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Principal Insects Affecting Tobacco Plants in the Field*

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Principal Insects Affecting Tobacco Plants in the Field* Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International Contributions to Tobacco Research Volume 28 @ No. @ October 2018 DOI: 10.2478/cttr-2018-0013 Principal Insects Affecting Tobacco Plants in the Field * by Peter A. Edde Altria Client Services LLC, Research Development and Engineering, 601 East Jackson Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA SUMMARY ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum, is a high-value crop grown in Tabak, Nicotiana tabacum, ist eine hochwertige Pflanze, many temperate and tropical countries of the world. Several die in vielen Ländern der Welt mit gemäßigtem und insects attack tobacco throughout the season, from trans- tropischem Klima angebaut wird. Verschiedene Insekten plant production, growth in the field, during storage, and in greifen die Tabakpflanze während der gesamten Saison an, the marketed product. This review focuses on economically von der Produktion von Setzlingen, während des Wachs- important insects of the seedling tobacco or the growing tums auf dem Feld, während der Lagerung und im fertigen crop in major tobacco-producing regions of the world. The Produkt. Diese Übersicht konzentriert sich auf Insekten, die species covered herein are tobacco aphid, black cutworm, gravierende wirtschaftliche Schäden am jungen und heran- tobacco budworm, tobacco hornworm, tobacco flea beetle, wachsenden Tabak verursachen, indem sie den Tabak- thrips, Japanese beetle, and tobacco wireworm. The Keimling oder die wachsende Pflanze in wichtigen tabak- occurrence and economic importance of these insects vary produzierenden Regionen der Welt befallen. Bei den hier from region to region. behandelten Arten handelt es sich um Tabakblattläuse, For each insect discussed, the following information is schwarze Eulenfalter, Tabakknospenwürmer, Tabak- provided: the scientific name and taxonomic position of the schwärmer, Tabakflohkäfer, Thripse, Japanische Käfer und insect; its geographical distribution; the stage that causes Tabakdrahtwürmer. Das Vorkommen und die wirtschaftli- the damage and plant hosts; a brief discussion on classifica- che Bedeutung dieser Insekten variieren von Region zu tion and description of the species; a summary of the Region. biology and ecology; details regarding pest management, Für jedes besprochene Insekt werden die folgenden Infor- which include scouting-/monitoring methods, action mationen bereitgestellt: der wissenschaftliche Name und threshold, cultural (non-chemical) methods, natural ene- die taxonomische Position des Insekts; seine geografische mies, and chemical control. In addition, a concluding Verteilung; das Stadium, das den Schaden verursacht, und paragraph is presented on insect pest management for die Pflanzenwirte; eine kurze Diskussion über die Klassifi- tobacco. [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 28 (2018) 117–165] zierung und Beschreibung der Arten; eine Zusammenfas- sung der Biologie und Ökologie; und Details bezüglich des Schädlingsmanagements, die Scouting-/ Überwachungs- KEYWORDS methoden, Aktionsschwellenwerte, kulturelle (nicht-chemi- sche) Methoden, natürliche Feinde und chemische Kon- Tobacco; field insect pests; tobacco aphid; black cutworm; trolle umfassen. Darüber hinaus wird ein abschließender tobacco budworm; tobacco hornworm; tobacco flea beetle; Absatz zum Thema Schädlingsbekämpfung bei Tabak thrips; Japanese beetle; and tobacco wireworm. präsentiert. [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 28 (2018) 117–165] *Received: 5th July 2018 – accepted: 17th September 2018 Figure 1. The tobacco plant, Nicotiana tabacum (photograph by Peter Edde). RESUME INTRODUCTION Le tabac, Nicotiana tabacum, est une culture de grande Tobacco is a species in the genus Nicotiana, of the plant valeur cultivée dans de nombreux pays tempérés et family Solanaceae, the Nightshade family. The family tropicaux du monde. Plusieurs insectes attaquent le tabac includes many important vegetable crops such as tomato, tout au long de la saison, à partir de la production de potato, pepper, and eggplant. The genus is named after the transplantations, de la croissance sur le terrain, pendant le French diplomat Jean Nicot de Villemain who, in 1560, stockage et dans le produit commercialisé. Cette revue se became the first person to import these plants from the concentre sur les insectes économiquement importants du Americas to Europe. There are over 75 naturally occurring semis de tabac ou sur la production de régions productrices Nicotiana species, including 49 and 25 native to America de tabac dans le monde. Les espèces couvertes ici sont les and Australia, respectively (1–3). Most commercial tobac- pucerons du tabac, le ver gris, la tordeuse du tabac, le cos cultivated today belong to Nicotiana tabacum L. (1), a sphinx du tabac, la chrysomèle du tabac, le thrips, le plant with a large, stout hairy stem that grows from 1–2 m scarabée japonais et le taupin du tabac. L’occurrence et tall (Figure 1). The National Plant Germplasm System l’importance économique de ces insectes d’une région à listed over 1,900 N. tabacum cultivated varieties (cultivars) l’autre est présenté. (4). Pour chaque insecte discuté, les informations suivantes N. tabacum, henceforth referred to as tobacco, is grown as sont fournies: le nom scientifique et la position taxono- an annual crop in several countries, primarily in regions mique de l’insecte; sa répartition géographique; le stade with a mild and sunny climate. For best performance of the qui cause les dégâts et les plantes hôtes; une brève discus- crop, a frost-free period of 100–130 days from date of sion sur la classification et la description de l’espèce; un transplanting to maturity in the field is needed. The tobacco résumé de la biologie et de l’écologie; et des détails sur la plant is extremely hardy and adapts to most soil types. lutte antiparasitaire, notamment les méthodes de dépistage However, each tobacco type needs certain soil types and et de surveillance, les seuils d’intervention, les méthodes climatic conditions to ensure the desirable qualities (color, culturealles (non chimiques), les ennemis naturels et la texture, and aroma) for which it is prized. lutte chimique. En outre, un paragraphe de conclusion est Tobacco is an important economic crop, with high nicotine, présenté sur la lutte contre les insectes nuisibles au tabac. cellulose, ammonia, protein, and potassium contents. Major [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 28 (2018) 117–165] tobacco-producing countries in the world include China, India, Brazil, and the United States. Other countries with significant tobacco production include Indonesia, Turkey, 118 Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Malawi. Tobacco is a high-value TOBACCO APHID — Myzus persicae Sulzer, 1776 crop, earning more cash per hectare than most crops (5). For example, one hectare of tobacco in the United States Taxonomic position yields about five times the dollar value for corn. It is necessary to cure tobacco after harvesting and before Order: Hemiptera it can be consumed. Depending on the tobacco type, the Family: Aphididae leaves are cured with one of the following three methods: 1) air-curing, 2) flue-curing, and 3) fire-curing. To improve Common names aroma, taste, and other quality characteristics, cured tobaccos are held in storage for 1–2 years or more to allow Cabbage aphid; green sesame aphid; peach aphid; peach for slow fermentation, or aging of the leaves under natural curl aphid; peach-potato aphid; potato aphid; tobacco aphid, conditions of temperature and humidity. Cured tobacco leaf green peach aphid is consumed in the form of a cigar, cigarette, dipping tobacco, snuff, or pipe tobacco. The plant can also be used Synonyms as organic pesticide and, when extracted in the form of nicotine tartrate, it is used in some medicines. Aphis convolvuli Kaltenbach, 1843 Like many economic crops, tobacco is subjected to damage Aphis consors Walker, 1848 by several species of insects from the time when the seed Aphis cynoglossi Walker, 1848 is sown in the greenhouse or seed bed in the field, from Aphis derelicta Walker, 1849 transplanting to the completion of harvest, in storage, and Aphis dianthi Schrank, 1801 after the manufactured products have been prepared and Aphis dubia Curtis, 1842 offered for sale. The insects that attack the seedling tobacco Aphis egressa Walker, 1849 or the growing crop include hornworms, budworms, flea Aphis malvae Mosl, 1841 beetles, aphids, splitworms, green June beetle larvae, Aphis persicae Sulzer, 1776 Japanese beetles, tobacco budworms, and wireworms. Aphis persola Walker, 1848 Other species attacking tobacco, but not mentioned in this Aphis rapae Curtis, 1842 review, include webworms, green June beetles, grass- Aphis redundans Walker, 1849 hoppers, mole crickets, vegetable weevils, midge larvae, Aphis suffragans Walker, 1848 slugs, whiteflies, whitefringed beetles, cabbage loopers, Aphis vulgaris Kyber, 1815 and stink bugs. During storage, the cigarette beetle infests Myzodes tabaci Mordvilko, 1914 practically all types of tobacco, worldwide. In temperate or Myzus malvae Oestlund, 1886 subtropical regions, stored tobacco may be attacked by the Myzus pergandei Sanders, 1901 tobacco moth. Myzus persicae nicotianae Blackman, 1987 In this review, attention is given to economically important Myzus persicae var. sanguisorbella Theobald, 1926 insects that attack tobacco in the greenhouse and in the Myzus persicae var. cerastii Theobald, 1926 field. A discussion of the insects that attack the crop in Phorodon cynoglossi Williams, 1891 storage will be presented elsewhere. The species covered Phorodon persicae Sulzer, 1776 herein are the tobacco aphids,
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