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IN THE LIFE OF SOUTH AFRICA

is»siyi NEWS/CHECK ON SOUTHAFRICA AND AFRICA 5th Floor, Unitas Building 42 Marshall Street lohannesburg Southafrica PO Box 1742 Phone: 835-1541 EDITOR Otto Krause

STAFFWR ITERS Elisc Chilvcrs Robert Hodgins Harald Pakendorf Martin Spring Ruth Weiss CONTRIBUTING WRITERS Peter Barnett Esme Berman |im Cibb-Taylor Clive Hirschhorn Denise Kessler Roy Terry Madeleine van BiHon EDITORIAL RESEARCHERS Liz Spring Sheila van dor Merwe THE POWER OP INDUSTRY, THE I'OWKR OF STWEL, BUSINESS. ADVERTISING MANAGER A new era for the Republic Peter Kamstra lOHANNESSURC ADVERTISING REPRESENTATIVE DRICHT future for Sfeel. A standout fact about Southafrica is that its Frank Belling '^ 58 cars per thousand population put it ahead of even such industrially CAPETOWN ADVERTISING REPRESENTATIVE established states as Italy a'nd the Netherlands. This is just one pointer Charles Cameron-Strange to Southafrica's industrial advance in recent years. Setting the pace is the (Box 4511—Phone 41-1508) rapidly expanding Steel business, which NEWS/CHECK has selected for its first Published by Checkpress {Pty.) Ltd. at 42 Marshall Street full colour spread and first coverstory on a national industry. lohannesburg Printed by Radford Adlington Ltd. Caithness Street Ophirton Battery for the body. Southafrica's doctors will be making history soon lohannesburg Distributed by Centra! News when they insert a special battery-powered heart-beat pacemaker into the Agency Ltd. corner Commis­ sioner and Rissik Streets lohan­ abdomen of a Portuguese merchant. For more on the ticker-timer see nesburg Registered at the CPO as a MEDICINE. newspaper Life of peril. This issue's LIVING section brings home the high tension of YEARLY SUBSCRIPTION RATES Southafrica & Africa Postal a bullfighter's life. Covering the LM beat, NEWS/CHECK contributing writer Union: R5.20 (52s) Southafrica & Africa Postal Denise Kessler found matador Manuel dos Santos "a man of remarkable Union (Airmail Delivery): R7.50 (75s) personality" but found the drama of the bullring reflected in the emotions Britain & Europe (Airfreight of his wife. rate): R10.25 (£5 2s 6d) Britain (Airmail Delivery): R 18.20 (£9 25) Caveman breakthrough, SCIENCE this week reports a new "cultural missing Europe (Airmail Delivery): R20.80 link" brought to light by famed anthropologist Raymond Dart. The message: North America (Airmail De­ livery): R31.20 ($44.00) caveman wasn't all that clueless. Overseas Surface Mail: R6.40 (64s) ($9.00) Contents COVERSTORY: Southafrica's New Horizon: STEEL —P. 19 Southafrica 5 Education 29 Art 35 Guide Africa 9 Press 29 Sport 37 World/Check 14 Living 31 Religion 38 Medicine 33 Entertainment 39 Vol 1 No 15 1 February 1963 Newspeople 16 Business 17 Science 34 Letters 40

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NEWS/CHECK 1 FEBRUARY 1963 NEWS/CHECK ON SOUTHAFRICA AND AFRICA SOUTHAFRICA PARLIAMENT Damp squibs As the clouds whipped up by the Southeaster seem glued to the top of Table Mountain at this time of year, so a sticky fog of indecisiveness settled in the Assembly last week. The new session's no confidence debate turned out the dullest in living memory, a worn-out gramophone record. Speaker after speaker rose to put arguments that the nation has heard over and over again, until it could repeat them backwards. When the debate ended on Friday with the Government gaining its inevitable victory (91 votes to 54), no-one was sorry. Yet it all started promisingly enough. When the Leader of the Opposition, Sir de Villiers Graaff, gave notice that he would move "that this House has no confi­ CAPETOWN'S MOUNTAIN dence in the Government," the The tableclolh crept down announcement was greeted by loud applause by his supporters, equally a lambasting of the Bantustan policy; sparked off speculation that South- loud laughter from the Government a spirited advocacy of the United africa might boycott future UN benches. Enthusiasm quickly died Party's race federation plan. (Quipped debates. Also speaking much and when Graaff launched his attack. the National Party's Sample Froneman: saying little were the Opposition mem­ Bad time for federations. There was "It is a bad time for federations"). bers. Sidney Waterson complained nothing new: a request to the Govern­ As Graaff sat down, all eyes turned that "we all know that an economic ment to make concessions to UN expectantly to Prime Minister Hendrik boom is just around the corner, but it pressure; an attack on Justice Minister Verwoerd. Usually this is his cue to has been around the corner for years." John Vorster for publicising Com­ rise and make an important policy Following the UP policy of joining the munism and failing to distinguish announcement. Instead, looking sun­ Government in attacks on the UN, between reformers and revolutionaries; tanned in his grey charcoal worsted Communism and sabotage, but criti­ suit, he remained seated with his eyes cising the methods used, conservative closed. The debate petered out in a Henry Tucker asked the Cabinet to series of inconsequential personal "be as careful as it can possibly be to attacks and half-hearted attempts to avoid the methods of Communism prove the other man's party more when it tries to uproot Communism." dangerous for the country. Only MP Helen Suzman warned: "The people, to draw praise was the Progressive my people, Africans, are turning to Party's lone Helen Suzman (from the deliberate acts of violence and of force NP's Dr Carel de Wet, for her political against the Government in order to honesty in admitting that non-whites persuade the Government, in the only would be allowed to sit in the Cabinet language which this Government should the Progs come to power). shows, by its own behaviour, that it Not a minister, a gimmick. Minister understands." UP firebrand Douglas Vorster invited the UP to join the Mitchell remarked acidly: "People Government in eradicating Com­ (are) just waffling away." munism. Undeterred by the Opposi­ Lack of sparkle. On the last day, the tion frontbencher Hamilton Russell's PM joined the debate. It took him remark — "he is not a minister, he is 105 minutes to say very little too. He a gimmick" — Information Minister set out to prove that Bantustans had Frankie Waring went into a long ex­ been NP policy since 1948 (quoting planation of the Government's Bantu­ different sources, the UP's crafty stan policy. Marais Steyn later put the reverse picture). Southafrica, said Verwoerd, Foreign Minister Eric Louvi' said the was not friendless. The economy and Republic would not leave the UN, but the Defence Force were strong enough OPPOSITIOX LEADER GRAAFF would not allow its representatives for the Republic to maintain its posi- The mixture as before there to suffer jeers and insults: this

NEWS/CHECK 1 FEBRUARY 1963 into the position of foreign Bantu in THE LAW the Republic) was tabled in Parlia­ ment. The starting point for the The Rubin Trial (cont) Commission was not the repatriation The tone of the trial of Harold Rubin, of foreign Bantu but creating jobs for up for blasphemy (for exhibiting his the local population. Main proposal painting My Jesus) becomes, as the is that the entry of all foreign Bantu case wore into its third and fourth must be stopped completely with the weeks, more serious, more scrutinising. exception of labourers for the mines "This case does not only concern and border area farms. Other pro­ Rubin. It is the trial of freedom in posals are: that Bantu, Coloureds and art, freedom in literature, freedom of Indians do the jobs vacated by the expression", said Rubin's counsel. foreigners, that all foreign women With the case for the prosecution and children be deported, that no closed, the defence witnesses have in­ foreign children be allowed in South­ cluded notable figures in all the arts, african schools, that identification and have introduced issues of the documents be carried by all who wish deepest import. to enter, that detention camps be erected on strategic points on the Rephrasing. The close of the prose­ Republic's borders, and that all em­ cution's case was marked by accusa­ ployers who do not dismiss their tions by the defence that the Rev foreign workers pay Rl a month for Gerhardus Cruywagen, the State's each one foreigner until he has been chief witness, had taken steps to ensure deported. his getting publicity when he went to PM HKNDItIK VERWOKRll look at the picture, and that a "rabble- 105 minutes of not very much The failure. It seems a high-powered rouser" named Jeff O'Connell had tion in Africa, despite all the critics. plan which on paper should have every been used to attract attention to the When it was all over, political pundits chance of success. But the Froneman painting. Committee's own figures show that only decried the lack of sparkle, called for The last witness for the prosecution a shorter debate next year. Oddly, 68,000 of the 650.000 foreign men will be deported. The mines employ was Bess Spruyt Lambrechts who they failed to suggest a better solution thought that Rubin did intend to make might be new ideas, better arguments. 312,000 and the farmers 270,000—the Committee's figures-and most of these fun of Christ. At this '.point, the With their existing ideas. Government magistrate, over protestations by the and Opposition have reached an are to be allowed to stay, as the Com­ mittee has found that Southafrican defence, altered the charge to "with impasse: neither can progress much some animal-like or monster-like further without stealing something Bantu are too sophisticated to look for work anywhere else but in the head" instead of "with the head of from the other, perhaps because each some animal or monster". side offers only half-truths. All the urban areas. 441,000 of the foreigners politicians have done so far this came from the Protectorates and to Warnings and quotations. Rubin's session is bore the public. return all of them en masse would counsel then introduced the note that This week the Government tabled the sour the already touchy relations with more was at stake than the fate of Transkei Constitution (self-rule) Bill, the Protectorates. Anti-Southafrican Rubin or his drawing. And he began the most important measure of the as the Protectorates often are, the by calling the Southafrican poet Uys session, and promptly ran into bitter the influx of 441,000 disgruntled, job­ Krige, who found that the picture was opposition. Taking the unusual step less men would increase the hostility; "a cry from the heart — just the oppo­ of opposing its first reading, Graaff and the blow to the economies of these site of what the State is alleging". said it was the first step to the frag­ three territories would be severe. He was followed by Cecil Skotnes, an mentation of Southafrica. Southafrica might find it impolitic to artist and the President of the South­ summarily send back 186,000 foreign african Council of Artists. He referred women and children to the territories. to the banning of works under the FOREIGN BANTU It is not all that easily done; and German Nazis, and when asked by the Goodbye |ohnson? the assumption that the 505,000 un­ prosecution: "If I said I could see employed local Bantu will just step nothing but ridicule of Christ behind Johnson is a Nyasa boy and a real into the jobs vacated by the deported jewel around the house. He cleans this picture?", replied: "I should foreigners, is a little too trite. For seriously doubt your intelligence." the whole place every day, knows what one, there is no reason whatever to to do in the kitchen and keeps the Next witness called was Richard assume that the unemployed live in Daneel, actor, producer and drama garden in shape. All this for far less those areas where the foreigners are than any Southafrican Bantu would critic, who quoted from various Afri­ working at the moment. kaans poets to prove that they too had think of doing any one of the three Solving the problem. But it is true jobs. The authorities have tried to sometimes doubted God, revolted that the foreign Bantu lower the wage against Him. deport him on several occasions but standards of the Southafrican Bantu. his employers go to endless trouble If the foreigners must go, then it is During a heated exchange with the to keep him. He was sent back once, far better that they be drawn rather prosecution, the defence said that the and he promptly walked back. Fear than pushed. Southafrica all too often charge was for blasphemy under the of being deported again makes him a tries to cure matters by administrative common law, not for heresy under hard worker who cannot demand a action alone. In this case, the wiser Church law. The subject of the case great salary and who tries to make as solution would surely be for South­ would seem to touch very few people little trouble as possible. But all this africa to assist in the economic develop­ in their ordinary way of life, yet is is to end. ment of the Protectorates; then there watched by a packed gallery and The proposals. Last week the Frone- would be a reason for people to move. receives full newspaper coverage in man Committee's report (inquiring both languages. It continues.

NEWS/CHECK 1 FEBRUARY 1963 insurance, part child protection, is almost always involved, whatever the ceremony — in 89 per cent of the marriages. Ambitions. While among the women 30 per cent were illiterate and very few were educated above Standard VI (matriculants: less than 0.5 per cent), among their children, the urban ambi­ tions are at work. In 12 per cent of the households, at least one child over 16 is undergoing full-time education, and 74 per cent send their children to primary school (though only 5 per cent to high school). But a marked aspect is that many do not send their children to urban schools. Partly this is because grandparents (usually rural) have a lien over children where lobola is not fully paid up, but other reasons were: rural education facilities are better, no tsotsis. New habits. In understanding of health too there are improvements. Those OliD STYLE TOWNSHIP who visit the clinics number 67 per The deadening weight of loss cent, private doctors an astonishing 27 per cent. But a fading 5 per cent still CITIES ingly inclined towards permanent, go to the witchdoctor. Radio set urban life. But the statistics go further, Out of the chrysalis showing that about half of the inter­ ownership is up (25 per cent), 38 per A little more than a decade or so ago, viewees maintain no contact with their cent read Sunday and weekly news­ the shanty towns of Southafrica were origins in the Reserves, and even papers, 14 per cent a daily paper; and something the nation preferred not to among those who do, there are many even the most urban habit, saving, has discuss, but below their physical who own no possessions there, and in improved, 41 per cent averring that squalor was a note of graver import, the opinion of the survey, the great they saved money in one way or the forcing of the Bantu into habits majority would not fit in, or be satis­ another, although 17 per cent of it is of despair founded on impermanence. fied with kraal life. through a Burial Society, 12 per cent Since then R120m has been spent on through Insurance and only 7 per cent new housing and already from this Married respectability. Significant through the banks. The last habit is, emerges a pattern of urbanisation that too, is the change of marriage patterns. perhaps most of all, indicative of a though infinitely far from perfection, Today in the townships customary petit bourgeoisie settling down. But a holds a promise for the Bantu of a union is down to 33 per cent where lot more must happen before these development of something positive to the more protective church and/or people become truly midle class. Much replace the loss of tribal organisation. civil ceremonies are up to 56 per cent. in Southafrica will depend on how this Presentation. Giving a number of But lohola, which is part status, part next stage is negotiated. diverse clues to the new life of the townships is An African Day, pub­ lished recently by Market Research Africa (Pty) Ltd. A collection of statistics extracted from the question­ ing of 500 African housewives living in townships, it seeks to make no point or weigh any thesis, merely to present a picture. Few begin there. By far the majority (76 per cent) of the housewives inter­ viewed were not born to town life, although the average length of resi­ dence in the townships is 17 years. The average length of time in the present house is 5| years, and 66 per cent of them came from another town­ ship. The majority (63 per cent) liked town life, forwarding reasons from just being used to it (19 per cent), to disliking country life, to better pros­ pects for their husbands and them­ selves. The don't-Iikers (36 per cent) have one main grievance (25 per cent): the cost of living is too high. This NEW STYLE TOWNSHIP alone is evidence of a group increas­ New prospects, new patterns, new hope

NEWS/CHECK 1 FEBRUARY 1963 SECURITY NEEDED: ONE TOUCH OF ARROGANCE Tougher on both sides Southafrica, come to the Sixties, ^ Southafrica is suspicious of new Over the last few weeks a number of has worried itself into a tizzy. ideas, particularly foreign ones; sabotage attempts were made in the Defensiveness, rather than an expan­ history's rising nations swallowed Republic. sive faith is becoming the hallmark all the new ideas they could gar­ Tally. 1. A steel manhole cover of of the decade. It is sad, because ner, and often, soon asserted that a telephone inspection chamber was there is really very little reason for they themselves originated the this. Afrikaners defend themselves blown 40 yards in an explosion in ideas; Durban's Mobeni industrial area. Only against the world, but aggressively. • Southafrica is thick with an Time was when Afrikaners didn't a few cables were damaged and ser­ atmosphere of scruple-weighing vices to the disrupted areas were soon give a tinker's cuss for the rest of and niggling accusation; the rising the world—and got on with the job. restored. peoples had a national enthusi­ 2. A fused bomb was planted on a Today the Afrikaner says: " I'm asm which overrode all that, and Southafrican—want to make some­ ledge outside the Durban editorial devoted their energies to better­ offices of Die Nataller. The explosion thing of it?" Time was when the ment; English Southafrican also got on damaged walls, window frames and a with the job, furiously. Today he, ^ Southafrica boosts its morale door was blasted off its hinges. Several too, is on the defensive, apologetic­ falsely by seeing itself as better passersby were treated for shock. One ally. He says; "I'm Southafrican than the world's more squalid woman, hit by flying glass, received a . . . there's nothing much I can do nations. The rising nations were cut in a leg. Significantly, for the about it." The Southafrican, posed never more arrogant than in their first time saboteurs acted in reckless by the world as a hyena, as a pole­ assumption that they were better disregard for human life. cat, as a lone wolf, acts more like than the best. 3. Durban's McCord hospital for Afri­ an old bull tamed by the ring in Standing still. In the Sixties, South­ cans was rocked by an explosion. its nose. african thinking is dangerously Very little damage was done. Patriotism and reform. This defen­ qualified by caution, limited think­ 4. A bomb planted in the post box of siveness is getting nobody anywhere ing, unadventurous vision. In the the Rata shoe company failed to fast. It denies the much-vaunted political field, the Government's explode. This followed the strike of Southafrican patriotism. Examined Bantustan policy is seen by most of 450 employees after the dismissal of together, the defensiveness and the its adherents negatively, as an 50 Indians earlier. patriotism actually add up to a avoidance of black dominance, not 5. An unexploded bomb was found in stubborn defence of things as they as the opportunity to solve present Pretoria's old Jewish Synagogue, scene are. And the defensiveness ham­ inabilities to live together, a solu­ of the 1958 Treason Trial, and of the pers a true patriotism which rests tion with the promise of cultural, recent Mandela trial. on a conviction that though things economic and social enlivenment. 6. Three Bantu attempted to set fire as they are, are good, things as Too often Opposition thinking is to a 1,500,000 gallon petrol tank at the they will be, will be excitingly no less sad sack, dedicated to the Capetown docks on the day Parlia­ better. Nothing but this new-found equally negative objective of get­ ment was opened. Three men were negativism prevents Southafrica ting the Nats out, somehow, soon­ detained. est; not believing in and becoming from fully realising its potential, Counter-measures. Anti-sabotage acti­ and the grand promise of its future. excited about its own vision of Southafrica. vities are increasing too. Commis­ How to go on up. The comparison sioner of Police John Keevy an­ between Southafrica and other Southafrica fondly, and even self- nounced that his best men available nations when they were on the up­ assuringly, blames its politicians. were being taken off their normal jobs grade is depressing. Whether 17th Yet they can do but little more than to concentrate on sabotage. Already century Holland or Britain, 18th reflect the temper of their time. in Paarl an African has been arrested century France, last century Amer­ How to choose. Deeper down, the for an alleged attempt to blow up the ica, all had a dynamism fuelled by choice does not lie between politi­ local Post Office, and he will be absolute self-conviction, a belief in cians, but in the way Southafrica charged under the Sabotage Act. doing things for the hell of it, and sees itself: as a nation busting out In Queenstown five Africans were each citizen had a touch of arro­ all over, preoccupied with the pre­ found guilty of incitement to commit gance. They accepted that they sent and future and to the woods sabotage under the Act. Three were were not perfect, but got no with the past? Or like 17th century jailed for 20 years each and two for neuroses just because everyone also Spain, rich but defensive, cautious, twelve years each. They had attempted pointed this out. Though this made conservative, priggish rather than to incite boys of 12 to 18 to commit them objectionable to the outer arrogant, warming its bosom with sabotage. world, it kept tensed their secret the notion that it is the only de­ In Pretoria a private citizens' protec­ springs of action. Southafrica, too, fender of some kind of true faith? could do with a touch of arrogance. tion organisation has been provision­ Southafrica needs a nation whose ally formed which will encourage men How not to. On a continent in citizens will turn a deaf ear to the which it possesses economic and to join the Police Reserve and women sounds of battles long ago, a judi­ to join pistol clubs. The organisation technological supremacy and could cious ear to the voices of enemies achieve moral supremacy, South­ will supply medical aid, food, etc, in as well as friends, and an inner ear time of emergency. The response has africa should be in the position of to the lessons of its moral values a rising nation. But measuring up been good. The Government further and the trumpet call of a future of plans to tighten the Explosives Act Southafrica against history's rising limitless potentiality. Then, even peoples brings no consolation. and up sentences from the three years its politics will come right. maximum to 15. A new toughness is evident.

NEWS/CHECK I FEBRUARY .1963 AFRICA babwe African People's Union). Then guese repatriated from Goa, who Butler flew to Northern Rhodesia, were forced to leave "without even where supporters of Kenneth Kaunda's their wedding rings", have generously UNIP greeted him with placards ("Put been allowed to take large amounts of Welensky in Prison" and "If No Con­ valuable jewellery, cameras, radios stitution — New Bloodshed"), and the and binoculars with them. The only cry: "one man, one vote." Butler thing they are allowed to leave behind heard the same from Kaunda and his are sons and daughters born in coalition ally Harry Nkumbula, who Mozambique, who can claim Portu­ met him at Lusaka dressed respectively guese citizenship. On the other side in a purple toga and a morning suit. of the ocean, the expellees are getting Slide-rule dog's breakfast. The reluc­ no help of any kind from the Indian tant allies demanded the end of Federa­ Government which is indirectly re­ tion, the end of Northern Rhodesia's sponsible for their plight. The Portu­ complex constitution which has been guese say A verdade e como o azeite called a "slide-rule dog's breakfast" at (truth is like olive oil). The Indians, Westminster itself. The UFP's John all fluent in Portuguese, are saying Roberts, representing most of the terri­ the truth is more like vinegar. tory's 74,000 whites, spent 90 minutes MINISTER "RAB" BUTLER telling Butler that Northern Rhodesia EAST AFRICA W/iy does everyone yell at me? was heading for a one-party dictator­ ship which would drive out whites Scapegoat THE RHODESIAS and capital. Butler, not impressed, Off to London last week flew Ugan­ What the Butler saw (and heard) paid a warm tribute to the "construc­ da's Prime Minister Milton Obote and Not many weeks ago the Federation's tive and realistic attitude" of Roberts' Tanganyika's Vice-President Rashidi Governor-General Lord Dalhousie went African opponents before flying off to Kawawa to tell the British to hurry on the nation's radio, said "here in Nyasaland. There are still no answers up uhum for Kenya — or else. The this beautiful land ... the vast yet to the tricky problem of who pays else is Obote's plan to apply a boycott majority, of whatever race or colour, for the funeral. of Kenyan goods by neighbouring ter­ only want in their hearts to be left in ritories. Whitehall listened sympa­ peace to cultivate the land and develop thetically, clucked soothingly, sent the its prosperity. What a tragedy it MOZAMBIQUE two African leaders home still smoul­ would be if the political heat en­ Sins of cousins . . . dering but happy — probably with gendered by a few is allowed to burn At midnight on December 17, 1961, news that this month's trip to East up pastures which have been so loving­ India invaded Goa, seized the mineral- Africa by Commonwealth and Colo­ ly tended and promise such luxurious rich enclave after 451 years of Portu­ nial Secretary Duncan Sandys is to growth in the years to come." Last guese rule. Portugal's retaliation — a set the stage for Kenya's much-delayed week the pastures were really afire as decree expelling the 5,000 Indian independence. Britain gave way to Nyasaland's Feder­ nationals from Mozambique — is Those difficult British. Obote and ation-hating Dr Hastings Banda and finally being put into effect this Kawawa's complaint is that although announced Nyasaland would be out of month. The remaining 1,500 "citizens both their countries are nominally in­ the Federation before the end of the dependent, they still have to deal with year and gave ear to African demands of an enemy country" must leave for a London conference soon to "dig Lourenco Marques by the 12th or go "colonial" officials representing Kenya the grave for the Federation and to jail. The Indians, unlike the Portu­ on the Common Services Organisation arrange the funeral procession." We want Welensky—in jail. To sound out family feelings, undertaker Richard Austen ("Rab") Butler, Britain's Minister for Central African Affairs, has been on a whip-around of the three territories. Notable absentee from the bigwigs greeting him at Salisbury air­ port was Federal Prime Minister Sir Roy Welensky, who, beforehand, accused Britain of violating its 1953 pledge not to allow a break-up of the Federation without the agreement of all five governments concerned (Bri­ tain, the three territories, and the Federal Government). More anxious to see Butler were Joshua Nkomo and his fellow Southern Rhodesian African nationalists, who arrived for their chat wearing jackal-skin hats. They de­ manded British intervention in South­ ern Rhodesian affairs to secure the removal of the ban on ZAPU (Zim­ COXFBRERS (FRONT RO\V> S.iNUVS, KAWAWA, MACMILLAN, OBOTE KANU + KADU + EACSO + Uhuru = Trouble

NEWS/CHECK 1 FEBRUARY 1963 TOGOLAND Assassination aftermath The killing of Togo's President Sylvan us Olympio by insurrectionists (NEws/cHKCK, January 18) set West Africa a-twittering like nothing since extremists banged a grenade off at the Osagycfo's feet. Tut-tutted Upper Volta Cabinet minister August Denise, "subversion is tending to become endemic in Africa." Editorialised Nigeria's West African Pilot: "All talk of African unity will be futile if we are going to oppose subversion at home and approve it for export just to attain particular political ends." It called Togo's provisional Govern­ ment, headed by half-German Nicolas Grunitsky, a "band of riflemen" and "bloodstained usurpers," went on to urge the Monrovia group of African TUNISIAN PLOTTERS ON TBFAL states to set up a "fire brigade" army Stab in the hack and a serpent's tooth which could be rushed to threatened which links the three territories. Plans part in the plot, 15 others began serv­ governments within hours. Meeting for a more tightly linked East African ing sentences ranging from one year hurriedly in Lagos, the Monrovia states Federation are stymied so long as to life, for the parts they played. condemned the assassination, de­ there is no sovereign Kenyan Govern­ Death-at-midnight plan. The plotters manded the execution of the killers, ment with which to deal. This is the planned to slay Bourguiba as he lay the release of Olympic's imprisoned public story. The real reason is that asleep in his presidential palace at ministers, free elections and a return both Uganda and Tanganyika find it Carthage, near Tunis. His personal to law. This week a five-nation mission impossible to deal with both KANU's bodyguard had agreed to lead them (Nigeria, Dahomey, Niger, Upper Jomo Kenyatta and KADU's Ronald to his bedside at midnight. Behind Volta, Ivory Coast) flies to Togo to Ngala, who alternately represent the plan were disgruntled army offi­ ask: "What about it?" Kenya at EACSO meetings. Bitter cers and landowners and old friends of rivals, they are always contradicting Bourguiba's onetime bitter rival, Salah each other. The neighbours know ben Youssef, who was murdered in THIS IS AFRICA that with iihiini will come an election West Germany in 1961, allegedly by Bourguiba's agents. But the president's Kenya's striking brewery workers putting either Kenyatta or Ngala on say that as Africans drink 85 per top. With one man to deal with, both security men turned up evidence of aid to the plotters by Algeria. En­ cent of locally manufactured beer Uganda and Tanganyika feel they and comprise 85 per cent of the might be able to get somewhere. raged, Tunisia's stocky boss told a crowd of 200,000 that Algeria was "a breweries' staffs, they should get 85 haven for the enemies of Tunisia . . . per cent of the companies' profits. the main breeding ground for all sub­ TUNISIA versive actions against the very same Ten plotters die In deference to nationalist suscepti­ Tunisian state which gave Algeria so bilities, Kampala's Imperial Hotel Tunisia's President Habib Bourguiba much aid in the war." Then he vir­ has changed its name to Grand has long been the stormy petrel of tually cut off diplomatic relations with Hotel at the cost of several thou­ Arab politics, steering a perilous Algiers by recalling his ambassador sand rand for new cutlery, crockery course between pro-Westernism (his and economic delegation. The Alge­ and linen. Ugandan nationalists wife is French) and Arab militancy rian reaction was one of hurt inno­ couldn't really care less, now call (he spent 30 years in French prisons cence. Foreign Affairs Minister Mo- it the Grand Imperial Hotel. fighting for his country's freedom). hamed Khemesti called the accusa­ Bourguiba has never seen eye-to-eye tions "thoughtless", accused Bourgui­ with Egypt's President Nasser, the ba's cops of giving a two hours black­ Ignorance of postal clerks at Aru- most powerful man in the Arab world, jacking to Algeria's charge d'affaires sha, Kenya, is novy becoming hilari­ and the French capitulation in Algeria during an interrogation. ous. Item: scribbled query on a meant the handover of control of returned registered letter addressed Tunisia's giant neighbour to a militant Kiss for unity. Morocco's King to North Wales — "Is this in Nasserite clique led by Ahmed ben Hassan, upset at such a setback to his America?" ^ Bella. Just how perilous this is for plan for unity of the Maghreb (Mo­ Bourguiba, he discovered a few days rocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya), Sad news for the locals of Ulanga before Christmas, when an army non- despatched two Cabinet ministers to district, Tanganyika: Regional com burst into the Defence Ministry Tunis and Algiers in a bid to get his Commissioner Chief Humbi Ziota to blurt out details of a plot to assassi­ Arab brothers to kiss and make up. has closed all the pombe shops. nate the President. Last week ten men, Some kind of face-saving formula is Reason — famine relief maize sent five civilians and five army officers likely in the interests of Arab unity, by the Americans is being turned (including Major Ben Said, who served but the deeper divisions will remain. into home brew instead of being with the UN Tunisian contingent in Things are ripe for trouble-making, eaten. the Congo) were executed for their and others are willing to make it.

10 NEWS/CHECK I FEBRUARY 1963 CHAD in transforming their dirt-poor terri­ tory (R28 a year per capita income) Making the desert bloom into a modern nation. Most Chadians Not many thousands of years ago, are completely backward. Across the experts say, the arid Sahara was a fair northern wastes, from the hot plains land of forests, game and plentiful of Bahr Azoum to the lunar landscape water. Within the span of recorded of the Tibesti Mountains, wander the history, now-dry coastal regions were fiercely independent camel-riding Sen- the granary of Rome. Today Africa's ussi nomads who make it a point of northern half is spanned by the world's honour to avoid tax-collectors and largest desert stretching 3,200 miles census enumerators. By the lake live from east to west. 1,400 miles from horsemen who wear armour made from north to south. But hopes that this flattened cigarette tins: their inspira­ arid expanse will once again bear fruit tion must have come from the Cru­ are not lost. Much of the soil is very saders ages ago. To the south, fertile, needs only irrigation to bloom. the women of the forest have their Beneath much of the rock and sand heads squashed and shaped to a point, lies enough water to do it, given a wear huge clay or metal lip-plates. profusion of boreholes. But the best Their husbands have their faces and hopes centre around the Sahara's one entire torsos, back and front, scarified remaining permanent expanse of water in detailed patterns. —Lake Chad. Nomads and naked fetishists. Only aissr j,^ Market millions. Lake Chad, located three per cent of Chadians are at the meeting point of the borders literate, only nine per cent of their of Cameroon, Nigeria, Niger, and the youngsters go to school, and the job of uplifting the nation rests on a hand­ country that takes its name (see map), SM.AI.IJ TOWN MARKET IN CHAD is a hollow inland sea which waxes ful of university graduates. A patch­ Four onimals lo every human to 10,000 square miles, wanes to 4,000, work of Muslim nomads. Christianized according to the flow of the 750-mile black farmers and naked fetishists, Shari River which is its principal Chad is held together by politically S.IHAR.-IN CHAD feeder. To a large proportion of skilful President Francois Tombalbaye, Big as Southafrica, poor as a Chad's 10 million cattle, sheep and goats, the lake is life itself, for without it they would die of thirst. And with­ out livestock the 2\ million people HIGER of Chad would face starvation, for the soil of much of this Southafrica- sized. saucer-shaped country is so poor that it will not even support manioc, Africa's "starvation crop". Chad leaders look to the lake to play an even greater part in their nation's life, have got the European Common Mar­ ket's Development Fund to pledge R5,700,000 for a vast scheme to turn the land around the inland sea into a new "granary of Africa" by carving it up into Dutch-style polders irrigated by a system of canals. No more two-hour days. Outlining the plan at a Fort Archambault con­ gress of the nation's only political party, the PPC, last week. Finance Minister Michel Djidinaga said the polders would produce not only wheat, but also sugar cane, tobacco, potatoes and citrus. Chad's major crop, cot­ tonseed, could be boosted from an annual average of 80,000 tons to 190.000 tons. Fishing on the lake, already worth R6 million a year, had "very important possibilities" for ex­ pansion. But he warned that Chad would not get very far with the plan if it continued to tolerate "too luxuri­ ous receptions." waste of Government petrol, and "civil servants who work two hours a day."

Tinplated horsemen, lip-plated women. Chad leaders face a tough problem

NEWS/CHECK I FEBRUARY 1963 European experts in Chad helping develop the cottonseed industry alone. GHANA Specialists from the CCTA (Commis­ Boy Scouts—or Hitler Youth? sion for Technical Co-operation in When Ghana's Bishop Richard Rose- Africa South of the Sanara) have veare dared to criticize the nation's joined the fight to stamp out cattle Young Pioneer Movement as "godless," pest. In three years the Chadians, he drew down a torrent of abuse with aid from Europe and the US, from the Government-lining Ghanaian have sunk more than 350 boreholes. Times (an "imperialist agent .... The Americans have paid for the set­ spreading wicked, false alarm"), found ting up of 15 slaughter-houses. But himself bundled out of the country. lacK of railways and modern roads Nevertheless, the Bishop's forthright- remains Chad's biggest problem. Stuck ness ("this incipient atheism is quite in the middle of Africa, Chad cannot foreign to the traditional concept of export what it produces without a the African personality") has paid off. modern communications system—less Not only has he, personally, been in­ than 1.000 of its 18,000 miles of road vited back to Ghana, but his criticism are all-weather. The country has long has sparked a debate inside the coun­ been called "the crossroads of Africa," try about the aims and orientation of but the camel caravans of the past are the movement which is now reaching inadequate for the needs of the present, its peak. and although Fort Lamy remains the second busiest airport in the French- Indoctrination. The Young Pioneer speaking world for freight after Paris Movement, founded two years ago, is (4,000 tons of beef, horsemeat and the youth wing of President Kwame mutton are shipped each year by air), Nkrumah's Convention People's Party this method is too costly for a strong and is intended to catch Ghanaians CHAD PRESIDENT TOMBALBAYE export trade to be built up. young—as young as four—and indoc­ King of a kingpin trinate them with "Nkrumahism," the Route to the sea. Ultimately, Chad Ghanaian leader's personal philosophy must have a route to the sea if it is of the ideals of African personality, a tribal-scarred businessman who also to become economically viable (the world peace, and the social and econo­ holds the portfolios of Prime Minister, country relies on a French hand-out mic reconstruction of Ghana and Defence Minister and Justice Minister. to pay for imports). Plans to push Africa in particular, and the world in An ultra-conservative, Tombalbaye is railways through to coastal Douala, general, along Marxist lines. The pro-French (Chad got its independence in Cameroon, the port of Pointe-Noire, movement, which is split into four from France 2^ years ago), says "our in Congo-Brazza, or the Centrafrican sections — the African Personality country's development and advance­ Republic capital of Bangui on the group (ages four to seven), the Young ment cannot be accomplished without Ubangi-Congo river system, have been Pioneers proper (eight to 16), the France and Europe." mooted in the past. But Chad's best Kwame Nkrumah Youth (17 to 20) Crossroads o£ Africa. France (and chance of a route to the sea now and the Young Party League (21 to other Western nations) are willing to seems to be a link with the Nigerian 25)—also aims at inculcating Ghana's help. Chad's capital Fort Lamy, rail network. Few doubt that Chad youth with a sense of good citizenship whence General Leclerc and his Free will soon have an export avenue. and developing physical fitness, a French launched their fantastic drive Tombalbaye is a determined man, and respect for manual labour, self-disci­ across the Sahara against Rommel, is he has his country behind him. Says pline, reliability, resourcefulness, self- seen as the military kingpin of the he: " We are preparing to transform help, sense of duty and, above all, Sahara. There are more than 500 the face of Chad." love of ;ind desire to serve Ghana

(;II\\A'S YOUNG PIONEERS: IN THE GYM, ON STAGE But Mum and Dad don't like the other activities

12 NEWS/CHECK 1 FEBRUARY 1963 and Africa as a whole. power. Last week the Blue Berets Tshombe's shoulder, said "I have come Join ... or be unhappy. There is no marched into a town readier for festivi­ to thank you for keeping your word." compulsion about membership, but ties than fighting. Tshombe gave his Then the Katangan leader mounted a boys and girls, especially the younger word there would be no shooting, no pick-up truck to inspect 2,000 armed and more impressionable ones, who explosions: and he kept it. 40 miles gendarmes, tell them: "Now the time find themselves outside the movement outside Kolwezi a "peace delegation" has come to co-operate with the UN in their schools tend to feel very un­ of Katangan police, civic officials and and our Congolese brothers." As the happy. On the other hand, boys in Union Miniere managers met General Blue Berets pulled in, a column of secondary schools and teacher training Reginald Noronha's UN Indian troops, mercenaries led by "Commander Bob" colleges have become very wary about drank tea and ate peanut butter sand­ pulled out and headed for Dilolo on the usefulness of membership, and in wiches as they finalised arrangements the Angolan border, 280 miles away. certain famous secondary schools there for the peaceful march-in. At the Del Ahead of the convoy of a light is not a single Young Pioneer. Commune bridge, Noronha stopped to armoured car, an ambulance, three The movement, which now has half-a- watch pioneers check more than two Jeeps, a truck-load of troops and a pet­ million members, was established to tons of explosives lashed to the foun­ rol lorry—all bristling with machine- replace youth groups such as the Boy dations—wiring and detonator pins had guns—flew Katanga's flag. Said "Com­ Scouts, the Girl Guides, the YWCA been removed. Safely in Kolwezi (and mander Bob": "Our work is not fin­ and YMCA, the Junior Red Cross and cheered by local whites and blacks), ished. We are still under the orders of church and youth guilds which CPP Noronha threw his arm around President Tshombe." theoreticians and organisers denounced as "agents of imperialism and colo­ nialism." Profanities. Trouble is, the Pioneers TSHOMBE'S TOP MERCENARY ORGANISER have gone beyond being a young people's recreational, a national or It was like a scene from a bad spy- thriller. The dapper little man hur­ even a political movement, into a ried into a hotel bedroom, locked pseudo-religious group worshipping the door, muttered: "Why do you Nkrumah. Parents, especially the more want to see me?" His name: Joseph educated ones, are uneasy about the Deom. Nationality: Belgian. Job: behaviour of some of their children Top mercenary organiser for and the language they use at home Tshombe. Katanga has been sub­ after returning from Pioneer activities. dued and Deom has just gone back Cause of particular concern are the to Belgium for good after two years beliefs their children are taught and in the service of Katanga. His story some are beginning to repeat: can now be told. "Nkrumah is our Messiah," "Osagyefo He went to the Congo "mainly never dies," "Nkrumah does no wrong"; from curiosity and the desire to see profanities which shock Christians. what was happening in a country Disturbed at the groundswell of criti­ so many of my friends had fled," cism, party leaders and movement and drifted into a job as guerilla organisers have mounted a campaign force instructor. A former Second to try to convince Ghanaians and out­ World War commando, Deom spent siders that the Young Pioneers are seven months training the tough, not an atheistic group. Defence slow-thinking African troopers of Minister Kofi Baako told 2,000 Ashanti Tshombe's army in bush combat. teachers recently: "The African is a He taught 900 men fieldcraft, strong believer in the existence of an ambush tactics, unarmed combat, BECRCITEB JOSEPH DEOM Onyankopong (God) and the world how to kill — sufficient reason for Underground still open hereafter. Atheism is not our way, the UN to label him "wanted", put and our Young Pioneer movement has a R5,000 price on his head. naires, veterans of the Indo-China been established to ensure that our Tshombe was pleased, summoned war. None, says Deom, were mem­ concepts of society and ideas about Deom to his presidential palace for bers of the Algerian Secret Army. life in general endure." But the a new assignment — top organiser "It would have been too risky, many Nkrumah chant with which hundreds of mercenaries with the job of re­ of the OAS men were wanted by of thousands of Ghanaian school­ cruiting hundreds of trained men in Interpol." Tshombe, says Deom, children start their day, like a prayer, France and Belgium. Southafrican "was 100 per cent loyal to the mer­ remains. It requires a lot more ex­ and Rhodesian volunteers were cenaries and always listened closely plaining away than has been provided handled by another organiser, to our ideas and advice." He took so far, and Ghanaian parents remain channelled into Katanga independ­ a personal interest in the recruiting worried about the whole business. ently of the European intake. and footed the bill to fly the men No OAS men. Deom, a non­ in from Europe. Is Tshombe play­ CONGO descript little man, began flying ing a double game with the UN and End of secession—or is if? regularly back and forth to Europe the central Congolese Government? using two passports. Tough ex- Says Deom: "There are plenty of For weeks the UN avoided Kolwezi, Second World War veterans quietly last stronghold of Katanga President mercenaries ready to go to Katanga left their home countries, travelled if they are wanted. A man took Moise Tshombe's secessionist regime, on underground routes to report at for fear that a clash with his mer­ over my job the day I left, and a remote bush base in Katanga. the underground system will con­ cenary-led army would provoke it to Many were ex-Foreign Legion- blow up Del Commune dam upon tinue." which much of the province relies for

NEWS/CHECK 1 FEBRUARY 1963 13 50 unidentified seismic "events" in Russia each year: any one of them might be a nuclear explosion, and the only way to check is by an on-site inspection. The US is holding out for eight to ten such inspections a year, but hints it will settle for fewer. To show he means business, at week's end President John Kennedy announced suspension of the current series of underground nuclear tests in the Nevada desert, but warned: "We are maintaining the capability and readi­ ness to resume our test programme at any time. We have no intention of again accepting an indefinite (un­ inspected) moratorium on testing, and if it is clear that wc cannot achieve a workable agreement, we will act accordingly."

BRITAIN Blow to the left Things had never been better for Britain's opposition Labour Party. As ALL-TOO-FAMILIAR MUSHROOM CLOUD unemployment hit the 800,000 figure You and me and TNT — a postwar record — and Prime Minister Harold Macmillan ran into of a nuclear test ban treaty. In the stormy waters in the European Com­ WORLD/CHECK past the Russians have rejected such mon Market negotiations. Labour's checks as attempts by the West to popularity soared. Gallup pollsters conduct espionage on Soviet soil. reported 45.5 per cent of electors The Kremlin has followed up its con­ would vote Labour, only 36 per cent Signs of a breakthrough cession with an announcement that Conservative, in a snap election. With the US estimated to have 30,000 Russian scientists have developed an Nearly half the under-25s said they megatons of nuclear explosive and "automatic seismic station" whose would emigrate if they could. Then Russia 15,000 megatons, every man, electronic brain can differentiate be­ came the blow to Labour — the death woman and child in the world has the tween nuclear bangs and natural earth in London's Middlesex Hospital (in equivalent of 15 tons of TNT hanging tremors. the same room Sir Winston Churchill over his head. This frightful threat No to ten annual probes. Western recovered from his broken thigh) of has long spurred the nations of the scientists are sceptical. With existing 56-year-old Hugh Todd Naylor Gaits- world to try to obtain disarmament. Now, after years of fruitless negoti­ ations, the signs are that something is on the way. In the Washington State Department office of William Foster, director of the US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, representatives of Russia. Britain and the US are meeting to hammer out the terms of a nuclear test ban treaty, first step to world disarmament. As Red China, which is developing the atom bomb, has become increasingly hostile to Russia, so has the Kremlin shifted towards a rapprochement with the FUTUBB PMS(?) BROWN, CAIjIi.AGH.iN .AND WILSON West. Shadow men looking to a hriglit future Yes to three black boxes. First sign of a breakthrough came last week with equipment, explosions up to 100 kilo- kell, the party leader. Gaitskell was the announcement that Russian Prime tons (five times the power of the Labour's "golden boy", a minister only Minister Nikita Khruschev was willing Hiroshima bomb) can be set off under­ two years after he entered Parliament to allow three "black boxes" — auto­ ground in alluvial soil without being and Chancellor of the Exchequer matic seismic recording stations — to identified by a network of seismic within another three. He finally be installed on Soviet territory. As an stations — and the Russians are will­ gained a walkaway victory over old additional concession, he said he would ing to allow only three black boxes Labour stalwarts Aneurin Bevan and allow up to three "on-site inspections" in 8|-million square miles of territory. Herbert Morrison in the election for each year by nuclear detectives who Even with improved American detec­ party leader on Earl Attlee's retire­ would check on suspected violations tion methods, there are still more than ment.

M NEWS/CHECK 1 FEBRUARY 196J Lorry driver's son, future PM? In wants to end the negotiations alto­ Tong trouble. The British, who con­ stormy years of electoral defeat and gether. The other five countries, sider the six-acre walled city an over­ bitter quarrelling over nationalisation nervous about President Charles de crowded, insanitary haunt of criminals, and defence policies, only Gaitskell's Gaulle's visions of grandeur, are be­ opium smokers and tongs (secret political skill, charm, moderation and coming increasingly anxious to have societies), were taken aback. Kowloo'n, acknowledged honesty held Labour powerful Britain in on reasonable although on the mainland opposite together, and set it on the upward terms. In Britain itself, however, the Hong Kong island, was bought outright path. On his death. Parliament, people are lukewarm about the whole from the Chinese Empire in 1860, and recognising it had lost a man almost show. The latest public opinion poll is a British possession, unlike the New certainly set to be a great Prime shows that less than one-third of Territories north of Kowloon, which Minister, paid him the unprecedented Britons want to clasp the "furriners" were leased in 1898 for a 99-year honour of a 24-hour adjournment, across the Channel to their bosom. period. Anxious not to provoke never before accorded to an opposi­ Britain, says de Gaulle, is "too insular Peking, however, Whitehall told the tion leader. Labour is faced with and maritime" to become fully inte­ Chinese last week that the slum clear­ having to pick and build up the reputa­ grated into Europe. Perhaps he is ance plan had been put off "for the tion of a new leader in what is likely right. time being," at the same time told them to be election year. Choice lies with the party's 247 MPs, who will prob­ ably pick shadow Defence Minister (and current deputy leader) George Brown, shadow Foreign Minister Harold Wilson or shadow Chancellor 1 w*F ^_ of the Exchequer James Callaghan. Brown is a lorry driver's son, a pug­ nacious, powerfully-voiced rightwinger who nearly caused a diplomatic inci­ dent when he told Russia's Khruschev and Bulganin what he thought of them (in impolite terms) at a public reception. Brown is pro-Euromart, .^ ^^*V *\ ' pro-NATO, anti-pacifist and anti- intellectual. He enjoys the backing of Britain's powerful trade unions. The leftwing intellectual. His principal opponent, Wilson, could not be more different. He is a handsome, per­ suasive, leftwing intellectual. A bril­ liant economist — he was a don at KOWLOON SLUMS AWAITING CLEARANCE New College, Oxford, at 21, and held Smelling; no belter than Goa a key ministry in the former Labour Government when only 31' — he politely they had "no jurisdiction" stands for strong doses of nationalisa­ over Kowloon. tion and is anti-Euromart, anti- Kick for the capitalist dogs American, pro-Russian. He enjoys Communist China's rulers, prone to RUSSIA the support of Labour's radical con­ preaching to Moscow about how to stituency leaders. Between the two deal with the "imperialists", were cut Caveman comparisons men stands the most likely of several to the quick when Khruschev suggested Russian industry, hurriedly expanding compromise candidates, Callaghan, a the "Chinese comrades" take over the its production of consumer goods to sailor's son and former income tax "capitalist enclaves" of Hong Kong fulfil Prime Minister Nikita Krush­ collector. Right of centre within the and Macao before giving him advice chev's promise of plenty for his people, party, Callaghan is a Welshman who on what to do. From the enclaves, is not doing so well. Sovietskaya backs the moderate Gaitskell line. The said Mr K, "there rises a smell no Rossia complained bitterly last week outcome of the contest is of more than better than the stench that rose from that Bronze Age craftsmen produced parochial interest. The victor could colonial Goa". Its pride hurt, Peking better articles than some modern well be the ruler of a world power looked for the first chance to pick a Soviet factories. Items: — before the year is out. quarrel with the "capitalists". Oppor­ ^ A bed which collapsed under the tunity came with a British announce­ man sleeping on it; ment of a time-limit for residents of • a pair of shoes bought for R64 by a EUROPE 200 houses in the down-at-heel walled woman in a Moscow store which Crisis among the Six city of Kowloon to clear out, make split wide open after ten days' wear; Europe continued to shiver last week way for the slum clearance men. ^ oil paint which took a whole sum­ in the icy grip of the worst winter in Firing off a "serious protest" to the mer to dry. living memory, but things were hot British Government. Peking laid claim Commented Rossia: "The craftsman enough in the chancelleries, where to Kowloon, said the slum clearance in the Bronze Age knew full well that Britain's attempt to get into Euromart was "intolerable" and "a gross viola­ if he made a hatchet of bad quality he has sparked the worst crisis in "the tion of China's sovereignty", added would not be given a beautiful animal Six" in the group's six-year history. that "the utterly truculent and vicious skin in exchange, and would have to France, fearful that to come to terms attitude taken by the British authori­ walk about with nothing on. In the with Britain will mean changing the ties in Hong Kong . . . has aroused the USSR today some manufacturers are rules of the "club" and opening grave concern of the Chinese Govern­ getting paid regardless of the quality Europe to American domination. ment." of their work."

NEWS/CHECK 1 FEBRUARY 1963 15 him—and that the Government had NEWSPEOPLE given him a passport. Shhhhhhh! Silenf flight Britain's backroom "African Queen" has long been banned by the Emperor There were red faces at Defence Head­ Flying in from Oxford to Jan Smuts of Ethiopia for a sharp-edged book she quarters last week. Cause of it all Airport in his own Piper Comanche published on his country. Now, she was the arrival of the new Netherlands was Winston Churchill, 22, grumpy revealed, the Imperial displeasure has Ambassador to Southafrica, Henri grandson of Sir Winston. He was un­ been lifted, and an invitation to visit Helb. The State President's staff made communicative. Asked the reason for the country been extended. careful plans for the "presenting his visit, he scowled: "I'm too busy." credentials" ceremony, tipped off press­ Minutes later (and with more time to men that Helb taking the salute of a spare) he was seen smiHng at million- From cold to gold naval guard of honour "should make heiress Mary Oppenheimer at whose Heading this way on holiday, "just to a good picture". Trouble was Defence get away from this ghastly English HQ tipped off everybody except the weather" is straight (and ever-willing) Naval station at Simonstown whose talker Viscount Montgomery. He ar­ turn it was to supply a ceremonial rives this week on the Edinburgh Castle guard. Helb arrived at Capetown's for a fortnight's stay at the Cape. Government House, to be met by Montgomery is already booked for two nothing more than a gaggle of flus­ speeches, at Saldanha's naval gym­ tered officials. Diplomat to the last, nasium and a Rondebosch high school. he did not bat an eyelid, breathe a He will visit PM Verwoerd "not as a word. politician but as a friend," and be staying with the mining magnate "Slip" New job for old boy Menell. "I always stay with people who own goldmines." Important architect of Britain's dis­ engagement from many former colonies is Sir Hugh Foot. He has been Gov­ Ingratitude, more strong than ernor of Cyprus, Nigeria and Jamaica, traitors' arms . . . all of them now independent members of the UN. When last October he Never put your shirt on politicians— resigned from Britain's UN delegation it's liable to get too chilly. This is the (over his disagreement with Britain's moral of the story of Kenya's Ambu policies in Southern Rhodesia), there Patel, currently locked out of his book­ was wide dismay at the UN, where he binding shop by bailiffs for owing 13 was accounted an honest man whose months' rent. During Kenya's emer­ integrity was unimpeachable. Now the gency, he gave work to Kenyatta's UN itself is employing the 55-year old daughter and sent Jomo comforts when public servant and putting him back in he was under restriction. Recently he WINSTON CHURCHILL Africa. He is delighted. The job is Too busy ruffled many tempers by putting up an "exactly what I wanted to do." The exhibition glorifying the local national­ assignment: advising on technical prob­ home he stayed overnight. Churchill ist leaders. Now they owe him, he lems, on "a sort of one-man roving was accompanied by Arnold von says, R800, yet he cannot collect commission," to begin sometime in Bohlen, 23, son of Germany's Alfred enough to pay his R300 back rent. April. Krupp. He also had nothing to say. Billed, the boys fob him off with: "You Indians always want money . . ." Ambu feels this is a bit hard. Red to move . . . and lose? Margery Perham (NEWS/CHECK cover- woman October 12), Britain's long­ Legal fortune-telling time expert on Africa, is always willing Nineteen years ago, in a Norn-like to talk about it, and is always worth mood, Peter Conradie, a Newcastle listening to. Her interview last month lawyer looked at a black snippet of on Kenya's television was no exception. mortality and predicted that the baby She came out strongly for letting the would become a lawyer. The New­ new Black states accept aid from the castle Norn looks as if he may have USSR, theorising that the Reds are had second sight. The boy, Peter John making a mistake in treating the Afri­ Linda Davidson, after studying at can situation as a classic Marxist re­ Ixopo High School in Natal, matricu­ volution. Against the Russians are two lated last year in the first class with a facts, says Miss Perham: that the pea­ distinction in Afrikaans. Although he sants own the land, and that there is no did not know about the prophecy, religious vacuum in Africa for Com­ Davidson chose law as a career and munism to fill. Miss Perham also com­ flew off to London University to begin plained that black nationalists are too his studies last week. Personal com­ hard on Britain and deplored the in­ ment : he would battle hard not to dis­ sults hurled at ex-Ma Brittania by appoint his parents and his nation, was SIB HUGH FOOT immoderate politicians. delighted that London had accepted Too delighted

\i> NEWS/CHECK 1 FEBRUARY 1963 BUSINESS riiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiH i ...... ^^^^^^^ mmE MARKETING The sky is the limit. From an industry worth a modest R50,000 a year in High, wide and becoming 1946, the sale of private, industrial and "Foxtrot, Whisky, Zulu. This is Jan executive aircraft has zoomed to Smuts tower. You are cleared to heights, raking in R4 million for the Durban via Mike Tango Victor Delta "boys" in 1962. Today light plane abeam Ladysmith over New Hanover. sales are booming as never before, with Cruising level 11.5. Report top of an average of 100 planes being im­ climb." ported a year. Biggest credit for the development goes to Dutch-born Pieter This isn't everyone's language. But in van der Woude, who came to South- the case of the Republic's 700 privately africa in 1935, since then has been owned aircraft (compared with 400 in responsible for selling some 500 air­ Britain, 92,000 in the US), it adds up. craft. Ebullient van der Woude con­ Gibberish-sounding instructions such structed the first plane in Southafrica as these crackle thousands of times under licence, the Fairey Tipsy, but daily over Southafrica's flying control his effort was costly and premature. radio network, as aircraft ranging from Despite a crash in a Tipsy (which single-powered two-seaters such as the almost severed his head) van der Piper Super Cub (150 horsepower, 110 Woude maintained his faith in avia­ miles per hour) to Aero Commander's tion, established the Pretoria Flying Grand Commander (10 seats, 250 miles School. Today his holding company, per hour) traverse the skies. Pretoria Light Aircraft Company Air-commuters. Listening and follow­ (Placo) has nine subsidiaries, spread ing such injunctions, clearances and over Salisbury, Lusaka, Windhoek, position reports are people such as Bloemfontein and Durban, a turn­ Port Alfred's Hugh Kelly, construction over of R 1,400,000 of which engineer. Kelly, with a job to do on R 1,000,000 is in aircraft sales. Van the South West African coast, spends der Woude landed the Piper agency three days a week at work, four days in 1937, and after the war began living in his Port Alfred mansion, air- importing Pipers in earnest. commuting between the two points. Another fellow would be Hugh Stocks Wingman. Later, seeing the trend of Pretoria, whose building contracts clearly visible on forward horizons, are spread all over the country. Stocks Placo's sales manager Wally Ather- pilots his own Aero Commander as a stone banked steeply away from ultra purely business tool, finds it pays of! light aircraft and obtained his own from every angle. Light aircraft serve agency for Aero Commander's larger Southafricans well, from the Bishop 7 to 10 seater aircraft. In two-and-a- of Keetmanshoop who flies around his half years Atherstone's Aero Sales has vast parish, Dr Carl van Aswegen sold 13 Aero Commanders (price who runs a flying-doctor's service in range R54,000 to Rl30.000) plus six Basutoland, or the Zululand shop­ Navion Rangemasters (price R24.000), keeper, who commutes regularly by and hopes to market ten-seater Jet plane between Durban and his store- Commanders (510 miles per hour, cum-farm. Light aircraft successfully 2.000 mile range, price R350.000) in combated the tsetse-Hy in Zululand, the near future. Atherstone, who will are used for whalespotting, aerial shortly move to Jan Smuts, says, "the photography, are owned by all the trend is to fast, high-powered execu­ mining houses and many industrial tive twins, which need the highly companies for use by their high-up developed radio facilities available at officials. Even the army are light- such an international airport." AIKBUKNE BEST MEl^LERS: CESSNA SK¥- aircraft buyers, and recently bought HAVVK, PIPER CHEROKEE, NAVION AND some 25 Cessna Skywagons, six-seaters. Accelerated stop distance. Close up AEIIO COMMANDER at R20,000 apiece. Charter companies in the formation with Piper's Placo is Cheaper than a big car Rand Airport's Comair (Commercial make use of them for getting passen­ Air Services), salesmen for Cessna air­ gers and parcels fast from one end of captured 60 per cent of the total South- planes in Southern Africa. Competing market, average sale a plane a week. the Republic to the Cher at compara­ keenly, Placo and Comair vie for first Leanfaced "Zingy" Harrison, who is tive low cost: to charter, say, a Navion. position in sales leadership. Cessna has taking over Placo Sales from Van der from Rand Airport to anywhere and a good range of singles and twins, from Woude, on the other hand claims a back would set one back 17 cents a the two seater all metal "150" (R6.000) greater volume of units sold, says Piper mile. Commercial Air Services who to the five seater turbo-supercharged leads the field in every respect. Another operate out of Rand Airport, run a Skykniaht (R60.000). Comair is run by offer in the market comes from Avia­ scheduled service to Welkom (return ex-SAAF "boys," headed today by tion Corporation's Wally Stern, ex- R22.70, single R 12.60), and this month joint managing directors Mike Martin RAF type, who is chief Southern inaugurate a new service to Phala- and Leon Zimmerman. They claim African agent for the fast-flying Beech- borwa. that over the past four years they have craft products, the "Rolls-Royce" of

NEWS/CHECK 1 FEBRUARY 1963 17 light aircraft, with speeds higher, on had but three assets: ten shillings in scores of new nations which are beset an average, than the rest. Although his cash, a beautiful wife with a brisk by the problem of malnutrition. prices are substantially higher. Stern's sense of business and a background company has sold well. knowledge of processed food—Grand's AGRICULTURE father had a string of glucose factories Radio. Manufacturers of radio equip­ Off the hoof, into the can ment have produced lightweight outfits in Europe. with equal capabilities to those of Faced with the necessity of making a in this age of world agricultural sur­ airliners at a fraction of the price and living. Grand changed from law to pluses, one man's meat is, all too often, weight (100 lb). The result is that science and set up shop in his Yeoville another man's poison. But at least in planes like Piper's Apaches, Aero garage. He first manufactured a Southafrica this is not true. A risi'ng demand for meat and the need to Commander's Commander and glucose-honey, and his business grew satisfy its appetite for l|m cattle a Cessna's twins are capable of day and tremendously just after the war—sell­ year from elsewhere, have turned the night all-weather operation. South- ing its products to various international Republic into a good importer of beef. africa has progressed from the sparsely relief agencies. During 1948's meat Supplementing the Republic's own spaced non-directional beacons of shortage. Grand was approached to beef production, are mainly the terri­ 1946 to a vast network of radio tories of Bechuanaland and South West beacons both HF and VHF, has radar Africa. direction finders and instrument land­ ing systems; and light-aircraft pilots Cattle, and not much else. Bechuana­ make full use of this ground equip­ land is piled deep with sand, which ment. obscures any mineral wealth it may have. But good grass at least grows The cost of it all. Says pilot Bill on top, making the territory fine cattle Fortuin: "At a cost per mile of 9 or 10 country. Beef is its principal industry, cents for say, a Cessna 180, it's cheaper and last year brought in R4| million to run a plane than a big American from 109,000 live cattle and carcasses car." It is simple, too, to get a private exported. Half of these went to the pilot's licence: one must be fit, have Republic (which in 1939 took a mere forty hours flying experience. People SU.VGOLD'S GB.IXD AND ROSENBERG 18,000 cattle from the territory). And under forty renew their licence every High proteins and low cost Bechuanaland has not been sitting on two years, the over forties have to its hands: meat from its Lobatsi renew annually. "Business flying evolve a protein food to supplement abattoir is being sent as far afield as generally and definitely in Southafrica mine workers' diets. Out of his re­ the Congo, Britain and Italy. has an excellent safety record", main­ search came a formula which is still Tin-plated insurance. Now, the beef tain the aircraft salesmen; and with jealously guarded by his Sungold business is to be strengthened further. indications being what they are, the company. His special food, Protone, The Bechuanaland Government, in "boys" are expecting 1963 sales to rev is a soup powder, prepared entirely consortium with the Colonial Develop­ up even higher than the money- from natural foodstuffs, some of which ment Corporation, a producers' trust spinning sales figures for 1962. had never been used for human con­ and Mafeking businessman Cyril Hur- sumption before. Outside tests have vitz. are expanding into the canning proved that Protone contains all the business at the Lobatsi abattoir. A PROCESSING necessary proteins, minerals and vita­ new cannery, being built at a cost of R250,000, will open in a month or Food for millions mins in correct balance. Food for export. Grand's Sungold has two and process 250 carcasses a day. With a public now jolted into realising come a long way: today its factory An added advantage is that when the the horrors of deficiency diseases, occupies 2j acres in Johannesburg's periodic bouts of foot and mouth nutrition today is news. But for many Industria and last year sold an equi­ disease hit the territory, meat from years it has been business. It is long valent of 160m rations—to the mines, free areas may still be canned and since enlightened Southafrican food industry, prisons, the Defence Depart­ exported without risk. By safeguard­ manufacturers, with an eye as much ment and international agencies. Pro- ing its exports from foot and mouth to the needs of underfed Africans as tone is exported to Nigeria, Sierra clamp-downs, the cannery will be the to the potential of the Bantu market, Leone, Tunisia, and markets in the industry's best insurance. developed low-cost, highly nutritive Far East are being investigated. Grand Development. To back beef produc­ special foods. Already in 1937 died in 1958, and his wife Paula, who tion, the Government has a veterinary Durban's Hind Bros were approached had been business manager, carried on research laboratory at Ramathlabama by dietary experts to develop such a the concern. She is still the main hard at work on cattle diseases, and is food to combat malnutrition in the power along with engineer Meir further attempting to control them Transkei. Hinds came forth with with annual vaccination campaigns. Rosenberg. Mrs Grand has made her Two livestock development teams are Incumbe, a high protein cereal food. offices a home away from home. She The company strove to improve its investigating grazing lands and how works in a living room atmosphere to extend them, and are also looking formula and produce an even more and from a kitchen next door come efficient food, and at the end of last to the bettering of water supplies. year launched its ProNutro which endless cups of coffee—and Protone— Improved bulls are being offered to gives a fully balanced diet for as little for her visitors. Rosenberg has built Bantu cattlemen. as 10c a lb. one of the most modern push-button factories in the country, and runs it Against the Republic's cattle popula­ Yeoville to soup powder. Another with only nine Europeans and a Bantu tion of 12m head, Bechuanaland's attempt to fill this special African maintenance-cleaning staff of 14. total of l^m is still puny. But current need was begun by Dr Wolfgang With foodstuffs like Protone and Pro­ developments point to the territory Grand, a hard-up immigrant lawyer Nutro, Southafrican business has taking a lot more off its sandy plains who came to Southafrica from Ger­ pioneered with a message, just as much — until somebody finds something many in the Thirties. On arrival he as with an export product, for the really good underneath.

18 NEWS/CHECK 1 FEBRUARY 1963 SOUTHAFRICA'S NEW HORIZON: TF Gold is the symbol of South- africa's present economic might. Steel is the symbol of its future. South­ africa has emerged from pastoral poverty to the affluence of the Sixties thanks to a wealth of primary products — gold, diamonds, wool. But no nation with ambition rests content with a status of milch-cow for the work­ shops and counting houses of the world, bartering irreplaceable natural resources for the essentials of modern living. In this age, greatness lies in the throb of pistons, the hiss of arc welders, in countless billions of elec­ trons zizzing across the land, in the screech of the lathe and the massive 1,300,000 to 2i million tons a year. or fabricated into industrial goods, crunch of metal presses. Development, In the next decade it will almost they will have to rely increasingly in the economic independence, rising living double again. Few other nations can future on slow-growing foreign mar­ standards for all, depend ultimately equal Southafrica's past performance, kets. And steel production has on a sophisticated economy, on Indus­ probably none will equal the planned bounded ahead in Russia and Com­ try. And Steel is its symbol. expansion over the next ten years. munist China — but at immense Doubled, redoubled. From a slow True, in the past decade steel output human cost. The performance of the start more than half a century ago, has rocketed in West Germany and Southafrican steel industry is a reflec­ Southafrica has suddenly leapt into the Japan, but both were basically de­ tion of the efforts of a free society, of Industrial Age. In a decade, steel pro­ veloped nations rebuilding shattered an alliance between top-class Govern­ duction has almost doubled, from strength. To sell their steel, either raw ment technocrats and go-ahead private

WITHDRAWING CASTINGS FROM FURNACE (OVERLEAF) CHAIKilNG FURNACE TO MAKE SPECIAL STEEI.

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usees 600-TON FORGING PRESS IN ACTION enterprise, whose achievements have neering industry; indirectly boosting Although a consumption figure of 345 been reflected not only in cold statis­ the consumer goods industries through lb of steel per capita is fantastically tics but also in a better life for all the R5() million a year it pours into high by African standards (the figure Southafrica's peoples. the pockets of its 5(),()00 employees. for the Republic's steel-producing Weighty lesson. In 30 years South- Steel is an industry with a big future. neighbour, the Rhodesias, is only african steel consumption has more In its fabrication lies an even greater 75 lb), it is low enough, by world than tripled to 345 lb a year per future for Southafrica. One can sense standards, to leave plenty of room for capita. This figure exceeds those for tomorrow's opportunity in the tough expansion. Here lies the key. The industrialised countries like Italy and confidence of the tin-hatted steel- US's per capita figure is a colossal Japan (305 lb in both cases) and places workers as they manhandle sun-bright 1,250 lb of steel a year, Sweden hits the Republic firmly in the ranks of the ingots in the mills. One can see it in 925 lb. West Germany 865 lb and world's industrialised nations. The ISCOR'S new headquarters, a tower­ Britain 820 lb. Southafrica is at a rapid rise in steel consumption reflects ing wall of steel and glass outside stage of economic development where the proliferation of cars and refrigera­ Pretoria. One can feel it in the firm, rising living standards bring a demand, tors and modern homes, the expansion confident pronouncements of the Top especially, for steel-hungry goods — of the mining industry and burgeoning Men of Steel. bicycles, cars, houses. Economic railways development. The steel indus­ On the way up. The Southafrican expansion brings a demand for steel try has spun out its wealth-creating steel industry enjoys something that for dams and factories, bridges, rolling capacity, spider-like, directly boosting few other nations have --a poten­ stock and machinery. Developments the railways, mining (coal, manganese, tially huge local market which must already under way (the Orange River chrome, tin), the building business and boom as Bantu education improves, Plan, the oil pipeline, the proposed Southafrica's great and growing engi­ productivity goes up and wages rise. new shipbuilding industry) all hold out

22 NEWS/CHECK 1 FEBRUARY 1963 blight promise for Steel. And tiiere is existing demand to be met. Growing pains. Due to miscalculations (private enterprise blames iscoR for bad planning, ISCOR warned the businessmen against late ordering), the country at the moment is temporarily short of about 2,000 tons of cold rolled steel a month which is being bought abroad. There have been other short­ ages in the past. Southafrica still imports 7 per cent of its steel require­ ments, but most of this represents special steels which it would not be economic to produce in the Republic. Like all industries, however. Steel has IC-T its problems. There are clouds on the New Horizon. One is the possibility of an eventual decline in the gold- mining industry, one of Steel's biggest customers after the railways. South- spans the africa's gold deposits are being worked out, and unless new fields are found (this is discounted by experts), or the world gold price is upped, gold output WHOLE FIELD is expected to start to fade within the decade. Another cloud is a recurring shortage of recruits for the industry. Southafrica's white population is just of DATA not big enough to produce the number and type of youngsters needed for the fast-expanding steel industry, and the profusion of English, Dutch, German, Italian and other immigrants in the PROCESSING mills bears witness to the industry's reliance on imported skill. A third cloud is the continued low productivity of African labour, largely due to a national race policy that forbids per­ manent settlement in white areas. Export opportunities. Although South­ ICT and ISCOR africa's steelmasters of the Sixties see their own country as their big market From the time of the rolling- of the first bar of of the future, they are increasingly looking further afield. Already ISCOR steel in 1934, the South African Iron and Steel exports steel to the US and other Industrial Corporation have been users of I.C.T. steel-producing countries; usco sells equipment. The ISCOR group employs more than special steel to Sweden and nickel- chrome steel to Sheffield — the homes 40 major items of I.C.T. equipment for payrolls, of high-quality steels; Andrew Mentis costing and stores accounting and production of Elandsfontein is exporting not only control. An I.C.T. 1500 Computer will be in steel grating to Britain, but will pro­ bably also send steelmaking machi­ operation at ISCOR in March this year. nery. Quality-wise, Southafrica holds its own with the best. The industry has abandoned trial-and-error methods for computer problem-busting. It was the first steel industry outside West Germany to employ the latest Graef Rotor oxygenblast steelmaking pro­ cess. It has some of the best research ICT facilities in the world: equipment evolved by ISCOR scientists is now being used by leading steelmills over­ INTERNATIONAL COMPUTERS seas. Instance: ISCOR'S Electronic Gamma Ray system of controlling AND TABULATORS coke pushing from oven into quench­ HEAD OFFICE: "UNITAS", 42 MARSHALL STREET, JOHANNESBURG ing car.

World steel surplus. Cost-wise South­ Specialists in data processing in 51 countries africa's position is almost as good. But

NEWS/CHECK 1 FEBRUARY 1963 U there are problems. The first diffi­ culty is that there is now a world surplus of steel due to over-expansion of steel-producing capacity in Japan and Europe and Steel's deteriorating position in the US in relation to com­ petitive materials (aluminium, plas­ tics). Foreign steelmasters are pre­ pared to land steel at cut prices* — a type of competition where South- africa's still relatively small industry is at a disadvantage. A second diffi­ culty is the massive expense of railing steel from the inland mills to the ports. The Japanese can land cold rolled ICT steel at Durban for R89 a ton com­ pared with ISCOR'S R88 because it costs R9.3 a ton to rail it from the mills to the coast: it can actually cost spans the more to take steel from the Highveld to Durban than it does to ship it from Durban to (say) New Zealand, half­ way around the world. These factors make it more difficult for Southafrica WHOLE FIELD to capitalize on the fact that its steel, ex-works, is about the cheapest in the world. iLatest domestic prices per ton of quarter-inch plate are:— South­ of DATA africa R63.8; Australia R68.7; Britain R76.4; France R85.8; West Germany R89.8; the US R94.4; Belgium R97. Tugela prospects. One answer to this PROCESSING problem is to lower rail tariffs. Steel- men say that high rail rates which once constituted a hidden tax on goods imported to the goldfields to provide jobs for poor whites, now act as a barrier to Southafrica's industrial ex­ ICT and USCO pansion. Another answer is to 1 establish a new steel mill in Natal's usco, the Union Steel Corporation of South Tugela basin, close to rich coal de­ Africa, Limited, with its associated Companies 1 posits and much nearer the sea and —African Disc (Pty) Limited and South African export markets. This would have Bolts and Nuts (Pty) Limited (in association additional advantages — decentralis­ with Guest, Keen and Nettlefold of the U.K.) ing of the steel industry, catalysing uses i.c.T. equipment for the preparation of development of Natal's potential payrolls, for stores accounting and for costing- "Little Ruhr", and this area — among work. In addition to the above, the I.C.T. data others — is under serious considera­ processing department at usco caters for the tion by iscoR for the last phase of accounting work for the KLIP works, which its current R560 million, ten-year produces special steels, and for the VAAL works expansion plan. which is a steel producer and foundry. Criticism of ISCOR. The steel industry is becoming increasingly export- g*g«g»S5*g5»^»gil^tg5t^^»gtg»glS»Sl^iB!»g^«gitg»! minded. Not long ago iscoR regarded foreign countries (except for the Rho- desian Federation) purely as markets for surpluses which could not be absorbed in Southafrica. Export men ICT felt that was the wrong way to go about it. They said: "Foreign buyers want regular sources of supply, and if you are going to build up an export INTERNATIONAL COMPUTERS trade, you must ensure foreign custo­ AND TABULATORS mers get what they want, even if you HEAD OFFICE; "UNITAS". 42 MARSHALL STREET, JOHANNESBURG have to import steel to meet occasional internal shortages." Southafrica's steel consumers, naturally, feel differently, say that local firms should always have *The average export price for Japanese steel Specialists in data processing in 51 countries last year was ril02 a ton—R18 below the 1961 figure.

24 NEWS/CHECK 1 FEBRUARY 1963 MODERN STEELMEN KRUGER, MEYER, Lead in to the 'sixties priority. iscoR assures them of this. In who run iscoR are the nation's top DSCO'S VAAL WORKS FOUNDRY the midst of these arguments, iscoR technocrats. Utterly devoted (Meyer Fiery blooming of a metal is yet strengthening its overseas sales has foresworn politics so he can devote representation and is looking more to his life to the national good), they be­ USCO (The Union Steel Corporation), foreign markets. It has offices in the lieve that the strength of Southafrica is an ex-MP who has led the US, Britain and West Germany and lies in industry, see Steel as the pace­ company since 1933. It was largely selling agents in Italy, Mauritius, and maker for industrialisation. Meyer is due to his efforts that Vereeniging a number of South American coun­ the sort of man any child would want has become an industrial hub as well tries. During its last financial year as an uncle—quiet, kind, friendly. He as a garden city of lawns and flower­ ISCOR exported R22| million worth intended entering the Church, but beds. In 1961 he became Vereeniging's of steel, some of it to countries sup­ first Freeman. posedly "boycotting" Southafrica. chose Industry instead. A man of tre­ They find the high-quality, low-cost mendous energy and drive, belying his Nationalized by accident. These are steel too good a bargain to be missed. quiet appearance, he has been with the key men at the top of the steel in­ ISCOR since its first days and was the dustry pyramid, ISCOR dominates the The steelmasters of the 60s. The three logical choice to take over as chair­ key men behind the expansion of the lot through interlocking shareholdings man when its first head, Hendrik van (56 per cent of usco, 44 per cent of Southafrican steel industry at home der Bijl, died in 1948. and overseas are Dr Fredrik ("Frik- AMCOR, 46 per cent of VECOR), but there are independents (Scaw Metals, kie") Meyer, Dr Christian Martin Kriiger and Rood, ISCOR'S general Dunswart Iron & Steel) and techno­ Kriiger and Lieutenant-colonel Karl manager, Kruger, is cast in the same ("Kalie") Rood. Meyer and Kruger crats and private businessmen work mould. Quiet, devoted, he is a power­ together. The steel industry is state- fully-built family man. A gold medal owned quite by accident. When iscoR student at Wits University, he was sent was founded the idea was that the pub­ WORLD STEEL LEAGUE* to Europe by iscoR in 1931 to study, lic should put up most of the capital. (million tons produced a year) returned as Technical Assistant in the But the share issue was a flop, largely US 89 Roll Design Section and has risen due to the great political controversy Russia 71 steadily since then. Rood, boss of that surrounded the launching of the West Germany 34 Japan 28 Britain 22 France 18 Belgium/Luxembourg 11 Italy 9.1 Poland 7.2 Czechoslovakia 7.0 Canada 5.9 India 4.1 Australia 3.9 Sweden 3.6 Austria 3.1 Southafrica 2.5 Spain 2.2 Netherlands 2.0 Yugoslavia 1.5 Norway 0.5 Argentina 0.4 Denmark 0.3 Switzerland 0.3 •Excluding Red China (no reliable figures available). NEW ISCOR HEADQUARTERS As solid as the industry

NEWS/CHECK I FEBRUARY 1963 25 corporation, and ultimately only 220,000 of the initial 3lm shares were taken up. The Government bought the rest and iscoR went ahead. Friends of iscoi say it was ail to the country's good, as the corporation can now operate on a low profit margin (sufficient to compensate the State for its heavy investment), and thus sell its steel cheaper than it would have to if it had to earn a hefty dividend for pri­ vate shareholders. Critics of ISCOR say it has had unfortunate effects, too, in that a private enterprise ISCOR would be more efficient than the State- rcT owned version. They complain about ISCOR'S red-tape and say it should be more business-like, less intellectual. Who does what, ISCOR, the only com­ spans the pany which makes steel from iron ore —the rest use scrap—now provides 78 per cent of the nation's steel require­ ments. On a.ssets of R128 million it WHOLE FIELD made just under R20 million profit in of DATA PROCESSING

m I*C*T and

Stev\^arts & Lloyds ISCOK'S \A\ DEB BIJli Putting it info orbit This progressive and leading manufacturer of its last financial year. Its a.ssociate, pipes and tubing has used I.C.T. punched-card usco, concentrates on the production equipment for over 20 years. An I.C.T. computer of special steels, also works copper and aluminium. It provides 30 per cent of is now being used to prepare the weekly payrolls total world production of hollow drill for both European and Non-European employees. steel, and is the world's biggest com­ pany in this field, AMCOR concerns itself with development of base mineral resources (iron, ferro-alloys, phos­ phates). It is a big pig iron producer, and is the company which pulled off the famous "Japanese deal." VECOR is a heavy engineering company which ICT makes steel hoists, tubes, ball mills, valves and condensers. The largest other firms are Scaw Metals (which INTERNATIONAL COMPUTERS concentrates on steel castings). Dun- swart Iron & Steel (the largest of the AND TABULATORS private companies, joint second with HEAD OFFICE: "UNITAS", 42 MARSHALL STREET, JOHANNESBURG usco in steel production after ISCOR), Trans - alloys (an Anglo- American subsidiary which is to export ferro-chrome to Britain) and Stewarts Specialists in data processing in 51 countries & Lloyds (the nation's biggest steel tube manufacturers).

26 NEWS/CHECK 1 FEBRUARY 1963 The pioneers. Today the Southafrican steel industry produces six limes as much as all the rest of Africa put to­ gether, but this feat would never have been accomplished without the early pioneers, who pushed ahead with their dreams despite mockery, failures, lack of knowledge and lack of money. There were John Eaton and Frederick Cart- wright—founders of Dunswart—who made Southafrica's first steel in 1912, carting their raw materials in ox and donkey wagons. There was Sammy Marks, the founder of vsco, a short, bearded, bowler-hatted smous who set up a complex of primitive industries ranging from jam-making to distilling before he went ahead and melted his first ingot in 1913. There was engin­ eering genius Cornelius Frederick Delfos, the "father of iscoR," who started making iron from deposits in the Pretoria area in 1918. And later there was Van der Bijl—perhaps South­ africa's greatest industrialist—the dy­ namo whose driving faith got the .Southafrican steel industry into orbit after the founding of iscoR. Of ploughshares and swords. These were the human catalysts who first transformed earth's crust into the sinew of a modern industrial civilisation. The steelmen of today know their metal in three principal forms — cast iron, wrought iron and basic steel. To make them all the raw ore is initially sub­ jected to intense heat in a blast fur­ nace with coke as fuel and dolomite to act as flux. The liquid iron is drawn off, cooled, and solidified or kept in its molten state for refining into steel. To be made into cast iron (used for machine parts, stoves, pipes because it is hard though brittle), the iron is re- melted and cast in moulds. For wrought iron (rivets, bolts, ornamental work, are made from it because of its greater pliability) the iron is "pud­ dled," or shaken up, in another furnace. But of the three forms. Steel is king. Basic steel is refined iron with much of its carbon content and other impurities removed. The mixing of other metals with basic steel (manganese, vanadium, chrome) gives the finished steel special properties—intense hardness for knife edges, stainlessness for cutlery or kit- chenware. The men of steel. After the steel has been cast into blocks they have to be rolled, twisted, contorted into strips.

KOLIJXG A STEEIi KOI) AT USCO tAPIMVfi AN ISCOR ROTOR FURNACE Ij.\DI,IN(i INGOTS AT ISCOR

An infinitely complicated legerdemain

NEWS/CHECK 1 FEBRUARY 1963 bars, sheets and wire. A modern steel­ works is an immense, overpowering devil's palace of white heat, orange glow, and a cacophony of clanging, banging, humming and thudding. Huge tower-liice furnaces, mulling over their white-hot brew, dominate the mill. Tremendous cranes, thick chains, over­ sized containers and weird glows add to the aura of overwhelming mystery. Thin hot bars, racing along channels, are caught by begrimed gloved opera­ tors who grip them, twist them with one movement into another channel in the actions of a surrealist snake-pit, ICT with the nonchalance of a snake- charmer. Awe-inspiring to the visitor, the mighty workshops are as familiar to the Men of Steel as bus-stops to spans the commuters. The men in the foundries, on the yards, in the mills and the en­ gineering shops all have one thing in common—they not only look tough, they are tough. Rough talk is part of WHOLE FIELD the job; so is good comradeship, rude good health, physical prowess. Steel- men mix well on the shop floor, lan­ of DATA guage differences do not matter. Using our riches ourselves. If there is any one theme running through the minds of the Men of Steel these days, it is that Southafrica must put a stop to PROCESSING the process of selling off its precious raw materials. The Republic gets only R3.25 a ton for exported iron ore, R24 a ton for pig iron. If, instead of ex­ porting, it turns the pig iron into for- gings, they can be sold for about R120 ICT and VECOR a ton. Tinplate can bring in R180 a VECOR have been using I.C.T. equipment virtually ton. Manganese ore brings in only from the commencement of operation, for the RIO a ton. Fabricated into ferro-man- preparation of the weekly payrolls for both ganese it can earn Southafrica about Europeans and Non-Europeans, for stores ac­ R90 a ton. ISCOR'S Dr Kriiger calls counting and for costing work. This costing the exporting of unworked basic raw work is of exceptional complexity owing to the materials to pay for imports of the variety of jobs undertaken, the completion of products manufactured from the raw many covering a long period, thus entailing vol­ materials, an "economically suicidal uminous work-in-progress records. An I.C.T. 1202 policy." He looks forward to the day computer is used by VECOR for the determination when "Southafrica decides, as a matter of optimum manufacturing procedures, a task of national policy, to prohibit the ex­ which would otherwise necessitate costly trial- port of raw materials if the least possi­ and-error methods. bility exists of their being processed into higher valued products economi­ cally in this country." Probably no steel industry in the world has what Southafrica's enjoys—coal, iron ore, and virtually every metal needed for alloys, right on the spot. It ICT is one of the world's very few fully self-sufficient steel industries. The Republic ranks sixth in the world in INTERNATIONAL COMPUTERS the magnitude of its known iron ore resources, has 80 per cent of Africa's AND TABULATORS known coal deposits. With such wealth, HEAD OFFICE; "UNITAS", 42 MARSHALL STREET, JOHANNESBURG such proven men, and such an under­ developed internal market, few can doubt that Steel is Southafrica's pro­ mise of the future, the nation's New Specialists in data processing in 51 countries Horizon.

28 NEWS/CHECK 1 FEBRUARY 1963 PRESS iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii New-look news If Pressmen clubbed together to present a prize to the hardest-worked of their number, there is little doubt the men of the Southafrican Broad­ casting Corporation's national news teams would walk away with it. A dozen-and-a-half of them—sometimes less—produce 66 minutes of news a day in English, 66 in Afrikaans (that is nearly 16,000 words of tightly- written copy a day), man the desks 20 hours a day every day (including Sundays and public holidays), sort through almost 100,000 words of copy coming in each day from the news agencies and the Regional News and parliamentary services, still find time to produce a five-minute news bulletin a day in French, write four early morning and late night Springbok DOMESTIC SCIENCE CL.4SS AT WANKIE, SB bulletins a day in English and Afri­ A note of white gloves and eau-de-cologne kaans. Next week the newsmen— who have been under strength for at least a year*—take on a new burden EDUCATION iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii when the SABC scraps its standard 10- minute news bulletin at nine every night, replaces it with a high-powered The New Look women is very strong. The club meet­ 15 to 20-minute backgrounded news No-one in Europe has talked about the ings are an African mirror of women's round-up. New Woman since the lively days of institutes throughout the West — pur­ poseful but not a little competitive as Bang up-to-the-minute. Called The suffragettes and Mrs Bloomer's out­ News at Nine, the programme is aimed rageous garments for lady cyclists, but to correct dress and gloves, eau-de- cologne and hats. at regaining listeners lost during the in Africa the New Woman is a hot "Pumpkin Prices and Apartheid" issue. In Rhodesia, a large section of Slowly the grafting on of Western civilities is affecting African women period which now seems to be drawing the Federal Government's Information to a close. To run the show, the Department is concerned with supply­ at a deeper level. One smart girl, taking FBC's Marjorie Chapman SABC bosses have called in two of the ing the African New Woman with a news department's "bright young social education, rapidly converting the round, pointed out a senior African: "Look at that dirty old man — he has men," News Editor Red Metrowich old fashioned wife-mother-general ser­ and Chief Sub-editor Jan Pretorius. vant into a neat urban woman ambi­ forty children." And with the social tious beyond hearth and shamba. improvement, and the rise in education Both are only in their middle twenties. Surprise. Rumour in Salisbury has it numbers (secondary school girls in All the resources of the Corporation that the whole thing began when an 1956, 280; 789 in I960; and 1,088 in have been put at their disposal to make anonymous and exasperated Native 1961) women are putting up their sure the new programme is a success. Commissioner told an audience of lobola. Average price is now R40, but English Service head Henry Howell African women: "For God's sake stop up to R144 has been paid for an is to advise personally on production making those eternal doilies and get educated bride. The New Woman is techniques, with ace broadcasters Colin some buttons on your men's shirts!" jibbing against many time-honoured du Plessis and Awie Labuschagne Harder fact places it in 1956 when customs: she deplores public breast hauled in to help. Arrangements have Hillary Preston of the Southern Rho­ feeding, pre-marital pregnancy as a been made to order backgrounders desia Information Service let it be test of fertility, and polygamy. from the BBC, Voice of America and known at Salisbury's Harare Township Goodbye to all that? What the men Radio Nederland, get them flashed to that she was willing to teach interested think about their women's thirst for Southafrica in as little as six hours African women to read and write. self-betterment is difficult to assess. after the request. Programmes Director Expecting forty, she got 250. From Up-and-comers in business and politics Douglas Fuchs has laid his personal that point on growth was rapid; in are all for this kind of education, prestige on the block with The News at the last six years reading and writing realising, like their brothers in Grey Nine. have blossomed into courses on eti­ Flannel Suits abroad, that a present­ From the news-desk. Idea is that the quette and dress, cosmetics and able wife is a career asset. But there programme will consist of the day's cookery, and the groups of interested is a generation of greybeards — not major news headlines interwoven with women have spread through 32 clubs all of them black — who shake their on-the-spot reportage, recorded or live; in townships, reserves and out of the heads in mournful nostalgia for the backgrounders written by staffers or way villages. To personal teaching Old Africa, forgetting that before it obtained from overseas; and tape are added radio talks and handbooks. can become the New Africa to which recordings of excerpts of speeches by Breaking the mould. Hillary Preston it is restlessly moving, it must endure the famous. To give an air of imme­ is a brisk, trim young woman in her being a suburb of the West, right down diacy, listeners will be switched, mid- early thirties, and her influence on the to its social mores and manners. •Most SABC deskmen have left because o£ low pay, overwork, not politics.

NEWS/CHECK 1 FEBRUARY 196} progranmie. to the national news desk. sermons admonishing the errant and papers have played and continue to where news editors or chief subs defining the true doctrine. play the role of policeman, prosecutor, (according to their home language and Last October, the Ghanaian Times de­ judge, jury, goaler, all in the same the language of the transmission) will fined for the benefit of pressmen the breath." read late flashes, taken straight from New African .lournalist. "He is fully Don't trj- it, buster. As for opposition the telex machines, amidst clattering conscious of the responsibility that newspapers, they are simply bought up typewriters and ringing telephones. rests on the shoulders of Africa's new or learn to toe the line early. The Generally, content will be in the lan­ journalist - keeping the people in­ Ashcmii Pioneer stuck it for longest, guage of the transmission. But an formed of new developments in the but five of its staff were clapped into excerpt from a key speech by Presi­ country, the continent, and the world: gaol (some were released but find it dent Kennedy in English may well be exposing imperialism and neo-colonial- impossible to gel jobs), and the news­ paper was bought by the Government. In the end its forthright comments acted more as a lesson to the recalci­ trant than as an inspiration to perform the function of journalists. Foreign journalists fare no better. Ban- kole Timothy, formerly editor of the Daily Graphic in Accra, Ian Colvin of London's Daily Telet^raph and several London reporters on short assignments in Gh'.ma were served deportation orders, or are declared prohibited immigrants. What to do? The local journalist stuck with his job, and with a love for his country, hangs on obeying the New Order, rehashing (though even then very carefully because the local cen­ sors have an extraordinarily sharp ear for concealed criticism) the handouts of the Press Bureau and Information Services. They have also learnt that to get forward news, Ghana Radio must be listened to regularly as during the last two years almost every major political statement by Nkrumah has come over the radio before being offi­ cially announced to the Press. He has VKWS EDITOR ISED METROWICH also learnt that in covering stories such /( /('///(' livelier ill 9 pm as conferences of African heads, it is carried on both transmissions. Like­ ist machinations, projecting the African best to plug Ghana and Africahene wise, a cut of Prime Minister Verwoerd personality, contributing to the African (King of Africa—a new title for speaking in Afrikaans will go over both liberation struggle and building Afri­ Nkrumah), and always to build up an channels. can unity. (He) keeps cheap sensa­ image of African unity and solidarity, straws in the wind notwithstanding. High hopes. The SABC has high tionalism out of his duties . . . lays emphasis on the positive things that go Robbed of his dignity as journalist he hopes for its new programme, which becomes a combination of PRO and has been having full-scale dummy to help in building the new African- does not relish stories which do no adman, taking his pay for plugging a runs since the middle of last month. product relentlessly and unquestion- Overseas recordings have been flow­ credit to the advancement and educa­ tion of the people." ingly. But he knows what he is up to, ing in, national news staffers have been and in the profession there are hun­ given voice tests. Regional News men All verj fine, but . . . Though dreds who are holding on in the hope have been pouring in special reports smacking of parochialism, this philo­ that these troubles are no more than by telephone and telex, recording sophy is lofty enough. But at the foun- African nationalism's growing pains. studios have been booked and used tainhead it somehow works out differ­ Setting an example. What all jour­ for mock-ups. If the programme is a ently. Building African unity, libera­ nalists of any aspiration to honesty hit with the listeners the Corporation ting Africa, ends up as an uninter­ fear is that the Ghanaian Press is ser­ hopes to extend it to other newscasts. rupted stream of praise and adulation ving as a model for Press in all the new Question is, can the depleted staff for Nkrumah and his works; and not African States. Though personally de­ stand it? relishing stories which do no credit to testing and even despising Nkrumah the advancement and education of the and his pretensions, African leaders Hoeing a tough row people turns out to mean that in tend to be more pre-occupied with the Ghana, editors draw a bead on men as fact that his system worked first and The Messianic complex of President targets and with every means at their seems to work best. For them opposi­ Kwame Nkrumah has caught on fast in disposal destroy them. Among the tion is equated with treason, dissent his home country, and if he is Osag- casualties have been educators, aca­ with sabotage, and there emerges a pat­ yefo, the Redeemer, all his followers demics, chiefs, priests, business­ tern of ruthlessness which breaks a are beginning to feel themselves little men, ordinary Ghanaians and. of dissenting newspaper from its editor Redeemers. Nkrumah's newspapers course, politicians of all parties. Says down to its penny-a-liner. particularly are much given to small one Ghanaian journalist "The news­

30 KEWS/CHECK 1 FEBRUARY 196} solid base of human significance on which the aesthetic, the ritual, the tech­ nique of bullfighting rests, and this the base of its fascination, for no­ where else (since public hanging was abolished) has the nature of death been examined so openly as i'n the bullring. Without the formalisation, bullfighting would be brutish, but without the death. the Moment of Truth, it is no more than an elaborate dance. Yet the real thing is so potent. that even the corrida as practised by gentler nations pulls i'n the crowds, creates for them idols. Accident. Though cousin to the Spanish bullfight, the Portuguese bull­ fight shuns the Spanish taste of steel. There are no picadors and the bull is not killed. But without the Moment of Truth the corrida has no dramatic climax, no reality behind the aesthetic. DOS SANTOS A\D FAMILY Both bull and man are deprived of What makes him fight? their equal chance of death and glory. A few years back, Manuel Dos Santos, the only really renowned fighter pro­ LIVING duced by Portugal, was fighting in Lis­ bon before an enormous crowd. After JOBS executing a series of magnificent faena DOS SANTOS PLATING THE BULL Sol y Toros passes, he found himself running at "/ do not know .... At five in the afternoon, exactly the climax with sword in hand towards at five in the afternoon . . . the bull who was running at him. contracts — then I retire." For him, a muscle with a desolate horn . . . Next thing the bull lay dead upon the the cries of aficionados are to be no only the bull is happy . . . death sand, and there was chaos. At a sensa­ more. lays eggs in the wound . . . tional trial Dos Santos was exonerated. Manuel the Man (blue-eyed, fair, At five in the afternoon. His plea? "Innocent — by reasons of batidy-legged, boyish smile, family Lorca: Lament for temporary insanity." man) is vastly different from Dos the Bullfighter Tauromaquia Mocambique. Dos San­ Santos the Matador, taut-faced steel- tos was the star of last month's season nerved idol of Portuguese womanhood. Ignacio Sanchez Meji'as. Resplendent in glittering traje de luces The bullfight endures because it is the in Lourenco Marques' Monumental arena; and lounging at the Polana (suit of lights) he has won more pub­ symbol of all death: a formalisation in licity for Portugal than Amalia Rod- visible terms of the loneliness of dying. pool, he grinned wickedly at his dark- haired Mexican wife before stating: rigues, the singer, and the Fado, the Bull or man, the one that dies does so song. in the midst of a multitude. This is the "This is my last season. Three more Veteran of 1,500 corridas, Dos Santos asks himself each time: "What will the bulls be like? How will the public react?" Even i'n the Portuguese variety of bullfighting, "every matador feels fear". Big money. Financially it is a hard life. Dos Santos has received eleven grave injuries, as well as the bocadinho, the groin wound which killed the most famous of them all, Manolete. Being wounded involves losses which no insurance company will cover. Bull­ fighters, in or out of the ring, in or out of hospital, must live up to their public image. "I make R18,0(X) o'n a good fight. I have earned R375,G00 fight­ ing, but the expenses are ridiculous. The capote de passeio (the cloak with which the passes are performed) alone costs R224 — and usually splits the first time." A unit of fight. The matador's life is one of dedication: no smoking, no drinking; two hours of gymnastics DOS SANTOS BXECDTING A PASS have been daily routine for Dos Santos ". . . . hut if you are a matador, you are a matador" for 15 years. For him, the training is

NEWS/CHECK 1 FEBRUARY 1963 31 the only part he calls "sport". The of van Riebeeck's (part of whose wild Southafrican flora, in every way from desire to fight bulls he cannot explain, almond hedge still exists there), and teaching 12,000 children a year to pub­ nor can he analyse his feelings during deriving its name from the Kirsten lishing pamphlets and distributing a fight. But the vocation is compul­ family who once owned it, Kirsten- seeds to its 3,500 members. sive. When he married he promised bosch's history was uneventful until to give up, but after six years returned Cecil John Rhodes bought it as part OC. The society has laid on an elabo­ to the ring. "The matador is a man. of a plan to preserve the eastern slopes rate year-long programme. On it are One person. He cannot be separated. of Table Mountain for the nation. exhibitions and lectures, an interna­ When one is no longer a matador, one Even then it lay neglected until Profes­ tional flower show, a floral parade is surely less of a man." sor Harold Pearson selected it as a site down Capetown's Adderley Street A life of fear. Within the family, the for the proposed National Botanic (artificial flowers to discourage the great fear is the growing determina­ Gardens in 1911. Two years later, it spoliation of real ones), an interna­ tion of son Jorge (6) to become a was given official existence by Parlia­ tional philatelic show of floral stamps, fighter. And the world of the bull­ ment. Pearson did not live to see his and the entertaining of sixty overseas fighter is as demanding on Dos work completed, and died in 1916. botanists (European, American, Aus­ Santos' wife. Dona Gloria, as on her He was buried in the gardens. This tralian). Added to this are the making husband. As a wife to a public idol, week, a year of celebrating Kirsten- of two films of Southafrican flora for her life is public and revolves around bosch's Golden Jubilee will begin with Caltex and BP, and the issuing of a the ring, which she intensely dislikes. the laying of a wreath on Pearson's special Kirstenbosch stamp. In charge When Dos Santos is in the ring, she grave. of all this is Colonel Ignatius Ter- prays, she reads, and when he fights blanche, lately of the Cape Police, overseas, she has emergency air tickets A large public. In fifty years, Kir­ whose office in the gardens looks like always booked, just in case. For her. stenbosch has grown to be South- strategic battle HQ. It is a far cry La Corrida de Toros is not Art, Sport, africa's most famous piece of real from the day when he halted the mystique, or Moment of Truth. It is estate outside the Kimberley Big Hole. Bantu march at Capetown's Caledon the never absent possibility of a tele­ Unlike many great National Gardens, Square. phone call from the ring at five in the it preserves only indigenous species, afternoon — a las cinco de la tarde. but even so cannot keep track of the Serious side. The Society and Kir­ estimated 17,000 species, an incredible stenbosch's Director, Professor Brian richness for one country as Burchell Rycroft, are responsible for much more CELEBRATIONS noted a hundred and fifty years ago. than providing Southafrica with its At the moment its 1,000 acres house most delectable pleasure ground. The Great Garden 2,600 species, and attracts 400,000 visi­ Blushing Bride Protea and the Disa "God Almighty", said Bacon, "first tors a year. Lily, both threatened with extinction, planted a garden and indeed it is the were taken to Kirstenbosch, produced purest of human pleasures." And he Mixed programme. Kirstenbosch's in quantity and reseeded in their added: ". . . there ought to be gardens floral year will be a mixture of educa­ natural habitat; Rycroft is currently at for all months of the year, in which, tion, festivity, scientific hospitality and work reclassifying Protea and Mimetes severally, things of beauty may be practical fund raising. Behind it lies (by chromosome count), aided by then in season." Could he be trans­ the Botanical Society of Southafrica, British bursaries; and his investigation planted to Southafrica, Bacon would founded at the same time as the gar­ of the existence of related species in make straight for Kirstenbosch, where dens and responsible not only for their the Republic, Australia and South things of beauty are always in season. welfare, but for the propagation ot America creates speculation whether From farm to garden. Once a farm knowledge and understanding of they were once one great land mass, which fragmented and carried off the floral ancestors of the three continents to develop into individual strains. Public image. Besides the science there is the splendour. As Kirsten­ bosch swings into its Jubilee Year, the public's eye will be on events like this month's garden party at which the State President will be the guest of honour. Though it will be asked to provide R 165,000 for extension of staff and services (and to pay for the cele­ brations themselves), the public will be paying tribute to a vision of the silky and tasselled glories of Kirsten­ bosch, the splendour which made a visiting American negro declare from behind his busy camera: "Man oh man, dese gardens would have made the Hanging Gardens of Babylon look like your own Cape Flats". And the public will help maintain a garden of silver trees, broad lawns and dark, lilied pools, a pleasure-place which to many was more importantly the back­ KIBSTBNBOSCH BKLOVV CASil;E UO(JK drop to Pa proposing to Ma — when Serious-minded pleasure ground the vygies were in bloom.

32 NEWS/CHECK I FEBRUARY 1963 was specially ordered for the opera­ MEDICINE tion. But now the patient is hesi­ tating. Should he arrive, he will be Ticker for Ticker to the ventricle. In other words there rushed to hospital and receive one of is a heart block between the chambers the most modern electronic aids to It is a round disc about 1^ inches in and often a heart stoppage. And medicine in his body. He will truly diameter made from platinum and when this occurs it inhibits the flow be shocked into living. iridium, an alloy usually employed for of blood freely to the lungs, retards fountain-pen nibs. Leading from it the circulation to the brain and causes are three wires, two of which are tipped a Stokes-Adams fit, named after ihe Two Birds with electrodes. Called an artificial two men who discovered the condition. Ever since 1959 doctors in Central pacemaker this instrument, specially The fit is not unlike the seizure expe­ Africa have been battling to find the flown out from America last week is rienced by an epileptic. cause of a strange disease named by about to make medical history in To assist the action of the ventricle the indigenous population, O'nyong- Southafrica. It is destined to be im­ and to ensure a regular heart-beat, the nyong, or joint-breaker. An epidemic planted into the abdomen of a Portu­ Johannesburg surgeons are planning first struck Uganda in 1959 and spread guese merchant who lives in Lourenco to implant the tiny pacemaker in the to Tanganyika, Nyasaland, Mozam­ Marques. And Johannesburg cardiac body of the merchant. The disc will bique and Southern Rhodesia. Now, surgeons are standing by to operate be buried in the abdomen and tunnels after a three-year study of the disease, the moment the man arrives. for the wire leads scraped through the scientists at the East African Virus The merchant is suffering from a heart subcutaneous tissue towards the heart. Research Institute at Entebbe have not blockage. Every hour he is given in­ A loop, where the wire leaves the only succeeded in isolating the virus. jections of adrenalin (a heart stimu­ lant), but this does not prevent him having about 18 Stokes-Adams fits a day. In addition his heart beat is only 12 to 14 a minute, compared with the normal 60-90. The heart stoppage was caused by coronary artery disease (NEWS/CHECK, August 17) and as a result his ventricular pumping action is defective. Pumping muscle. Although the heart is a unit, anatomically and function­ ally, it can be thought of as two isolated pumps—the '"right heart" and the "left heart". The right heart receives blood from the veins of the entire body and pumps it into the lung, which after oxygenating it, returns it to the left heart, from where it is circulated. Basically the heart is a hollow muscle divided into four chambers —the right and left auricles and the right and left ventricles. The heart's beating is an unceasing HEART P.ACEMAKIDB rhythmic contraction and relaxation— Five year kick a unique feature of the heart muscle. but tracked down its source: the The "'beat" originates in the sino-atrial pacemaker and just before the elec­ trodes will be stitched on to the ven­ Anopheles mosquito, hitherto thought node, situated between the superior tricle and every second an 8-volt only to carry malaria. This is the first vena cava and the inferior vena cava, shock will stimulate the ventricle into time Anopheles has been implicated two veins which bring the blood from contracting, thus pumping the blood. in spreading a virus disease on an all parts of the body. By means of a epidemic scale. unique bundle of cells an electrical Placing the leads. It is a big operation impulse, begun in the s-a node, is which involves exposing the heart Now the eradication of O'nyong-nyong spread from the auricle to the ventricle. through the fourth and fifth ribs so relies on efficient anti-mosquito cam­ that the electrodes can be fastened into paigns in African territories — a Although there is no specialised trans­ costly undertaking which involves mitting tissue in the atria (or auricle), position. The third lead from the pacemaker, is buried along the abdo­ large-scale spraying with insecticides. a node, called the atrioventricular Yet O'nyong-nyong has attacked more node, connects the two chambers. The men ending at the tip of the eleventh rib on the left side of the body. This than 2,000,000 people and literally spread of the impulse throughout the brought victims to their knees as the heart can be recorded by an electro­ is required to regulate the pacemaker should anything go wrong. The pace­ painful disease spreads through their cardiogram. While the atria contracts, bodies, attacking their bones. Fortu­ the ventricle expands to receive the maker itself, is fixed to deliver 60 electrical shocks a minute. nately it seldom kills. One consola­ blood. Then the ventricle contracts tion from these latest findings is that forcing the blood to the lungs. The batteries in the pacemaker last for five years after which time the in eradicating malaria, a second bird Uncommunicated impulse. However, pacemaker has to be replaced. The will be killed with one stone, relieving in the case of the Portuguese merchant patient is required to take his pulse Africa of two of its most serious the impulse originating in the right each day and report any drastic varia­ cripplers outside of the malnutrition atria is sometimes not carried through tions. The instrument costs R460 and diseases.

NEWS/CHECK 1 FEBRUARY 1963 33 BARLY TOOIi FACTORY ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS Research in Johannesburg. Dart Ape or man? Fluke or foresight? placed Australopithecine scoops, made from antelope cannon-bones, alongside an apple scoop made from a sheep­ SCIENCE - • shank bone used by Victorians for pulping and eating crisp apples. There man-ape, named it Australopithecus was no mistaking the similarities. The First Tools (southern ape). Others said it was Australopithecus was clearly a tool- The objects separated from a lump of merely a chimpanzee. Thus began maker. Such scoops were thus the grey breccia found at the Makapans- one of the greatest controversies in ancestors of metal spoons and feeding gat Limeworks Cave in the Transvaal, Southafrican anthropological research. bottles of today. looked very much like "a baby Too hasty. Palaeontologists abroad Their food. Because Australopithecus elephant molar tooth and its tusks". claimed Dart was too hasty in pub­ lived at a time when the Transvaal To make sure anthropologist Professor lishing his findings. They argued that Raymond Dart handed them to geolo­ the Taungs skull was definitely not a gist colleague Dr Basil Cooke, of the so-called "missing link". But, backed University of the Witwatersrand. by equally famous Southafrican "Sorry, only stalactite," reported anthropologist, Robert Broom, Dart Cooke laconically. He couldn't at that stuck to his belief that the Taungs stage, know that his verdict had added baby was indeed an ancestor of Man another enthralling chapter to the who roamed the plains of Southern story of Man's ancestry. The discovery Africa one million years ago. Over was made in September 1961, an­ the years, further discoveries at nounced briefly last year, and has now Taungs, Makapansgat, Sterkfontein been fully published by Dart. and the Olduvai Gorge in Tanganyika have proved Dart right. Taungs baby. The story really begins in 1924 when workers exploded dyna­ Fossil tools. Along with Australopi- mite in a quarry near the village of thecine fossils at Makapansgat Dart Taungs in the Cape. Solid rock was has also isolated implements used by shattered into fragments, one of which early Man as weapons, tools and uten­ contained a small skull. An excited sils. These have been carefully sepa­ Dart, recently arrived from London to rated from lumps of breccia by palae­ take the chair of anatomy at Wits, ontologists working at the Bernard BONE TOOLS AND STALACTITES pronounced it the skull of a baby Price Institute for Palaeontological From curiosity to utility

34 NEWS/CHECK 1 FEBRUARY 1963 was not as productive of vegetation tration gives a clear portrayal of the as now, he had to rely on lesser half-intelligent, proto-human appear­ ART animals for his food. The rocks at ance of Australopithecus, similar to Makapansgat have revealed that this Man's nearest relative, the gorilla. "When I was a Child..." million-year-old man fashioned crude Deliberate manufacture. There is now weapons from the bones of animals no doubt that man-apes in the Trans­ All over Southafrica this week parents he killed. Dart explains that Austra­ vaal one million years ago were suffi­ heaved a sigh of relief, unpacked the lopithecus hunted in the open, carried ciently intelligent despite their compa- family porcelain from places of safety, his prey to caves. Thus Man has lived ritively small brains (600 cubic centi­ counted their remaining cents and under cover for a million or more metres — modern man's is 1,350 cc) despatched their young to school. Now, years, graduating from caves, to huts, to begin the deliberate orderly manu­ for another term, their children's to houses, to mansions, to palaces. facture of tools, instead of relying on scholastic prowess will supplant in Stone tools. Now Dart has found odd-shaped stones, bones and pieces importance their constant amusement, another "cultural missing link" and of wood discovered in the veld. Dart's and spelling-lists will replace the en­ proved that living in caves helped discoveries show that Makapansgat tertainment columns as required read­ Australopithecus in his transition from was unquestionably the site of an ing for parents. bone implements to stone implements. Australopithecine factory during the Fond mothers of tots venturing for While stone tools had been discovered 100,000-year period of that cavern's the first time into the larger world of at Sterkfontein and Olduvai, they had life. And it was there that Australo­ nursery schools, will arrive to collect not been clearly identified at Maka­ pithecus fashioned sharp-edged wea­ the shining offspring they delivered, pansgat until Cooke's analysis and pons and cutting and scraping tools only to find them unrecognizable under report on the "elephant tusk-like" from suitable and accessible local ma­ layers of gaily-coloured paint, but joy­ batch. This means that Makapansgat terials such as stalactite, dolomite and fully flourishing messy sheets of paper Australopithecines had learned to chert. This cultural transition is as covered with unidentifiable daubs. supplement their bone tools with important as the transition from man- Thus will they experience the first pointed stalactites ripped out of caves ape to Man. sharp shock of that 20th century in which they dwelt. phenomenon—Child Art. "Curious" interest. At first these man- Two extremes. Few educational sub­ apes showed only a "curious" interest jects have grown as fast in popularity, in the long, pointed stalactites hanging especially among the pupils themselves, from the roof of their caves. Then and few are less understood and they learnt the art of manufacture, apparently as unjustified as the so- puncturing, trimming, shaping the called "self-expressive activity" of material for various purposes. One children. As with any new field, the piece of stalactite found in the breccia teaching of child art is frequently matches a slit in a bone perfectly, tackled without adequate insight, and suggesting that it had been used as a parents may be confronted with crude file. Other stalactite articles examples of two extremes: the laboured were huge and plate-like. These could "monkey-work," or meticulously un- only have been taken from the cave creative exercises, which still hang over they previously adorned by delibe­ from past centuries, and the wild and rately splitting larger stalactites. licensed daubs, which are erroneously Handaxes. Dart also found perhaps interpreted by unenlightened teachers the earliest and certainly the simplest as "self-expression." Between these prototype of all handaxes. They were two stand the growing body of educa­ derived from short blocks of stalactite tionalists who recognise the valueless- split longitudinally. First a segment ness of the former, and condemn the of about four to five inches in length indiscipline of the latter, but who are was struck off a stalactite five inches dedicated to the encouragement of the thick. This was placed on the floor free art of children. and split into two halves. Each half I'KOFBSSOR RAYMOND DART Non-professionals. There is no thought cylinder was thus given two sharp History begins in Africa in the minds of these experts of foisting upon the tolerant public yet another edges. The third step involved choos­ Commerce too? Dart does not go any ing the sharper of the two edges to "-ism"—Childism—to add to the exist­ further, but the finding of bone imple­ ing plethora of Cubisms, Surrealisms, split off the blunter edge with another ments at Sterkfontein, Makapansgat blow. Thus a flat back for gripping Futurisms, Orphisms, etc. They do and Olduvai, plus the discovery of not for one moment wish to compare the handaxe was formed. The use to stone tools at these sites, suggests that which the edges had been put is the spontaneous work of children with Australopithecus not only began the the considered efforts of mature and obvious from their battering and art of manufacture, but could quite blunting. highly-trained adults. In fact, the possibly have also laid the foundations child art movement, if movement it Artist's impression. That then was the of trading tools for food — modern- can be called, began as a distinct re­ picture presented to Johannesburg day commerce. And if the man-ape action against the precocious teaching (and NEWS/CHECK) artist William Stan­ made weapons and tools, the advan­ methods of the 19th Century, when ford, who painted a family of man- tages they gave him, may also have the Austrian painter, Franz Cizek, apes manufacturing implements to made him into Man. Though scien­ tists have long abandoned the "Missing noticed that the drawings which chil­ illustrates Dart's findings (see cut). dren made for their own amusement Stanford's reconstructions are meticu­ Link" to the lurid pages of the lously scientific and Dart literally horror comics, they have always defined were far more vital and exciting than watches over his shoulder as the artist human-ness as the ability to make any of their laborious efforts in the brushes in every line. Stanford's illus­ and use tools. class-room. Professor Cizek opened

NEWS/CHECK I FEBRUARY 1963 35 quality which is essentially abstract, and they frequently show a remarkably strong feeling for design and decora­ tion. When they are allowed to ex­ press themselves freely, their work is usually bold, their colour emotionally rather than literally chosen. Small people are much the same all over the world, and at different stages, no matter where they live, their art is characterized by typical symbols — or schemata — which they employ to sug­ gest the subject: a familiar example is the circle perched on a vertical line, which symbolizes a tree. These sche­ mata change as the child grows older, and, equally universally, there is a tendency toward increased self- criticism and more factual expression just prior to puberty. One of the tasks of the child art specialist is to guide the child over this stage when logical thought processes cancel earlier spontaneity. "Now that I am a man . , ." When the concept of self-expression is not "CLOVVIV" BY SIX-YEAR-OLD abused to imply licence, artistic activity One-two-three-four-five fingers is a wonderful agent of discipline and self-confidence. It also provides an his Vienna studio to children in 1897, from any material which will draw or excellent bridge to later appreciation, and his Juvenile Art Classes, which smear is, however, one of the most for with the child's acceptance of art continued until 1938, soon became basic and natural activities of man­ as a natural activity for himself it is world-famous. kind. but a step to accepting it as normal Professional reaction. The charm of In play and in art, which is a form of and intelligible to others. Child art, in the naive productions of children is play, children find a spontaneous out­ reflecting the evanescent joie de vivre such that a reverse effect resulted, and let — and for this reason child art has of youth, gives much pleasure to the several adult artists have, in fact, con­ also been adopted by the psychologists. young person creating that reflection. sciously attempted to reproduce the As a direct and emotionally-toned If there were no other justification for abstract symbolic approach of child means of expression, its use has proved its encouragement, this alone should art in their own work. This, of course, effective both as a projective technique be sufficient to keep the movement is spurious; the sophisticated adult can — for diagnosis — and as a therapeutic growing in the modern world. never recapture the childish vision of technique — for assisting in the cure the world, nor sincerely employ his of disturbances. professional knowledge of technique Apart from the profounder implica­ in emulation of the primitive handi­ tions, child art makes an absorbing work of children. Cizek stated: "Child subject for study. The young child art is an art which only the child can draws what he knows, and not, as produce. There is something that the many would expect, what he sees; and child can also perform, but that we the appeal of his drawings is enhanced do not call art. It is imitation, it is by their characteristic variations on artificial." visual appearance. For example, in "... I spake as a child..." Many his primary interest — people — heads, sincere teachers miss the essential point to begin with, are always emphasized of this argument by overstressing tech­ more than the other physical features; nical achievement. In the belief that and when he first learns to count, the they are providing the child wifh a correct number of fingers on each hand language through which to speak, they becomes far more important than their forget that children can only express proportion to the total figure. Further themselves validly in their own terms, favoured subjects are houses, ships and not through precocious adult and aeroplanes, flowers and animals, vernacular. Their minds are over- with more complex subject-matter flov^'ing with impressions, and their appearing as he becomes more self- emotions, thougli often stimulated by confident and adventurous. different causes than those that affect Young abstractionists. A great deal of the adult, are just as intense as his. the appeal of child art lies in its They have much to ventilate and ex­ naivete, but at its own level, as a thing press, but they are frequently handi­ apart from the professional product, it capped in saying it with words through also pos.sesses considerable aesthetic sheer lack of vocabulary. To make appeal. Children are not naturalistic "CLOWN" BV iNJ.NK-YKAKOLD monuments from mud, and pictures artists; their work has a selective Audience of abstract symbols

36 NEWS/CHECK I FEBRUARY 1963 while Bueno and Hard were, not un­ expectedly, carving up the women's SPORT section between them, the men were GOLF too much of a tangle to give any getting a rough passage against the clarity. home-bred talent. By the quarter­ Ding dong battle Strangest case of all was the SABC, finals at Port Elizabeth, Santana and which decided at the last minute to Co had been blown out. Santana, Politics, from one side, has wagged its omit all mention of any of the play recovered sufficiently to contest the finger at Southafrican soccer; now a in the tourney (although it previously singles final at East London, but an finger is being wagged at Southafrican has reported multi-racial sports aggressive Abe Segal straight-setted to golf — from the other side. Some time events). his third successive Border title. back it looked as though golf was Golf again seems a long way off its Santana was hospitalized with low going to make a breakthrough on race, breakthrough, but one thing emerges blood pressure at the Cape, setting the more particularly in the shape of ex- stage for the debut of the "surprise of caddie Sewsunker "Papwa" Sewgolum, from the legal aspect: for the moment there appears to be nothing to bar the circuit": Germany's Bungert. The the Indian top-notcher who has held German champ, who flew in from the Dutch Open title and is a respected Papwa from taking part in the South­ african Open in March. Hong Kong, shouldered out South­ campaigner on European courses african resident Aussie, Bob Mark, in where he has tested his skill for some time past. Papwa had once before the finals. been allowed to play in a white South­ Overtaken. While "glamour boy" african tournament—196rs South­ Santana struggled to find form, the tall, african Open in East London — and lithe young Teuton, whom one critic signs were that the Government might likened to Baron Gottfried von continue to make such exceptions in Cramm, German ace of yesteryear, the case of world-class players. took over the role of crowd-puller with a likeable personality and stylish play. No to the spangles. Then, last Novem­ Sadly for Johannesburg enthusiasts, ber, the International Golf Association their brief glimpse of the rising young proposed to stage the star-spangled star was restricted to an exhibition Canada Cup international golf series singles before Bungert hastened home — known as "UNO on spikes" or for the German indoor championships "Peace through Golf"— in Southafrica at Bonn. But sure as sugar in your this year. No less a person than Gary tea, he will be back. Player conveyed the message, and matters were so arranged that there could be no embarrassment to the BOXING Government. But because the series Reluctant gladiator might have meant overseas non-white He is a great, muscular, hunk of man­ golfers taking part, the Government hood who religiously reads his Bible, decided thumbs down. and does not like the sight of blood Last week Papwa was not only allowed very much; but last week in the noisy, to play in the Natal Open at Durban's smoky confines of Johannesburg's City exclusive Country Club, but won it Hall he swung his fists in the lusty (73-70-74-76). Papwa had to accept combination of straight left, right his silver trophy and R800 cheque cross, left hook, and Southafrica had standing outside the clubhouse in the WINNER SEVVGOLUM a new heavvweight boxing champion. rain (legally — and according to club Trophy in a downpour Ex-miner Stbffel Willemse, 22, 198 lbs, rule — he was barred from entering and 6 ft 3 ins in his white socks, had the buildine), while after that the other TENNIS relieved the pugilistic Pretoria police­ players trooped inside to receive their Sweetness and fight man, Daan Bekker, 30, of his title with own onwards. At the end of the year, Hulett's Sugar, a seventh round knock-out. While the dethroned champion went off to the Complicated laws. Early this week who also dabble in tennis promotion, imported an impressive-looking array casualty ward on Hospital Hill to have there was political mutterine about six stitches inserted in a cut eye and the whole affair. Community Develop­ of centre-court talent and started them off on a coastal tournament circuit to talk of retirement, the fans poured ment Minister P. W. Botha declared in out of the hall and into the bars to Capetown that Papwa did not have a now winding up in Johannesburg. The "brew" consisted of Spaniard discuss the new prospect. permit to take part in the tournament. Revivalist enthusiasm. This lovable His Department was considering what Manuel Santana, elevated to World No 2 with the passing into the pro fighting freak, who hates knocking steps should be taken. The Natal people around ("But I have to do it Golf Union countered that its legal ranks of "Grand Slam" Rod Laver. British Davis Cupper Billy Knight, for the money") is a man whom the advice had held that no permit was folk of the Republic's fistiana are tip­ necessary, and cited a Natal Supreme German top shots Wilhelm Bungert and Christian Kuhnke. The sweetness ping to bring back the boom days of Court iudgment of last October to Southafrican boxing. "He's young, back its stand: with certain provisos came in the form of two of the world's top three women players, Maria Bueno but a good one all right. You will such multi-racial events may take see a revival of boxing In this city", place after all. The talk now is that (Brazil) and Darlene Hard (US). Wending its way. The circuit got declared Johannesburg promoter Dave the Government may introduce leeisla- Levin, with plans afoot to import US tion this year to resulate the whole under way in the Windy City, Port Elizabeth, moved on to East London, opposition to do battle with Willemse. question of multi-racial sport: the pro­ Willemse. married, and happily the visions of the Group Areas Act seem thence to the Cape and Durban. And

NEWS/CHECK 1 FEBRUARY 1963 37 RELIGION iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ Ominous eclipse "politics in Africa today is a way of In the musty book-lined studies of removing injustices and therefore of missionaries there is a sad reminiscing preventing a re-enactment of Calvary". about the old days, and a fear for the The old guard. Missionaries of an future of the Church in Africa. Afri­ earlier generation are disturbed and can nationalism is taking a hardening sad. Many come from missionary line against missionary activity, and families who have dedicated their lives this new problem presents a challenge through generations to the spiritual far greater than the privations that and educational uplift of Africans. missionaries once endured to bring Their memories are of an unexplored the Gospel to a dark continent. Africa, the difficulties of communicat­ Christianity and supremacy. The con­ ing their message, the lack of medical troversy came to a head two years ago facilities, schools for their children, at the New Delhi meeting of the World the total loneliness of working in a Council of Churches. There, Sir cut-off little world. The work of years Frances Ibiam, Governor of Eastern of dedication may now be swept away. Nigeria, pointed an admonishing They are disturbed by statements finger. "The missionary lives within made by people of their kind, like a special clique," he said, "in a world Canon J. S. Kingsworth of the Uni­ NEW CH.IMP WILLKMSE of his own. He gives the orders and versities Mission to Central Africa, Oh lo he a farmer's boy he is the boss, not a missionary in who said: "Missionaries with empire- action, but the guardian of white building temperaments are no longer father of a second child the day after supremacy." Today the debate is get­ needed in Africa today." The old the fight, was a fitter on the mines ting hotter. Whether it be a DRC guard may protest, but should be wary before deciding to earn money in a mission in the wilds of Rhodesia, a of protesting too much. more bruising manner. He began his Lutheran outpost in Uganda or a Not so hasty. Even the word "mis­ professional career, four years, 12 band of Catholic brothers in Nigeria, sionary" is OUT. The preference is fights ago, and has learned slowly and the churches can expect, not only a for "fraternal workers" — who would simply. hotter challenge, but even action. And come out to Africa, work, and return. the choice is not to confront African Second go. He might have won the Inevitable as this seems, the old-timers title last year when he had Bekker on the canvas in the first round of their first encounter, but lost 28 precious seconds because he was too excited to remember what a neutral corner was. Another time his trainer rapidly briefed him between rounds with advice on the use of a left hook. Willemse nodded, lunged up at the bell, then turned, puzzled, and asked: "What's a left hook?" There is no play-acting with this boy. When he is hurt, he shows it — and when his opponent hits the deck a wide grin of pleasure splits his face. There is no doubt about his punching power. Boxer Fred Coates came to in his dressing room after being KO'd in round one of his contest with Wil­ lemse at Luanshya, Northern Rhode­ sia, and his seconds had a tough time convincing him it was all over. Another opponent, taking a beating from Willemse, suddenly complained MISSION ST-iTION TSHAKUMA, NORTH TVL that he'd got hurt, ducked out of The old order changeth .... and the new had better buck up the ring, and ran to the dressing room. nationalism, win or lose, but to work do not wish to be too hasty. They "How can anyone do that?" queried along with it while still maintaining would rather raise the educational Willemse. "I'd rather die in the ring those values for which the churches standards of future African ministers than be a coward". stand. The going will be tough. before departing. Despite such gladiatorial declarations, Hotter feelings. At last month's All White men brought the idea of Chris­ Willemse has no intention of giving African Christian Youth Assembly in tianity and the idea of nationalism his life to boxing. All he wants out Nairobi, an Angolan representative to Africa. The black man is agog of it is enough money to buy a small asked outright for the help of the Pan about the latter; but it is up to a new farm where he and his family can live African Movement in his country's generation of missionaries — who the rest of their days in peace. But "struggle against oppression". The criticise the old — to make the black fight fans and promoters have other Assembly resolved that Christians man just as enthusiastic about the ideas. should participate in politics, since former — and its more lasting values.

u NEWS/CHECK 1 FEBRUARY 1963 No nonsense. Jane Fenn plays Mrs Puffin without enough nonsense to rescue the play from puerility. The part was written especially for Eng­ land's Irene Handl, and to come alive needs the full range of creativity that distinguishes a comedienne from an actress trying to be funny. Distinguishing the undistinguished. Mrs Puffin throws into high relief the contrast between the success in South- africa of reconstituted-milk-and-water British comedies and the perfunctorj' way they are put on. Examples: Brian Brooke's productions of Don't Tell Father (now on tour) and the Irregular Verb to Love, are neither even as good as they might be, which is not very GLBASON IN "GIGOT" good at that. Father is distinguished Paris wax never like thi.\ by the fact that it is undistinguished; Verb has a set as untidy as its acting, and not even the presence of author- actor Hugh Williams could give this Verb an object. Just as casually ENTERTAINMENT- "•-• shuffled onto the stage was the CINEMA The horrifying comment on our time Alexander's Theatre's recent Boeing is that at least half of the audience Boeing. An in-and-out-of-bedroom Jellyfish with a loving heart laugh with Gigot's tormentors where affair demanding the elegance and Gigot (Seven Arts) is a fascinating film, Gleason and his associates meant them style of farce, it was shrugged off on sometimes horribly so. Dominated by to weep for Gigot, missing the point the public by a cast who kicked every Jackie (The Hustler) Gleason as a mute that they wanted to make: that at the line square in the middle and waited (the Gigot of the title), it is a rarity heart of love is innocence, of innocence, for laughs, indifferent to how they among American films, a one-man pro­ love. came, from whom or for what reasons. duct. Gleason wrote the story—a tenuous trifle of almost no importance Cold turkey. Yet comedy presented —composed the music, and fills the THEATRE like some marvellous tricked out screen for most of the time. It is a How to drag 'em in meringue is legitimate theatrical fare, staggering performance. It recreates and as welcome to the theatregoer as without really trying a cold drink on a hot day. What is not only the quan'wrs of Paris, but Goodnight Mrs Puffin is for the man that mood of French films of the being offered — like Mrs Puffin — is for whom familiarity is the soul of wit. watered down and synthetic, and, Thirties when from crumbly and He will instantly recognise: crummy walls a nostalgia that became though still successful, increasingly f A box set with lots of doors, a less affords refreshment or relief. a film convention was exuded like the crystal chandelier, lamps, a Persian odour of garlic. Photographed dead­ rug (wall-to-wall is OUT), chairs, pan and without stylish camera tricks, paintings whose only function is to New problem: same old faces Paris and its inhabitants form a back­ enhance the wallpaper, and upper Time was, some ten years ago, when ground for Gleason. who. wordless class bric-a-brac. the bulk of Southafrican theatre con­ throughout, is forced to become an % A cast collected from a dozen other sisted of amateur groups who as well ordnance map of human emotions. similar plays: a screamingly as presenting a mass of thrillers, one- Combining with a face which is precious Mum, a boisterously what- set English follies and faded musical Laughton. Lou Costello and Robert ho Dad, a couple of nauseating debs comedies, risked their necks with Genet Mitchum on one plate of lard, a body and their spineless Middlesex boy and Anouilh. Came professional that billows out his old Army overcoat friends, a Cockney maid with an theatre, and a great gulf formed like a gravy-stained spinnaker, Gleason accent as pinched as her derriere. between it and the amateurs, even has the delicacy of gait and gesture •1 An all-over atmosphere of deja vu. though many of the new pros were of most fat men. Much of what he as comfortable as last year's hit only old amateurs on a steady pay­ does is ballet by a hippopotamine parade. roll. Once out of amateur theatre, Nijinsky. Piffling Puffin. As for the play, it players turned their backs on their A little sick. Yet for all the craftily is a one-joke charade that need not backgrounds. Yet from amateur sentimental trimmings of music, decor occupy the playgoer for more than one theatre came Laurence Harvey, Sidney and mood, the film misses the pastiche act, after which he will know all that James and Campbell Singer, as well as at which perhaps it aimed. This is was on llie mind of author Arthur locally famous Ricky Arden, Cecil mainly because throughout a stealthy Lovegrove (a down-and-going-play- Williams and Leon Gluckman. note of cruelty is perceptible, as if the wrong, judging by Mrs Puffin). His Critic's help. Some newspaper critics, sick joke had crept into a life of Fal- slender thread: Mrs Puffin is a clair­ now that professional theatre gives staff. Gigot's teasing and tormenting voyant charwoman who, dreaming that them something to get their teeth into, by his neighbours and by life are too a certain wedding will not take place, stand by and watch the death of sadistic for the film; beneath the skin presents herself at the Hampstead amateur theatre. Even, perhaps, help LETTERS iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^

Not tonight Josephine? their paid killers so eager to practice Sir, — You are so interested in Nor­ their sport of butchering women and thern Rhodesia's lovelorn columns children in Southafrica, the Republic (NEWS/CHECK, January 18)—don't you being better equipped for defending realise there is as good at home? itself than was small, bewildered Betty Human of Golden City Post for Katanga. instance. Replying to "Worried J. Barnard Heart" of Witbank, who complains Pretoria. because his girl friend won't sleep with Comment him. Miss Human is just as much Sir, — 1 have just finished reading direct. "Listen chum, the unwilling­ Bantustans—a Trek towards the Future ness of the girl you love to hit the by Paul Giniewski, whose views you sack with you is not a disability. IT'S published in NEWS/CHECK (August 17). A VIRTUE. And I hope to heaven It is a book that should be read by she sticks to her guns. Sex and love Southafricans of all political persua­ are not the same thing, sonny-boy — sions. Giniewski puts the Southafri­ and if you ask me, all you want is a can racial problem into perspective, couple of cheap thrills." This seems and throughout the book one is con­ to me better than what you quote of scious of his intimate knowledge of Josephine of Lusaka. Southafrica, its history and its peoples. Joseph Nxumalo His message is clear: Southafrica has Johannesburg. chosen a government whose policy is DIRECTOR Rlf'KV .\K1)KN segregation of the races; stop talking Epitaph ior iimmeitr ilwiilre.' No barriers a-building about separate development — and get on with it. Sir, — You try to build racial barriers where they do not exist. You recom­ This note of urgency is apparent play, the critics rarely themselves give mend (Niws/cHi-CK December 21) that throughout the book. It makes one an amateur show a showing, sending propaganda among Bantu be stepped realise that there are only two alter­ instead second or even third leg men up considerably if death is to be kept natives: territorial separation or inte­ and confining the review to a mention. off the roads, arriving at this conclu­ gration. Although a middle-of-the- The result is a series of body blows sion because seven out of ten road road policy is sound in the short term, to what are in effect the unofficial victims are Bantu. This is not sur­ it is merely political expediency in the dramatic academies of the Republic. prising in view of the fact that seven long term. Director Ricky Arden. currently work­ out of ten people in Southafrica are A. R. Dickers ing on the Jewish Guild's production Bantu. The logical view is that all Port Elizabeth. of John Osborne and Anthony Creigh- Southafricans, irrespective of race, Award of a Petit Prix? ton's Epitaph for George Dillon (the should be educated in road safety. kind of play that, though critically Sir, — I congratulate you on your acclaimed abroad, would not be worth D. Curtis coverage of the Grand Prix series a Southafrican professional theatre's Johannesburg. (NEWS/CHECK, January 4). The reason gambling) feels that this may easily be Reader Curtis' figures are a trifle too is simple. It is the best stuff on motor the last Guild production, because of neat. The point is that the proportion racing Tve ever read in a Southafrican public and critical indifference. Yet is not 7:10 in high-accident areas, journal. 1 have no idea who wrote it, the Guild has produced an average because .SY) many Bantu live in low- but whoever did so knows his motor of five plays a year for sixty years. accident (plattelund. reserve) areas. racing and can certainly put it over. Public's peril. Drama schciols in Also, many Bantu victims are rural I'd like to know who it was. It could Southafrica exist only in Natal and African pedestrians, new to the towns. not be a staffwriter, for only people the Cape, and even the.se are pre­ Latest figures show that road fatalities who know the game can write like that. occupied more with exuding teachers in Johannesburg's African townships Motor racing is not a sport that any than seeding the stage with actors have increased .since 1961,- in the rest reporter can be sent to cover. My own Arden points out too that British of Johannesburg they have dropped guess would be that a'n overseas actors are now aliens and will hesitate by 20 per cent. Far from building specialist writer did it for you. If it before coming to act here for any barriers, NEWS/CHHCK'S view on the was a local man then I lift my hat still length of time, and that their futures desirability of this kind of propaganda higher to him. will be uncertain if they are required is backed by Bantu leaders, particu­ larly churchmen. Ed. I have been a motor race fan all my to possess work permits. Since a life — I even worked for the techni­ Johannesburg or Transvaal academy cal press in London as a cartoonist- of acting is not yet even a brainchild, US, UN and us illustrator years ago — and my inte­ critics and public discourage amateurs Sir, — The UN policy of furthering rest has never flagged. Thanks for a at their peril: the peril of seeing the the cause of peace as exemplified by jolly good feature. same old faces over and over again, its actions in Katanga, calls to mind Jock Leyden and the peril of never seeing any Durban. play with a large cast because there similar conciliatory gestures made by will be only a handful of actors who the USSR toward Hungary and East Our thanks to cartoonist-reader can even walk on and say "Dinner is Germany. One thing is certain. The Leyden. The writer was a local boy UNmen, led by the Afro-Asians {though not a staffwriter). Ed. served" without making the line sound with full communist support and like amateur night at the Palais. All political matter in this issue by Otto Krause, financed by the US, will not find 42 Marshall Street, Johannesburg.

40 NIW5/CHKK 1 FEBRUARY 19lil ONE STOP TO FRANKFURT

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