideal sequence, it offers a useful model to schedule and compare with real planning processes. Weinstein (1980) outlines a similar method, attempting to synthesize other models, but in more detail with 11 program steps. In addition, he added examples of Rubin's model process implementation (e.g. the establishment of bureaucracies), outcomes for planning (acceptance or denial by language users) and interaction between policy makers (government), policy journalists (bureaucracy) and planners. An especially helpful feature of his explanation is attempting to classify certain participants in the language preparation process. C. Aims of language planning Language preparation has three objectives: extr-lingual purposes related to linguistic reform; half- language aims related to change in written structures, orthographing and pronunciation; and linguistic purposes related to linguistic changes, including extensions or standardisation. Linguistic priorities include changes in the language or languages of language usage. These words represent a limited meaning of linguistics and suggest that language planning is restricted. For example, even if the goals are extraterringual, the linguist may contribute to language planning (see section 10 below on the role of the linguist in Language Planning). Rubin (1977) also uses the same words to describe goals in a somewhat different way. Extra-language goals are cases where a non-language objective is supported by preparing a language issue that may be inexistent, but intentionally developed. Semi-linguistic goals serve linguistic as well as social as political interests and linguistic objectives strive to solve problems of communication. Apparently, Rabin and Rubin refer to various groups of goals. Rabin's are similar to the division of Kloss between planning status (planning of specific functions or language uses) and corpus (language code shift and the creation of grammars and dictionaries) (Kloss, 1969). Rubin explains to what degree certain goals serve communication, social, political or non-linguistic purposes. Th.: divisions of aims/goals (or mean/end) can be conserved using the following matrix: Purposes (Ends) (Rubin) Aims (Means) (a) Communication (b) Socio-politico (c) Political (Rabin/Elms linguistic (i) Status x x x (ii) Corpus- x x x orthography/ phonology (iii) Corpus-vocabulary x x x From this matrix we can clearly see the form and intent of changes that are expected. Therefore, in order to (e.g. more effective classroom instruction, (b) e.g. protecting minority rights or (c) e.g. protection of political influence, the proposed implementation of mother tongue as a means of education during initial stages of schooling may be intended. There could, of course, be more than one goal and for various reasons, different groups may (or oppose) support a proposal. Similarly, the planning authorities can propose open or protected uses, which are intended to obtain public support, while planning for other unpublicized purposes at the same time. D. Language planning as product planning We saw how a program of language planning should work and what clear purposes and priorities could inspire planing. The changes that might take place in a language (product) within the context of a language planning program must now be taken into account. We distinguish four aspects of product planning following Neustupny (1970): collection, codification, processing and development. Choosing a language is a process that is very different from the other three, since it is a significant consequence of policy decisions. The significance seems similar to the idea of allocation by Gorman (1973), which he considers different from the system. Codification is required when a language is standardized and includes a dictionary and grammar reference system. If a language assumes various functions, it will require additional words to allow the language to handle new designs (elaboration). Finally, provided the stabilization of the different variations in a language, linguistic concepts of adequacy can involve expression. These last three elements, codification, growth and culture can be considered as a planning stage resulting from planning and can be viewed as various types of corpus planning (see section 6 above). They may also represent a temporary linguistic sequence. For example, Neustupny argues that developing countries are generally at the selection ("political" approach) level, choosing for inter and intranational
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Demographic Imperatives in Language Planning
    Demographic Imperatives In Language Planning Lachman M Khubchandani Centre for Communication Studies Pune [email protected] Elitist Moorings In the realm of language policy-making and language planning we tend to 'perceive' languages in monolitihic terms. Language rights movements also generally focus attention on monistic aspects of language A or language B. in everyday life. We may identify languages as 'strong' or 'weak' in categorical terms. But when looking at the scene in a plurilingual paradigm, we need to devise a scale plotting stronger and weaker languages in relative terms which respond in a unique manner to the space-and time-bound institutional reality, viz. language accreditation by the state, identity aspirations of a speech community, accessibility of a language in everyday communication. In the entire process of language planning (it also includes language policy-making), the common man - the 'consumer' of LP programs - is present only by proxy, carrying the elite 'cross'. It is mainly the custodians of languages who decide loftily what is 'good' for the masses, by the virtue of their hold on the socio-political and literary scene (Khubchandani 1983: 149). A few remarks from the critique of language planning (Khubchandani 1997) may be relevant here "The notion of language planning in its exhaustive sense is a relatively new concept 1 [ 1 ]. Its models, to a large extent, are influenced by those in the spheres of industrial and agricultural planning. From the narrow linguistic concerns of 'intellectual fostering' of the standard languages (Prague School 1932, Tauli 1968), the canvas of language planning is now enlarged to include language as an object of human manipulation, introducing, the cost-benefit and 1 A distinct enquiry concerning the issues of language planning is attributed to the 1996 Airlie House Conference held in the United States (Fishman et al 1968); it was followed up by the 1969 Conference on corpus language planning at the East-west Center, Honolulu (Rubin and Jernudd 1971).
    [Show full text]
  • Linguistics As a Resouvce in Language Planning. 16P
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 095 698 FL 005 720 AUTHOR Garvin, Paul L. TITLE' Linguistics as a Resouvce in Language Planning. PUB DATE Jun 73 NOTE 16p.; PaFPr presented at the Symposium on Sociolinguistics and Language Planning (Mexico City, Mexico, June-July, 1973) EPRS PPICE MF-$0.75 HC-$1.50 PLUS POSTAGE DESCRIPTORS *Applied Linguistics; Language Development; *Language Planning; Language Role; Language Standardization; Linguistics; Linguistic Theory; Official Languages; Social Planning; *Sociolinguistics ABSTPACT Language planning involves decisions of two basic types: those pertaining to language choice and those pertaining to language development. linguistic theory is needed to evaluate the structural suitability of candidate languages, since both official and national languages mast have a high level of standardizaticn as a cultural necessity. On the other hand, only a braodly conceived and functionally oriented linguistics can serve as a basis for choosiag one language rather than another. The role of linguistics in the area of language development differs somewhat depending on whether development is geared in a technological and scientific or a literary, artistic direction. In the first case, emphasis is on the development of terminologies, and in the second case, on that of grammatical devices and styles. Linguistics can provide realistic and practical arguments in favor of language development, and a detailed, technical understanding of such development, as well as methodological skills. Linguists can and must function as consultants to those who actually make decisions about language planning. For too long linguists have pursued only those aims generated within their own field. They must now broaden their scope to achieve the kind of understanding of language that is necessary for a productive approach to concrete language problems.
    [Show full text]
  • Gender Differences in Beliefs About English Language Policies (Elps): the Case of Saudi Higher Education English Departments
    International Journal of Education & Literacy Studies ISSN: 2202-9478 www.ijels.aiac.org.au Gender Differences in Beliefs about English Language Policies (ELPs): The Case of Saudi Higher Education English Departments Suliman Mohammed Nasser Alnasser* Department of English Language and Literature, College of Arts, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Corresponding author: Suliman Mohammed Nasser Alnasser, E-mail: [email protected] ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history Review of literature suggests that issues in English language policies (ELPs) in higher education Received: March 2, 2018 foreign language department levels have not been addressed, and the relationship between Accepted: April 28, 2018 beliefs about general notions of ELPs and gender has been disregarded. The current study Published: April 30, 2018 investigates gender-related differences in beliefs on five main notions of ELPs among staff Volume: 6 Issue: 2 members in Saudi Arabian English departments. An online survey was administered to staff members in different Saudi English departments from different regions in Saudi Arabia. Five general statements on ELPs were included in the survey and were responded to by male (n = 67) Conflicts of interest: None and female (n = 143) staff members (total = 210). Pearson’s chi-square test of independence and Funding: None the calculated percentages of responses were used to analyze gender differences. No statistically significant differences were found between male and female participants, with the exception of one statement. Both genders had generally similar beliefs on ELPs. Moreover, the female staff had slightly stronger beliefs than the male staff, and males showed more hesitation than females did when deciding on ELP matters.
    [Show full text]
  • Language and Status: on the Limits of Language Planning
    Stellenbosch Papers in Linguistics, Vol. 39, 2010, 41-58 doi: 10.5774/39-0-3 Language and status: On the limits of language planning Lloyd Hill 1 Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, South Africa Email: [email protected] Abstract 'Language status' is a concept that has been central to South African language policy debates since the early days of the negotiated transition, which culminated in the 1996 Constitutional commitment to developing eleven official languages. This constitutional commitment has not however been translated into a concrete legislative and administrative agenda. Recent critiques of language policy have attributed this 'policy gap' to problems associated with policy implementation. In this article I argue that policy difficulties can equally be attributed to theoretical problems associated with the concept of 'language status', which have their origins in a broader international discourse on language planning. This article is therefore presents a sociological critique of 'language planning', based on a conceptual analysis of key terms that underpin the current debate on language policy: principally 'language', 'language planning' and 'status.' Keywords : Language politics, language policy, language planning, corpus planning, status planning 1. Introduction "A language is a dialect with an army and a navy."2 This well known comment – attributed to Max Weinreich in 1945 – marked the beginning of a new era in the study of language in society. Weinreich's controversial assertion about the historical significance of political conflict in language standardisation also hints at a crucial ontological issue in debates on the meaning of language: to what extent can the status attributed to a language be distinguished from the status associated with those who speak it? 'Language status' is a concept that has been central to South African language policy debates since the early 1990s.
    [Show full text]
  • Critical Perspectives on Language Planning and Policy in Africa: Accounting for the Notion of Multilingualism
    Stellenbosch Papers in Linguistics PLUS, Vol. 38, 2009, 1-11 doi: 10.5842/38-0-50 Critical perspectives on language planning and policy in Africa: Accounting for the notion of multilingualism Felix Banda Linguistics Department, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa E-mail: [email protected] Abstract This paper draws on the notion of multilingualism as social practice (Heller 2007) to critique postcolonial language planning and policies in Africa. Drawing on illustrations from Ethnologue 's (2009) languages of Africa, studies on language planning and policy in Africa, and recent developments in harmonisation of cross-border language research (Prah 1998; Banda 2008), the paper argues that there are distortions in the conceptualisation of multilingualism and what it entails in Africa's socio-cultural contexts. In turn, the paper faults monolingual biases in the notions and models used to describe and promote multilingualism in Africa, which mirror descriptions of the language situation in Western socio-cultural contexts. The paper argues for cross-linguistic and cross-border status and corpus planning to take advantage of multilingualism as a linguistic resource for socio- economic development in Africa. The paper concludes by highlighting the prospects for linguistic repertoire-based multilingual models for language planning and policy in Africa. Keywords : multilingualism, language policy, linguistic repertoire, urbanization, postcolonial 1. Introduction The aim of the paper is to critique the monolingual characterisation that has informed language planning and policy in Africa. This entails an exploration of the utility of certain language planning and policy pronouncements, as well as models arising out of these.
    [Show full text]
  • Awkward Questions: Language Issues in the 2011 Census in England
    Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development ISSN: 0143-4632 (Print) 1747-7557 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rmmm20 Awkward questions: language issues in the 2011 census in England Mark Sebba To cite this article: Mark Sebba (2017): Awkward questions: language issues in the 2011 census in England, Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, DOI: 10.1080/01434632.2017.1342651 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2017.1342651 Published online: 30 Jun 2017. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 7 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=rmmm20 Download by: [Lancaster University] Date: 03 July 2017, At: 08:36 JOURNAL OF MULTILINGUAL AND MULTICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT, 2017 https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2017.1342651 Awkward questions: language issues in the 2011 census in England Mark Sebba Department of Linguistics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY The 2011 Census in England broke new ground, as a question about Received 28 July 2016 language had never previously been asked. After stakeholder Accepted 10 June 2017 consultations and a series of trials, the census authority decided on two KEYWORDS questions based on earlier censuses in the USA: one about the ’ ‘ ’ Census; multilingualism; respondent s main language and another about proficiency in English. language policy; self- This paper provides a critique of the census questions, showing how the assessment of language pressure to produce questions which were straightforward to answer proficiency and consistent with the predominant monolingual ideology led to the choice of two questions which were problematic in different ways.
    [Show full text]
  • Bilingualism, Diglossia and Language Planning : Three Major Topics of Socio- Linguistic Concern in Belgium ·
    Bilingualism, Diglossia and Language Planning : Three Major Topics of Socio­ linguistic Concern in Belgium · door ROLAND Wll.LEMYNS The aim of this lecture is to introduce in a nutshell the linguistic or sociolinguistic problems to be encountered in Belgium and to discuss the ways they are currently being investigated by ( socio )linguists. Although one might theoretically distinguish between domestic and crossnational linguistic problems in Belgium, none are purely domestic since they are either in origin and/ or in their further de­ velopment, related to the fact that the different language groups in Belgium use a language which is not only used elswhere, hut is moreover used immediately across the national border. None of these language groups (Dutch, French and German) constitutes the centre of gravity of the evolution of these languages. Although I would not go as far as Haugen who says that every language in Belgium "belongs to its neighbours" (Haugen 1966: 928) it is obvious that the fact of speaking a so-called exoglottic language determines linguistic fate as well as intem;lation. Before turning to the linguistic situation of the Dutch speaking part of the country which will bear the main focus of my lecture, I should give you some basic information concerning the part played by language issues in Belgian politica! life, as wel! as the linguistic facts which account for it. I should like to start with a quotation from my Brussels collegue Hugo Baetens Beardsmore, a distinguis­ hed scholar of bilingualism : , , Language is the most explosive force in Belgian political life '' he says , , .. .language loyalties override all other questions that form part of the body politie of Belgian life, uniting conflicting ideologies, drawing to­ gether social classes with contradictory interests, producing bedfellows who without the common bond of a mutually shared language would have little contact" (Baetens Beardsmore 1980: 145 ).
    [Show full text]
  • Lo Bianco, Joseph (2004) Language Planning As Applied Linguistics. in A
    Lo Bianco, Joseph (2004) Language Planning as Applied Linguistics. In A. Davies & C. Elder (Eds) Handbook of Applied Linguistics (pp. 738-762). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing Ltd © 2004 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd All rights reserved. No part of this publications may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Language Planning as Applied Linguistics Joseph Lo Bianco Introduction l take the theme of this volume to be that a distinction between applied linguistics and linguistics applied is useful and necessary and argue that scholarship on language policy and planning (hereafter LPP) substantiates this distinction and bolsters claims that applied linguistics is a coherent and distinctive academic discipline not dependent on formal linguistics (Brumfit, 1997; Davies, 1999). The main reason for this claim is that the practical nature of the problems that LPP deals with requires us to analyze specificities of policy-making in contexts where language is only a part. The abstractions of descriptive linguistics, and the abstractions of those kinds of applied linguistics that imagine a descent lineage from descriptive linguistics, and, further, the abstractions of those branches of sociolinguistics that derive conceptually from descriptive linguistics, lead to models for studying language planning that are weakly descriptive, a-social, and a-historical. Language problems always arise in concrete historical contexts and these inevitably involve rival interests reflecting "loaded" relations among ethnic, political, social, bureaucratic, and class groupings, and other kinds of ideological splits and controversies, including personal ones.
    [Show full text]
  • A Moving Target: Literacy Development in Situations of Diglossia and Bilingualism
    University at Albany, State University of New York Scholars Archive Languages, Literatures and Cultures Faculty Scholarship Languages, Literatures & Cultures 9-2015 A moving target: literacy development in situations of diglossia and bilingualism Lotfi Sayahi University at Albany, State University of New York, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.library.albany.edu/cas_llc_scholar Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons Recommended Citation Sayahi, Lotfi, A" moving target: literacy development in situations of diglossia and bilingualism" (2015). Languages, Literatures and Cultures Faculty Scholarship. 13. https://scholarsarchive.library.albany.edu/cas_llc_scholar/13 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Languages, Literatures & Cultures at Scholars Archive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Languages, Literatures and Cultures Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of Scholars Archive. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Arab Journal of Applied Linguistics A moving target: literacy Vol. 1, No. 1, September, 2015, 1-18 © The Author(s) development in situations of http://www.tjaling.org diglossia and bilingualism 1 Lotfi Sayahi University at Albany, State University of New York Abstract The present paper analyzes the challenges of literacy development in cases of classical diglossia and bilingualism. The main argument is that the diverse levels of proficiency in the varieties present in a given linguistic market have implications
    [Show full text]
  • Ebook Download Sociolinguistic Fieldwork Pdf Free Download
    SOCIOLINGUISTIC FIELDWORK PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Natalie Schilling | 323 pages | 10 Jun 2013 | CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS | 9780521127974 | English | Cambridge, United Kingdom Sociolinguistic Fieldwork PDF Book Sign in via your Institution. Social networks are composed of a "web of ties" Lesley Milroy between individuals, and the structure of a network will vary depending on the types of connections it is composed of. New York: Wiley-Blackwell. What causes listeners to think of one type of language as "better" than another? The strength of weak ties: a network theory revisited. The results of the Fagyal et al. Linguistic variation and its social significance 3rd Ed. Conversely, a loose network is more likely to innovate linguistically. In this study, the researchers simulated a social network of participants, called nodes, which were connected into a network using a matrix algorithm. However, the upper class, even members of the upper middle class, may often speak 'less' standard than the middle class. All rights reserved. She has conducted and directed sociolinguistic fieldwork projects in communities ranging from isolated island villages to neighborhoods in the heart of urban Washington, DC, and has taught courses in sociolinguistic fieldwork for more than 15 years. A first order zone is composed of all individuals that are directly linked to any given individual. Ergodic Control of Diffusion Processes. Minimal pairs are pairs of words that differ in only one phoneme, such as cat and bat. Learn how to enable JavaScript on your browser. Social networks are used in sociolinguistics to explain linguistic variation in terms of community norms, rather than broad categories like gender or race.
    [Show full text]
  • Planning Language, Planning Identity: a Case Study of Ecuadorians in London Karolina Grzech SOAS, University of London [email protected]
    SOAS Working Papers in Linguistics, Vol. 16 (2013) Planning language, planning identity: A case study of Ecuadorians in London Karolina Grzech SOAS, University of London [email protected] Acknowledgements I would like to thank all those who kindly assisted me with their time and energy during my research. Special thanks to Jorge Moreno and Paúl Madrid of the Ecuadorian House in King’s Cross, and to Roberto Cardenas for the great talks we shared. To all those in the Community School in Newham, for being so kind and welcoming, and to José Bravo Vélez, my most persistent student, and all the others who attended the classes. ¡Muchas gracias por todo! Keywords: language planning, discourse, identity, linguistic minorities, London, Ecuador, Spanish. 1. Introduction In 2008, a major shift occurred in the demographic structure of the world’s population: for the first time in history, the majority of people lived in cities (UNFPA 2007: 1). With numbers of urban settlers increasing every year, new challenges arise for researchers concerned with various types of social processes, including language. The multilingual and multicultural cities pose a particular challenge to the key assumption of linguistic nationalism: the idea of ‘one people, one language, one state’ (Ricento 2000; Spolsky 2004; Wright 2004). This ideology originated in 18th century Europe, and had since successfully spread to other parts of the world. In global cities, however, it can no longer be upheld. Speakers of different languages live on the same street, shop in the same shops and send their children to the same school. On the other hand, it is still relevant to some extent: different linguistic and national identities continue to play an important role in delimiting urban social networks (cf.
    [Show full text]
  • Language Planning: an Overview by Abbas Zaidi
    Pakistaniaat: A Journal of Pakistan Studies Vol. 5, No. 3 (2013) Language Planning: An overview By Abbas Zaidi 1. The problem of terminology In this paper the term language planning has been preferred to language planning and language policy. Cooper (1989), Schiffman (1996), and Kaplan and Baldauf (2003) argue that language policy and language planning are two different concepts: language policy is about decision-making and goal-setting; language planning is about implementing policies to obtain results. On the contrary, Rubin (1971) argues that language policy is a part of language planning. According to her, language planning is comprised of four phases: fact-finding, policy determination, implementation, and evaluation. Fishman, Das Gupta, Jernudd, and Rubin (1971) support Rubin’s preference for the term language planning. They argue that the process of language planning has four major divisions: “policy formulation, codification, elaboration, and implementation” (Fishman, et al, 1971: 293). Many linguists prefer the term language planning to language policy or language planning and language policy because they take ‘planning’ to be inclusive of policy. For example, Ashworth (1985), Wardhaugh (1986), Fasold (1987), and Ferguson (2006) prefer language planning. In Sociolinguistics: A reader and coursebook (Coupland and Jaworski, 1997), there is not a single entry on “language policy”; the term language planning is used in the chapter that deals with language planning and language policy. Mansoor (2005) too subsumes language policy under language planning in her discussion of the history of language education in Pakistan. Carroll (2001) sums up her discussion of the issue by saying the term language planning is the most widely accepted “umbrella term for the broad range of activities seeking to change language and its use” (Carroll, 2001: 13).
    [Show full text]