Proteobacteria//// Vampirovibrio Gromov and Mamkaeva 1980a, 676VP (Effective publication: Gromov and Mamkaeva 1980b, 165) ......

Marcie L. Baer, Shippensburg University, Biology Department, Shippensburg, PA 17257, USA Henry N. Williams, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Dental School, Department of OCBS, Baltimore, MD 21201-1510, USA

Vam.pi.ro.vib’ri.o.Fr.n.vampire vampire; L. v. vibrio to appendages including a single, unsheathed polar move rapidly to and fro; M.L. masc. n. vibrio that which and fibrils. Require viable cells of the algal genus Chlorella vibrates; M.L. masc. n. Vampirovibrio a vampire-like for growth and development; reproduction occurs via binary vibrio. fission. Extracellular parasites; penetration of the prey cell Cell shapes range from vibrios to wider curved has never been observed, although the Chlorella cells are killed and the cell contents are digested (Coder and Starr, rods to cocci and range from 0.3–0.6 𝛍m wide.Cell 1978). size and shape vary with life cycle form. Gram nega- The mol% G + CoftheDNAis: 50 (Coder and Starr, 1978). tive. Cell wall ultrastructure is consistent with that of Type species: Vampirovibrio chlorellavorus Gromov and Gram-negative . Electron micrographs indicate Mamkaeva 1980a, 676 (Effective publication: Gromov and the presence of extracellular appendages including a Mamkaeva 1980b, 165.) single, unsheathed polar flagellum and fibrils. Require Number of validated species: 1 viable cells of the algal genus Chlorella for growth and development; reproduction occurs via binary fission. Further descriptive information Extracellular parasites; penetration of the prey cell has never been observed, although the Chlorella cells are The cell wall ultrastructure is consistent with that of killed and the cell contents are digested (Coder and Gram-negative bacteria. Prey susceptibility appears to be limited to alga cells of the genus Chlorella, as no degradation Starr, 1978). was observed when lysates of the “chlorellavorus bacterium” The mol% G + CoftheDNAis:50(CoderandStarr, were tested with suspensions of a variety of Gram-negative 1978). bacteria, other eucaryotic algae, or the cyanobacterium Type species: Vampirovibrio chlorellavorus Gromov Anacystis (Mamkaeva, 1966; Coder and Starr, 1978). and Mamkaeva 1980a, 676 (Effective publication: Coder and Goff (1986) examined 76 algal strains to see Gromov and Mamkaeva 1980b, 165.) ...... whether they could serve as prey for Vampirovibrio.Thebac- terium attacked all 31 strains of the species Chlorella vulgaris, Cell shapes range from vibrios to wider curved rods to cocci Chlorella sorokiniana,andChlorella kessleri but only two of and range from 0.3–0.6 𝛍m wide. Cell size and shape 39 strains of nine other Chlorella species. Neither of two vary with life cycle form. Gram negative. Cell wall ultra- strains of another algal genus, Prototheca, was susceptible to structure is consistent with that of Gram-negative bacteria. attack. It was suggested that this narrow host specificity may Electron micrographs indicate the presence of extracellular be related to cell surface properties......

Bergey’s Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria, Online © 2015 Bergey’s Manual Trust. This article is © 2005 Bergey’s Manual Trust. DOI: 10.1002/9781118960608.gbm01009. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., in association with Bergey’s Manual Trust. 2 Bergey’s Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria

Taxonomic comments List of species of the genus Vampirovibrio

Although Vampirovibrio has similar characteristics to the Vampirovibrio chlorellavorus genus Bdellovibrio including morphology, predatory ability, Gromov and Mamkaeva 1980a, 676VP (Effective publication: Gromov and Mamkaeva 1980b, 165.) and DNA base composition, there are important differences ...... between the two genera. Vampirovibrio demonstrates an obli- gate requirement for viable algal cells in order to grow and chlo.rel.la’ vo.rus.M.L.fem.n.Chlorella a genus of algae; L. v. reproduce, whereas bdellovibrios are much more flexible in voro to devour; M.L. adj. chlorellavorus Chlorella-devouring. their developmental cycle, utilizing active prey cells, growing The characteristics are as described for the genus. axenically in liquid/solid media, or growing saprophytically The mol% G + CoftheDNAis: 50 (method uncertain). on heat-killed cellular extracts. The prey for Vampirovibrio is Type strain: ATCC 29753. eucaryotic, not procaryotic, and the prey range is limited to one algal type (Chlorella), whereas bdellovibrios demonstrate Reference the ability to parasitize a wide range of susceptible prey bacteria. The shape of the Vampirovibrio flagellum resembles Coder, D.M. and L.J. Goff. 1986. The host range of the that of Bdellovibrio, but it lacks a flagellar sheath. Finally, chlorellavorous bacterium (“Vampirovibrio chlorellavorus”). Vampirovibrio lacks the typical dimorphic life cycle observed J. Phycol. 22: 543–546. for Bdellovibrio sp., i.e., there is an absence of long, spirillar Coder, D.M. and M.P. Starr. 1978. Antagonistic associ- forms, and the organisms never penetrate the selected prey ation of the chlorellavorus bacterium (“Bdellovibrio” cells. This type of parasitism is unlike its Bdellovibrio counter- chlorellavorus) with Chlorella vulgaris. Curr. Microbiol. 1: part, in which the bacteria penetrate and lodge within the 59–64. periplasmic space of the prey cell. These reasons support the creation of a new genus containing the “chlorellavorus Gromov, B.V. and K.A. Mamkaeva. 1980a. Proposal of a bacterium”. new genus Vampirovibrio for chorellavorus bacteria Vampirovibrio, in fact, may be taxonomically closer to previously assigned to Bdellovibrio. Mikrobiologiya 49: members of the genus Micavibrio (Lambina et al., 1982). 165–167. Micavibrios have a similar morphology—small curved rods Gromov, B.V. and K.A. Mamkaeva. 1980b. In Validation of with a single non-sheathed polar flagellum—and reproduc- the publication of new names and new combinations pre- tive cycle—multiplication by binary fission that is dependent viously effectively published outside the IJSB. List. No. 5. upon the presence of prey cells. More importantly, micovib- Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 30: 676–677. rios have an exoparasitic lifestyle like that of vampirovibrios: they never penetrate their prey, yet eventually destroy the prey Lambina, V.A., A.V. Afinogenova, S. Romai Penabad, S.M. organism. The major differences between these two genera Konovalova and A.P. Pushkareva. 1982. Micavibrio admi- are that micavibrios have a procaryotic prey (Stenotrophomonas randus gen. et sp. nov. Mikrobiologiya 51: 114–117. maltophilia) and the mol% G + C of the DNA is higher (57% Mamkaeva, K.A. 1966. Observations on the lysis of cultures vs. 50%). of the genus Chlorella. Mikrobiologiya 35: 853–859.

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