APPENDIX TWO

MAIN MEMBERS OF SHIGAKU-KYŌKAI

This list of the Historiological Association’s main members is given in the appendix to SKZ 7 (25 December 1883). Below the names are given in alphabetical order, but have been left in their respective categories. Those people indicated by an asterisk were later also among the leading mem- bers of Ōyashima-gakkai. For information on these figures, see App. III. Acting Chairman (kaicho kokoroe 會長心得): Soejima Taneomi 副島種臣 (1828–1905) Soejima Taneomi was born in Kyushu’s Domain. He was the younger brother of the kokugaku scholar Edayoshi Shin’yo 枝吉神陽 (1822–1862), and himself became a leader of the anti-shogunate movement in Saga. After the Restoration, Soejima started a political career and first became a Junior Councillor of State. Together with Fukuoka Takachika, he drew up the Seitaisho, the first constitution-like ordinance on the struc- ture and functions of the new Meiji government that was issued on 11 June 1868. While the Iwakura mission was abroad, Soejima served as foreign minister. He supported Japanese expansion in both and Taiwan, and resigned from the government in October 1873 in opposition to the government policy that rejected his proposal to invade Korea. In January 1874 he joined Gotō Shōjirō 後藤象二郎 (1838–1897), Itagaki Taisuke and Etō Shinpei in forming the political association Aikoku kōtō 愛国公党, the Public Party of Patriots. Spearheading the Freedom and People’s Rights Movement, it petitioned the government to establish a national assembly. The group soon disbanded, fearing government suppression after the Saga Rebellion of 1874, although Itagaki revived the Aikoku kōtō in May 1890, and the party later merged with other political groups to form the Liberal Party Jiyūtō 自由党. Soejima was one of the signatories of an 1874 petition to establish a parliament elected by the people. In 1879, he became an offi- cial at the Imperial Household Ministry and a first rank imperial tutor. In 1884, he received the rank of count, in 1886 he became Court Councillor, and in 1888 Privy Councillor. Additionally, from April to June 1892, he also served as Home Minister in the cabinet of Matsukata Masayoshi. (Maruyama 1987) 256 appendix two

Acting Vice-Chairman (fuku-kaicho kokoroe 副會長心得): Tani Tateki 谷干城 (1837–1911) Tani Tateki was born in the , today’s Kōchi Prefecture in Shikoku. After the , he occupied various important army posts in the new government, distinguishing himself during the Satsuma Rebellion of 1877 as the commander of Kumamoto Castle’s defence. Tani also served as the head of the Army Academy. After he retired from active duty in 1881, he and other military men like Torio Koyata 鳥尾小弥太 (1847–1905), Miura Gorō 三浦梧楼 (1846–1926) and Soga Sukenori 曽我 祐準 (1844–1935) founded the conservative political group Chūseitō 中正党. Together they petitioned for the creation of a national constitu- tion and the installation of a parliament. In 1884, he became the head of the Peers’ School Gakushūin and in 1885 joined the first Itō Hirobumi cabi- net as Minister of Agriculture and Commerce. After returning to from an oversees inspection trip in 1887, however, he resigned in objection to what he considered the insufficiently forceful demands of Foreign Minister Inoue Kaoru for revising the so-called unequal treaties with Western nations. More and more Tani criticized Japan’s too extensive imitation of the West, and rather called for a self-made wealthy and mili- tarily strong country founded on Japanese traditions. His Japanism found further platform through his launching of the newspaper Nihon 日本 and setting up the ‘Japan Club’ Nihon kurabu 日本倶楽部. In 1890, he became a member of the House of Peers. In the parliament, he often criticized the government, called for diligence and thrift, opposed the military expan- sion after the Sino–Japanese War of 1894–95, and for several years was active in a minority group criticizing the ongoing environmental pollution at the Ashio copper mine. (Hirao 1981) Head Managers (kanji-chō 幹事長): *Inoue Yorikuni 井上賴圀 (1839–1914) → App. III *Maruyama Sakura 丸山作樂 (1840–1899) → App. III Managers (kanji 幹事): Fukuda Han 福田半 (1849–1888) Fukuda Han, also known as Jiken 治軒, was born in Osaka and was the son of Fukuda Riken 福田理軒 (1815–1889), a specialist in indige­ nous Japanese mathematics. He studied under his father and also received training in Western knowledge under Satō Masayasu 佐藤政養 (1821–1877).