DOCSLIB.ORG

Examining a Cascade Model of Urgency

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Examining a Cascade Model of Urgency 1 Running head: IMPULSIVITY, AFFECT, AND STRESS IN DAILY LIFE Impulsivity, Affect, and Stress in Daily Life: Examining a Cascade Model of Urgency Brinkley M. Sharpe1 Leonard J. Simms2 Aidan G. C. Wright1 1 University of Pittsburgh 2 University at Buffalo, The State University of New York In press, Journal of Personality Disorders This is an unedited manuscript accepted for publication. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of resulting proof before it is published in its final form. This research was supported by grants from the National Institute of Mental Health (F32 MH097325, Wright; R01 MH080086, Simms). The opinions expressed are solely those of the authors and not necessarily those of the funding source. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Brinkley Sharpe, Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 3137 Sennott Square, 210 S. Bouquet St., Pittsburgh, PA, 15260. E-mail: [email protected] 2 IMPULSIVITY, AFFECT, AND STRESS IN DAILY LIFE Abstract Using multilevel structural equation modeling, we examined within- and between-person predictors of daily impulsivity, with a particular focus on testing a cascade model of affect and daily stress in a 100-day daily diary study of 101 psychiatric patients with personality disorder diagnoses. On average (i.e., fixed effect), within-person increases in daily stress were associated with increased daily impulsivity, both independently and as accounted for by positive associations with increased negative and positive affect. Higher Personality Inventory for DSM- 5 (PID-5) Impulsivity scores were associated with amplified within-person links between impulsivity and daily stress and negative affect, but not the links between daily stress and either positive or negative affect. The results of this cascade model are consistent with the hypothesized links between daily affect and stress and daily impulsivity while providing further evidence for the validity of the PID-5 Impulsivity scale and its ability to predict daily impulsivity above and beyond fluctuations in affect and stress. Keywords: Impulsivity, daily stress, urgency, multilevel structural equation modeling 3 IMPULSIVITY, AFFECT, AND STRESS IN DAILY LIFE Impulsivity, Affect, and Stress in Daily Life: Examining a Cascade Model of Urgency Impulsivity is a common component of the diagnoses codified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM; American Psychiatric Association, 2013). In the fourth edition of the DSM (APA, 2000), impulsivity was found to be the second most common symptom throughout (Lynam & Miller, 2004). However, “impulsivity” is conceptualized and assessed in the psychological literature in many different ways, reflecting a broad and heterogeneous concept comprised of distinct but related constructs, traits, and behaviors. These myriad definitions of “impulsivity” can largely be reduced to three factors— (lack of) behavioral control, urgency, and sensation seeking (Creswell et al., in press; Sharma, Kohl, Morgan, & Clark, 2013; Sharma, Markon, & Clark, 2014). Urgency, the focus of this report, originally was conceptualized solely as negative urgency, specifically the disposition toward rash action in the context of negative emotions (Whiteside & Lynam, 2001). Sperry, Lynam, Walsh, Horton, and Kwapil (2016) characterize negative urgency as the “most pathological” (p. 157) facet of a four-factor model of impulsivity characterized by urgency, (lack of) premeditation, (lack of) perseverance, and sensation seeking, where the higher order factor of behavioral control is broken down into two component parts. Higher trait levels of negative urgency have been shown to be associated with symptoms of borderline personality disorder (including non-suicidal self-injury, Bresin, Carter, & Gordon, 2013), disordered eating behaviors, aggression, and depression (Miller, Flory, Lynam, & Leukefeld, 2003; Berg, Latzman, Bliwise, & Lilienfeld, 2015), as well as suicidality and anxiety (Berg et al., 2015). Positive urgency, or disposition toward rash action in response to strong positive affect, has been suggested as a potential fifth factor contributing to impulsivity (Cyders et al., 2007). 4 IMPULSIVITY, AFFECT, AND STRESS IN DAILY LIFE The UPPS-P (Cyders et al., 2007) urgency scales were designed to measure if… then processes (“If one experiences strong negative (or positive) emotion, then one will engage in risky behaviors.”). Urgency is distinct from an average tendency towards intense affect and a general propensity toward ill-considered behavior (see Peterson & Smith; 2019)—it is the process by which one relates to the other over much briefer timescales. Just as a single measurement of ocean depth cannot account for tides and waves, contextualized dynamic processes such as urgency at best can only be approximated by dispositional scales. Global self- report measures like UPPS can provide information regarding individual differences, but studying a process using static methods risks missing important information. Furthermore, dispositional scales of contextualized dynamic processes risk becoming clouded by the influence of retrospective bias (Shiffman, Stone, & Hufford, 2008). Recognizing these limitations, researchers are increasingly turning to direct assessment and modeling of the urgency process. Direct examination of the connection between fluctuations in positive and negative affect and impulsive behaviors is necessary to understand the processes of urgency. All individuals experience emotions in response to daily experiences, but the degree and quality of these emotions varies, even in those with high emotional reactivity. Similarly, not all strong emotions lead to impulsivity1, even in those with impulsive traits. In studying urgency, then, it is important to illuminate both the differences between individuals and the intraindividual processes which drive the connection between situation, affect, and risk taking. Researchers are now beginning to examine urgency as a process. For instance, Sperry, Lynam, and Kwapil (2018) used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to examine the associations of UPPS-P scores at baseline with momentary affect, urges, and behaviors in daily 1 We acknowledge an inconsistency in our use of “impulsivity” in light of our stated objections. While we make efforts to use specific terminology (i.e., urgency; disinhibited impulsivity) when possible, we default to the less precise term when discussing the multidimensional construct as a whole. 5 IMPULSIVITY, AFFECT, AND STRESS IN DAILY LIFE life. Undergraduate students (N=294) completed an average of 37 EMA surveys (SD = 11.9) which included items addressing both positive and negative affect and a six-item impulsivity index written to assess risky behavior as well as lack of planning and perseverance (e.g., “Since the last beep, did something risky”; “Since the last beep, acted without thinking”). Ratings of negative and positive urgency correlated strongly (r = .77, p < .001) at baseline, and they showed a remarkably similar pattern of associations with momentary variables. Both baseline negative and positive urgency were associated with individual differences in momentary negative affect (e.g., dysphoria, irritability) and momentary impulsivity (all individual items and their combination in the single index), and negatively associated with positive affect (e.g., happiness). However, these findings are only adjacent to the key articulation of the urgency process, which is directly reflected in the within-person association between affect and impulsivity. Both types of urgency moderated within-person associations of the impulsivity index with a single-item indicator of stress (“My current situation is stressful”), and, as theorized, negative urgency moderated the association of impulsivity and negative affect. Positive urgency, however, did not moderate the association of impulsivity and positive affect. Instead, like negative urgency, it moderated the relationship between negative affect and impulsivity. These findings suggested that the UPPS-P urgency factors describe a single process of urgency which operates in conditions of strong negative affect. For individuals who describe themselves as tending to act rashly in the face of positive affect, there was no evidence of this predisposition in the moment. Urgency is especially important to examine in clinical samples because emotion regulation and behavioral inhibition are common points of dysfunction across diverse syndromes of psychopathology. For example, in a daily diary study of young adults concurrently enrolled in a randomized controlled trial of naltrexone on alcohol use, Bold and colleagues (2017) examined 6 IMPULSIVITY, AFFECT, AND STRESS IN DAILY LIFE whether trait urgency moderated the effect of daily affect and alcohol consumption. As evidence for the discriminant validity of urgency, both positive and negative urgency were significant predictors of affect-driven drinking behavior, however the remaining UPPS-P factors were not. For individuals with high trait negative urgency, high daily negative affect had a greater association with drinking to the point of intoxication than it did for individuals with lower levels of trait negative urgency. A similar pattern emerged for trait positive urgency and daily positive affect. However, in the case of negative urgency (but not positive urgency), this effect was not affect-specific. Higher levels of negative urgency rated at baseline showed significant
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Hypersexuality in Neurological Disorders
    HYPERSEXUALITY IN NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS NATALIE AHMAD MAHMOUD TAYIM A thesis submitted to the Institute of Neurology in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) University College London January 2019 Declaration of originality I, Natalie Ahmad Mahmoud Tayim, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. _________________________________ Natalie Ahmad Mahmoud Tayim ii Abstract The issue of hypersexuality in neurological disorders is grossly underreported. More research has been done into sexual dysfunction (outside of hypersexuality) in neurological disorders such as erectile dysfunction and hyposexuality (loss of libido). Furthermore, in Parkinson’s disease research, most mention of hypersexuality has been in conjunction with other impulse control disorders and has therefore not been examined in depth on its own. Although in recent years hypersexuality has become more recognized as an issue in research, there is still very limited information regarding its manifestations, impact, and correlates. It is therefore important to explore this area in detail in order to broaden understanding associated with this sensitive issue. Perhaps in doing so, barriers will be broken and the issue will become more easily discussed and, eventually, more systematically assessed and better managed. This thesis aims to serve as an exploratory paper examining prevalence, clinical phenomenology, impact, and potential feasible psychological interventions for hypersexuality in patients with neurological disorders and their carers. The thesis is divided into three main studies: 1. Study I: systematic review assessing prevalence, clinical phenomenology, successful treatment modalities, implicated factors contributing to the development, and assessment tools for hypersexuality in specific neurological disorders.
    [Show full text]
  • ADHD Parents Medication Guide Revised July 2013
    ADHD Parents Medication Guide Revised July 2013 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Prepared by: American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry and American Psychiatric Association Supported by the Elaine Schlosser Lewis Fund Physician: ___________________________________________________ Address: ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ Phone: ___________________________________________________ Email: ___________________________________________________ ADHD Parents Medication Guide – July 2013 2 Introduction Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulty paying attention, excessive activity, and impulsivity (acting before you think). ADHD is usually identified when children are in grade school but can be diagnosed at any time from preschool to adulthood. Recent studies indicate that almost 10 percent of children between the ages of 4 to 17 are reported by their parents as being diagnosed with ADHD. So in a classroom of 30 children, two to three children may have ADHD.1,2,3,4,5 Short attention spans and high levels of activity are a normal part of childhood. For children with ADHD, these behaviors are excessive, inappropriate for their age, and interfere with daily functioning at home, school, and with peers. Some children with ADHD only have problems with attention; other children only have issues with hyperactivity and impulsivity; most children with ADHD have problems with all three. As they grow into adolescence and young adulthood, children with ADHD may become less hyperactive yet continue to have significant problems with distraction, disorganization, and poor impulse control. ADHD can interfere with a child’s ability to perform in school, do homework, follow rules, and develop and maintain peer relationships. When children become adolescents, ADHD can increase their risk of dropping out of school or having disciplinary problems.
    [Show full text]
  • “Ecstasy” (MDMA) Is Associated with Elevated Impulsivity Michael J
    Recreational Use of “Ecstasy” (MDMA) Is Associated with Elevated Impulsivity Michael J. Morgan, Ph.D. Recent preclinical evidence suggests that repeated exposure larger sample of participants were administered mood (the to 3, 4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA; General Health Questionnaire or GHQ) and personality “ecstasy”) produces long-term reductions in serotonin (5- (IVE) questionnaires before the administration of a TOL HT) levels. 5-HT has been implicated in the regulation of test, followed by the MFF20, and a second TOL test. mood, anxiety, aggression, impulsivity, and cognition. Although there were no group differences in TOL Accordingly, in the first of two separate studies, these performance, ecstasy users were again found to commit variables were investigated in three groups: (1) MDMA more errors in the MFF20 than polydrug users. group—recreational ecstasy users (who also used other Furthermore, the GHQ and IVE scores of the ecstasy users illicit substances); (2) polydrug controls—who had never in the second study indicated, respectively, that they were taken ecstasy, but otherwise had drug histories and personal more psychologically disturbed and impulsive than characteristics similar to the ecstasy users; and (3) nondrug nondrug controls. The combined data from the two studies controls—who had never used illicit drugs, but had similar indicated that ecstasy users exhibited elevated impulsivity personal characteristics. All participants completed mood on both self-report and behavioral measures and that those (Likert) scales, personality questionnaires (which included who had taken the most ecstasy had the most elevated trait the impulsiveness, venturesomeness and empathy impulsiveness scores. These findings are consistent with questionnaire–IVE), spatial span and “Tower of London” previous evidence that elevated levels of impulsivity in humans (TOL) tests, and a behavioural measure of impulsivity, the are associated with reduced levels of serotonergic function.
    [Show full text]
  • The Relationship of Empathy and Impulsivity to the Dark Tetrad of Personality
    Abilene Christian University Digital Commons @ ACU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Electronic Theses and Dissertations Spring 4-2016 The Relationship of Empathy and Impulsivity to The Dark Tetrad of Personality Ashlee Justice Abilene Christian University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.acu.edu/etd Part of the Clinical Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Justice, Ashlee, "The Relationship of Empathy and Impulsivity to The Dark Tetrad of Personality" (2016). Digital Commons @ ACU, Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 15. This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at Digital Commons @ ACU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ ACU. ABSTRACT Though relationships between empathy, impulsivity, and personality traits making up the Dark Tetrad of personality have been studied individually, the relationship of empathy and impulsivity to the Dark Tetrad of personality simultaneously has not been studied. The current study examined the relationship of both empathy and impulsivity to the Dark Tetrad simultaneously, and assessed specific combinations of traits, empathy, and impulsivity. Participants from a private university completed online surveys. Correlations and predictions of variables were examined. Individuals who rated high on Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and sadism had significantly lower scores on empathy subscales, and individuals rating high on these as well as narcissism had significantly high scores on impulsivity subscales. Results also indicated that psychopathy and sadism both predicted lack of empathy, while only sadism significantly predicted poor impulse control. Surprisingly, narcissism was positively correlated with, and predictive of empathy.
    [Show full text]
  • Behavioral Phenotypes of Impulsivity in Substance Dependent Individuals in Protracted Abstinence: Insights from 'Pure' Heroi
    Behavioral Phenotypes of Impulsivity in Substance Dependent Individuals in Protracted Abstinence: Insights from ‘Pure’ Heroin and Amphetamine Users Jasmin Vassileva, Ph.D. Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies Virginia Commonwealth University Impulsivity is implicated both as an antecedent risk factor and a consequence of drug addiction. However, progress in the field is hampered by the multi-dimensional nature of impulsivity, characterized by multiple personality, psychiatric, and neurocognitive dimensions that are rarely examined concurrently within the same population. Further, our understanding of how the different dimensions of impulsivity are manifested in users of different classes of drugs is limited by the high rates of polysubstance dependence among drug users. Finally, there is a notable gap in the literature about the role of impulsivity in the protracted abstinence stage of the addiction cycle. To address these gaps, we have developed a program of addiction research in Bulgaria, where we have access to mono-substance dependent (‘pure’) heroin and amphetamine users. We administered a comprehensive battery of neurocognitive tasks of ‘impulsive choice’ and ‘impulsive action’; self-report personality measures of trait impulsivity and related traits; and psychiatric indices of impulsivity. Participants included ‘pure’ heroin-dependent individuals (HDI), ‘pure’ amphetamine-dependent individuals (ADI), and non-substance dependent healthy controls. The majority of substance dependent participants were in protracted abstinence at the time of testing. Our goal was to explore which impulsivity phenotypes are common across addictions and which are unique to specific classes of drugs (opiates vs. stimulants), as well as which persist in protracted abstinence. Our results reveal important differences between opiate and stimulant addictions that are observable in the protracted abstinence stage.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Psychopathy on Neurocognitive Domains of Impulsivity in Abstinent Opiate and Stimulant Users
    ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 09 June 2021 doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.660810 Effects of Psychopathy on Neurocognitive Domains of Impulsivity in Abstinent Opiate and Stimulant Users Elena Psederska 1,2, Nicholas D. Thomson 3,4, Kiril Bozgunov 1, Dimitar Nedelchev 1, Georgi Vasilev 1 and Jasmin Vassileva 5,6* 1 Bulgarian Addictions Institute, Sofia, Bulgaria, 2 Department of Cognitive Science and Psychology, New Bulgarian University, Sofia, Bulgaria, 3 Division of Acute Care Surgical Services, Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University Health, Richmond, VA, United States, 4 Department of Psychology, University of Durham, Durham, United Kingdom, 5 Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States, 6 Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States Background: Psychopathy and substance use disorders (SUDs) are both characterized by neurocognitive impairments reflecting higher levels of impulsivity such as reward-driven decision-making and deficient inhibitory control. Previous studies Edited by: suggest that psychopathy may exacerbate decision-making deficits, but it may be Qi Li, University of Chinese Academy of unrelated to other neurocognitive impairments among substance dependent individuals Sciences, China (SDIs). The aim of the present study was to examine the role of psychopathy Reviewed by: and its interpersonal-affective and impulsive-antisocial dimensions in moderating the Aleksander Hagen Erga, Stavanger University Hospital, Norway relationships between dependence on different classes of drugs and neurocognitive Erica Nicole Grodin, domains of impulsivity. University of California, Los Angeles, United States Method: We tested 693 participants (112 heroin mono-dependent individuals, 71 heroin *Correspondence: polysubstance dependent individuals, 115 amphetamine mono-dependent individuals, Jasmin Vassileva 76 amphetamine polysubstance dependent individuals, and 319 non-substance [email protected] dependent control individuals).
    [Show full text]
  • Differences in Impulsivity Between Females Diagnosed with Eating Disorders and Healthy Subjects
    Journal of Psychology and Clinical Psychiatry Differences in Impulsivity between Females Diagnosed with Eating Disorders and Healthy Subjects Abstract Research Article Objectives: This cross-sectional study investigates the tendencies toward Volume 3 Issue 3 - 2015 impulsivity and self-control over the entire spectrum of the different eating disorders in comparison to healthy and recovered subjects. Langer M1,2,3, Bord A4 and Golan M1,2,3* 1Tel Hai Academic College, Department of nutrition, Israel Methods: The study included 116 women, aged 18-35. Participants filled seven 2The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, School of Nutritional self-report questionnaires to assess eating disorders features and tendencies Sciences, Israel toward impulsivity and self-control and two computerized tasks (Go/No Go and 3Shahaf, Community Services for the Management of Weight- Cognitive Delay Discounting) to examine motoric impulsivity. Related Problems, Israel 4The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Department of Results: There was a hierarchy of occurrence of impulsivity in the different Psychology, Israel categories of eating disorders. Cognitive impulsivity as well as motor impulsivity and global score of impulsivity were most prominent in the anorexia nervosa *Corresponding author: Golan Moria, Department binging type. This hierarchy was correlated with the eating disorders symptoms. of nutrition, Tel Hai Academic College, Israel, Tel: 972- The lowest score in motor impulsivity was observed among restrictive patients 544378666; Fax: 97289348798; with anorexia and the highest among patients with binging-purging anorexia, Email: while all other groups were in between. Those with binging-purging anorexia demonstrated significantly different behavior in short term delays: they Received: July 9, 2015 | Published: August 15, 2015 were less willing to delay gratification in comparison to other participants who demonstrated preference for the higher delayed reward.
    [Show full text]
  • The Relationship Between Trait Impulsivity, Negative Affective States, and Urge for Nonsuicidal Self-Injury: a Daily Diary Study
    Psychiatry Research ] (]]]]) ]]]–]]] Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Psychiatry Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/psychres The relationship between trait impulsivity, negative affective states, and urge for nonsuicidal self-injury: A daily diary study Konrad Bresin a,n, Darren L. Carter b, Kathryn H. Gordon b a Psychology Department, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 603 East Daniel Street, Champaign, IL 61920, USA b North Dakota State University, USA article info abstract Article history: Theories of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) and impulsivity suggest that individuals with high levels of Received 23 August 2011 negative urgency (e.g., those with a propensity to act rashly while experiencing negative affect) should Received in revised form experience the urge to engage in NSSI during negative affect states. However, previous research has not 28 May 2012 directly tested these predictions. This study used a daily diary methodology in a sample of individuals Accepted 20 September 2012 who engaged in NSSI in the last year. Participants completed self-report measures of trait impulsivity and subsequently made daily ratings of negative affect, sadness, guilt, and urge to engage in NSSI for 14 Keywords: days. Our results indicated that for individuals high in negative urgency, daily sadness, but not guilt NSSI or general negative affect, was a positive predictor of urge to engage in NSSI. Meanwhile, for those low Self-injury in negative urgency, sadness was unrelated to NSSI urge. Implications for theories of NSSI and Self-harm treatment are discussed. Impulsivity & Negative urgency 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Support for the affect regulation function of NSSI comes from multiple lines of research.
    [Show full text]
  • Pathological Gambling: an Impulse Control Disorder? Measurement of Impulsivity Using Neurocognitive Tests Pinhas N
    IMAJ • VOL 12 • AprIL 2010 REVIEWS Pathological Gambling: An Impulse Control Disorder? Measurement of impulsivity Using Neurocognitive Tests Pinhas N. Dannon MD, Netta Shoenfeld BA, Oded Rosenberg MD, Semion Kertzman MD and Moshe Kotler MD Research Department, Beer Yaakov Mental Health Hospital, Beer Yaakov and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel blers versus controls, and yet others suggest that impulsivity ABSTRACT: Pathological gambling is classified in the DSM-IV-TR in these gamblers is lower than in controls [5]. (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) Although the term “impulsivity” is widely used, research and in the ICD-10 (International Classification of Disease) has traditionally encountered several difficulties in defining as an impulse control disorder. The association between and exploring the construct of impulsivity. Factor analyses impulsivity and pathological gambling remains a matter of of neuropsychological measures revealed the existence of the debate: some researchers find high levels of impulsivity “inhibitory control” factor; this includes measures derived within pathological gamblers, others report no difference from the Matching Familiar Figures Task, the Go/Stop-Go, compared to controls, and yet others even suggest that it is and the Stop Signal Task [6-16]. lower. In this review we examine the relationship between The Stroop Task [6] is one of the most commonly used pathological gambling and impulsivity assessed by various instruments for the evaluation of cognitive control [7]. This neurocognitive tests. These tests – the Stroop task, the Stop Signal Task, the Matching Familiar Figures Task, the task tests cognitive processes associated with goal-oriented Iowa Gambling Task, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, the behavior that selects a weaker, task-relevant response or a Tower of London test, and the Continuous Performance Test potentially stronger, task-irrelevant response [8,9].
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of Parental Codependency on Children with Mental Health Conditions
    THE IMPACT OF PARENTAL CODEPENDENCY ON CHILDREN WITH MENTAL HEALTH CONDITIONS Angelus T.W. Dupree B.A. Augusta State University, Georgia, 2005 PROJECT Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SOCIAL WORK at CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO SPRING 2010 THE IMPACT OF PARENTAL CODEPENDENCY ON CHILDREN WITH MENTAL HEALTH CONDITIONS A Project by Angelus T.W. Dupree Approved by: ______________________________, Committee Chair David G. Demetral, Ph.D., L.C.S.W. __________________________ Date ii Student: Angelus Dupree I certify that this student has met the requirements for format contained in the University format manual, and that this project is suitable for shelving in the Library and credit is to be awarded for the Project. _____________________________, Graduate Coordinator ___________________ Teiahsha Bankhead, Ph.D., M.S.W. Date Division of Social Work iii Abstract of THE IMPACT OF PARENTAL CODEPENDENCY ON CHILDREN WITH MENTAL HEALTH CONDITIONS by Angelus Dupree The purpose of this research project is to explore the prevalence of codependency among parents with children that suffer from mental health issues. Children with mental health conditions can be uniquely challenged by the behavioral tendencies of their caregivers. There is a lack of current literature on the correlations between parental codependency and children suffering from mental health conditions. This research project consists of the background of the problem, and investigation of the theoretical framework, a review of the relevant research, an analysis of the data, research findings, and implications for future research. To explore whether there was a significantly high level of codependence among parents of children referred for outpatient mental health treatment, a sample of (N= 30) parents of children referred to the Sutter Counseling Center in Sacramento, CA, was given the Spann-Fischer Codependency Inventory to assess for high levels codependency.
    [Show full text]
  • Antisocial Personality Problems in Emerging Adulthood: the Role of Family Functioning, Impulsivity, and Empathy
    brain sciences Article Antisocial Personality Problems in Emerging Adulthood: The Role of Family Functioning, Impulsivity, and Empathy Eleonora Marzilli 1 , Luca Cerniglia 2 and Silvia Cimino 1,* 1 Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza, University of Rome, Via degli Apuli, 1, 00185 Rome, Italy; [email protected] 2 Faculty of Psychology, International Telematic University Uninettuno, 00186 Rome, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-06-444-2794 Abstract: International research has evidenced the key role played by adults’ and adolescents’ family functioning, impulsivity, and empathy in antisocial personality problems. To date, no study has assessed the complex interaction between these variables during emerging adulthood. This study aimed to explore the possible interplay between antisocial personality problems, the quality of family functioning, impulsivity, and empathetic problems in a community sample of 350 emerging adults. Descriptive, correlational, hierarchical regression, and mediation analyses were performed, controlling relevant socio-demographic variables. Results showed a predictive effect of parental behavioral control, motor impulsivity, and empathetic concern in antisocial personality problems. Moreover, motor impulsivity and empathetic concern partially mediated the relationship between parental behavioral control and emerging adults’ antisocial personality problems. This study supports the recent evidence on the complex relationship between individual and relational protective and Citation: Marzilli, E.; Cerniglia, L.; risk factors involved in antisocial personality problems during emerging adulthood, with important Cimino, S. Antisocial Personality implications for their intervention treatments. Problems in Emerging Adulthood: The Role of Family Functioning, Keywords: antisocial personality problems; emerging adulthood; family functioning; impulsiv- Impulsivity, and Empathy. Brain Sci. ity; empathy 2021, 11, 687.
    [Show full text]
  • Overcoming Codependency”
    Brad Hambrick © 2016 “Overcoming Codependency” Overcoming Codependency Presentation By: Brad Hambrick, M.Div., Th.M. Pastor of Counseling, The Summit Church Similar resources available at www.bradhambrick.com 1 Brad Hambrick © 2016 “Overcoming Codependency” “Overcoming Codependency” Table of Contents Introduction: What Can I Hope to Get from this Seminar? ……………………………………………… 3 Where Do I Begin? ………………………………………………………………………….. 4 What is G4? …………………...…………………………………………………………….. 5 The 9 Steps of G4 …………………………………………………………………………… 6 Chapter 1. “I’m Tired of All the Drama… Exhausted!” PREPARE yourself physically, emotionally, and spiritually to face your suffering ………………… 7 Chapter 2 “I’ve Been So Busy I Haven’t Been Paying Attention” ACKNOWLEDGE the specific history and realness of my suffering …………….………………. 15 Chapter 3. “What Is the Impact of Living In Brokenness?” UNDERSTAND the impact of my suffering ………………………………….…………………... 23 Chapter 4. “The Toxic Scripts of Dysfunction” LEARN MY SUFFERING STORY which I used to make sense of my experience ….…………… 34 Chapter 5. “Starting a Healthy Relationship with God” MOURN the wrongness of what happened and receive God’s comfort ………………………… 46 Chapter 6. “Narratively Resetting Before Relationally Re-Engaging” LEARN MY GOSPEL STORY by which God gives meaning to my experience ………………… 51 Chapter 7. “Functionally Relating Within Dysfunction” IDENTIFY GOALS that allow me to combat the impact of my suffering ……………………….. 62 Chapter 8. “Contentment as I Continue to Grow” PERSEVERE in the new life and identity to which God has called me ………………………….. 74 Chapter 9. “From Codependency to Salt and Light” STEWARD all of my life for God’s glory …………………….…………………………………. 82 Appendices: A. How to Develop a Safety Plan ……………………………………………………………… 86 B. How to Conduct an Effective Intervention ………………………………………………… 89 C.
    [Show full text]