Destination

he Moon occupies a unique place was in February 1966 that the first ever missions of USA carried out Tin our daily life - be it poetry, probe, Luna 9, soft-landed on the photogeologic and chemical mapping literature, religion, or time-keeping. Moon and transmitted pictures of the during 1991-98. Galileo identified a Indeed, our fascination with the Moon lunar surface. The United States large impact basin, the South Pole- is as mysterious as the Moon itself. launched a series of parallel orbiting Aitken region on the far side of the The Moon has the history of the early and landing missions in their Ranger Moon, which could not be recognized solar system etched on it. and Surveyor series. Humans landed by the earlier missions because of its Understanding the Moon, therefore, on the Moon on 20 July 1969, when extremely subdued profile. In 1994, provides a pathway to unravelling the Neil Armstrong, commander of the the Clementine mission photographed early evolution of the solar system and American Mission Apollo 11, set his most of the lunar surface in that of the planet Earth. Indeed, the foot on the surface of the Moon. The ultraviolet, visible, near infrared and first ever scientific observation of the last man to walk on the Moon was long wave infrared bands, thereby Moon was made by Galileo 400 years Eugene Cernan during the Apollo 17 providing the first global data sets for ago when he used his new invention - mission in December 1972. lunar gravity, topography and multi the telescope - to observe mountains The first robotic lunar rover to spectral imaging. These results enabled and craters on the lunar surface. The land on the Moon was the Soviet global mineralogical mapping of the era of space exploration began in Lunokhod 1 in November 1970. Moon lunar surface. The Lunar Prospector 1960s; that is when observations of the samples were brought back to Earth carried a number of sophisticated Moon received a boost with fly-bys, by the three Soviet missions (Luna 16, instruments on board. Apart from orbiting and landing of space probes, Luna 20 and Luna 24), and the US preparing chemical maps of the Moon and finally manned missions. Indeed, Apollo missions 11 through 17, except for elements like thorium, potassium, the fascination with the Moon Apollo 13 which was forced to abort samarium, iron and aluminium, it also continues to grow, as can be gauged lunar landing. It was during this period identified the presence of hydrogen- from the fact that several countries – that detailed analyses of dust and rocks bearing compounds, probably water, including India – have planned brought back by Apollo and Luna in the permanently shadowed north missions to the Moon in the near missions were made in over 100 and south polar regions of the Moon. future. It now appears that a laboratories throughout the world In recent times, the European permanent human base on the Moon including India. The studies also Space Agency launched European could be a reality in not too distant a included lunar surface processes based spacecraft Smart 1 in September 2003 future. on direct measurements using to survey the lunar environment and The first man-made object to fly instruments placed on the Moon and create an X-ray map of the Moon. by the Moon was the Soviet probe also on-board lunar orbiting Japan has a lunar orbiter Kaguya Luna 1 in January 1959. Luna 2 was spacecraft. (Selene) in flight, launched in the first probe to reach the lunar After a lull for nearly two September 2007. China has Chang’e 1 surface in September 1959, though the decades, there has been a renewed orbiter launched in October 2007. landing was hard. Luna 3 in October interest in lunar science. Imaging The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter of 1959 photographed the heavily pock- system on board American Galileo USA, scheduled for lift off in April marked far-side of the Moon thus mission sent pictures of some of the 2009, is designed to map the surface indicating significant differences unexplored regions of the Moon. of the Moon and characterize future between the two lunar hemispheres. It Clementine and Lunar Prospector Contd. on page... 21

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35 Dream 2047, November 2008, Vol. 11 No. 2 Research Establishment on the design of radar equipment during the Second World 100th biography of scientist in War. After the War he got a Fellowship for working at the Cavendish Laboratory of DREAM-2047 Cambridge University. In getting the fellowship at Cambridge he was helped by A Pioneer of Radio the influential British Radio John Ashworth Ratcliffe (1902-1987). Ryle had  Subodh Mahanti earlier worked with Ratcliffe during the War. At Cambridge, Ryle became an early E-mail: [email protected] investigator of extraterrestrial radio sources. He developed an advanced . “Ryle quickly appreciated that the distribution of radio sources throughout the universe During his early period at the Cavendish had cosmological implications and that the number of sources found tended to support Laboratory, Ryle was encouraged by the evolutionary big bang theory rather than the steady-state theory.” Ratcliffe and William Lawrence Bragg. Ryle A Dictionary of Scientists, Oxford University Press, 1999 wrote: “During these early months, and for many years afterwards both Ratcliffe and “Ryle was a key figure in the development of after the Second Sir Lawrence Bragg, then Cavendish World War, following the pioneering discoveries of and Reber.” Professor, gave enormous support and The Cambridge Dictionary of Scientists, 2002 encouragement to me. Bragg’s own work on X-ray crystallography involved techniques artin Ryle is considered as one of its first Director. In 1959 Ryle became the very similar to those we were developing Mthe great astronomers of the 20th first professor of Radio Astronomy at the for ‘’, and he always century. He developed revolutionary radio University of Cambridge. He succeeded showed a delighted interest in the way our telescope system for locating weak radio Richard Woolley as Astronomer Royal work progressed.” Ryle’s early work at the sources. Ryle observed the most distant (1972 -82). Cavendish Laboratory centred on studies known galaxies of the universe of his time. of radio waves emitted by the Sun, sunspots, He received the Nobel Prize for in and a few nearby stars. Ryle realised the 1974, jointly with . They need of developing better observing were given the Prize “for their pioneering techniques for better observation of the research in astrophysics: Ryle for his radio sources. Under his leadership the observations and inventions, in particular Cambridge group took up this challenge of the aperture synthesis technique, and and created and improved the astronomical Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery and aperture synthesis of pulsars.” This was first Nobel Prize given technique. in recognition of astronomical research. Radio astronomy is a branch of Under Ryle’s guidance the radio astronomy that studies celestial objects at astronomy group of the Cavendish radio frequencies. Before the emergence Laboratory developed the radio source of radio astronomy, astronomers knew catalogues, known as the Cambridge only about objects in the universe that Catalogues. The Third Cambridge Catalogue, shone in visible light. Radio astronomy which was produced in 1959, led to the opened up many parts of the universe that discovery of the first quasi-stellar object or were invisible to astronomers till then. quasar. Ryle’s results, which showed that There is a wide covering the distant parts of the universe appeared Martin Ryle from about 1 mm to 30 m, different from the nearer parts, supported almost all of it accessible from ground- the Big Bang theory of the origin of the Ryle was born on 27 September 1918 based observatories, both day and night. universe rather than a steady state theory. at Brighton, England. His father John A. Radio window is the region of the In 1948 Ryle was appointed to a Ryle was a doctor who was appointed to electromagnetic spectrum in the radio Lectureship in Physics and in 1949 he was the first Chair of Social Medicine at Oxford frequency band within which radio waves elected to a Fellowship at Trinity College of University. Ryle was the nephew of the well- can pass through the Earth’s atmosphere Cambridge University. In 1959 Cambridge known British philosopher Gilbert Ryle without significant amount of reflection University created its first Chair of Radio (1900-1976). or attenuation by the constituents of the Astronomy and Ryle became its first In 1939, Ryle graduated from the atmosphere. Radio signals from space are incumbent. Ryle founded the Mullard Radio University of Oxford in physics and then detected and measured by instruments Astronomy Observatory in 1957 and he was he worked with the Telecommunications called radio telescopes. History of Science

Dream 2047, November 2008, Vol. 11 No. 2 34 should be much more mass in galaxies than was movable in declination like a transit what has been actually observed. instrument; that is, a telescope constrained The fact that celestial objects may be to rotate in the plane of the meridian about emitting radio waves was anticipated before a horizontal axis mounted east-west. Reber its actual discovery. James Clerk Maxwell’s conducted the first sky survey in the radio equations developed in the 1860s had frequencies. He detected many radio indicated that electromagnetic radiation sources or radio stars including Cassiopeia from stellar sources could exist with any A and Cygnus A that did not correspond to and not just in optical visible stars. He also found that the Sun wavelengths. Noted scientists and and the Andromeda Galaxy emit radiation experimentalists like Nikola Tesla, Oliver at radio wavelengths. From the time he built Lodge and Max Planck had predicted that his radio telescope till the end of the Second the Sun should be emitting radio waves. In World War, Reber was the only radio fact, Lodge had attempted to observe radio astronomer in the world. Like Jansky, he signals emitted by the Sun but he failed to was a pioneer in radio astronomy. Another The advances in radio astronomy led detect them due to technical limitations of early radio astronomer was J. S. Hey, a to many important discoveries including his apparatus. British Army research officer, who made a radio galaxies, quasar, pulsars, maser It was American Radio engineer Karl discovery that the Sun emitted radio waves. sources, and the cosmic microwave Guthe Jansky (1905-1950), who discovered It was Martin Ryle who brought a background radiation. A is a the first astronomical radio source. It was revolution in radio astronomy. After the end radio source outside the that an example of chance discovery. Jansky, an of the Second World War, Ryle began to has been previously identified with an optical engineer with Bell Telephone Laboratories, establish a centre for radio astronomy at visible galaxy. A radio galaxy is an unusually was investigating static that interfered with the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge. He powerful emitter of radio waves with output short-wave transatlantic voice transmission opted for radio interferometers rather than of the order of up to 1038 watts – a million by using a large directional . During parabolic receivers employed earlier. It was times greater than a normal galaxy such as his investigation Jansky found that his the difficulty in achieving high resolutions the Milky Way. It is believed that the radio analog pen-and-paper recording system was with single radio telescopes that led Ryle source of a radio galaxy is powered by continuing recording a repeating signal, the and Australian-born engineer, radio super-massive black hole located in the origin of which was not known. Jansky’s physicist, and radio astronomer Lade nucleus of the galaxy. A quasar is an object original assumption was that the Sun might Pawsey to develop radio interferometry. A with a high redshift which looks like a star, be the source of the interference. His radio interferometer consists of widely but is probably the very luminous active assumption was based on the fact that the spaced radio telescopes that are connected nucleus of a distant galaxy. The name is a signal peaked once a day. However, detailed together for observing the same object at contraction of ‘quasi star’, from their star- continuous analysis revealed that the source the same time. Using radio interferometry like appearance. Quasars were discovered of the signal was not following the 24-hour Ryle developed the technique of aperture by Allan Sandage and Maarten Schmidt. cycle for the rising and setting the Sun. synthesis, a technique used in radio Pulsars are rapidly spinning neutron stars Instead it was repeating on a cycle of 23 astronomy to achieve vast increase in having a diameter of 20-30 km. A pulsar is hours and 56 minutes, a cycle typical of an a radio source from which highly regular astronomical source ‘fixed’ on the celestial train of pulses are received on Earth. Pulsars sphere rotating in synchronous with sidereal were discovered by Anthony Hewish and time. After comparing his observations with Jocelyn Bell. A maser source in space is a astronomical maps Jansky reached the radio source in which the spectral lines of conclusion that the source of the radiation an atom, ion, or molecule are greatly was located in the Milky Way. He also amplified by maser action to produce an observed that the radiation was the strongest intense source of radio emission. It may in the direction of the centre of the Galaxy be noted that in maser, radiation at a certain or the Sagittarius constellation. Jansky’s frequency causes excited atoms, ions or discovery was announced in 1933. Jansky molecules of a gas to emit further radiation wanted to investigate further but he had to in the same direction and the same abandon his plan as he was asked by the wavelength, resulting in amplification. Bell Laboratories to work on another The idea that dark matter is an project. important component of the universe has In 1937, American amateur been substantiated by the findings of radio astronomer Grote Reber (1911- ) built a astronomy. Radio measurements of the large paraboloidal “dish” radio telescope William Lawrence Bragg

History of Science rotation of galaxies have indicated there with a diameter of 9.4 metres. The telescope

33 Dream 2047, November 2008, Vol. 11 No. 2 in turn can help reveal information on the origin of the universe. The fourth survey, which was completed in 1965, detected radio sources five times fainter than those in the third survey. This was made possible by use of more sensitive receivers. The fourth survey covered whole of the northern sky and it catalogued 5,000 sources. Further in-depth surveys of the sky were undertaken with the opening of two highly sensitive radio telescopes in 1965 and 1971. Ryle was not an easy person to work with. He had a hot temper. Most of the time he used to work in an office at the Nikola Tesla Karl Guthe Jansky Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory so angular resolution. The technique uses an that he did not get entangled in heated array of telescopes to simulate a single arguments with other members of the telescope of large aperture. To achieve a Cavendish Laboratory. He had a famous References high-quality image a large number different heated argument with Fred Hoyle on the separations between different telescopes latter’s Steady State Theory. This debate is 1. Bagchi, Asoke K. Hinduja Foundation called baselines are required. Aperture believed to have reduced collaboration Encyclopedia of Nobel Laureates 1901- synthesis requires complex data-reduction between Hoyle’s Institute of Astronomy and 1987, Delhi: Konarak Publishers Pvt techniques and powerful computers. Ryle’s Radio Astronomy Group at the Ltd., 1990. Examples of aperture telescopes are Cavendish Laboratory. 2. Ridpath, Ian, Dictionary of Astronomy, MERLIN, the Ryle Telescope, the Very Ryle believed that the only way to save Oxford: Oxford University Press, Large Array, and the Westerbork Synthesis our planet from complete nuclear 1997. Radio Telescope. Ryle used 12 telescopes annihilation was to put indefinite ban on to develop the first radio interferometer. use of any kind of nuclear device. He wrote 3. Dictionary of Scientists, Oxford: The has 27 telescopes on the politic of nuclear disarmament or Oxford University Press,1999. giving 351 independent baselines at once. the so-called nuclear proliferation. In his 4. The Cambridge Dictionary of Scientists, Ryle and his group conducted surveys book, Towards the Nuclear Holocaust (1981), Cambridge: Cambridge University of radio-emitting sources in the universe. Ryle expressed his concerns about nuclear Press, 2004. These surveys called cosmological surveys arms race and the misuse of science. He 5. Chambers Biographical Dictionary, mapped the radio sources. The results of was great advocate of renewable sources of New York: Chambers Harrap the surveys were published in the form of energy. He championed the cause of wind Publishers Ltd., 1997. catalogues known as Cambridge Calalogues. power in England. 6. Heilbron, J. L. (Ed.) The Oxford The first cosmological survey was completed In recognition of his work Ryle Companion of the History of Modern in 1950 and it identified 50 radio sources. received numerous awards and honours. He Science. Oxford: Oxford University The second survey completed in 1955 was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Press, 2003. identified about 200 radio sources. The London in 1952. He was the President of third survey was the most crucial. The Commission 40 of the International 7. A Dictionary of Science, Oxford: results of the third survey were published Astronomical Union (1964-1967). Among Oxford University Press, 1999. in 1959 in the Third Cambridge Catalogue his other awards included Hughes Medal 8. Available sources on the Internet. (3C). It listed the positions and strengths of the Royal Society of London (1954); Gold of 500 radio sources. It has become the Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (The article is a popular presentation of definitive catalogue used by all astronomers. of London (1964); Henry Draper Medal the important points on the life and work The third survey led to the discovery of the of the US National Academy of Sciences of Martin Ryle available in the existing first quasi-stellar object. Ryle and his group (1965); Royal Medal of the Royal Society literature. The idea is to inspire the identified a radio source 500 million light of London (1973); Bruce Medal of the younger generation to know about years away from the Solar System. This Astronomical Society of the Pacific (1974). Martin Ryle. The author has given the object was located in the Cygnus In 1966, the British Government Knighted sources consulted for writing this article. constellation. This discovery underlined the Ryle for his achievements in radio However, the sources on the Internet importance of radio telescopes. The astronomy. are numerous and so they have not been identification of an object at such great Ryle died on 14 October 1984 in individually listed. The author is grateful distance mean that one can see very far back Cambridge after fighting a long battle with to all those authors whose works have into the history of the universe, and which contributed to writing this article.) lung cancer. History of Science

Dream 2047, November 2008, Vol. 11 No. 2 32 dissolution of many drugs. Milk and Food and Drug Interactions milk products can raise the gastric pH and cause enteric-coated tablets to dissolve prematurely. This can result during medication in altered drug absorption as well as gastric irritation. In older people,  S. Vidyashankar* where congestive heart failure or e-mail: [email protected] urinary incontinence frequently requires fluid restriction, drugs may be taken with too little fluid resulting in ften food-drug interaction is condition. Food can interfere with the the delayed dissolution and absorption. Ooverlooked resulting in effectiveness of a drug if it interacts Food can also alter transport unforeseen complications. These with the ingredients in it. Nutrients in mechanisms important in the drug commonly occur during multiple food may either delay absorption into absorption process. Milk and other medications for chronic medical the body, speed up elimination from products containing calcium can form conditions. Physiological changes the body, or can impact a drug’s a complex with some drugs, such as affect drug absorption, distribution, effectiveness. For example, the acidic fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, metabolism and excretion as well as its ingredients in fruit juices are capable nofloxacin and others) impairing their action. This variability in drug action of decreasing the power of antibiotics, absorption. In addition, nutrients can may be further enhanced by interaction such as penicillin. Similarly, the effect affect intestinal transit time, visceral with foods. Individuals on multiple of tetracycline is impaired by the and hepatic blood flow, and can act as medications are usually prone to these consumption of dairy products. a physical barrier by hindering drug effects. In addition, endocrine Grapefruit juice may react with several (tablet, capsule) dissolution, or dysfunction, restrictive diets and medications, leading to an increase in preventing the drug from getting to the alcoholism in many patients may systemic exposure. Apart from this, mucosal surface of the gastrointestinal further complicate these interactions. anti-depressants can also be dangerous tract. Older patients are supposed to Many people have the mistaken if taken with beverages or foods that take these drugs only with water and notion that medicines when consumed contain tyramine, which is found in limit taking dairy products within one with foods are safe. But it is not so. items such as beer, red wine, and some or two hours of taking these drugs. Very often, medicines may interact with cheeses. Dietary fibre can impair the absorption food we normally take, resulting in Drugs and nutrients in our food of penicillin. serious side effects. New medicines can sometimes bind together to form Occasionally, almost any ingested and new drug delivery systems have compounds that the body cannot food or liquid can alter absorption of made drug administration simpler. absorb. When this occurs, neither the certain medications, the most important However, still they are known to cause drug nor the nutrient is of any use to example of which are the bisphosphonates unforeseen side effects with certain the individual. The presence of food used for management of osteoporosis. foods. Therefore, both prescription in the stomach can also increase the Bisphosphonate absorption is prevented by and over-the-counter drugs need to be absorption of fat-soluble drugs. High intake of food, orange juice, coffee, taken with caution. carbohydrate meals decrease gastric calcium products and other medications. emptying time, leading to increased But its absorption remains unaffected by Drug absorption and absorption of hydroenterothiazide water. bioavailability drugs (e.g., Esidtex, etc.) Food can decrease, increase or Aging is one of the factors often Drug metabolism delay the absorption of certain drugs associated with slowing of gastric In general, the composition of by changing the body’s ability to absorb emptying, diminished gut wall function, one’s diet can affect how a drug is the drug. Food affects the and an increase in gastric pH. Drugs metabolised and processed in the body. bioavailability of certain medications with anticholinergic properties (e.g., Diets high in carbohydrate but low in by inhibiting certain intestinal enzymes traditional antihistamines: protein can increase the metabolism of such as CYP3A4 as well as P- diphenoxylate HCl with atropine certain drugs such as theophylline, glycoprotein and organic anion sulphate) slow gastric emptying and can while a low-carbohydrate high-protein transporting polypeptide transporters. delay drug absorption and onset of diet will increase the length of time it A medication has ingredients, just as action. Antacids, H2 blockers and takes to achieve therapeutic levels of food does, that allow it to function proton pump inhibitors also alter most drugs by increasing the levels of

Food – Drug InteractionsFood correctly when taken to treat a disease gastric pH, which affects the rate of metabolising enzymes.

31 Dream 2047, November 2008, Vol. 11 No. 2 The quantity and quality of food juice) increases urinary pH, which can elderly, patients taking three or more is also influential. High-protein, low- cause some drugs such as amphetamine medications for chronic conditions, carbohydrate diets can accelerate the and quindine to be reabsorbed into the and patients suffering from diabetes, hepatic metabolism of several drugs; body, which can potentially lead to hypertension, depression, high alcohol can have similar effects. A drug toxicity. cholesterol or congestive heart failure, high-fat diet can compete with the should be especially on the lookout for binding sites on albumin and alter Drug–alcohol incompatibility reactions. serum drug concentrations and The use of alcohol with drugs can The following are the examples of distribution. This may be an issue for result in clinically significant known interaction between popular patients eating out (fast foods in interactions. Interactions are more herbs, foods, and prescription and particular) or consuming high common in alcoholics than in persons over-the-counter drugs. quantities of processed foods. who consume small amounts of alcohol. Drug metabolism is affected by Hawthorn, touted as effective in Mechanism of food-drug both acute and chronic use of alcohol. reducing angina attacks by lowering interactions Chronic use results in increased blood pressure and cholesterol levels, Food-drug interactions can be metabolism and the need for increased should never be taken with Lanoxin (digoxin), the medication prescribed either pharmacodynamic (relating to doses of anticonvulsants, sedatives, and for most for heart ailments. The mix action of drug) or pharmacokinetic the anti-TB drug isoniazid. Acute use can lower the heart rate drastically, (relating to the drug’s absorption, of alcohol leads to decreased causing blood to pool, bringing on distribution, metabolism and metabolism of drugs metabolised by possible heart failure. excretion). Both of these hepatic enzymes. pharmacologic properties can be Consumption of large amounts of Ginseng can increase blood enhanced or antagonised by food. For alcohol over a short time by habitual pressure, making it dangerous for those example, vegetables high in vitamin K drinkers, or of small amounts by trying to keep their blood pressure (e.g., asparagus, red leaf lettuce) individual who seldom drinks can have under control. Ginseng, garlic or pharmacodynamically antagonise the synergistic effect with central nervous supplements containing ginger, when anticoagulation effects of warfarin, system depressants and can cause taken with the blood-thinning drug making it essential to counsel patients complications. The use of alcohol with (Coumadin), can cause bleeding on vitamin K treatment to limit intake corticosteroids, aspirin or non- episodes. Coumadin is a very powerful of vitamin K. Increased dietary sodium steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can drug that leaves little room for error, can negate the effectiveness of many produce excessive gastrointestinal and patients taking it should never take any medication or otherwise before antihypertensive agents such as bleeding or gastritis, especially when consulting a qualified health thiazides and can alter the renal these drugs are taken on an empty professional. In rare cases, ginseng may excretion of lithium. Pyridoxine stomach. Alcohol produces generalised over stimulate resulting in insomnia. (vitamin B6) intake should be avoided expansion of blood vessels; so, patients Consuming caffeine with ginseng while on the Lewdopa, used for taking nitroglycerin should not drink increases the risk of over stimulation treatment of Parkinson’s, since alcohol within 30 minutes of its and gastrointestinal upset. Long-term pyridoxine helps to transform the drug administration. use of ginseng may cause menstrual into dopamine, which cannot cross the Individuals receiving oral glucose- abnormalities and breast tenderness in blood-brain barrier. reducing drugs (medicines for type-2 diabetes; not insulin therapy) may need some women. Ginseng is not recommended for pregnant or lactating to avoid alcohol because acute alcohol Elimination of drugs women. Drugs are eliminated from the ingestion can alter carbohydrate body either unchanged or as metabolism, leading to hypoglycaemia Garlic capsules combined with metabolites. Kidneys are involved in (lowering of blood glucose level). diabetes medication can cause a elimination of majority of a drug and dangerous decrease in blood sugars. its metabolites from the body. The renal Herbs, food, and drug Some people who are sensitive to garlic function is altered by electrolyte interactions may experience heartburn and disturbances or other factors that As new herbs are used for flatulence. Garlic has anti-coagulating influence glomerular filtration and medication, there is more potential for properties. tubular reabsorption. For example, the abuse of these herbs and the Raspberries contain a natural consumption of large amounts of acidic patients may end up with serious salicylate that can cause an allergic fruit juices (orange, tomato and grape problems. High-risk patients, such as reaction in aspirin sensitive people. Food – Drug InteractionsFood

Dream 2047, November 2008, Vol. 11 No. 2 30 Table-1 Common food-drug interactions and their effects

Drugs Effects and precautions Antibiotics Cephalosporins, penicillin To be taken on an empty stomach to speed up absorption of the drugs. Erythromycin Not to be taken with fruit juice or wine, which decreases the drug’s effectiveness. Sulpha drugs Increase the risk of vitamin B12 deficiency Tetracycline Not to be taken with dairy products, which reduce the drug’s effectiveness. Lowers vitamin C absorption Anticonvulsants Dilantin, phenobarbital Increases the risk of anaemia and nerve problems due to deficiency of folate and other B vitamins. Antidepressants Fluoxetine Reduces appetite and can lead to excessive weight loss Lithium A low-salt diet increases the risk of lithium toxicity; excessive salt reduces the drug’s efficacy MAO Inhibitors Foods high in tyramine (aged cheeses, processed meats, legumes, wine, beer, among others) can bring on a hypertensive crisis. Tricyclics Many foods, especially legumes, meat, fish, and foods high in Vitamin C, reduce absorption of the drug. Antihypertensives, heart medications ACE inhibitors To be taken on an empty stomach to improve the absorption of the drug. Alpha blockers To be taken with liquid or food to avoid excessive drop in blood pressure. Antiarrhythmic drugs Caffeine to be avoided, as it increases the risk of irregular heartbeat. Beta blockers To be taken on an empty stomach; food, especially meat, increases the drug’s effects and can cause dizziness and low blood pressure. Digitalis Not to be taken with milk and high-fibre foods, which reduce absorption and increases potassium loss. Diuretics Potassium sparing diuretics Unless a doctor advises otherwise, diuretics with potassium supplements or salt substitutes not to be taken because it can cause potassium overload. Asthma drugs Pseudoephedrine Caffeine to be avoided because it increases feelings of anxiety and nervousness. Theophylline Foods cooked over charcoal fire and high-protein diet reduce absorption. Caffeine increases the risk of drug toxicity. Cholesterol lowering drugs Cholestyramine Increases the excretion of folate and vitamins A, D, E, and K. Gemfibrozil Fatty foods to be avoided, as they decrease the drug’s efficacy in lowering cholesterol. (Contd. on next page) Food – Drug InteractionsFood

29 Dream 2047, November 2008, Vol. 11 No. 2 Drugs Effects and precautions Heartburn and ulcer medications Antacids Interfere with the absorption of many minerals; for maximum benefit, medication to be taken one hour after eating. Cimetidine, Fanotidine, Sucralfate High-protein foods, caffeine, and other items that increase stomach acidity to be avoided. Hormone preparations Oral contraceptives Salty foods increase fluid retention. Drugs reduce the absorption of folate, vitamin B6, and other nutrients; intake of foods high in these nutrients to be increased to avoid deficiencies. Steroids Salty foods increase fluid retention. Intake of foods high in calcium, vitamin K, potassium, and protein to be increased to avoid deficiencies. Thyroid drugs Iodine-rich foods lower the drug’s efficacy. Laxatives Mineral oils Overuse can cause a deficiency of vitamins A, D, E, and K. Painkillers Aspirin and stronger non-steroidal Always to be taken with food to lower the risk of gastrointestinal irritation; not to anti-inflammatory drugs be taken with alcohol, which increases the risk of bleeding. Frequent use of these drugs lowers the absorption of folate and vitamin C. Codeine Fibre and water intake to be increased to avoid constipation. Sleeping pills, tranquilizers Benzodiazepines Never to be taken with alcohol. Caffeine increases anxiety and reduce drug’s effectiveness.

Grilled meat can lead to glaucoma and anticonvulsant (anti- amount of medications. With so many problems for those on asthma seizure) drugs and cause bleeding medications, daily problems are bound medications containing theophyllines. episodes when combined with a blood to exist. Elderly people, who take many The chemical compounds formed when thinner, like Coumadin. drugs on a routine basis for long periods meat is grilled somehow prevent this of time, are at the greatest risk of nutrient Antacids when taken with type of medication from working depletion and nutritional deficiencies. antibiotics and medications for heart effectively, increasing the possibility of Drug-drug or drug-food interaction ailments, blood pressure or thyroid an unmanageable asthma attack. can be overcome by involving more health problems can decrease drug absorption care and nutritional professionals for High fat in diet with anti- by 90%. counselling. They can prevent significant inflammatory and arthritis medications Oral contraceptives are less drug therapy related morbidity by can cause kidney damage and can leave effective when taken with barbiturates, carefully monitoring and selecting drugs the patient feeling, drowsy and sedated. antibiotics, anti-fungal or tuberculosis for individuals and by educating them Aspirin can modify the drugs. about interaction of drugs they take with effectiveness of arthritis medications, the food they eat. strong prescription steroids and High-risk population diuretics. Combining aspirin with The elderly population is at a diabetic medications can lower blood higher risk as far as food-drug *Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, sugars to dangerous levels. Aspirin can interactions are concerned, as this Research and Development, The Himalaya Drug also cause toxicity when taken with population often takes the highest Company, Makali, Bangalore - 562 123 Food – Drug InteractionsFood

Dream 2047, November 2008, Vol. 11 No. 2 28 The Infernal Intoxication Alcoholism  Hail! O drinkers of Saki— Man and, before him, other animals Dr. Yatish Agarwal First the man takes a drink have enjoyed ethanol produced in nature e-mail: [email protected] Then the drink takes a drink from fermented saps and fruits. But when till it runs out. Once this happens, the Next the drink takes the man man decided to settle into herds, and yeasts simply whither away, and the -A Japanese Ode to Alcoholics communities and civilization arose, he also production of alcohol stops. This simple devised reliable ways of brewing and technique is still used in home brewing of ven though alcohol has been man’s distilling alcohol. Several texts originating alcohol. The alcohol concentration in this Efavourite mood-altering substance for in Vedic India, including the Rig Veda, Yajur mix cannot top 14 per cent. A stronger thousands of years and was used as a Veda and Atharva Veda, state the useful drink requires distillation. Breweries and medication in the olden times, properties of alcohol the Soma Rasa, a life distilleries owe their popularity to this fact. throughout most of history, society has viewed sustaining substance. In Rig Veda, which The origins of alcohol distillation people who drink to excess as irresponsible, dates back to between 4,000 and 6,000 BC, are rather obscure. Probably, the first immoral, and weak in character. Strict alcohol is listed among 67 medicinal distillation of alcohol was performed at a prohibition laws were imposed and products. In ancient Middle East, in the medical school in Salerno, Italy, during the punishment of drunkenness was considered fertile lands bathed by the Nile and Middle Ages. Wine was boiled and the necessary to protect the community. Yet, Euphrates rivers, the Egyptians and the vapours cooled and condensed to produce alcoholism is on the rise in most countries. Babylonians had found out that if they a more powerful medicine. A Spanish The World Health Organization estimates crushed grapes, or warmed and moistened scholar gave this ragged brandy the name that over 62 million people worldwide suffer the grain, the covered mush would bubble aqua vitae, the water of life. from alcohol dependence. In this first part of up to yield a drink with a kick. The process Soon, the ‘water of life’ began to a trilogy on alcoholism, we trace the history of of malting—as it is now called—would take many forms. It passed through charred alcohol, its metabolism within the body and permit the grain to sprout just enough to barrels, peat smoke, and the holy hymns of also its intoxicating dose. release enzymes that convert starches into monasteries in 11th-century England to simple sugar, which yeasts devour evolve as usquebaugh, shortened later to To all those who enjoy being on cloud voraciously. The yeasts ferment the sugar, whiskey, distilled in Russia as vodka, in nine with a glass of alcohol in their insides, it may come as a heady concoction to know that the early man had ventured into agriculture primarily to secure a dependable supply of beer! Well, that’s a hypothesis put forth by the US anthropologist Solomon Katz. If this beer-seeking agrarian hypothesis is any good, and you do not mind extending it a little further, you could say, alcohol is the mother of human civilization. Had the neolithic man not taken to tillage for the tipple, Homo sapiens would still be nomads.

The story of alcohol Whether Katz’s premise is correct or not, alcohol has been around, wetting the human throat, even before the dawn of civilization. Ethanol—call it beer, whiskey, gin, or rum—and carbon dioxide are the natural excreta of yeasts that consume, and ferment, sugar. While yeasts—the microscopic unicellular fungi—have inhabited Earth since before the time of Noah, sugar is abundant in fruits, grains, sap, nectar, and other plant life. Mediscape

27 Dream 2047, November 2008, Vol. 11 No. 2 of atherosclerosis, the piling up of fat in the arteries. That it, in addition, gladdens the heart and drowns the miseries of life is a bonus.

What happens to alcohol in the body Though many factors—such as age, sex, weight, genes, and drinking history— come into play, all healthy bodies process alcohol in much the same way. As you sip alcohol, it races through the mouth and the food pipe to quickly slide into the stomach. This is its first halt or stopover. Some of it carbohydrates dampens absorption, but the gets absorbed here, but a larger amount slips absorption becomes quicker if alcohol is into small intestine, from where it is hauled diluted up to one in five parts water, or has into the bloodstream. With its natural been carbonated (champagne, whiskey and Holland as juniper-flavoured jenever (the affinity for water, the bloodstream becomes soda). British shortened it to gin), and at a medical a natural vehicle and takes it everywhere in The blood concentration is also, like school in Monpellier, France, in 1300 AD the body. any other drug, related to the person’s into brandy. Even as alcohol races through the weight. A person lighter in weight hits a The making of the word ‘alcohol’ body affecting several vital organs all at once, high with a smaller dose of alcohol as is no less interesting. Those who are familiar the human body takes active steps to dispose compared to a heavier person. A woman with the basics of origin and historical of it. Several body mechanisms are put on tends to feel the effect of alcohol more development of linguistic forms may easily alert. Breath, sweat and urine directly expel quickly than a man of the same weight, guess that the al- in alcohol is a word of two to ten per cent alcohol. The major because she has a greater proportion of Arabic descent, as is the case with algebra responsibility of getting rid of alcohol body fat than man. and alkali. In fact, al- is the Arabic definite however rests upon the largest chemical Genes can come into play as well. article; it corresponds to ‘the’ in English. factory in our body, the liver. Enzymes in Some people, particularly Asians, carry an The origin of -cohol relates to kuhl, a fine the liver set off to pulverize it. The liver altered gene that makes drinking antimony powder used by women to darken first transforms alcohol into acetaldehyde, unpleasant. This gene inactivates the enzyme and beautify their eyelids. It was thus that then to acetate, and finally into carbon that breaks down acetaldehyde, prolongs the the Arabic chemists came to use al-kuhl for dioxide and water. The process is slow, and build up of this toxic chemical, and leads any fine powder. Later the usage of the word runs at a rate of 10 millilitres of pure alcohol to flushed face and sweaty and sick was extended to include any exotic essence every hour. countenance. obtained by distillation. Medieval Latin A number of factors can influence the picked it from Arabic, and the English absorption and blood concentration of The intoxicating dose revised it to alcohol giving it the modern alcohol. The total dose, the strength of the The behavioural and physiologic connotation. solution, the time over which its is taken, effects of any drug depend upon the dose, Be as it may, alcohol, the magic the presence or absence of food in the its rate of increase in the blood, the potion, found a home and came to be stomach, the time relation of taking food simultaneous presence of any other drug, extensively used all over the world. Over and alcohol and the kind of food eaten, all and the past experience with the agent. time, its dark effects also came to be known influence this process. Even though ‘legal intoxication’ and seeing people reel under its vile If a person has an empty stomach, requires a blood alcohol concentration of dominance, lawmakers were forced to enact alcohol is quick to pass into the small at least 80 to 100 mg/dl, changes in prohibition laws. intestine and is more quickly absorbed. The behaviour, psychomotor and cognitive Still, all alcohol is not bad. If taken in quicker a person empties the glass, the functions are seen as even the first or the small amount, between 30 and 60 ml a day, quicker is the build up. Likewise, blood second drink hits the stomach. At twice it may help lower the risk of coronary heart concentration also relates to the content of the legal intoxication level many people slip disease. This good effect may be related to alcohol in a drink. For example, 340 ml of into a deep sleep or narcosis; and death the scientific finding that alcohol increases beer, 115 ml of wine, and a shot (43ml) of can occur once blood alcohol levels cross the level of HDL (high density lipoproteins, whiskey, rum or gin each contain the 300mg/dl mark. At this stage, the or good cholesterol) in blood, which approximately 10 g of alcohol. The presence inebriate may slip into coma and die from

protects the heart by arresting the progress of food especially milk, fat and respiratory failure. Mediscape

Dream 2047, November 2008, Vol. 11 No. 2 26 Recent Developments in Science and Technology  Biman Basu Email: [email protected]

Supermassive black hole at the light-years away, and is not visible from the Martian north pole since 25 May centre of the Milky Way Earth. It is hidden behind thick clouds of 2008, has detected snow falling from There is a supermassive black hole gas and dust along our line of sight. Ghez Martian clouds, and spacecraft soil tests at the centre of our Milky Way galaxy. A and her team employed all the resources have given evidence of past interaction team of American astrophysicists led by of modern astronomy including a really between minerals and liquid water – Andrea Ghez of the University of Califor- big telescope, detectors that operate in the processes seen on Earth. The discovery nia, Los Angeles have measured the mass infrared, and the relatively recent technol- of snow in Martian sky was made by an of the Milky Way’s central black hole. The ogy of adaptive optics. Using the 10-metre instrument that shined a laser into team’s measurement yields a mass of 4.5 Keck I and II telescopes in Hawaii, the clouds about four kilometres above the ± 0.4 million Suns, as reported in the ad- team has been observing the galactic cen- ground, revealing the presence of ice tre for the past decade at infrared wave- crystals. However, the Phoenix data lengths, which can penetrate the thick show the snow vaporising before reach- clouds of gas and dust. The use of adap- ing the ground. Even before Phoenix tive optics made it possible for them to landed, scientists knew water-ice, along improve the performance of optical sys- with ice made of carbon dioxide, accu- tems by reducing the effects of rapidly mulated on the ground in the northern changing optical distortion caused by latitudes during the harsh Martian win- Earth’s turbulent atmosphere. (It is com- ter, when temperatures plunge to minus monly used on astronomical telescopes to 120 degrees Celsius. But the discovery remove the effects of atmospheric distor- of snow in the atmosphere above the tion.) The combination of these tech- pole came as a surprise. niques allowed the group to resolve doz- According to NASA and JPL scien- ens of individual stars near the galactic tists, the Phoenix experiments also yielded centre and study their orbital motions. clues pointing to calcium carbonate, the The high mass of the Milky Way’s main component of chalk, and particles black hole, known as Sagittarius A* (Sgr that could be clay. The evidence for cal- A*), made anything orbiting near to move cium carbonate in soil samples from really, really fast. The stars around the trenches dug by the Phoenix robotic arm black hole were found to be whirling comes from two instruments called the Image of the centre of the Milky Way galaxy, around the black hole at speeds exceeding ‘Thermal and Evolved Gas Analyser’ and taken with Keck telescope at an infrared wavelength of 3.8 microns, shows many stars 4,500 km per second (16 million the wet chemistry laboratory of the ‘Mi- around the position of the central supermassive kilometres per hour). By using Newton’s croscopy, Electrochemistry and Conduc- black hole (Sgr A*). laws, Ghez could use these stellar veloci- tivity Analyser’. Most carbonates and clays Credit: UCLA Galactic Center Group/Keck Observatory ties to derive the mass of the central ob- on Earth form only in the presence of liq- ject. uid water; so presence of these substances vance online edition of Astrophysical Jour- Besides coming up with a more pre- on Mars points toward episodes of inter- nal (arXiv:0808.2870v1[astro-ph] 21 Au- cise mass measurement, the latest obser- action with water in the past. gust 2008). The diameter of the event ho- vations also refine the distance to the Phoenix has already confirmed rizon of a black hole of that mass would Milky Way’s centre to 27,400 light-years, that a hard subsurface layer at its far- be about 0.1 astronomical unit (about 15 with an uncertainty of 1,300 light-years. northern landing site contains water-ice. million kilometres). Determining whether that ice ever thaws The significance of the new measure- Snow found in Martian skies would help answer whether the environ- ment lies in the fact that the centre of the NASA’s Phoenix Mars Lander, ment there has been favourable for life,

New Horizons Milky Way is situated more than 27,000 which has been taking measurements at a key aim of the mission.

25 Dream 2047, November 2008, Vol. 11 No. 2 in 2007 (up from 1.8 In 2007, the UN’s Intergovern- ppm in 2006), and mental Panel on Climate Change had above the 2.0 ppm warned that an increase of between 1.8° average for the period and 5.4°C could trigger massive envi- 2000-2007. The aver- ronmental changes, including melting of age annual mean the Greenland ice sheet, the Himalayan- growth rate for the Tibetan glaciers and summer sea ice in previous 20 years was the Arctic. Moreover, new scientific re- about 1.5 ppm per search suggests the globe is already des- year. tined for a greater worldwide tempera- This clearly indi- ture rise than predicted. Last month, cates that efforts to two scientists from the Scripps Institu- curb carbon emissions tion of Oceanography and University of under the Kyoto Pro- California, San Diego published re- tocol have not done search showing that even if humans Accumulation of water-ice, along with ice made of carbon dioxide on enough to stop emis- stopped generating greenhouse gases the ground in the northern latitudes during the harsh Martian winter sions increasing in immediately, the world’s average tem- has been known, but the discovery of snow in the atmosphere above the pole came as a surprise. industrialised nations perature would “most likely” increase by and the developing 2.4°C by the end of this century. When Phoenix landed in May, it was world alike. The new data also shows that late spring on Mars. The Sun remained forests and oceans, which take up much From degrading wine to new up almost all day, allowing Phoenix’s solar of the carbon dioxide humans emit, are cardiac drugs panels to collect plenty of energy to run its having less impact. These “natural sinks” There is new hope for heart attack various instruments, which include a ro- have absorbed 54% of carbon dioxide patients. A new drug that can switch on botic digging arm and two chemistry labs. emissions released since 2000, a drop of an alcohol-degrading enzyme found in Now, with winter approaching, the Sun is 3 percentage points compared with the red wine may help prevent heart attack below the horizon about four hours of each period between 1959 and 2000. If these damage, according to a new study re- Martian day, which is about 24 hours, 40 trends continue, the world will be on track ported in the journal Science (12 Sep- minutes long. As temperatures drop fur- for the highest predicted rises in tempera- tember 2008). The paper reports that ther, Phoenix must use more and more en- ture and sea level. the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 ergy to operate the heaters that keep the According to the GCP report, the (ALDH2), which plays a key role in pro- instruments warm. According to NASA highest emitter was China, followed by the cessing alcohol in the human body, scientists, before the end of October, there United States, which past data show is the clears harmful toxins produced in cells would not be enough energy to keep using leader in emissions per person in carbon when blood flow is blocked in the the robotic arm. Before power ceases, the dioxide output. China’s added emissions heart—and a new drug can switch it on. Phoenix team plans to try to activate a accounted for more than half of the world- microphone on the lander to possibly cap- wide increase; it emitted 2 billion tons of Indications of the positive role of ture sounds on Mars. carbon last year, 7.5% more than in the alcohol, especially red wine in prevent- previous year. Although several developed ing heart diseases has been known ear- Record rise in atmospheric countries slightly reduced output in 2007, lier. Heart cells exposed to ethanol in the US churned out more. Denmark’s emis- the laboratory has been known to re- CO2 level There is bad news for environmen- sions dropped 8%. The United Kingdom cover better when the flow of oxygen- talists. Atmospheric carbon dioxide and Germany reduced carbon dioxide ated blood to them is blocked. The Sci- emission by 3%, while France and Aus- ence paper suggests that ALDH2 may (CO2) concentrations have grown four times faster than in previous decade, ac- tralia cut it by 2%. contribute to wine’s beneficial effects. cording to the latest figures released by Developing countries, which were The enzyme, activated as cells work to the Global Carbon Project (GCP) on 26 not asked to reduce greenhouse gases by clear alcohol, also eliminates toxic by- September 2008. Between 2006 and the 1997 Kyoto treaty – China and India products from the breakdown of fats in 2007, carbon dioxide output rose by are among them – now account for 53% cells during a heart attack—thereby re- 3%, far exceeding the amount projected of carbon dioxide emission. According to ducing damage to this vital organ. by a Nobel Prize-winning group of in- the report, India is in position to beat When blood flow to the heart ternational scientists in 2007. Annual Russia for the No. 3 carbon dioxide emit- stops during a heart attack, free radi- ter behind the US, and Indonesia’s levels cals accumulate in cells, damaging mean growth rate of atmospheric CO2

was 2.2 parts per million (ppm) per year are increasing rapidly. critical fats and proteins and increas- New Horizons

Dream 2047, November 2008, Vol. 11 No. 2 24 Being aware of the drug, especially for patients in East Asia fact that alcohol triggers where 40 percent of the population has the protective effects of non-functional ALDH2 due to a gene ALDH2 during a heart mutation. Aside from enhancing attack, researchers ALDH2 activity two-fold in normal rat looked for drug alterna- hearts, aldA1 can actually restore full tives that could switch on function to the mutant form of the en- the enzyme. The synthetic zyme. For populations from East Asian compound ‘aldA1’ was countries, including China, Japan and found to directly bind South Korea, this could mean a reduc- ALDH2, enhancing its tion in cardiac damage following heart activity. When injected attacks and augmentation of current directly into the hearts of therapies for angina, or chest pain. Cur- live healthy rats five min- rently, nitro-glycerine (which dilates utes before blood flow blood vessels) is used to treat heart pa- blockage was induced, tients who have chest pain. The drug aldA1 reduced cardiac aldA1 may even have beneficial effects The enzyme ALDH2 in red wine may contribute to its beneficial damage by 60 percent. for those angina patients carrying the effects on heart. A new drug can switch on the enzyme in heart Although these results are normal version of the enzyme but who attack patients to reduce damage to heart muscles. promising, according to have become immune to nitro- the researchers, adapting glycerine’s effects. The researchers are ing the chance of premature cell this therapy for intravenous or oral use in hopeful that with continued study, it death. ALDH2 probably helps heart humans will be a challenge. may be possible to design drug modi- cells survive by repairing some of the However, the researchers remain fications that will enhance the benefi- damaged fats, according to the study. optimistic about the newly identified cial effects of aldA1.

The Mysterious Moon & India's Chandrayaan Mission by Narendra Bhandari Vigyan Prasar has brought out this publication on the eve of the launch of Chandrayaan-1. Professor Narendra Bhandari, a senior scientist from Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, who has done pioneering work in the study of Moon and who was associated with Chandrayaan-1 mission from the concept phase. This book presents, in simple language, the motivation for this mission to Moon in the framework of the unresolved problems in lunar science. Meant mainly for the inquisitive students, the subject is dealt with a view to highlight the science aspects and in this respect it is different from the information available in other publications or on the web.

"Professor Bhandari’s simple style of writing would make even a layman evince keen interest to understand and study the various aspects of the Moon. The book, I am sure, will be a good source of information for not only the general public but also for students intending to take up space and astronomy as a career. I congratulate Professor Bhandari on this magnificent effort and ISBN 978-81-7480-177-7 (Hb) compliment Vigyan Prasar for bringing out this book to reach Pages 92 • Price: 195 out to a large number of readers." — G Madhavan Nair, Chairman, ISRO. New Horizons

23 Dream 2047, November 2008, Vol. 11 No. 2 Sky Map for November 2008

Full Moon North Moon - Last Quarter

13 November 19 November

East West

New Moon Moon - First Quarter

South 27 November 6 November

The sky map is prepared for viewers in Nagpur (21.090 N, 79.090 E). It includes bright constellations and planets. For viewers south of Nagpur, constellations of the southern sky will appear higher up in the sky, and those of the northern sky will appear nearer the northern horizon. Similarly, for viewers north of Nagpur, constellations of northern sky will appear higher up in the sky, and those of the southern sky will appear nearer the southern horizon. The map can be used at 10 PM on 01 November, at 9:00 PM on 15 November and at 8 PM on 30 November. Tips for watching the night sky : Eastern Sky : Auriga (Capella), Lepus, Orion (Betelgeuse, (1) Choose a place away from city lights/street lights Rigel, Saiph), Taurus (Aldebaran) / Vrishabh (2) Hold the sky-map overhead with ‘North’ in the direction of Rashi. Polaris (3) Use a pencil torch for reading the sky map Western Sky : Aquila (Altair), Capricorns / Makar Rashi, (4) Try to identify constellations as shown in the map one by one. Cygnus (Deneb), Delphinus, Lyra (Vega), Sagitta. Planet/Dwarf planet round-up : Southern Sky : Cetus (Deneb Kaitos), Eridanus, Fornax, Grus, Jupiter : In the constellation Sagittarius (Dhanu Rashi) near Microscopium, Phoenix, Piscis Austrinus western horizon. (Fomalhaut), Sculptor. Uranus : In the constellation Capricornus (Makar Rashi) up Northern Sky : Camelopardalis, Cassiopeia / Sharmishtha, in the western sky*. Cepheus (Alderamin) / Vrishaparv, Draco, Ursa Neptune : In the constellation Aquarius (Kumbha Rashi) up Minor (Polaris) / Dhurva Matsya (Dhurva Tara). in the south-western sky*. Zenith : Andromeda / Devayani, Aries / Mesha Rashi, (* Are not naked sky objects.) Aquarius / Kumbha Rashi, Lacerta, Pegasus, Perseus, Pisces / Meen Rash, Triangulum. Prominent Constellations: Given below are prominent constellations with brightest star therein (in the parenthesis). Also  Arvind C. Ranade E-mail : [email protected] given are their Indian names. Astronomy

Dream 2047, November 2008, Vol. 11 No. 2 22 Moon and provide a global view. (Contd. from page 35) interest to note that the space-faring Editorial Landing and sample return missions nations including Russia, China, provide only local information; but, Japan and India are also considering landing sites in terms of terrain they can resolve many important human flights to Moon and beyond in roughness, usable resources, and questions such as presence and due course of time. Surely, it is radiation environment with the dimension of core, presence of water, necessary to know the topography and ultimate goal of facilitating the return and bulk composition of the Moon. geology of the Moon for this purpose. of humans to the Moon. India is all Much can be learnt if samples of some Then, there is a possibility of water set to launch Chandrayaan 1 on 22 critical areas of the Moon can be on lunar surface in the polar regions October 2008 for simultaneous brought to Earth for laboratory which are permanently shadowed from chemical and mineralogical study of analysis. It is hence desirable that after sunlight. Due to the very slight tilt the lunar surface. the Chandrayaan 1 mission, the future (only 1.5°) of the Moon’s axis, some What is the Chandrayaan 1 missions land on the Moon with of the deep craters, particularly near mission aimed at, anyway? It is aimed instruments, carry out experiments, the polar regions never receive any at high-resolution remote sensing of and bring back samples from selected light from the Sun – they are the lunar surface in visible, near regions of the Moon for laboratory permanently in shadow and can act as Infrared, low-energy X-rays and high- studies. This is why Chandrayaan 2, permanent traps of water molecules. energy X-ray regions. In particular, it to be launched in 2011-12, will carry In such craters scientists expect to would help prepare a three- a lander / rover. find water in frozen form. If there is dimensional atlas (with a high spatial By simultaneous photo- water ice present on the Moon we will and altitude resolution of 5-10m) of geological and chemical mapping, it be able to rely on lunar ice, and there both near and far side of the Moon. would be possible to identify different will be no need to transport water from Next, it intends to conduct chemical geological parameters, which will test the Earth. This is important for a cost- and mineralogical mapping of the the hypothesis for the origin and early effective lunar habitation. We may entire lunar surface for distribution of evolutionary history of the Moon, and even look for new sources of energy, 3 elements such as magnesium, help in determining the nature of the say tapping the reserves of He on the aluminum, silicon, calcium, iron and lunar crust. The hypothesis for the Moon, regarded as an ideal nuclear titanium with a spatial resolution of evolution of the Moon that is currently fuel, being non-polluting and having about 20 km and high atomic number accepted is called the Giant Impact virtually no by-products. elements such as radon, uranium and hypothesis. It suggests that a body Yet, how can we justify a poor thorium with a spatial resolution of about the size of Mars slammed into country like India spending millions about 40 km. Chandrayaan1 will orbit Earth shortly after Earth’s formation, on mission to the Moon? Space the Moon at an altitude of 100 km and but only after it had formed an iron science and technology has allowed a will carry eleven scientific instruments core. When the impact took place, it country like India to provide (payloads) on-board for this purpose. blasted a large part of the Earth into communications and remote sensing Five of them are Indian and other six space and the ejecta then began services to people in the remotest are from European Space Agency (3), orbiting Earth. The material that corners relatively cheaply and quickly. NASA (2) and Bulgarian Academy of blasted off the Earth later coalesced It is hard to imagine all this happening Sciences (1). Two of the ESA into the Moon. This hypothesis is able without investing in space technology. instruments have Indian collaboration. to explain (a) the missing Moon iron We could have a computer, but we would Chandrayaan 1 will be launched by the as most of the material blasted into not be able to get on the internet. It may upgraded Polar Satellite Launch space would have been depleted in iron not be a quick-fix solution to raise people Vehicle (PSLV) built by ISRO which after formation of Earth’s core; (b) the above the poverty line, or improve their has a lift off weight of 316 tonnes. It similarity between Moon rocks and health, but would certainly assure the will take 5½ days to get to the Moon. Earth because they came from the same nation of a prosperous future. It could Chandrayaan 1 will weigh 1,034 kg at place; and (c) the tilt of the Moon’s as give people a vision of future and help launch and 590 kg in the lunar orbit. well as the Earth’s orbit. attract young people to study science and engineering. As Carl Sagan once said,  Surely, there are advantages and But, why this fascination with the disadvantages associated with different Moon, anyway? NASA has embarked it is possible to make a better life for types of missions, say, orbiter, lander on an ambitious programme to everyone on Earth, and at the same time and sample return missions. Orbiter establish a permanent base on the to reach for the planets and the stars. missions have the advantage that they Moon; and from there eventually place can cover the entire surface of the humans on Mars. It would be of  Vinay B. Kamble Editorial

21 Dream 2047, November 2008, Vol. 11 No. 2 VP News

Vichar Goshthi on ‘Hindi me Vigyan English has! Dr. Kamble also stressed on proper usage of Hindi scientific ter- lekhan: Sansthagat evam Yaktigat Prayas’ minology. Dr. Subodh Mahanti, Scien- tist ‘F’ and Chairman, Vigyan Prasar igyan Prasar organised a Vichar Bhawan, New Delhi), Dr. Manoj Rajbhasha Karyasamiti said in his wel- Vgoshthi (Seminar) on ‘Hindi me Patairiya (Scientist ‘F’ & Director, come address that the idea behind Vigyan lekhan: Sansthagat evam yaktigat NCSTC, New Delhi), Sri Satish organising the seminar was to make a prayas’ on 29 September 2008 at IIM Chandra Saxena (Former Dy. Director, review of the efforts made by institu- Lucknow, Noida Campus, Noida, as a CSTT, New Delhi), Dr. Vishnu Dutta tions and individuals in the field of sci- part of Vigyan Prasar Rajbhasha Sharma (Secretary, Shodh Prakashan ence popularisation in Hindi and to pro- Karyakram 2008. Academy, Ghaziabad), Dr. C. M. vide a platform for interaction among Nautiyal (Sr. Scien- science communicators in Hindi. Dr. tist, BSIP, Mahanti briefly described the efforts Lucknow), Dr. made by Vigyan Prasar in creating popu- Govind Singh (Sr. lar science literature in Hindi. Journalist, Amar The participants not only Ujala, Noida), Dr. pointed out the lacunae in science com- R. K. Mishra (Sci- munication in Hindi but also suggested entific Officer, ways to improve the situation. Vigyan CSTT, New Delhi), Prasar plans to bring out a publication Sri Surya Kant (Busi- based on the papers presented at the ness Manager, Pub- seminar for the benefit of young science lications Division, communicators. All participants Inaugural function of the seminar (L to R) - Sri Prem Pal Sharma New Delhi), Sri emphasised the need of organising more (speaking), Dr. Subodh Mahanti, Dr. Vinay B. Kamble, Dr. Hari Krishna Bimal Srivastava such interaction among science commu- Devsare, Prof. Lakshman Singh Bisht ‘Batrohi’, and Dr. Shiv Gopal (Former G.M., Air- nicators in Hindi in future. Some of the Mishra port Authority of participants suggested that Vigyan Science communicators, editors, India, New Delhi), Sri R. K. Anthwal Prasar should organise training litterateurs, scientists, and writers rep- (Editor, Aavishkar, NRDC, New Delhi), programmes for young science commu- resenting various institutions through- Mohd. Khalil (Former out the country along with independent Scientist ‘F’, science writers and translators partici- NISCAIR), Smt. pated in the seminar. Participants in the Deeksha Bisht (Scien- discussion included Dr. Hari Krisnha tist ‘F’, NISCAIR, New Devsare (Former Fellow, Vigyan Prasar), Delhi), Dr. P. K. Dr. Shiv Gopal Mishra (Pradhanmantri, Mukherjee (Reader, Vigyan Parishad Prayag, Allahabad), Dr. Dept. of Physics, Desh R. D. Sharma (Former Director, Publi- Bandhu College, New cation & Information Division, ICAR, Delhi), Sri Vinod New Delhi), Prof. Lakshman Singh Kumar Misra (Chief Bisht ‘Batrohi’ (Director, Mahadevi Manager, CEL, Verma Srijan Pith, Kumaun University, Ghaziabad), Dr. Vibha Nainital), Dr. Manmohan Bala (Retd. Devsare (Litterateur), Participants of the seminar ‘Hindi me Vigyan lekhan: Wing Commander), Sri Prem Pal Sri Manas Ranjan Sansthagat evam Yaktigat Prayas’ Sharma (Joint Secretary, Railway Board, Mahapatra (Editor, New Delhi), Sri Devendra Mewari NBT, New Delhi), and Sri Dev Vrat nicators in Hindi on regular basis. Such (Former Fellow, Vigyan Prasar), Sri R. Diwedi (Fellow, Vigyan Parishad Prayag, efforts would go long way and improve K. Sahai (Former Sr. Scientist, CSIR), Allahabad). the situation in Hindi science commu- Dr. K.K. Mishra (Reader-F, Homi Inaugurating the seminar, Dr. V. nication. Bhabha Centre for Science Education, B. Kamble, Director, Vigyan Prasar said Sri Nimish Kapoor, Scientist ‘C’, TIFR, Mumbai), Sri Subhash Lakhera that we have to evaluate our efforts to- Vigyan Prasar proposed the vote of (Sr. Scientist, DIPAS, New Delhi), Dr. wards Hindi science writing. He said thanks to all participants. Madhu Pant (Former Director, Bal Hindi could not achieve the gravity that VP News

Dream 2047, November 2008, Vol. 11 No. 2 20 Astronomy workshop for the VIPNET Letters to the Editor clubs of Madhya Pradesh Helps to generate knowledge igyan Prasar and Yuva Vigyan ducted by Arvind C. Ranade, Scientist I am very much pleased to get a copy V Manch, Gwalior jointly conducted (Vigyan Prasar). Demonstration of As- of DREAM 2047 every month a five-day astronomy workshop for 60 tronomy kit, assembling of 39-mm because this magazine helps me to VIPNET clubs from different districts simple refractor, and night sky watch- generate knowledge and spread it ing was conducted by Sri among the students and members of R. K. Yadav. The local Darjeeling and Sikkim Science and resource persons Mr. B. Nature Club. I am very curious Srivastav, Mr. S. K. Jain, about the mysteries of science and and Mr. Jitendra nature. Bhantnagar also spoke on Pravin Tamang different topics of as- Topakhani Power Colony tronomy. Mr. Hari P.O. Singtam, Distt. East Sikkim Mohan Sharma, Chief E-mail: [email protected] Editor, Dainik Bhaskar, was invited for the spe- Fitness drill cial lecture on ‘Science While at our maternal grandfather’s and Society’. During the place we went through the article on workshop, the partici- fitness by Dr. Yatish Agarwal (DREAM pants were taken to the 2047, August) which was quite Arvind C. Ranade delivering the lecture at workshop Cancer Hill (near educative and interesting. The article Gwalior) for night sky provides valuable tips on fighting stress. of Madhya Pradesh from 19-23 watching. During the workshop VP Such information can go a long way in September 2008 in Gwalior. The video on ‘Shukra Paragaman’, ‘Yek preventing stress-related problems objective was to develop the enthusiasm Khagoliya Yikahi Ki Khoj’, ‘Relativity’, associated with the present day life style. for astronomy in school- We would like to receive the journal at going children. The active the following address to share its clubs were selected by the contents with other colleagues as well. Yuva Vigyan Manch. Geetika, Madhulika and Ankur The workshop was C/o Shri S.N. Agarwal, Mirzapur (UP) 231 001 inaugurated by Mr. Subhash Chandra Arora, Improves general knowledge Joint Director, Public Re- I am a regular reader of the monthly lations and Mr I. A. Zaidi, magazine DREAM 2047 and find it very District Nodal Officer, informative. It helps me in improving Education Department, my general knowledge and spreading it was present as a special among the students. guest. Resource material Dr. H. Nayak comprising VP Astronomy Department of Chemistry, N.C. Kit and books – The Sun, Participant’s assembled telescope College, Jaipur-755001 Orissa Venus and its Transits – were given to each registered partici- ‘Aaisa hi Hota Hai’, etc., were shown Good resource material pant. Lectures and demonstrations on to the participants. In this workshop, I find DREAM 2047 a very good different topics of astronomy like, ‘mag- 60 simple 39-mm refractor telescopes resource material for inculcating nitude scale in astronomy’, ‘origin of were assembled by the participants. scientific temper among students. Your the Universe’, ‘basics of telescope’, ‘Sun Arvind C. Ranade from Vigyan Prasar, publications are helpful to teachers as and the Solar System’, ‘origin of the New Delhi and Mr. Sunil Jain from Yuva well as undergraduate and postgraduate Solar System’, ‘types of eclipses’, ‘as- Vigyan Manch, Gwalior, coordinated the students. tronomy in different wavelengths’, ‘con- workshop. Dr. Sanjive Shukla stellations and Zodiac’, etc., were con- BSNV PG College, Lucknow (UP) VP News

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