, Ii ;' " I ~ _.---'-- v_o_'u_rn_e_3_ • Living Resources
UPPER SANGAMON RIvER AREA ASSESSMENT
':I ~~ OEP,lRTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES UPPER SANGAMON RIVER AREA ASSESSMENT
VOLUME 3: LIVING RESOURCES
Illinois Department ofNatural Resources Office ofScientific Research and Analysis Natural History Survey Division 607 East Peabody Drive Champaign, Illinois 61820 (217) 333-4949
1999
300 Printed by the authority of the State of Illinois Other CTAP Publications
Upper Sangamon River Area Assessment Vol. I Geology Vol. 2 Water Resources Vol. 4 Socio-Economic Profile, Environmental Quality and Archaeological Resources The Heart ofthe Sangamon: An Inventory ofthe Region's Resources - 22-page color booklet
Descriptive inventories and area assessments are also available for the following regions: Rock River Upper Des Plaines River Cache River Illinois River Bluffs Mackinaw River Spoon River Illinois Headwaters Driftless Area Illinois Big Rivers Lower Rock River Fox River Sinkhole Plain Kankakee River Sugar-Pecatonica Rivers Kishwaukee River Vermilion River Embarras River
Also available: Illinois Land. Cover, An Atlas, plus CD-ROM Inventory ofEcologically Resource-Rich Areas in Illinois EcoWatch '98, Annual Report ofthe minois EcoWatch Network Illinois Geographic Information System, CD-ROM ofdigital geospatial data
All CTAP and Ecosystems Program documents are available from the DNR Clearinghouse at (217) 782-7498 or TDD (217) 782-9175. Selected publications are also available on the World Wide Web at http://dnr.state.iLus/ctap/ctaphome.htm, or http://dm.state.il.us/c2000/manage/partner.htm, as well as on the EcoForum Bulletin Board at 1(800) 528-5486 or (217) 782-8447.
For more information about CTAP, call (217) 524-0500 or e-mail [email protected]; for information on the Ecosystems Program call (217) 782-7940 or e-mail at [email protected].
The Illinois Department ofNalUral Resources does not discriminate based upon race, color, national origin, . age, sex, religion or disability in its programs, services, activities and facilities. If you believe that you have been discriminated against or if you wish additional information, please contact the Department at (217) 785-0067 or the U.;;. Department of the Interior Office of Equal Employment, Washington, D.C. 20240. About This Report
The Upper Sangamon River Area Assessment examines an area of more than 1,200 square miles in east central Illinois. Because significant natural community and species diversity has been found in the watershed, a portion of the assessment area has been designated a state "Resource Rich Area". 1
This report is part of a series of reports on areas ofIllinois where a public-private partnership has been formed to protect natural resources. These assessments provide information on the natural and human resources of the areas as a basis for managing and improving their ecosystems. The determination of resource rich areas and development of ecosystem-based information and management programs in Illinois are the result ofthree processes - the Critical Trends Assessment Program, the Conservation Congress, and the Water Resources and Land Use Priorities Task Force.
Background
The Critical Trends Assessment Program (CTAP) documents changes in ecological conditions. In 1994, using existing information, the program provided a baseline of ecological conditions.2 Three conclusions were drawn from the baseline investigation:
1. the emission and discharge ofregulated pollutants over the past 20 years has declined, in some cases dramatically, 2. existing data suggest that the condition ofnatural ecosystems in Illinois is rapidly declining as a result of fragmentation and continued stress, and 3. data designed to monitor compliance with environmental regulations or the status of individual species are not sufficient to assess ecosystem health statewide.
Based on these findings, CTAP has begun to develop methods to systematically monitor ecological conditions and provide information for ecosystem-based management. Five .components make up this effort:
1. identify resource rich areas, 2. conduct regional assessments, 3. publish an atlas and inventory ofIllinois landcover, 4. train volunteers to collect ecological indicator data, and 5. develop an educational science curriculum which incorporates data collection
At the same time that CTAP was publishing its baseline findings, the Illinois Conservation Congress and the Water Resources and Land Use Priorities Task Force were presenting their
I See Inventory ofResource Rich Areas in Illinois: An Evaluation ofEcological Resources. 2 See The Changing Illinois Environment: Critical Trends, summary report and volumes 1-7.
III respective findings. These groups agreed with the CTAP conclusion that the state's ecosystems were declining. Better stewardship was needed, and they determined that a voluntary, incentive-based, grassroots approach would be the most appropriate, Qne that recognized the inter-relatedness of economic development and natural resource protection and enhancement.
From the three initiatives was born Conservation 2000, a six-year program to begin reversing ecosystem degradation, primarily through the Ecosystems Program, a cooperative process of public-private partnerships that are intended to merge natural resource stewardship with economic and recreational development. To achieve this goal, the program provides financial incentives and technical assistance to private landowners. The Rock River and Cache River were designated as the first Ecosystem Partnership areas.
At the same time, CTAP identified 30 Resource Rich Areas (RRAs) throughout the state. In RRAs and other areas where Ecosystem Partnerships have been formed, CTAP is providing an assessment ofthe area, drawing from ecological and socio-economic databases to give an overview of the region's resources - geologic, edaphic, hydrologic, biotic, and socio economic. Although several of the analyses are somewhat restricted by spatial and/or temporal limitations of the data, they help to identify information gaps and additional opportunities and constraints to establishing long-term monitoring programs in the partnership areas.
The Upper Sangamon River Area Assessment
The Sangamon River basin drains 5,419 square miles and forms the largest watershed of any of the tributaries of the Illinois River. The mainstem of the Sangamon River flows more than 240 miles. This assessment report covers the upper Sangamon River watershed from the vicinity of Gibson City southwestward to near Illiopolis. More specifically, the Upper Sangamon River Area Assessment encompasses approximately 1,220.5 square miles (781,139.7 acres) in east-central IlJinois, including significant portions of Piatt and Macon counties, the northwestern portion of Champaign County, and smalJer parts ofChristian, Dewitt, Ford, Logan, McLean, Sangamon, and Shelby counties. One of the thirteen sub-basins in this assessment area, the Sangamon River (upper central), encompassing 53,734 acres, was designated as a "Resource Rich Area" because it contains significant natural community diversity. The Upper Sangamon River Ecosystem Partnership was subsequently formed around this core area of high quality ecological resources.
This assessment is comprised offour volumes. In Volume 1, Geology discusses the geology, soils, and minerals in the assessment area. Volume 2, Water Resources, discusses the surface and groundwater resources and Volume 3, Living Resources, describes the natural vegetation communities and the fauna of the region. Volume 4 contains three parts: Part I, Socio-Economic Profile, discusses the demographics,
IV t 1
s.... ,:l700000 '!."""",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,=====,,,...,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,';;'''-
Drilinage ".In. frDm 1:24000 acal. wate,ah.d bound.rlea •• delineated by the U,s.G.s. Wat.r ReiDUraa. DM_on.
Major drainage basins oflUinois and location of the Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area I ~ r I ~I ~I w ~I 9 1 LeROY't .J j,;J>-. I IV' '~ANCo:r ",t I " I 1 .i@t'Clinton ~~: I I
~ACON CO.---I,.... ill'4W I Tolono Mount Pulaski r~s 'PI I .?
DOUGLAS CO.
PlATICO. '! ~\ MOuLTRIEcol .. TusEo~ja I "'I,,·>4 I
~'i'# -r'. ,Y.· rkMOWeaQUa I CHRISTIAN CO. . . SHELBY CO. I I
Scale 1:601920 ! N I Subbasins in the Sangamon River Assessment Area. Subbasin boundaries depicted are those detennined by the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency. infrastructure, and economy of the area, focusing on Piatt and Macon counties; Part II, Environmental Quality, discusses air and water quality, and hazardous and toxic waste generation and management in the area; and Part III, Archaeological Resources, identifies and assesses the archaeological sites known in the area.
Vll , , r------
Contributors
Principal Investigator c William G. Ruesink
Project Coordinator Daniel K. Niven
Editors Daniel K. Niven, Douglas S.K. Chien
Page Layout Douglas S.K. Chien
Figures ; Katherine 1. Hunter, Liane B. Suloway
Introduction Kenneth R. Roberston, Liane B. Suloway, ...... Katherine J. Hunter, Douglas S.K. Chien
Natural Vegetation Communities Kenneth R. Roberston
Birds Steven D. Bailey, Scott K. Robinson
Mammals Edward J. Heske, Joyce E. Hofmann
Amphibians and Reptiles Christopher A. Phillips
Aquatic Biota:
Fishes Larry M: Page, Kevin S. Cummings, Christine A. Mayer
Mussels and Crustaceans ...... Larry M. Page, Kevin S. Cummings, Christine A. Mayer
Other Aquatic Macroinvertebrates Mark J. Wetzel, Donald W. Webb
IX Table of Contents
Introduction Physiographic Characteristics I Climate Patterns 6 Vegetation History : 6 Current Land Cover : 10 Biologically Significant Features of Natural Communities 18 Natural Vegetation Communities Comparison of Biodiversity in the USRAA to Statewide Patterns 27 Illinois Threatened and Endangered Species 29 Disturbance, Habitat Quality, and Restoration Potential 39 Natural Areas and Nature Preserves 40 Ter;:estrial Natural Community Descriptions 43 Forest 43 Prairie 49 Savanna : 53 Wetland 56 Lake and Pond 58 Cultural ; 58 Summary and Recommendations : 59 Birds Introduction 65 Forest 79 Wetland 80 . Savanna : 81 Prairie/Grassland 82 Lakes, Ponds, Impoundments, Creeks, and Rivers 84 Cultural Habitats: Cropland 85 Cultural Habitat: Successional Fields ; 86 Cultural Habitats: Developed Land 88 Management Recommendations 89 Mammals Introduction 91 Forest : 93 Prairie/Grassland 95 Wetland , 96 Amphibians and Reptile Introduction 99 Forest 100 Wetland 101
x Prairie/Grassland ;.. : 102 Lakes, Ponds, and Impoundments : 102 Creeks and Rivers : 103 Cultural Habitats 103 Overall Habitat Quality and Current Management Concerns ; 104 Aquatic Biota Introduction 105 Statewide Comparison of Aquatic Biota 105 Common Species : 106 Threatened and Endangered Species 121 Non-native Species 122 Information Gaps 123 Water Quality 124 Biologically Significant Streams 124 Environmental Problems , 125 Potential Management Strategies for Aquatic Species : 127 References 129 Appendix I. Incomplete list of vascular plant species known from the USRAA ; 147 Appendix 2. Plant species, listed by scientific name 175
List of Figures
Figure I. Major drainage basins of Illinois 2 Figure 2. Subbasins in the Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area 3 Figure 3. Natural divisions in the Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area 4 Figure 4. Landforms map of Central Illinois 5 Figure 5. Glacial geology of northeastern Illinois 7 Figure 6. Forest and prairie distribution in 1820 8 Figure 7. Cropland 12 Figure 8. Grasslands 13 Figure 9. Urban land 14 Figure 10. Forest 15 . Figure 11. Open water 16 Figure 12. Wetlands 17 Figure 13. State, federal, and county land : 19 Figure 14. Natural areas, nature preserves, and biologically significant stream segments 23
List of Tables
Introduction Table 1. Natural division acreage 1 Table 2. Forest, prairie, and open water acreages in the early 1800s, by county 9 Table 3. Wetland acreage, pre-European settlement and 1980s, by county 10
XI Table 4. Current land cover 10 Table 5. Wetland acres...... II Table 6. State and county land 18 Table 7. Natural areas 20 Table 8. Category 1 natural communities ~ 22 Table 9. Nature preserves 22 Table 10. Biologically siginificant streams 24 Table II. Threatened and endangered species , 25
Natural Vegetation Communities Table 12. Illinois threatened and endangered plant species in the USRAA 30 Table 13.. Late-flowered Wild Hyacinth compared to the Common Wild Hyacinth 32 Table 14. Terrestrial natural communities 43 Table IS. Invasive and exotic plant species and eradication methods 63
Birds Table 16. List of bird species in the Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area ~ 66
Mammals Table 17. List of mammal species in the Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area ..... 92
Amphibians and Reptiles Table 18. List of amphibian and reptile species in the USRAA 99
Aquatic Biota Table 19. .Freshwater fishes : 107 Table 20. Freshwater fishes, by habitat 109 Table 21. Freshwater mussels III Table 22. Freshwater mussels, by habitat 112 Table 23. Freshwater crustaceans 114 Table 24. Freshwater crustaceans, by habitat : 114 Table 25. Aquatic macroinvertebrates 115
XII Introduction
Physiographic Characteristics
The Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area (USRAA) encompasses approximately 1,220.5 miles2 (781,139.67 acres) in east-central Illinois (Figures 1 and 2), including major portions of Piatt and Macon counties, the northwestern part of Champaign County, and smaller parts of Christian, Dewitt, Ford, Logan, McLean, Sangamon, and Shelby counties.. This Assessment Area includes the upper Sangamon River watershed from the vicinity of Gibson City and extends southwestward to near Illiopolis. Elevation within the USRAA ranges from about 950 ft. above sea level at the northern edge to about 551 ft. in the southwestern portion of the Assessment Area along the Sangamon River.
The USRAA occurs in the Bloomington Ridged Plain Physiographic Division, which is comprised of a series of arched morainal ridges (Willman et al. 1975). All of the USRAA occurs within the Grand Prairie Natural Division (Table I, Figure 3) and in two sections of this division (Schwegman 1973).
Table 1. Natural divisions occurring in the Upper Sangarnon River Assessment Area.
Division & Section Acres' % ofUSRAA
Grand Prairie/Grand Prairie Section 682,075.30 87.3 Grand Prairie/Springfield Section 99,064.37 12.7
Total: 781,139.67 100.0
, Data from the GIS Natural Division Coverage Database (Illinois Geographic Information System)
The Grand Prairie Section has gently rollfng to flat terrain of Wisconsinan glacial drift occupying a large plain defined oy the Bloomington morainic systems (Willman and Frye 1970, Figure 4). Topographic relief is provided by glacial moraines and by the dissection of the glacial drift by the headwater streams forming valleys and ravines (Miller 1973). Thickness of glacial drift in the USRAA ranges typically from 50 to 400 feet (Lineback 1979); little bedrock is exposed in the Assessment Area. Soils reflect the parent material, vegetational history, and drainage patterns. Dark upland prairie soils, derived from loess, make up most of the area, with smaller amounts of yellow-gray silt loam forest soils (Fehrenbacher et al. 1982, Mount 1982, Larimore and Bayley 1996). Drainage characteristics throughout the USRAA range from poorly drained to somewhat well drained (Mount 1982). Soils developed under forest or savanna vegetation are primarily concentrated in stream valleys or associated with moraines (Fehrenbacher et al. 1982). Gravely glacial till is exposed locally, particularly on eroding slopes bordering the rivers. · - --.----- _._----~-----~--_._~------.------~ ------~-----
\ ------;" MIDDLE I 'WABAS ) / / t 1
Sc.de , :2700000 ,~"...... "...... ====_"...... "...... "...... ====_'l1.....
';0'"...... "...... "...... "...... '5i====="...... "...... "...... "...... ~11iO ...... \ Drainage ba.ln. from 1:24000 acale ~erah.d boundarie••• delineated by the U.s.OS. Water Resourc•• Divi.ion.
Figure 1. MlYor drainage basins of Illinois and location of the Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area
2 ., Sibley I Mackinaw Rive
I Normal "f. I , '_ ,Bloomington Paxton EIm . ' , I ·~I , I FORQ...CO~I ~I 9 I 1 "'"~ leRoy ...J ooC I r109 ------'1-' McLEAN CO. JUmooJ LOGANCO.I-- DEWITfCO. -Fa::r;- -r I ' / .' / I I Lincoln I I
!MACONCO._-...-j...... l I Tolono Mount Pulaski I I L_ Bement , 8 -,I ----DOUGLAS CO. ~ ~ ...: PlAITCO.,j '" MOuLTirecol Tuscola I ., I I -, - -I .'b COLES CO. Moweaqua I Sullivan CHRISTIAN CO. I I SHELBY CO. I
Scale 1:601920 I N I Figure 2. Subbasins in the Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area. Subbasin boundaries depicted are those determined by the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency.
3 I
\ I
Bloomington Paxlon /./'"< <, I J ,/-'1; ..olor"" oV"£ .Of~ 1t'0' ' -.' fJ~~/ • McLEAN CO, -)- -- LOlj!AN- co.1- ,-'.-. DEWlTI- CO.- -F'::'Ci~ -r ,'!if / /""7'~ _' ,~ "n /
II IJ'~. Tolono \fT\ if, t.~ '3 '. , r~ (!lll \~ \ ~t ,, ~ \, _\ - - > DOUGLAS CO. .~ ! , t ·,1, TusCOla ( "'-v'\ , "- .::; I " ~- i<~ COLES CO. --I -1 '. ( I r-J r;'J 1..../ J "
o GraDd Prairie Division Scale 1:601920 Grand Prairie Section 'b=====",iil" .l'g,'=====dlOMile> ! E2J GraDd Prairie Division N Springfield Section Wabash Border Division • I Vermilion River Section
Figure 3. Natural Divisions in the Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area based on the classification developed by Schwegman (1973). 4 I
Figure 4. Landforms map of Central Illinois showing the moraine systems in and around the Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area; from Bier 1980.
5 The Assessment Area lies within the southwestern part of the Woodfordian substage of the Wisconsinan glaciation (Figure 5). Based on radiocarbon dating (Willman et al. 1975), the Woodfordian substage lasted from about 22,000 to 12,500 years before.present.. The extensive series of moraines found in the USRAA are the product of this glaciation. Parts of the Bloomington, Cerro Gordo, Champaign, Eureka, Fletcher, IIliana, and Shelbyville' moraines occur within the Assessment Area. These moraines generally run either from northeast to southwest or from northwest to southeast, and are composed of fine-textured glacial till with some sand and gravel (Willman et al. 1975). A layer of very fine windblown loess was deposited on top of the till as the glaciers were melting. Within the USRAA the loess is generally less that 8 feet deep and it has entirely eroded away in some areas (Miller 1973). The southwestern part of the Assessment Area within the Springfield Section occurs on older Iliinoian-aged drift.
Climate Patterns1
The climate in the Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area is typical of many continental locations, in that there are rather wide temperature fluctuations. The average high temperatures (OF) in the summer are in the 80s or 90s with average lows in the 60s or low 70s Winter highs are generally in the ,30s with lows in the teens and 20s Record temperature extremes range from -23° F to a high of 113 0 F. There is an average of five and a half months without frost each year.
Precipitation is highest during May through August (averages of 3.87 to 4.31 inches per month) and lowest in January (1.97 inches) and February (1.98 inches), with a yearly average of 40.16 inches.
Vegetation History
The presettlement vegetation in Illinois can be described generally as prairie and forest. Interpretations of the original distribution ofprairie and forest (Vestal 1931 a, b; Anderson 1970, 1991b; Iverson et al. 1989) consistently indicate that prairie occupied about 60% and forest about 40% of the State's total land area (Figure 6). Calculations based on the map by . Iverson and Joselyn (1990) indicate that in 1820, prior to European settlement, about 88.7% (693,179 acres) of the USRAA was covered with prairie, while forest covered 11.3% (87,960 acres). Sharp contrasts existed regionally and between counties in the distribution of prairie and forest (Table 2). For example, estimates for Ford County are that prairie covered 96.4% and forest only 3.6% while in Shelby County prairie covered 29.4% and prairie 70.6%. Forest vegetation was mostly found along the Sangamon River and tributaries, with bottomland forests in the floodplain of the river and upland forests on the ravines of the dissected morainal system. Prairie was prevalent in the flat to rolling intermorainal areas.
I Information in this section has been taken from the Upper Sangamon River Area Assessment. Volume 2 (Illinois Department of Natural Resources 1999). See that volume for a more detailed diSCUSSion of climate patterns and long term trends in the VRAA.
6 WOODFORDIAN MORAINES
~::.~-.",. H. 8. Willman and John C. frye (1970) j:_,. ,:c, ---~ .. -- ..
IL..e R~ I NomeCi moraine LUANA Named morainic $yslem E InlermorQinol areo ,.
lUJNOIS STA.TF. Gt'.OLOGIC.\l SURVey
Figure 5. Glacial geology of northeastern Illinois showing the westward extension of the Woodfordian moraines in the Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area. 7 DOUGLAS CO.
---- 11 COLES CO.
Scale 1:601920 D Forest b"""""""""""""""",,:.!."====~"""""""""""""""""dJOMiIU I N o Prairie I Figure 6. Forest and prairie distribution from the 1820 General Land Office plat maps for the Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area. Current county boundaries are shown for reference. .
8 Table 2. Forest, prairie, and open water habitats in the ten counties that have areas in the Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area during the early 1800s, prior to European settlement.
Forest' Prairie Water Acres Percent . Acres Percent Acres Percent
USRAA' 87,960 11.3% 693,179 88.7% . 0 0% County> Champaign 39,800 6.3 592,300 93.7 0 0 Christian 52,800 11.7 398,300 88.0 1,400 0.3 Dewitt 49,800 19.4 206,900 80.6 0 0 Ford 11,000 3.6 297,100 96.4 0 0 Logan 54,000 14.5 336,500 86.2 0 0 Macon 48,300 13.0 322,700 87.0 0 0 McLean 81,800 10.9 669,800 89.1 0 0 Piatt 24,000 8.6 254,000 91.4 0 0 Sangamon 124,400 22.4 431,400 77.6 0 0 Shelby 142,900 29.4 343,600 70.6 0 0
I Data from Geographic Information System analysis of map produced by Iverson and Joselyn 1990. >Data from Table I in Iverson et a1. 1989. These presettlement land cover estimates are simplistic, as the original native vegetation of the USRAA was a complex and shifting mosaic of different types of forests, savannas, prairies, and marshes, with locally occurring seeps and ponds. The USRAA is within the transition zone ofprairie and forest (Anderson 1990) and probably supported considerable amounts of tallgrass savanna (Nuzzo 1986). From the Illinois map in the latter publication, it can be inferred that savanna was a frequent vegetation type. Prairies tend to occur on flat to slightly sloping landscapes,.while forests dominate terrain where there was some protection from fire such as local areas of topographic relief (e.g., ravines and stream valleys) or floodplains bordering streams. Savannas typically were spatially dynamic and their total area and distribution varied on the presettlement landscape depending on several factors, including local conditions of climate and fire frequency and intensity (Taft 1997). Fire is generally considered to have been a major ecological factor in the maintenance of tallgrass prairie, savanna, and open woodland vegetation in the Midwest (Axelrod ,1985; Abrams 1992; Anderson 1970, 1990; Collins and Gibson 1990; McClain and Elzinga 1994; Taft et al. 1995). Fire, drought, and grazing animal herds collectively are considered to have had important impacts on community structure and species composition on vegetation within the tallgrass prairie region (Gleason 1913, Rodgers and Anderson 1979, Robertson et al. 1997, Darnhoureyeh and Hartnett 1997).
Total area of wetlands prior to European settlement roughly can be inferred from county· wide data based on the amount of hydric soils (Havera and Suloway 1994, Havera et al. 1997), These presettlement estimates are presented in Table 3. The percent of the total land area in wetlands varied from 7% in Sangamon County to 47% in Champaign County, with the average among counties of 27.8%.
9 Table 3. Total wetlands at the time of European settlement and during the 1980s in the counties that have areas included in the Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area.
Settlement I 1980-1987' County Acres Percent . Acres Percent
Champaign 283.100 47 5.928 0.9 Christian 124.300 29 11.391 2.5 Dewitt 79.300 33 2.776 1.1 Ford 140,400 31 1.264 0.4 Logan 47.300 12 6,211 1.6 Macon 132.700 40 6.031 1.6 McLean 190,800 26 4,637 0.6 Piatt 123.900 46 3.752 1.4 Sangamon 33.500 . 7 15.186 2.7 Shelby 37,400 8 6.773 1.4
I Presettlement figures from Havera et a1. 1994 , Data from Suloway and Hubbell 1994. Current Land Cover
Currently. the landscape of the USRAA is dominated by agricultural land use and urban areas. The characterization of the land cover of the USRAA is based on information from the Land Cover of Illinois database. which was derived from Landsat Thematic satellite imagery acquired between 1991 and 1995. The Illinois Wetlands Inventory (lWI) provides more detailed information about the wetlands in the area. lWI data for the Sangamon River area were derived from high-altitude photography taken in 1980 and 1981. IWI data are the most recent comprehensive wetlands data available for the state.
About 79.0% of the current land cover in the USRAA is cropland (Figure 7, Table 4), 10.8% is grassland (Figure 8), mostly pastures planted with non-native cool season grasses, and 5.0% is urban/built up areas (Figure 9). In addition. 3.0% is upland forest. 1.2% is bottomland forest (Figure 10).0.6% is open water (Figure 11). and 0.4% is nonforested wetlands (Figure 12). Estimates'ofthe current total extent of natural and artificial wetlands classified in the USRAA is 12.885 acres. or about 1.6% of the USRAA (Table 5). Table 4·, Current Land Cover for the Upper Sangamon River Assessment Areal,
Land Cover Acres Percent Cropland 617.042 79.0 Grassland 84.191 10.8 UrbanlBuilt-up areas 38,673 5.0 Upland forest 23,470 3.0 Bottomland forest 9,680 1.2 Water 5.076 0.6 Nonforested wetlands 3.005 0.4
Total: 781,142 100.0
I From the Land Cover of Illinois database (Illinois Geographic Information Service). 10 ------
Table 5. Wetlands habitat of the Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area'.
% of %of Wetland Assessment Category Acreage Area Area
Palustrine Wetlands Shrub-Scrub Wetlands 335.79 2.6 0.0 Forested Wetlands Bottomland Forest 8,789.59 68.2 1.1 Swamp 1.12 0.0 0.0 Emergent Wetlands Shallow MarshlWet Meadow 2,040.96 15.8 0.3 Deep Marsh 39.86 0.3 0.0 Open Water Wetlands 1,231.29 9.6 0.2 Subtotal Palustrine 12,438.61 96.5 1.6 Lacustrine Wetlands Shallow Lake 1.56 0.0 0.0 Lake Shore 0.00 0.0 0.0 Emergent Lake 0.00 0.0 0.0 Subtotal Lacustrine 1.56 0.0 0.0 Riverine Wetlands Perennial Riverine 6.64 0.1 0.0 Intermittent Riverine 438.46 3.4 0.1 Subtotal Riverine 445.10 3.5 0.1 Total Wetlands: 12,885.27 100.0 1.6
I Adapted from the Illinois Wetlands Inventory
Wetlands occupy 1.6% of the USRAA area compared to 3.5% of the total area of the state (Suloway and Hubbell 1994). In the USRAA, wetlands occupy about 12,885 acres (Table 2). Sixty-eightpercent of the wetland area is bottomland forest, compared to the statewide percentage of 60.5%. Approximately 16% of the wetland acreage is shallow marshJwet meadow wetlands (compared to 13.1 % of the state's wetlands). Open water wetlands account for 9.6% of the wetland acreage in the Assessment Area (compared to 11.4% for the state) followed by shrub-scrub (2.6%), intermittent riverine (3.4%), deep marsh (0.3%), perennial riverine (0.1 %), shallow lake (0.0%), and swamp (0.0%).
The mean size of contiguous forested wetlands is 16.0 acres (range <0.1 to 673 acres); there are 537 separate forested wetlands in the Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area. The four largest forested tracts (which range from 426 to 673 acres) are found along the Sangamon River between Mahomet and Lake Decatur.
Emergent wetlands range in size from less than 0.1 acre to 42 acres, with a mean size of 1.7 acres. There are 1,198 separate emergent wetlands in the USRAA. The two largest emergent wetlands (40 and 42 acres) are located along the Sangamon River south of Mahomet and north of Fisher.
11 Scale 1:601920 I N I Figure 7. Cropland in the Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area. Cropland depicted on this map includes row crops and small grains from the Land Cover ofIllinois database, which is based on Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite imagery from 1991·1995. 12 I "
\7 I I1° ~
.,
,cr
',' L - ""~~~'~ " mana """"" r- : ' .0, ,,' Olampai.gn w·,p · ) t TOI~
DOUGLAS CO. , , 't!:' ., ~TU~
D
, Scale 1,601920 I Figure 8. Grasslands in the Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area. Grasslands depicted on this map are Donurban grasslands from the Land Cover ofIllinois database, which is based on Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite imagery from 1991-1995. 13 I •
..'11.
."f ete. , ,...~oo ~. ~o . McLEAN CO. ~-- ---- Fa::r~. U:"'Nco.1 DEWTITCO. - -./ 3'/ I ·f I I ~ I I • t Tolono ~ Moun! PulasJU _.ia '""go S G o. "- G.. ;; ~ '!. DOU6LASCO. I ~ .¥1TC~ •• TU~!e MOULTRIE CO] '" I I ,. •I .--r-- Jt" ItMoweaqus" I CHRISTIAN CO.' r SHELBY CO. I I ~
Scale 1:601920 ! N I Figure 9. Urban land in the Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area. Urban land depicted on this map includes urbanlbuilt-up land and urban grassland from the Land Cover of Illinois database, which is based on Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite imagery from 1991-1995. 14 ,
.. Paxtqflr...... ; 'J' ~
I ;:;;-1' 1 ~Lincoln I Urbana .i fMACON c;o.--·r- t Li 1 I~ TO~ Moun! Pulaski ",I o ". I ~ 18 r DOUGLAS CO. ... \ .!!!l"11.PL . ~ v Tustfa MOULTRIECOJ) 1" >b o , -, I '. - ~r':"::"--' '1:CHRISTIA~ co../.!.Mow"gu, I -;",f ....J'Y'-t· -' " ' • . • . . ''SHELBY'CO, I .. • .' I ' t,_ '..'-" . _ ~""""''''_L. ._._~ __. .~ "-~£",,-~..-,,.X!:..~_..:~ .-.:;,~~. -"--'- ~ ·L_~lJJ~
Scale 1:601920 I N I Figure 16. Forest in the Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area. Forest depicted on this map includes upland and bottomland forest from the Land Cover of Illinois database, which is based OD Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite imagery from 1991-1995. 15 I'
T~~O' .ooo.~ ~_ ___ ....0. 0 •• Sibley I I 110 -_~:r.a
,.
.~' 0-' G .' 0° ' ,- . . o~o9 '/-,0" McLEAN CO. i'" ------I DEWlTICO. ~NC~ Fanner~ . , 0 '. j-' / • 1 o / I I D ~in'Oln • "'ana I i{ • .' I -0 Champ';S".~ . bACONco.--_..~ (J I TOI~ Mounl Pulaski <;>.1 o I
DOUGLAS CO.
.!J!j\1I..C~ ':;h. " MOULTRIE CO) I' ~ o I "-b - -r -- /'.tM0weaqua I CHRISTIAN CO. r. . SHELBY CO. I I
Scale 1:601920
0'b."""""""""""""""~in:'-=====l\\20"""""""""""""",,.,.,,!lOMile>
III I Figure 11. Open water in the Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area from the Land Cover of Illinois database, which is based on Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite imagery from 1991-~995.
16 Ir , / Sibley -. I LJ. .'~onna I""" . \0 't - . Bloommgton >. I PaxlQ,nr-.." .I " . . ~ ~' ...~-' .~'-
L:eR~.b? : ,. ',,:
Sr-- Lmcoln - -_..:
...·bACON CO:-·.._...... ~ [J I ' ," Mount'Pulaski ~I .. 1
o --.
~ELByCO
_.__~oL('''=-,.;·'----'---__-'--i "'--'..l-'-~__'_ . '. _'l''''''___~LLl~
Scale 1:601920 ~=====5.....=====Z"'=====~30Mile.l I N I Figure 12. Wetlands in the Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area. Wetlands depicted on this map include DODforested wetlands and bottomland forest from the Land Cover of Illinois database, which is based OD Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite imagery from 1991-1995.
17
I 11'.------....,..------
Biologically Significant Features of Natural Communities
State and Federal Land
Nearly 80% of the land in the USRAA is used for agricultural purposes, while 4534 acres (0.54% of the USRAA) have been set aside by the state government or county as state parks, fish and wildlife areas, conservation areas, forest preserves, etc. (Table 6, Figure 13). These areas give some level of protection to the natural communities in the area, and in some cases they are the only refuge for certain endangered species or natural communities. However, these areas do not always offer adequate protection, and they are not all situated in the most biologically important areas.
Table 6. State and county land in the Opper Sangamon River Assessment Area'. (There is no Federal land in the USRAA)
Name Acres State Land Lincoln Trail Homestead State Park 64 Spitler Woods State Park 227
Total state land: 291
County Land Friends Creek Regional Park 329 FI. Daniel Conservation Area 189 Griswold Conservation Area 59 Lake of the Woods Park 844 Lodge Park/Bucks Pond Forest Preserve 495 Monticello Forest Preserve 25 No name on Lake Decatur 91 Ri verview Club Retreat 8 Rock Springs Center 1,317 Sand Creek Recreation Area 784 Sangamon Park Forest Preserve 77 Valentine Forest Preserve 25
Total county land: 4,243
1 Does not include any natural areas or nature preseryes that may be state o~ned.
18 . Paxton.
/ r ,;" Champltign ~iodg. P.rI
~ State Land Scale 1:601920 .. 30 Mile. , []][I Federal Land " .. 30 40 JtjJome~ N '" I ~ County Land Figure 13. State, federal, and county land in the Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area. State land is limited to par~ (SP), conservation areas (SCA), forests (SF), and fISh and wildlife areas (SFWA) and county land to forest preserves and similar land. 19 Natural Areas and Nature Preserves
In 1978, an inventory of natural areas in Illinois was completed by the :University of Illinois and the Natural Land Institute under a contract with the Illinois Department of Conservation (now the Illinois Department of Natural Resources). The original inventory was a three-year project that consisted of surveys to find, evaluate, describe, and classify natural areas of statewide significance (White 1978). The Illinois Natural Areas Inventory (INAl) is an ongoing process. The methods and criteria established during the original inventory are still used today to continually update the INAl by reevaluating the previously defined natural areas or finding new sites that qualify.
The INAl established seven categories of natural areas based on significant or exceptional features. The categories are: I - High Quality Natural Communities; IT - Habitat for Endangered Species; ill - Habitat for Relict Species; IV - Outstanding Geological Areas; V - Approved Natural Areas and Restoration Sites; VI - Unique Natural Areas; and VIT Outstanding Aquatic Areas. The INAI also established a grading system to designate natural quality (White 1978). The natural quality of a community or area was graded as "A" (relatively stable or undisturbed), "B" (late successional or lightly disturbed), or "C" (mid-successional or moderately to heavily disturbed). Grades "D" (early successional or severely disturbed) and "E" (very early successional or severely disturbed) were used for land within a natural area that is used as a buffer for protection of the significant or exceptional feature. In general, only grade "A" or "B" communities are designated as significant or exceptional features. The estimates and comparisons of natural areas within the USRAA and statewide are based on the best available data. In some cases, comparisons are made using recent data for natural communities within the Assessment Area and comparing to statewide data that are from White (1978) and thus over 20 years old. Consequently, if discoveries of natural areas do not equal area of recently degraded or destroyed natural areas, some data for trends among natural areas may be slightly over or under estimated.
Within the USRAA, II sites qualify as high-quality natural areas for the INAI (Table 7, Figure 14), totaling 2,433.1 acres. While this amount represents only 0.3% of the total area of the Assessment Area, it is quite a high figure for central Illinois.
Table 7. Natural areas in .the Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area and surrounding region'.
NA#' . County Acres' Name
15 Macon 48.76 Bois Du Sangamon 18 Piatt 185.70 Lodge Park 20 De Witt 59.32 Mettler Woods 46 Macon 163.38 Spitler Woods 51 Champaign 57.49 Trelease Woods 52 Champaign 64.26 Brownfield Woods
20 Table 7. Continued.
NA#' County Acres' Name 84 Macon 77.81 Long Point Slough (East) 85 Macon 125.47 Calamus Lake 129 Tazewell 7.22 Log Cabin Hill Prairie 352 Champaign 42.03 Nettie Hart Woodland Memorial 721 McLean 1,016.06 Funks Grove 722 McLean 1.58 Danvers Geological Area 788 Woodford 999.90 Mackinaw River 992 Ford 4.95 Prospect Cemetery Prairie 1037 Iroquois 4.61 Loda Cemetery Prairie 1043 Piatt 1,764.89 .Robert Allerton Park 1086 Macon 22.64 Elwin Camassia Site 1117 Champaign 1.57 Mahomet Site 1119 Coles 999.90 Embarras River - Camargo 1138 Tazewell 638.79 Parklands Site 1428 Champaign 0,85 Sangamon Phlox Site 1432 DeWit [68.20] Salt Creek 1449 Champaign [145,40] Sangamon River 1453 Moultrie [16.00] West Okaw River 1515 Douglas [14.70] Kaskaskia River - Chicken Bristle 1521 Logan [14.6] Sugar Creek
Total acres in the USRAA: 2433.10
I Bold type indicates natural area within the USRAA. , The number of the natural area (NA#) refers to the number designated in the Natural Heritage Database (minois Department of Natural Resources 1998) and in Figure 14. , Steam natural areas (shown in brackets "[]") do not have acreage. The reported number is an approximate distance in miles and is not included in the total natural area acreage.
While areas included in the Natural Areas Inventory within the USRAA contain 2,433.1 acres, only 850 acres are of Category I, Grades A and B natural quality (Table 8), which is 0.1 % of the total Assessment Area or slightly above the statewide average of 0.07% (White . 1978). While prairies and wetlands were a prominent feature of the landscape prior to European settlement, no high-quality examples of these habitas remain in the USRAA.
Of the 850.0 acres, 317.0 acres are Grade A and 533.0 acres Grade B. Examples of the following natural communities occur in grade A or B condition in the Assessment Area: dry-mesic upland forest, mesic upland forest, wet-mesic floodplain forest, wet floodplain forest, and pond (Table 8). It is particularly significant that 15.9% of the Grade A dry mesic upland forest and 14.7% of the Grade A wet-mesic floodplain forest remaining in lllinois occur in the USRAA.
21 Table 8. Category I natural communities in the Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area.'
Acres of category I Acres of caiegory I % of Illinois Category I in the USRAA in Illinois in the USRAA Grades in USRAA ll.., % oflL Community type USRAA Grade A Grade B Total Grade A Grade B Total Grade A Grade B Total Dry-mesic upland forest A,B 157 75 232 986 2084 3070 15.9 3.6 7.6 Mesic upland forest A.B 87 33 120 1058 1473 2531 8.2 2.2 4.7 Wet-mesic floodplain forest A,B 73 244 317 497 2617 3114 14.7 9.3 10.2 Wet floodplain forest B 146 146 336 2522' 2858 0.0 5.8 5.1 Pond B 35 35 204 919 1123 0.0 3.8 3.1 Total: --317 533 --850 --3081 --9615 --12696 . . .. 1 Category I mdlcates natural commumUes that have remamed relatively undisturbed and 10 high-quality condItion: Grades A and B (White and Madany 1978).
Nature preserves are areas of land or water in public or private ownership that are fonnally dedicated to receive maximum protection of significant natural features. The central goal of the nature preserve system, currently with more than 280 preserves in the state, is to protect and preserve examples of all significant natural features found in Illinois for the purposes of scientific research, education, conserving biodiversity, and esthetic enjoyment. Nature preserves are administered largely by the Illinois Nature Preserves Commission (INPC). Preserves usually are the shared responsibility of the INPC, the Illinois Department of Natural Resources, and land owners (McFall and Karnes 1995). Within the USRAA there are three Illinois Nature Preserves, totaling 301.51 acres (Table 9) and all are within Macon County (Figure 14).
Table 9. Nature preserves in the Upper Sangainon River Assessment Area and surrounding regionl.
NP#' Corr- NA' County Acres Name
61 992 Ford 6.85 Prospect Cemetery 78 15 Macon 29.42 Bois Du Sangamon 89 46 Macon 144.60 Spitler Woods 107 1037 Iroquois 5.31 Loda Cemetery Prairie 136 721 McLean 15.26 Funks Grove 156 721 McLean 12.83 Stubblefield Woodlots 171 1138 Tazewell 27.15 Mehl's Bluff' 187 1138 Tazewell 39.69 Parklands 208 85 Macon 127.49 Calamus Lake 232 721 McLean 29.79 Thaddeus Stubblefield Grove
Total acres in the USRAA: 301.51
1 Bold type designates nature preserves within the USRAA. 2 The nature preserve number (NP#) refers to the number designated in the Natural Heritage database (Illinois Department of Natural Resources 1998) and in Figure 14. 3 Each of the nature preserves is associated with a corresponding natural area (Corr.-NA) referred to in Table 8.
22
1\ .,.- _I ., J." • 722 , 171 ~129' .' 1138 Nonnal 788 187 I
Blo:om~_,' . I: ~I PI ~158 ~'38 .J 23:l McLEAN CO. Rantoul c.lee~ ----DEWlTICO, I I I Lincoln
Champaign 1 i Tol~o 3' Mount Pulaski ..D ~
Bement
OOUGLASCO. 1515 PIATICO. I MOULTIuECOJ Tuscola I I I --r -I @ 148 Nature preserve -,'Moweaqua • 697 Natural area Sullivan CHRISTIAN CO. t \ "V:" SHELBY CO. Biologically significant stream
Natur. pr•••rv•• within the bou"dary
16 Boi. Ou Sangemon 78 Bol, Ou Sangamon 18 Lodge P.rk 89 Spitler Wood. 48 Spitl,r Wood. 208 Cal,mua Lak. e .. long Point Slough lEnt) I 86 Cal,mua lek' Nature preserves and natural areas boundaries N 362 Nani. Hart Woodland Memorial from 1:24000 IGIS database, August, 1998. 1043 Robart Allerton Park I 10a8 Elwin Cam...., Slt. Significant stream data from Page, L. M. at aI., 1992. 1117 Mahomet Site Stream data derived from 1:100000 U.S.G.S. DLG hydrology. 1428 Sangamon Phlox Sit. 1432 S.lI Cr.. 1r. 1449 Sangamon River Scale 1:60 1920 •Figure 14. Natural areas, nature preserves and biologicaUy significant stream segments in the
Upper Sangamon River Assessment_~-~. Area.._---'-_._-_._._--_._--_._~.----~-_.~_.------'. __ .._----- .------_._-----_.. __ 23 Biological Stream Categorization and Biologically Significant Streams
. Illinois streams have also been categorized based on their quality. One stream quality index used to identify high-quality streams is the Biological Stream Charac.terization (BSC). The BSC was developed by the Illinois Department of Conservation and the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (Bertrand et a1.1995) and is derived from data on fish populations, water quality, and aquatic macroinvertebrates. In the BSC, stream segments are categorized from "A" (highest quality) to "E" (lowest quality). Twenty-four stream segments in Illinois currently are considered to be in the "A" category, and 50 in the "B" category.
Another study, "Biologically Significant Illinois Streams" (Page et al. 1992), was conducted to expand the list of high-quality streams beyond the BSC "A" streams by considering additional data on biodiversity; specifically, data on endangered and threatened species (fishes, crustaceans, mussels, and plants) and on mussel diversity. The expanded list identified the most important streams that should be protected and managed for their outstanding biological characteristics. Protection of streams identified in the Biologically Significant Streams (BSS) report (Page et al. 1992) will constitute a major step toward the protection of 100% of the stream-dependent biodiversity.
Four areas in the Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area were recognized as Biologically Significant Streams (Table 10, Figure 14) because of the presence of endangered species and high mussel and/or fish diversity. These streams provide the best opportunities in the basin for the protection of large numbers of native species and are described in greater detail in the "Aquatic Biota" section of this report.
Table 10. Biologically significant steam segments in the Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area.
Site Description Length (Miles)
Lone Tree Creek 16.4 Drummer Creek 17.8 Goose Creek 18.4 Sangamon River, source to Piatt/Macon county line 94.5
Total: 145.4
Threatened and Endangered Species
At least 39 species of threatened or endangered plants and animals occur in the USRAA (Table 9). This number includes 1 that is federally threatened and 1 that is federally endangered. Both of these species are migratory birds that do not breed in the area. Only 1.1 % of the state's 363 threatened or endangered plants are known to occur in the
24
1\ USRAA. For other taxa, the percentage of the state's threatened or endangered' species that occur in the area are as follows: mollusks (15.4%), fishes (6.5%), reptiles (15.4%), and birds (75.0%). Additional information about threatened or endangered species is given in their respective chapters.
Table 11. Threatened and endangered species occurring in the Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area.'
Common name Scientific name Status" 3
Plants: Ear-leaved Foxglove Tomanthera auriculata ST Late-flowered Wild Hyacinth Camassia Angusta SE Prairie Trout Lily Erythronium mesochoreum ST Sangamon Phlox Ph/ox pilosa subsp. sangamonensis SE Birds: Pied-billed Grebe Podilymbus podiceps ST American Bittern Botaurus /entiginosus SE Least Bittern Ixobrychus exilis ST Little Blue Heron Egretta caerulea SE Black-crowned Night-Heron Nycticorax nycticorax SE Yellow-crowned Night-Heron Nycticorax violacea SE Osprey Pandion haliaetus SE- Bald Eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus ST,FT Northern Harrier Circus cyaneus SE Red-shouldered Hawk Buteo Iineatus ST . Swainson's Hawk Buteo swainsoni SE- Peregrine Falcon Faleo peregrinus SE,FE King Rail Rallus e/egans SE Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus ST Sandhill Crane Grus canadensis ST Upland Sandpiper Bartramia /ongicauda SE Wilson's Phalarope Phalaropus tricolor SE SE Common Tern Sterna hirundo Forster's Tern Sterna forsteri SE SE Black Tern Chilidonias niger Barn Owl Tyto alba SE Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus SE Loggerhead Shrike Lanius ludoviCianus ST Brown Creeper Certhia americana ST Bewick's Wren Thryomanes bewickii SE SE Henslow's Sparrow Ammodramus hens/owii SE- Yellow-headed Blackbird Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus Amphibians and Reptiles: Reptiles ST Kirtland's snake C/onophis kirt/andii SE massasauga Sistrurus catenatus
25 Table 11. Continued.
Common name Scientific name Status'
Aquatic Biota: Fish pallid shiner Hybopsis amnis SE blacknose shiner Notropis heterolepis SE Freshwater Mussels slippershell mussel Alasmidonta viridis SE salamander mussel Simpsonaias ambigua SE spike ElJiptio dilatata ST little spectaclecase Villosa lienosa SE
I As detennined by the Illinois Endangered Species Protection Board (Heckert 1991, 1994; Illinois Register 1998). 2 SE =state endangered; ST =state threatened; FE =federally endangered; Ff=federally threatened 3 Asterisks (*) indicates that lhe species is found in the USRAA but does not breed in the Assessment Area.
26 Natural Vegetation Communities
The description of the vegetation for the Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area (USRAA) is organized into six sections: 1) Comparison of Biodiversity to Statewide Patterns, 2) Threatened and Endangered Species, 3) Disturbance, Habitat Quality, and Restoration Potential, 4) Natural Areas and Nature Preserves,S) Natural Community Descriptions, and 6) Summary and Recommendations.
Comparisons ofBiodiversity in the USRAA to Statewide Patterns
In general, often it is difficult to provide precise estimates for some trend data in the USRAA at the community level because the region was characterized by a complex matrix of heterogeneous habitat types. Totaling the amounts of certain community types, for example prairie and savanna, are based partly on arbitrary distinctions. The loss of natural habitats in the USRAA as a whole, with 850 acres remaining in high-quality, undegraded condition (0.11 % of total area), is slightly less than statewide totals where only 0.07% remains in a high-quality, undegraded condition (White 1978). Trends for each community class are described below.
Prairie - It is estimated that prairie in HIinois originally occupied about 58.95% (21,639,050 acres) of the land cover (Iverson et al. 1989). By 1978, only about 2,300 acres of high-quality (essentially undegraded) prairie were left in the state, less than 0.01 % (White 1978, Robertson and Schwartz 1994). On a statewide basis, Iverson (1988) and Iverson et al. (1989) estimate that between 1820 and 1989 about 19,186,210 acres of prairie were converted to agriculture, 1,125,190 acres of prairie were converted to urban areas, and 959,880 acres of prairie were replaced by forest.
Prairie comprised 88.7% of the land area of the USRAA (3,693,179 acres) prior to European settlement (Table 2, Figure 6). However, no high-quality prairie remnants have . been identified by the Illinois Natural Areas Inventory within the USRAA. Like throughout most of Illinois, prairies in the USRAA essentially have been eliminated with only a few small, degraded remnants left to remind us what prairies were like.
. Forest - In 1820, about 37.67% (13,828,840 acres) of lllinois was covered with forest (Iverson et aI. 1989). By the 1980s, about 4.26 million acres of forest remained in Illinois (about 31 % of original extent), including second-growth forests and tree plantations (Iverson et al. 1989, Iverson and Schwartz 1994). By the 1970s, only about 11,600 acres of high-quality forest remained in Illinois (White 1978). This totals only 0.08% of original extent and 0.27% of the remaining forest.
27 Within the USRAA, there was an estimated 87,960 acres of forest in 1820, or 11.32% of the total area (Table 2; Geographic Information System database [INHS)). Currently, about 23,470 acres remain forested, totaling 3.0% of the Assessment Area (Table 4). The proportion of original forest cover in the USRAA (26.7%) is slightly less than statewide trends where about 31 % remains. The current forest cover in the Assessment Area includes 352 acres of high-quality upland forest (Table 8), which is about 5.4% of all existing high-quality upland forest in Illinois. It is particularly noteworthy that 15.9% of Grade A (the highest quality) dry-mesic upland forest in Illinois occurs in the USRAA, as well as 8.2% of the Grade A mesic upland forest and 14.7% of the Grade A wet-mesic floodplain forest (Table 8). About 0.93% of the original forest in the USRAA is considered of high-quality today, compared to 0.08% for all of Illinois.
Savanna - The vegetation of Illinois often is mapped as either forest or prairie (Anderson 1970, Iverson and Joselyn 1990). In reality, the landscape of Illinois prior to European settlement was a mosaic of many different natural communities. Landscape-scale fires swept across the prairies and carried into the forests, and consequently savannas were a major feature on much of the landscape (Kline 1997, Taft 1997). However, no estimate has ever been developed for the amount of savanna that existed in Illinois in the early 1800s. A map for lllinois (Nuzzo 1986) shows potential areas of presettlement oak savanna, including portions of the USRAA. Hence, prior to European settlement, savannas were likely a common feature in most of the landscape of the Assessment Area. Today, savannas are one of the rarest habitats in lllinois and the Midwest (Nuzzo 1986); savanna like habitats persist mostly where xeric edaphic conditions limit the rate of forest encroachment (Taft 1997). The Illinois Natural Areas Inventory (White 1978) identified only 1,299.2 acres of savanna in all of Illinois, mostly sand savanna. The current extent of savannas within the USRAA is not known, and no high-quality remnants have been identified.
Wetlands - Natural wetlands in lUinois have declined from presettlement statewide estimates of about 23% of the land area (about 9,412,659 acres) to about 2.6% (Havera and Suloway 1994), or about 11 % of the original total. Only about 6,000 acres remain in a high-quality condition (White 1978), representing about 0.65% of the remaining and 0.07% of the original wetland area. The USRAA probably contained extensive wetlands prior to European settlement. However, it is not possible to determine with accuracy the total amount of presettlement wetlands in the USRAA. Havera lllld Suloway (1994) give estimates by county for presettlement,wetlands based on acreage of hydric soils. Using this information, the average percentage per total area of wetlands for the ten counties that have areas included in the USRAA is 27.9%. If extended to the USRAA, this translates into a very rough estimate of 217,938 acres for presettlement wetlands. Today there are approximately 12,885 acres of wetlands in the USRAA (Table 4), or about 1.6% of the total area and 5.9% of the estimated original total. Of the wetlands currently in the Assessment Area, only one site, a pond site with 35 acres (0.27% .of remaining wetland area), is considered a high-quality, essentially undegraded natural area. Using these estimates, it appears that the loss and degradation of wetlands in the USRAA is slightly greater than in Illinois as a whole.
28 Vascular Plants - The USRAA is a floristically important area and it has also been well studied botanically. Many herbarium specimens have been collected in the area, particularly by G.N. and AG. Jones, University of Dlinois, and R.A. Evers, Illinois Natural History Survey. There are numerous publications based on theses, dissertations, and faculty research projects, mostly at the University of Illinois and lllinois State University, dealing with areas located within or nearby the Assessment Area. Some of these studies were prompted by a proposal made during the late 1960s and early 1970s to construct a dam on the Sangamon River near Decatur (Bailey et al. 1964; Bell 1974a, b, 1975; Bell and Johnson 1974; Bell and Sipp 1974; Bell et al. 1978; Best 1979; Boggess and Geis 1967; Evers 1963; Franz and Bazzaz 1977; Gruger 1972; Johnson 1974; Johnson and Bell 1975, 1976a, b; Jones 1977; Jones and Bell 1974a, b, 1976; Martin 1955; McAvoy 1943; Melampy 1981; Peterson and Rolfe 1982; Rodgers and Anderson 1979; Root et ai. 1971; Schemske et al1978; Sipp and Bell 1973; Soerianegara 1965; Sperry 1935; Springer 1931; Thompson 1980; Vogel and Ebinger 1979; Woodward 1924, 1925). Proposals for dedications of Illinois Nature Preserves contain plant species lists as well as descriptions of natural communities (Division of Natural Resources and Natural Heritage 1981, Meyer 1987, Paulson 1979, Szafoni 1991). Some unpublished reports also deal with plants that occur in the USRAA (Robertson and Phillippe 1992).
Based on this information, the lists in Appendices 1 and 2 contains about 1,227 taxa (species, subspecies, and varieties). Of these, about 919 (74.9%) are native to the USRAA, while 308 (25.1 %) have been introduced from other geographical areas and have become naturalized. While not as ecologically diverse as some other parts of the state, with no exposed bedrock and mostly similar soils derived from loess, the Assessment Area has a high diversity of vascular plant species.
It is estimated that approximately 2,200 taxa of vascular plants occur natively in Illinois; while about 900 taxa have been introduced, giving a total of 3,100 for the state (Post 1991). A conservative estimate is that at least 39.7% of the total species of native and naturalized vascular plants that occur in Illinois can be found in the USRAA Due to the extensive changes in land use that have occurred in the past 150 years, several species of plants have undoubtedly been eliminated from the USRAA
Illinois Endangered and Threatened Plant Species
Eight endangered and threatened (E&T) plant species (Table 12) are known to have occurred historically in the USRAA (Herkert 1991, 1994; Illinois Endangered Species Protection Board 1994); in this discussion we follow the latest list of Illinois endangered and threatened plant species, including proposed changes (Herkert 1998). In addition, the only known occurrence of the white-fringed orchid (Platanthera blephariglottis) in Illinois was from within the Assessment Area. Of these, one plant is federally threatened and state endangered, three are state endangered, and three are state threatened. All of these species are discussed below.
29 Table 12. Endangered and threatened plants species known to occur presently or to have occurred historically within the Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area.
Common Name' Scientific Name' Status' Habitat Range (N. America, IL, and USRAA)
Foxglove, Ear-leaved Tomanthera ST prairies "and savannas OH to MN, south to KS and MO. Known auriculata from 25 populations in 16 minois counties. Known from 'Champaign Co. in the USRAA; see Cunningham and Parr 1990, Pennell 1935.
Hyacinth, Late Camassia angusta SE mesic prairies MO, KS, OK AR, and TX north to IL and flowering Wild .IA. Formerly known in Illinois from two counties. and currently known in the state only from one population in Macon Co.; see Steyermark 196 J.
Orchid, Prairie White Platanthera Fr,SE mesic to wet prairies East-central and eastern U.S.: also Ontario. Fringed leucophaea Known from 25 populations in nine Illinois counties. Thought to be extirpated from the USRAA - formerly known from Champaign, Ford, Macon, and McLean cos, See Sheviak 1974, Bowles et aI. 1992.
Orchid, White Fringed Platanthera EXT mostly wet boggy Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to Ontario blepharigloltis or peaty soil and MI south to NJ and PA. Only one record of the occurrence of this species in IL, collected at Decatur, Macon Co., by I. M. Clakey in 1900; see Luer 1975 and Sheviak 1974.
Orchid, white lady's Cypripedium ST wet-mesic prairies North-central and northeastern U.S. Once known from at least 23 counties in IL, slipper candidum and fens and today found in 9. Formerly known from Champaign and Macon counties within the USRAA; see Luer 1975 and Sheviak 1974.
Subspecies endemic to USRAA; see Levin Phlox, Sangamon Phlox pi/osa subsp. SE forest openings, bluff sangamonensis tops, and prairies and Smith 1965 and Bowles et al. 199 J.
MO, IL, WI, IN, OH, MI, NY, VA, NC, GA, Plantain, Heart-leaved Plantago cordata SE sand or gravel' bars of shallow, clear-water AL, Ontario. Known from 25 populations streams under a in 16 Illinois counties. Formerly known forest canopy from Champaign and Piatt counties, but now extirpated from the USRAA; see Bowles and Apfelbaum 1989.
IL, lA, MO, KS, NE, OK, and TX. In Trout-lily, Prairie Erythronium ST mesic prairies mesochoreum Illinois, now known from at least 15 populations in 7 IL cos. In the USRAA, known from Champaign Co; see Robertson et al. 1983 and Robertson 1966.
30 Table 12. Continued.
Common Name! Scientific Name! Status' Habitat Range (N. America. IL. and USRAA)
ThisHe, Hill's Cirsium hil/i ST dry and dry-mesic Southern Ontario. west to MN and SD. prairies, hill prairies. Historically known from 39 counties io and sand prairies; Illinois with about 40 extant populations seems to especially in 22 counties. Formerly known from occur in areas with a Champaign County in the USRAA but past history of cattle now extirpated; see Ostlie & Bender grazing. 1990; Robertson et aJ. 1995.
'Scientific and common names are those used by the minois Endangered Species Protection Board (1994) and Herkert (1991.1994). , Ff = Federally threatened. ST = Illinois threatened, SE = Illinois Endangered. EXT = extripated from Illinois
Currently. only four E&T plant species occur in the USRAA: ear-leaved foxglove (state threatened), late-flowering wild hyacinth (state endangered), Sangamon phlox (state endangered), and prairie trout lily (state threatened). In Illinois, there are 265 plant species listed as state endangered and 66 listed as state threatened on the revised list (Herkert 1998). Thus, about 0.8% of the state endangered and 3.0% of the state threatened plant species occur in the USRAA. Several plant species listed as endangered or threatened appear to have been extirpated from the USRAA. Additional E&T plant species might be found in the USRAA as an additional nine E&T plant species occur outside the boundaries of the Assessment Area but within the map shown in Figure 2.
Typically, many, but not all, endangered and threatened plant species are found in high quality natural communities, and thus today numerous E&T species are concentrated in lllinois Nature Preserves and other high-quality habitats at sites recognized by the Il1inois Natural Areas Inventory (see Herkert 1997). However, in the USRAA, the E&T species present mostly are adapted to some disturbance regime and tolerate a certain level of habitat degradation. Although plant species in all official Illinois Nature Preserves are legally protected, many natural areas are in private ownership and under current Il1inois law E&T plant species have no legal protection on private property.
Camassia Angusta (Late-flowered Wild Hyacinth) - state endangered. An herbaceous perennial plant with bulbs, Camassia angusra has onlybeen found in two lllinois localities: one in Peoria County and the other in Macon County. The Macon County population is the only extant colony presently known from llIinois; it occurs in a degraded railroad prairie within the USRAA and has been responding favorably in recent years to vegetation management including prescribed fire; A distribution map for this species (Stey~rrnark 1961) includes Whiteside County Il1inois, but no specimen from this county is cited. This species ranges from central Il1inois and eastern Iowa to northeastern and southwestern Missouri, southeastern Kansas, and west-central Arkansas to eastern and southern Oklahoma and central Texas.
31 Ranker and Schnabel (1986) studied the phenological, morphological, and isozymic variability of Camassia scillaides and C. angusta in the Great Plains region. While there is a distinct difference between the two species in terms of flowering time, there was little morphological or isozymic distinction, and the allozymes of C. angusta were mostly a subset of those of C. scillaides. The authors concluded that C. angusta may be a relatively recent derivative of C. scillaides and, while the taxa have diverged little from each other, they appear reproductively isolated and should be maintained taxonomically as separate species.
Steyermark (1961) did an extensive comparison between the late-flowered wild hyacinth (Camassia angusta) and the much more abundant common wild hyacinth (c. scillaides). A summary of these comparisons is given below.
Table 13. Comparison of the Late-flowered Wild Hyacinth (Camassia angusta) and the Common Wild Hyacinth (Camassia scilloides)
Late-flowered Wild Hyacinth Common Wild Hyacinth Camassia angusta Camassia scilloides
Flowers deep to pale lavender or purple Flowers pale blue or pale lilac to whitish
Petals 7-10 [13] mm long Petals 10-17 mm long
Petals frequently withering and becoming Petals withering separately conivent over ovary and fruit
Style: 2.5-4.5 [5.5] mm long Styles [4.5] 5.5-8 [11] mm long
Flowering May-June (about one month after Flowering April-May C. scilloides)
Fruits longer than broad Fruits about broad as long or broader than tong
Pedicels of fruits arching upward, 5-18 mm long Pedicels of fruits nearly straight, spreading ascending, 8-30 mm long
Several bracts (3-24) present below lowest Bracts absent (or only I or 2) below lowest pedicel of inflorescence pedicel of inflorescence
Bracts within inflorescence prominent, rigid, Bracts within inflorescence delicately and persistent scarious, not rigid, the upper part withering after anthesis
Plants in this area generally 0.75-l.1m tall with Plants less than 0.75 m tall with an an inflorescence 15-40 cm long and with 50-100+ inflorescence generally 4- 25 cm long and flowers with 7-40 flowers. .
32 Cirsium hillii (Hill's thistle) - state threatened. Hill's thistle is a short-lived perennial herb (Betz cited in Ostlie and Bender 1990, Robertson et al. 1995) belonging to the sunflower family (Asteraceae); this plant is called Cirsiufn pumilum in Mohlenbrock (1986). Seeds germinate and form rosettes of purplish, prickly leaves at ground level. It appears that the piants can live for several years as rosettes, then producing one (rarely up to four) .fl'owering shoot per rosette, which at 1-2' is rather short for a thistle (Moore and Frankton 1966). Each flowering stem produces only a few, usually 1-4, bright rose-pink flower heads, each containing hundreds of flowers. The globose seed heads have hundreds of Wind-dispersed fruits .
. Hill's thistle is widely distributed in eastern North America, occurring in Ontario, western Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, and perhaps South Dakota (Moore and Frankton 1966, Gleason and Cronquist 1991). In Illinois, this species has been reported historically from at least 39 counties; today about 40 extant populations are known in 22 counties (Herkert 1994, Robertson et aI. 1995). Hill's thistle is presumed extirpated from the USRAA, but it used to occur in northwestern Champaign County. The species has undergone a decline in both numbers of individuals per population and numbers of populations (Herkert 1994).
Throughout its range, Hill's thistle occurs in dry sandy to loamy soils. One of the common names, pasture thistle, seems very appropriate for Cirsium hillii as it is frequently found on hill prairies and hayfields with a recent occurrence of severe grazing by cattle. It appears that C. hillii needs some kind of disturbance to expose bare soil for seedlings to become established~ Little is known on the effects of fire on Cirsium hillii, and there are some concerns (Nuzzo quoted by Ostlie and Bender 1990) thaI frequent fire may have deleterious effects on the long-term survival of this species. However, timing of fire may also be important.
Cypripedium candidum (White lady's slipper orchid) -state threatened. This species once occurred in at least 23 counties in Illinois; today, it is known only from 36 populations in nine counties in the state. Several new populations have been discovered within the past 10 years, and that status of the species has been changed from endangered to threatened in I1linois. Within the USRAA, this species was collected near Forsythe (Macon County) in 1896, and Gleason (1908) reported this species 20 miles northwest of Champaign in a native 5-acre prairie remnant; this latter was likely located just within the Assessment Area. There are also seven collections, all before 1900, from wet prairies and marshes in the vicinity of Champaign, probably just outside the boundary of the Assessment Area. The overall range of this species is confined to northeastern North America, from Connecticut and southern Ontario westward to Manitoba southward to Kentucky, Missouri, and Nebraska.
Erythronium mesochoreum (Prairie Trout Lily) - state threatened. This perennial species, a member of the lily family, occurs in prairies and savannas. It is known from one locality in Champaign County within the USRAA where a large population occurs in a grazed and heavily degraded white oak savanna along Dickerson Slough (Bill McClain, pers. comm.).
33 Applications of prescribed fire in the early spring appear to benefit this species (personal observation of K.R. Robertson). .
This species only recently was discovered from Illinois when W. E. McClain noted some Erythronium plants that differed from the common·E albidum in a railroad prairie south of Carlinville (Macoupin County). Subsequent visits to the site by A.C. Koelling and K.R. Robertson confirmed that these plants were E. mesochoreum (Robertson et al. 1983). An examination of herbarium specimens at the Illinois Natural History Survey showed that Charles Robertson of Carlinville had collected E. mesochoreum on 3 April 1880, 12 April 1883, and 17 April 1883, although he had identified the plants as E. albidum, under which name they had been filed through the years. Since its initial discovery in Illinois, further field work by McClain arid Koelling have located 15 other populations in seven Illinois Counties. Erythronium mesochoreum occurs in east- and west-central Illinois, southern Iowa, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, much of Missouri, eastern Oklahoma, and north central Texas (Robertson et al. 1983, Kraul 1989).
Erythronium mesochoreum is most easily identified in the spring (March to April); this species differs from E. albidum by lacking mottled leaves, and having leaves that are usually half-folded longitudinally rather than being flat; also, its sepals are merely spreading instead of being reflexed as in E. albidum, and the fruits rest on the ground rather than being held erect. Also, E. mesochoreum is a diploid species with 2n=22 while E. albidum is a tetraploid with 2n=44 (Robertson 1966, Robertson et al. 1983). The Champaign County site is the eastern-most known location throughout the entire range of this species.
Phlox pi/osa subsp. sangamonensis (Sangamon Phlox) - state endangered. This subspecies of the common prairie phlox is endemic to the USRAA, occurring no where else in the world. The map in Levin and Smith (1965) shows the distribution along the Sangamon River from the vicinity of Lake-of-the-Woods park in northwestern Champaign County southwestward into Piatt County almost to the Macon County line. Presently, the Natural Heritage Database lists only two known extant populations of the Sangamon Phlox, both in Champaign County (Herkert 1991). However, according to Ralph Alexander, a resident of western Champaign County, there are still extant populations of the Sangamon phlox in Piatt County.
Of the extant populations in Champaign County, one is in a degraded railroad right-of-way that supports a few prairie species while the other, protected on private land, occurs on a ridge adjacent to the Sangamon River in a woodland opening. These two stations are representative of the habitats where populations of the Sangamon phlox have been found along only a few miles of the Sangamon River in prairie, blufftops, and prairie openings. Morphologically, Phlox pi/osa subsp. sangamonensis is very similar to typical P. pi/osa subsp. pi/osa and can be distinguished from it primarily by the absence of stipitate glandular hairs on the corolla tube and the erect rather than somewhat reflexed calyx lobes (Levin and Smith 1965).
34 Since Sangamon phlox is restricted to a small area along the Sangamon River, its preservation merits consideration as a high-priority conservation goal for the USRAA. The population in the degraded right-of-way is vulnerable to damage from highway and railroad maintenance and vehicle accidents and trespass. Strong consideration should be given towards vegetation management to enhance habitat suitability for this species at the two stations (prescribed fire and brush cutting where needed to maintain open habitat), and establishing additional colonies of this subspecies at former collection localities. Reintroduction can be accomplished using seed from the vulnerable roadside population. These activities should only be performed with the consultation of the Illinois Endangered Species Protection Board and the Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Natural Heritage l;>ivision, Springfield. This species can be identified most easily when in bloom (May to mid-June). Additional field work is- needed to locate and document additional populations.
Platanthera blephariglottis var. blephariglottis (White-Fringed Orchid) - not listed, extirpated from Illinois. This species has only been observed and collected two times in Illinois, once in 1891 by Higley and Raddin in Cook County (no specimen has been found to substantiate this, see Swink and Wilhelm 1994) and in 1900 by I.M. Clakey in Macon County (specimen at the Missouri Botanical Garden, photographs of specimens at Illinois Natural History Survey), probably within the boundary of the USRAA. Platanthera blephariglottis var. blephariglottis occurs primarily in quaking bogs of northeastern North America, and the overall range of this variety is from Newfoundland and Nova Scotia south to New Jersey and Pennsylvania and westward through New England and southern Ontario to extreme southwestern Michigan (Luer 1975). The Macon County, Illinois record was disjunct by over 200 miles from the nearest population in extreme southwestern Michigan. Sheviak (1974) considered the Macon County plants as an example of long-distance seed dispersal rather than a boreal relict population. Observations and experiments on this species in Maine found only diurnal pollinators, primarily Hesperiidae, Pieridae, and Apidae. Pollinators are essential for seed set, yet pollinators were scarce, and the authors concluded that the reproductive strategy of this species is adapted to environments experiencing periods of unfavorable weather and low pollinator abundance.
Platanthera leucophaea (Prairie White-Fringed Orchid) - Federal threatened and state endangered. Formerly widespread in prairie and wetland communities throughout the northern half of Illinois, Platanthera leucophaea probably formerly occurred within the USRAA. Historically, this species is known from at least 33 counties iri Illinois (Bowles et aI. 1992, Herkert 1991, Sheviak 1974). In Illinois, this species is mostly found in mesic to wet calcareous prairies, although farther east and north it occurs in a wider variety of habitats, such as marshes, fens, and bogs (Bowles 1983, Luer 1975).
Habitat destruction and degradatiori have reduced Platanthera leucophaea today to scattered localities throughout its range. In llIinois, most extant populations primarily occur in northeastern Illinois. A small population of a few plants persists in a mesic to wet mesic prairie remnant in Ford County outside the boundary of the Assessment Area but within the area shown on the map in Figure I. Though this orchid is a very distinctive
35
------species, it can be surprisingly cryptic. The best search time for this species is in late June or early July when flowering occurs. Annual fluctuation in population size has been positively correlated to rainfall amount (Bowles et al. 1992). Currently, this species is known in Illinois from about 25 populations in 9 counties.
Until rellitively recently, Platanthera leucophaea has been considered to be a broad ranging species occurring from western New York and southern Ontario to Michigan, southern Wisconsin, southern Minnesota, southeastern North Dakota southward through eastern Nebraska, Kansas, and Oklahoma to southern Missouri and north-central Arkansas; outlying populations occur in Maine and Louisiana (Luer 1975). However, Sheviak and Bowles (1986) concluded that P. leucophaea should be divided into two species..In their interpretation, plants primarily occurring east of the Mississippi River (with a few exceptions), belong to true P. leucophaea, while plants to the west of the Mississippi River belong to a new species, P. praecIara. The two species differ in a number of floral features. Sheviak (1987) discounted the records of this species from Louisiana and Arkansas. Because the flowers are white, lack nectar guides, have a long nectar spur, and are sweetly fragrant at night, P. leucophaea is a classic example of pollination by nocturnal moths (Robertson 1893, Sheviak and Bowles 1986), although actual observations of pollinators are rare.
Plantago cordata (Heart-leaved Plantain) - state endangered. This is a perennial, semi aquatic herbaceous plant that typically is found associated with gravel bars in clear, shallow water under a forest canopy. This species requires some stream action to maintain suitable competition-free recruitment sites on gravel bars; however, severe stream action can eliminate adult plants from a colony (Bowles and Apfelbaum 1989).
This species ranges throughout many regions of eastern United States, occurring in Ozark streams of Missouri, Illinois; eastern Wisconsin, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, and southwestern ontario, with outlying populations in New York, Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama (Tessene 1969). At one time, Plantago cordata was Widespread in Illinois, known historically from at least 23 counties from Lake County in the northeast south to Johnson and Pope counties. However, the species has declined drastically throughout nearly all of its range, perhaps except for Missouri, and it has been considered for Federal listing as endangered or threatened. A sharp reduction of range and population number has occurred (Mymudes and Les 1993). Presumably this decline is due to changes in hydrological conditions in stream habitat, such as erosion and siltation caused by poor watershed management. Currently, Plantago cordata is known in Illinois only from nine populations in six counties. Within the USRAA, this species was known from Champaign and Piatt counties, but it has been long extirpated, probably before 1900.
In contrast with many weedy members of the genus Plantago, P. cordata is a long- lived perennial. Flower primordia develop in the fall, while leaves and the inflorescence emerge and fully develop in the spring. There are two, distinct leaf morphologies: winter and summer rosettes. Pollination is by wind, and while the plants are self compatible, some o~tcrossing occurs due to the upward sequential maturation of sigmas on the inflorescence
36 spikes; also the flowers are protogynous, with the anthers shedding pollen after the stigmas are no longer receptive. Plants usually only begin to flower when there are an average of 6.5 leaves per plant. The mature fruits contain two seeds that are attached to a spongy placenta, which creates buoyancy, allowing the fruits to be dispersed by water. With imbibition,the seed coat becomes mucilaginous, as in many o\her species of Plantago, which can hold a germinating seed in place until the root can become established. Total reproductive output is relatively low, and seedling establishment is limited. The species is a tetraploid, with 2n=24. The information in this paragraph is extracted from: Bowles and Apfelbaum 1989; Meagher, et al. 1978; Mymudes and Les 1993; Primack 1979, 1980; Stromberg and Stearns 1989; and Tessene 1969.
There have been several studies of morphological and genetic variation within Plantago cordata. Tessene (1969) saw little morphological variation within this species and suggested that it was adapted to a special niche. On the other hand, Meagher et al. (1978), in a common garden experiment, found genetic variation both within and between populations, and Primack (1980) saw about as much phenotypic variation within P. cordata as in other, widespread species of the genus. The study by Mymudes and Les (1993) found that throughout the range of the species, leaf morphology (length, width, and number of veins) varied considerably, but displayed no clear geographical correlations, except for a population in North Carolina. This same study also examined genetic variability using allozymes and found little genetic diversity within populations and a greater amount of diversity between populations. Mymudes and Les (1993) then hypothesized that P. cordata has a much lower level of interpopulational gene flow than many wind-pollinated, outcrossing species, which may be the consequence of the low productive output observed by Primack (1979).
Tomanthera auriculata (Ear-leaved Foxglove) - state threatened. Mesic prairies are the typical habitat for this species in Illinois. With regard to the USRAA, it is known from a single historical collection made in 1933 in Champaign county along a railroad right-of-way in the vicinity of Seymour. Sometimes other scientific names are used for this plant, including Gerardia auriculata and Agalinis auriculata.
Unlike most prairie plant species, Tomanthera auriculata is an annual, growing from seed, . flowering, setting fruit, and then dying all within one growing season. A member of the figwort family, Scrophulariaceae, it is also hemiparasitic (above ground it is green and photosynthetic like most plants, but below ground roots of T. auriculata attach themselves to the roots of other host plants). The first report that this species was a root parasite was by Mussleman (1972) based on observations made at a mesic prairie in Park Ridge, Cook County, Illinois. Evidently, this parasitic connection to host plants is obligatory. This species has only been successfully grown in cultivation when suitable host plants were also present (Cunningham and Parr 1990), and in a trial of eight taxonomically varied potential host species, only two members of the sunflower family (Asteraceae), Helianthus occidentalis (western sunflower) and Rudbeckiafulgida (showy black-eyed Susan) were capable of serving as hosts. In this same study, plants grown in cultivation without the presence of a suitable host did not grow or f]ower normally, even with weekly application
37 of fertilizer. The seeds of T. auriculata have interesting requirements for germination (Baskin et al. 1991). Seeds are dormant in the fall, and both cold stratification and light is required for the seeds to germinate. Seeds that receive cold stratification but no light become dormant again during the summer; thus, seeds can only germinate in the spring, when conditions are best suited for an annual prairie species to grow. While the maximum life of seeds in the seedbank are unknown, seeds can remain viable for at least 3.5 years.
Tomanthera auriculata was once widespread in Illinois, historically occurring in at least 23 counties, from northern Illinois south to Jackson County. Currently, it is known from 25 populations in 16 counties. However, pue to dramatic losses in its prairie habitat, this species has become quite rare. It is possible that other stations will be found in prairie habitat in railroad rights-of-way within the USRAA boundary. This species demonstrates a level of disturbance adaptation and occurs in degraded prairie remnants. This species can be readily identified when in bloom (August) or in fruit (September) and acquires a distinctive purplish coloration to the leaves during late summer and autumn. Tomanthera auriculata ranges from Ohio to Wisconsin and Minnesota, south to Missouri, Kansas, and Oklahoma and also locally in the southern United States (Pennell 1935, Gleason and Cronquist 1991). In addition to mesic prairies, this species can occur in glades, dry oak woods, gravely moraines, and somewhat disturbed sites (Baskin et al. 1991, Knopp 1988, Orzell and Summers 1983, Pennell 1935).
There are several reasons for species being rare and consequently listed as Endangered or Threatened in Illinois (e.g., Taft 1995). These include the following examples. (I) The species are naturally sparse or infrequently occurring, probably even prior to European settlement. Queen-of-the-prairie and yellow monkey flower are examples. (2) The species occur in lllinois at the edge of their natural geographical range and are found primarily in a few counties at the border of the state. This is the situation with the majority of E~T species in the USRAA. These species are common, often abundant, in areas to the north, south, east, or west of Illinois. An example is prairie dandelion. (3) The populations that occur in Illinois are geographically separated, or disjunct, from the principal range of the species. Some examples for Illinois include leafy prairie clover, silvery bladdernut, and Tennessee milk vetch. (4) Species are restricted or endemic to Illinois and do not occur elsewhere. Only two species are considered endemic to Illinois - Kankakee mallow in Kankakee County and thismia, originally found in southeastern Cook County and now thought to be extinct. However, decurrent false aster is essentially endemic to Illinois, being found in Missouri near the mouth of the Mississippi River. (5) Habitat degradation caused by human-induced activities such as gravel or peat mining, soil scraping, grazing by livestock, and the introduction of aggressive non-native species that often can replace native species. (6) Disruption of ecological processes including fires resulting in ecological changes in fire dependent community types. (7) Habitat destruction, primarily due to the conversion of the land for agricultural and urban uses. The latter reason is the ultimate cause for rarity of native organisms in Illinois, and this impact will undoubtedly be exacerbated within the USRAA in the near future as the area currently is undergoing a great increase in urban sprawl. In addition, the number of individuals of many species,
38 particularly E&T taxa (Table 12), have been reduced by these activities and this may lead. to further loss of species as population size may be too low for species to sustain themselyes.
Disturbance, Habitat Quality, and Restoration Potential
While habitat loss has been extensive within the USRAA, most plant communities remaining in the Assessment Area also have experienced anthropogenic disturbances resulting in habitat degradation to different degrees. Fragmentation, fire absence, and exotic species introductions are other typical consequences of intensive habitat conversion that have implications for habitat restoration potential. These issues are discussed below.
Disturbance is a general term referring to any perturbation. Plant communities (or ecosystems) are degraded when recovery to original condition is unlikely under normal circumstances. Degraded lands can be distinguished further by those that can be restored to original condition through management efforts and those which, at best, can be reclaimed for only limited use in severe examples (e.g., strip mining), or rehabilitated to a condition somewhat similar to the original but where compositional differences remain (Lovejoy 1975). Degraded lands are derelict when land uses become very limited (Brown and Lugo 1994). Perturbations that exceed the intensity, frequency, or duration of the natural disturbance regime can result in loss of species lacking tolerance or adaptations to the new levels. When certain "keystone" species, or assemblages of other taxa, are extirpated from a community, the system's capability for restoration is diminished and integrity is lowered. A common source of degradation in Illinois plant communities is overgrazing by livestock (Dennis 1997) or deer (Anderson et a!. 1995, Anderson 1997); however, multiple factors often are interacting.
Fire is an example of a large-scale natural disturbance in many Midwestern plant communities and fire frequency is an important determining factor for many community characteristics..The compositional and structural characteristics of many native Illinois plant communities demonstrate some level of fire dependency. Fire absence in these communities can result in profound changes in community characteristics. For example, vegetational changes common throughout Illinois such as from prairie to shrub thicket or forest, or oak-dominated woodland to maple-dominated forest, are attributable to reduced fire frequency and fire absence (Anderson 1982, Nuzzo 1986, Ebinger 1997, Robertson et aI. 1997, Taft 1997).
Fragmentation is a process describing landscape patterns where habitat remnants become isolated by land conversions (Wiicove et al. 1986, Schwartz and Hermann 1997). Fragmented habitats often undergo alterations in many environmental conditions. Increased surface area of edge compared to volume can result in changes in soil moisture conditions and levels of solar radiation, as well as increased opportunity for exotic species invasions (Luken 1997) and wind damage (Gelhausen et aI., in review). High levels of fragmentation limit'restoration potential of degraded sites since species immigration,
39 needed to compensate for the local extirpations of plants with low population levels, is .seriously challenged (Taft 1996, 1997). Fragmented habitats support fewer species and at lower population levels compared to less fragmented habitats. Species at lower population levels are prone to local extirpation. Native browsing animals, such as deer, can also have great impact in highly fragmented habitats (Anderson 1997), and the impact of overgrazing by livestock is exacerbated in habitat fragments (Dennis 1997).
Exotic species (non-native or adventive taxa) introductions also often result in lowered integrity. Adventive taxa in a system may be sorting into disturbance or habitat niches that result in the replacement of native taxa (Solecki 1995, 1997; Luken 1997). The establishment of adventive taxa can result in arrested development and interfere with rates of recovery processes. The recovery potential of plant communities with appropriate ecological restoration and management is an area of much needed additional research. Specific and general recommendations for restoration of natural communities in the USRAA, including exotic species control measures, are offered in the Summary Conclusions section following descriptions of Natural Communities (also see Cole 1991; Glass 1991, 1992; Heidorn 1991; Illinois Nature Preserves Commission 1990; Kennay and Fell 1992; McKnight 1993; Nuzzo 1991; Solecki 1989, 1995, 1997; Thompson et al. 1987).
Natural Areas and Nature Preserves
The Illinois Natural Areas Inventory (INAI) was conducted by the University of Illinois, the Natural Land Institute, and the Illinois Department of Conservation over a three-year period during the mid 1970s to document remaining significant and exceptional examples of the natural communities in Illinois (White 1978). The INAI established seven categories of natural areas based on significant features. The categories are: I - High-quality Natural Communities; n-Habitat for Endangered Species; ill - Habitat for Relict Species; IV Outstanding Geological Areas; V - Approved Natural Areas and Restoration Sites; VI Unique Natural Areas; and VII - Outstanding Aquatic Areas. The INAl established a grading system to designate natural quality (White 1978; White 1981). The natural quality of a natural community was graded from A (relatively stable or undisturbed) to D (very early successional or severely disturbed). Grade E was reserved for cropland or other highly developed lands. In general only A and B communities are designated as significant or exceptional features, although areas included on the Natural Areas Inventory often include substantial amounts of grade C natural communities. The estimates and comparisons of total acreage of natural areas within the USRAA and statewide are based on the best available data. In some cases, comparisons are made using recent data for natural communities within the Assessment Area and comparing to statewide data that are from White (1978) and thus over 20 years old. Consequently, if discoveries of natural areas do not equal area of recently degraded or destroyed natural areas, some comparisons to statewide trends among natural areas may be slightly over or underestimated.
Within the USRAA, 11 sites qualify as high-quality natural areas for the INAl (Table 7, Figure 14), totaling 2,433.1 acres. In addition there are about 145.4 miles of streams in the
40 Assessment Area that are considered to be biologically significant (Table 10, Figure 14). While this amount represents only 0.3% of the total area of the Assessment Area, it is quite a high figure for central Illinois.
While areas included on the Natural Areas Inventory within the USRAA contain 2,431.1 . acres, only 850.0 acres are of Category I, Grades A and B natural quality (Table 8), which is 0.1 % of the total area or slightly above the statewide average of 0.07% (White 1978). Of the 850.0 acres, 317.0 acres are Grade A and 533.0 acres Grade B. The following natural communities have areas of grades A or B in the Assessment Area: dry-mesic upland forest, mesic upland forest, wet-mesic floodplain forest, wet floodplain forest, and pond (Table 8). Particularly significant are that 15.9% of the Grade A dry-mesic upland forest and 14.7% of the Grade A wet-mesic floodplain forest remaining in Illinois occur in the USRAA
Nature preserves are areas of land or water in public or private ownership that are formerly dedicated to receive maximum protection of significant natural features. The central goal of the nature preserve system, currently with more than 280 preserves in the state, is to protect and preserve examples of all significant natural features found in Illinois for the purposes of scientific research, education, conserving biodiversity, and esthetic enjoyment. Nature preserves are administered largely by the Illinois Nature Preserves Commission (INPC). Preserves usually are the shared responsibility of the INPC, the Illinois Department of Natural Resources, and land owners (McFall and Kames 1995). Within the USRAA there are three Illinois Nature Preserves, totaling 301.51 acres and all are within Macon County (Table 9, Figure 14).
Bois du Sangamon Nature Preserve. Macon County - Situated on the east shore of Lake Decatur. this area contains 30 acres of dedicated nature preserve plus an additional 10 acres of buffer. It was formerly known as the Mueller Woods Tract, after the family that owned the land for more than 50 years and that never allowed the area to be grazed or logged dUring this time. The woods are mostly old to mature Grades B and C mesic upland forest, dominated by white oak and black oak in drier locations and sugar maple and red oak on the more moist slopes and ravines. A rich diversity of spring woodland wildflowers occurs in the woods (see Paulson 1979; McFall and Karnes 1995).
CakJmus lAke Nature Preserve, Macon County - This 120 acre site is an old backwater oxbow lake or slough of the Sangamon River. In the original land survey of 1821 it was described as a pond with a relatively deep open-water area and distinct edges, with American elm, hackberry and silver maple in the low woods. Today, the preserve contains high-quality pond communities and medium-quality wet floodplain forest. The Calamus Lake natural area is the best example of any type of wetland and the largest high-quality natural pond in the Grand Prairie Natural Division and Grand Prairie Section. The pond contains a number of aquatic plants. such as yellow pond lily and American lotus (Szafoni 1991, McFall and Karnes 1995).
Spitler Woods Nature Preserve. Macon County - Located at Spitler Woods State Park, this 146 acre nature preserve (plus 13 acres of buffer) contains perhaps the third largest old
41 growth forest remaining in central Illinois (after Funks Grove and Allerton Park). High quality forest occurs on the upland in steep "ravines. Large trees are abundant, and individuals of white oak, bur oak, black walnut, and sycamore have diameters of 30 to 40 inches at breast height. .The understory has a spectacular display of spring woodland wildflowers (Division of Forest Resources and Natural Heritage 1981, McFall and Karnes 1995).
Many nature preserves are quite small, representing mere fragments of once large natural communities; however, these are still important for conservation (Schwartz and van Mantgem 1997). Because one major urban center, Decatur, occurs within the Assessment Area, anq two other rapidly growing areas, ChampaignlUrbana and BloomingtonINonnal, are nearby, the USRAA faces many problems in the urban/rural interface. Shafer (1997) ,discusses the design of nature reserves in this context.
There are several state and county areas in the Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area (Table 6, Figure 13) that are devoted to conservation purposes such as hunting and fishing. There are two Illinois State Parks totaling 291 acres. Altogether, there are 12 county-owned parks, conservation areas, and forest preserves totaling 4,243 acres.
Terrestrial Natural Community Descriptions
This discussion of natural communities follows the classification system developed for the Illinois Natural Areas Inventory (White and Madany 1978). The natural communities within the USRAA (Table 14) were detennined by examining data from several sources. These include descriptions of existing community types as well as plant communities inferred to have occurred prior to European settlement and large-scale alteration of the landscape. Botanical nomenclature mostly follows Mohlenbrock (1986). Scientific names corresponding to the common names used in this text are in the summary species.list for the USRAA (Appendix I). These taxa are sorted by scientific name in Appendix 2.
Specific data sources used include species lists from known community types found in INAI sites and descriptions of vegetation in publications and technical reports. Compared to some other parts of Illinois, there is a wealth of published papers on the vegetation in the USRAA, especially forest communities. Most of these papers were written by staff, facuity, and graduate students at the University of Illinois, Illinois State University, Eastern Illinois University, and the Illinois Natural History Survey (Bailey et al. 1964; Bell 1974a, b, 1975; Bell and Johnson 1974; Bell and Sipp 1974; Bell et al. 1978, Best 1979; Boggess and Geis 1967; Evers 1963; Franz and Bazzaz 1977; Gruger 1972; Johnson 1974; Johnson and Bell 1975, 1976a, b; Jones 1977; Jones and Bell I974a, b, 1976; Martin 1955; McAvoy 1943; Peterson and Rolfe 1982; Rodgers and Anderson 1979; Root et al. 1971; Schemske et al1978; Sipp and Bell 1973; Soerianegara 1965; Sperry 1935; Springer 1931; Thompson 1980; Vogel and Ebinger 1979; Woodward 1924, 1925). These publications were consulted in the preparation of this report, as well as the natural area files in the herbarium of the lllinois Natural History Survey, especially notes prepared by Robert A. Evers, Survey
42 botanist from 1947 to 1975, and documents prepared for the Illinois Nature Preserves Commission (Division of Natural Resources and Natural Heritage 1981, Meyer 1987, Paulson 1979, Szafoni 1991).
The general types of natural communities found in official Illinois Nature Preserves are given in A Directory ofIllinois Nature Preserves (McFall and Kames 1995). General descriptions of many habitats occurring in Illinois can be found in Evers and Page (1977) and Jeffords et al. (1995). Additional published references are given below under specific communities.
Table 14. Terrestrial natural communities known to occur or believed to have occurred formerly in the Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area.' .
FOREST SAVANNA Upland forest Savanna (silt.loam) dry upland forest dry-mesic savanna dry"mesic upland forest mesic savanna mesic upland forest wet-mesic savanna wet-mesic upland forest
Floodplain forest WETLAND mesic floodplain forest Marsh wet-mesic floodplain forest marsh wet floodplain forest Seep & spring seep PRAIRIE Prairie (blacksoil) LAKE & POND . dry-mesic prairie Pond mesic prairie pond wet-mesic prairie wet prairie CULTURAL
I Adapted from the Illinois Natural Areas Inventory's community classification (White and Madany ]978).
Forest
Forests in the USRAA belong to the Prairie Peninsula Section in the Northern Division of the Oak-Hickory Forest Region (Braun 1950). Prior to European settlement, approximately 11.3% of the land in the USRAA was covered by forest (Table 2), although the extent varied considerably in different regions, from 3.6% in Ford County to 29.4% in Shelby County (Table 2, Iverson and Joselyn 1990). Prior to European settlement, forests in the USRAA were concentrated primarily on the slopes, ravines, and bottomlands associated with the major drainages and in protected areas associated with moraines (Gleason 1913, Anderson 1991a, b). Landscape-scale fires generally moved from west to east, driven by the predominantly western winds. Land on the west sides of streams burned regularly, preventing the development of forests, while the streams, and the topographic relief associated with them, served as fire breaks, allowing the development of
43 ------
forest on the leeward (usually eastern) sides. Within the USRAA, some of the areas mapped as being in forest prior to European settlement (Anderson 1970, Iverson and Joselyn 1990) were in fact savanna. Subsequent to European settlement, landscape-scale fires were suppressed and oak savannas quickly developed into oak forests (Kilburn 1959, Nuzzo 1986, Packard and Mutel 1997b). See the discussion below on savannas.
General ecological problems frequently associated with forest communities include habitat degradation, fragmentation, the introduction of non-native' plant species, and fire absence, especially in upland forests. A typical source of habitat degradation in forests is overgrazing, not only by domestic livestock but also by white-tailed deer which have increased substantially in numbers recently (Anderson 1997). This grazing often produces changes in forest compositional and structural characteristics.. Like in much of Illinois, grazing-sensitive species probably have been eliminated from many forest remnants in the USRAA. In contrast, species that increase with grazing often are abundant in overgrazed forest remnants (e.g., thorn-bearing taxa such as downy hawthorn, honey locust, Missouri gooseberry, and blackberries/raspberries). Some non-native species also increase in abundance with overgrazing, such as multiflora rose, bush honeysuckles, and garlic mustard, as well as certain weedy native species, such as,coralberry and poison ivy. In many cases, the abundance of exotic species appears to be directly proportional to the historic grazing intensity. Recovery of these sites following cessation of grazing appears to be slow. Complete restoration may not be possible without intensive management including species reintroduction. Fire absence in upland forest communities typically results in compositional changes in more mesic sites (such as increase in abundance of sugar maple) and primarily structural changes in drier sites (such as increases in stem density of woody plants and shade). The result is often a reduction in cover and diversity of the herbaceous ground flora, typically the most diverse stratum in Illinois woodlands (e.g., Taft et al. 1995). ,
Within the USRAA and other parts of Illinois, non-native plant species are severe threats to the integrity of forest communities (Solecki 1995, 1997). In the herbaceous layer, the abundance of garlic mustard has increased dramatically in the past 20 years (Nuzzo 1991), and unfortunately the native spring woodland wildflowers in many areas largely have been eliminated by the spread of this species. The shrub layer can contain a number of non native species such as multiflora rose, European highbush cranberry, common buckthorn, and several different kinds of bush honeysuckles. The canopy layer can also include tree species not native to the USRAA such as black locust and Osage orange.
Few endangered or threatened species occur in forests in the USRAA. Sangamon phlox is found in a forest opening and heart-leaved plantain is restricted to streams under a forest canopy. Forest subclasses in Illinois include upland forest, sandforest, floodplain forest, and flatwoods. Only upland forest and floodplain forest are known to occur in the USRAA. These forest types are characterized below.
Upland Forest· The total extent of upland forest today in the USRAA is about 23,470 acres, or 3.0% of the total land cover (Table 4). Of this, 352 acres are considered high quality by the Illinois Natural Areas Invento~ (Table 8). Upland forest communities can be
44 classified further by soil-moisture chi)Iacteristics. Xeric, dry, dry-mesic, mesic, and wet mesic upland forest communities are recognized in Illinois in context with increasing available soil-moisture (White and Madany 1978). Major tree species respond in predictable ways along these soil-moisture gradients (Adams and Anderson. 1980, Clausen 1970, Fralish 1994, Taft et al. 1995). The major ecological problems associated with upland forests are degradation from grazing, habitat fragmentation, and the spread of non native species. The following community types occur in the USRAA.
Dry Upland Forest - Dry upland forests (on non-sandy sites) are uncommon and localized in central Illinois on ridge crests and upper slopeswith xeric exposures (south and southwest-facing aspects). No dry upland forest remnants have been identified in the USRAA that meet the qualitative criteria for the Illinois Natural Areas Inventory. Remnants of this community type may occur in the USRAA on exposed upland habitats. A total of 27 acres of Grade B dry upland forest was reported for the Grand Prairie Section (White 1978).
The dominant canopy species in dry upland forests are white oak and black oak. Occasional species include shingle oak, chinquapin oak, shagbark hickory, and white ash. Subcanopy trees and shrubs include Juneberry, rough-leaved dogwood, redbud, hazelnut, and hop hornbeam. Characteristic groundcover species include sweet everlasting, common oak sedge, poverty oat grass, woodland sunflower, field goldenrod, and yellow pimpernel; many of these species including 'wild quinine and cylindric blazing star also occur in prairie/savanna communities. This community type probably was more common in the USRAA in pre-European settlement times and, perhaps locally, graded into savanna habitats. Canopy composition of this community type would be relatively stable since mesophytic species like sugar maple would be limited by soil-moisture conditions. However, structural characteristics of the community could change with long fire-free intervals as oak and hickory species tolerant of dry conditions may increase in densjty.
No threatened or endangered species are known from dry forest habitats in the USRAA. The primary ecological problems in dry upland forest are damaging grazing and fire absence. Relatively few exotic species pose severe problems in dry forests compared with other forest communities.
, Dry-mesic Upland Forest - This community type occurs in the USRAA on the upper slopes and ridges of the dissected terrain bordering the major.streams. The total extent in the USRAA is unknown, but 157.0 acres of Grade A and 75.0 acres of Grade B dry-mesic upland forest are present (Table 8). This is about 15.9% of the Grade A and 3.6% of the Grade B total in the state and 7.6% of all high-quality dry-mesic upland forest (Grades A & B) remaining in Illinois (Table 8).
Dominant canopy species are white oak, black oak, shagbark hickory, and white ash where forest composition has not been altered by logging or a history of grazing. Occasional tree species red oak, shagbark hickory, hackberry, black walnut, black cherry, chinquapin oak, and shingle oak. Common subcanopy species include sugar maple, Juneberry, blue beech, hop hornbeam, black cherry, and red elm. Typical shrubs include redbud, Missouri
45 gooseberry, black raspberry, elderberry, black haw, and prickly ash. Groundcover species include several herbaceous species (e.g., sweet everlasting, Jack-in-the-pulpit, rattlesnake fern, black gramma, curly styled wood sedge, spring beauty, fall coral root, sensitive fern, poverty oat grass, squirrel corn, Dutchman's breeches, bottlebrush grass, slender wild rye, false rue anenome, blue phlox, Solomon's seal, Christmas fern, bloodroot, false Solomon's seal, early meadow rue, Virginia spiderwort, and red trillium).
The major ecological problems associated with dry-mesic upland forests are degradation from grazing, habitat fragmentation, and fire absence. Fire absence can lead towards an increased importance of sugar maple in the subcanopy stratum and potentially lesser importance of oaks in the canopy. Where oaks have been removed by selective logging practices, black cherry, shagbark hickory, red elm, and possibly sugar maple are among the species that gain prominence in the canopy. Exotic species in dry-mesic upland forest include garlic mustard, Amur honeysuckle, and autumn olive.
Mesic Upland Forest - When soil moisture is sufficient, mesic upland forests develop, which have a closed canopy, an understory of shade-tolerant woody species, and a rich variety of spring woodland wildflowers. Mesic upland forests are found on lower slopes, in ravines, on high terraces of the major streams and tributaries, and occasionally as isolated remnants of former larger blocks of forest; there are no data on the total extent within the USRAA. Within the Assessment Area are 87.0 acres of Grade A and 33.0 acres of Grade B mesic upland forest, which represent 8.2% of Grade A, 2.2% of Grade B, and 4.7% of the all high-quality remnants of this natural community remaining in Illinois (Table 8, White 1978, Illinois Department of Natural Resources 1998).
Species composition is relatively rich including numerous taxa at each forest stratum. Sometimes no species is dominant. Characteristic canopy species include sugar maple, shagbark hickory, white oak, red oak, basswood, and American elm. Occasional tree species include: bitternut hickory, pignut hickory, mockernut hickory, hackberry, blue ash, butternut, black walnut, tulip tree, bur oak, chinquapin oak, and black oak. Subcanopy species include Ohio buckeye, Juneberry, blue beech, downy hawthorn, Kentucky coffeetree, red mulberry, hop hornbeam, black cherry, sassafras, and red elm. Typical shrubs include paw paw, redbud, gray dogwood, hazelnut, wahoo, wild hydrangea, . spicebush, wild plum, choke cherry, Missouri gooseberry, black raspberry, elderberry, . bladdernut, nannyberry, black haw, and prickly ash. Woody vines include climbing bittersweet, Virginia creeper, bristly catbrier, poison ivy, and riverbank grape. Herbaceous Groundcover composition includes a rich assortment of species, particularly spring ephemerals. Selected taxa reported from the USRAA include: doll's eyes, Jack-in-the pulpit, wild ginger, several sedges (e.g., Carex albursina, C. blanda, C hirtifolia, C. jamesiil, blue cohosh, spring beauty, yellow lady's slipper orchid, toothwort, white trout lily, white snakeroot, wild geranium, liverleaf, waterleaf, false rue anemone, large twayblade orchid, sweet cicely, ginseng, blue phlox, Mayapple, Solomon's seal, Christmas fern, bloodroot, false Solomon's seal, white trillium, red trillium, horse gentian, bellwort, and downy-blue viol,et.
46 Wet-Mesic Upland Forest - No examples of this community type have been verified from .within the USRAA. Typically, wet-mesic upland forest occurs where there are localized drainage limitations within an upland forest, and such conditions are possible in the USRAA. Often, drainage is limited by a slowly permeable subsoil horizon. Areas of seepage may contribute to locally saturated soils and can support this natural community: Where depressions occur in an upland forest, ponding may occur for variable periods. Characteristic canopy species include swamp white oak. A subcanopy often is absent. Groundcover species may include a few wetland sedge and shrub species.
Floodplain Forest· Floodplain forests are characterized by edaphic conditions of poor drainage and slow permeability. Local areas of sand and gravel increase permeability. Floodplain forest communities in Illinois include mesic, wet-mesic, and wet floodplain forest and are classified according to characteristics of flooding. Wet floodplain forest occurs in . the floodplain bordering rivers including the riverbank. Wet-mesic to mesic floodplain forests occur on low to high terraces, respectively. Based on the Land Cover database (Table 4), the total extent of floodplain forest in the USRAA is estimated to be 9,680·acres (1.2% of the total area), while the Wetlands Inventory Data (Table 5) estimates 8,789.59 acres (1.1 % of total area) of bottomland forest and 1.12 acre of swamp in the Assessment Area (the source of the discrepancy is unclear). Of the floodplain forests, 463 acres are considered to be high-quality (Grades A and B).
In general, the flooding regime, including depth and duration of flooding, is a strong selective force on composition and species richness in floodplain forests (Bell 1974) and . also in regulating tree growth (Robertson 1992). Wet floodplain forests are often seasonally flooded and/or have perched water during a portion of the year, often in late winter and spring. Generally, flooding is of shorter duration and less frequency in mesic floodplain forests. Wet-mesic floodplain forests are intermediate. Diversity of species composition tends to increase from wet to mesic floodplain forest. Compositional changes favoring more flood tolerant tree species like silver maple have occurred since presettlement conditions along the Sangamon River valley (King and Johnson 1977) including in floodplain forests within the USRAA.
Current ecological problems in floodplain forest include siltation from silt-laden flood waters, changes in the hydrological regime (e.g., stream entrenchment of tributary streams' or increased flooding duration and frequency of the major streams due to alterations in the watershed), and exotic species invasion. Below are descriptions of the composition and structure of floodplain forests that occur in the USRAA.
Mesic Floodplain Forest - No areas of mesic floodplain forest have been identified from within the USRAA by the lllinois Natural Areas Inventory (INAI) as high-quality, undegraded remnants. Compared with the wet floodplain forest community, a relatively greater diversity of tree species often can be found in examples of this high terrace forest since the relatively brief flooding duration and lower flooding frequency pose fewer limitations to species. Common to occasional canopy species include sugar maple, black walnut, white oak; bur oak, black oak, chinquapil) oak, basswood, and American elm.
47 Subcanopy species include Ohio buckeye, red mulberry, persimmon, and red elm. Shrubs and vines include: paw paw, redbud, Missouri gooseberry, bladdernut, prickly ash, Virginia creeper, bristly greenbrier, poison ivy, and riverbank grape. Groundcover species include many taxa also found in mesic upland forests: doll's eyes, wild ginger, Jack-in-the pulpit, spring beauty, enchanter's nightshade, leather flower, hairy and smooth sweet Cicely, honewort, toothwort, Virginia waterleaf, Virginia blue bells, blue phlox, Mayapple, Solomon's seal, bloodroot, black snakeroot, false Solomon's seal, and downy-blue violet.
Ecological problems include altered flooding regime, overgrazing, and exotic species invasions. Exotic species typically associated with mesic floodplain forest include Osage orange, white mUlberry, multiflora rose, amur honeysuckle, Tartarian honeysuckle, garlic mustard, and motherwort·.
Wet-Mesic Floodplain Forest - Within the USRAA there is a total of 73.0 acres of Grade A and 244 acres of Grade B wet-mesic floodplain forest, which represents about lO.2% of the total high-quality amount of this natural community in Illinois (Table 8). Common to occasional canopy species include silver maple, bitternut hickory, hackberry, honey locust, green ash, black walnut, pin oak, and American elm. Subcanopy species include box elder, sugarberry, downy hawthorn, red mulberry, persimmon, Kentucky coffeetree, and red elm. Shrubs and vines include paw'paw, Missouri gooseberry, common blackberry, elderberry, bristly catbrier, poison ivy, and riverbank grape. Groundcover species include giant ragweed, false nettle, several sedges (e.g., C. davisii. C. grisea. and C. granularis), wild chervil, enchanter's nightshade, honewort, Aunt Lucy, Virginia wild rye, annual bedstraw, white avens, cow parsnip, Virginia waterleaf, wood nettle, Virginia blue bells, blue phlox, goldenglow, black snakeroot, common snakeroot, and cup plant. Ecological problems include changes in the watershed that alter the flooding regime, severe grazing, and exotic species introductions. Exotic species include garlic mustard, moneywort, Osage orange, white mUlberry, and multiflora rose. Garlic mustard, an extremely invasive species, often invades moist, shaded woodlands such as wet-mesic floodplain forests (Nuzzo 1991). This species currently is a major concern in northeastern and central Illinois where it has invaded, become locally abundant, and evidently replaces many native species. With the potential for exponential growth of populations of this species over short time periods (Nuzzo 1991), new populations should be eliminated immediately before satellite populations form and it becomes virtually uncontrollable, such as at Allerton Park and Lodge Park.
Wet Floodplain Forest - A total of 146.0 acres of Grade B wet floodplain forest is extant within the USRAA; this is 5.8% of all Grade Band 5.1 % of all high-quality wet floodplain forest remaining in Illinois. Compared with other floodplain forest communities, fewer tree species can be found in examples of this natural community since flooding frequency and duration, typically, are limiting for many species. Common to occasional canopy species include: silver maple, hackberry, green ash, honey locust, sycamore, and cottonwood. Subcanopy species include box elder, sugarberry, Kentucky coffeetree, river birch, and black willow. Shrubs and woody vines include elderberry, bristly catbrier, trumpet creeper, poison' ivy, and riverbank grape. Groundcover species include giant
48
I ragweed, panicled aster, wood nettle, false nettle, stinging nettle, dodder, blue lobelia, honewort, Virginia wild rye, annual bedstraw, white avens, spotted touch-me-not, Virginia blue bells, clearweed, goldenglow, and woundwort. Ecological problems include changes in the watershed that alier the flooding regime and exotic species introductions. Exotic species include creeping Charlie, moneywort, and Osage orange.
Prairie
Prairies are a type of grassland dominated by herbaceous plants, especially grasses; trees are either absent or only widely scattered on the landscape. Illinois lies within an area called the "prairie peninsula," an eastward extension of prairies that borders deciduous forests and woodlands to the north, east, and south. This is part of the tallgrass prairie region, sometimes called the true prairie, with the landscape dominated by grasses such as big bluestem and Indian grass as well as a large number of other species of grasses and wildflowers, the latter called forbs. The vegetation sometimes reaches a height of 10 feet or more (Anderson 1991 a, Risser 1984, Risser et al. 1981, Robertson et al. 1997, Steinauer and Collins 1996).
Tallgrass prairie is a recently developed ecosystem in North America, formed after the period of Pleistocene glaciation (Axelrod 1985). About 18,000 years ago, northeastern Illinois was covered by glaciers. As the glaciers melted, the land was covered at first with tundra-type vegetation, then by spruce forests. As the climate became warmer and drier, between 14,000 and 10,000 years ago, a cool-mesic hardwood forest with ash, oak, elm, maple, birch, and hickory trees replaced the spruce forest. About 8,300 years ago, the climate became substantially warmer anddrier, and this is when the tallgrass prairie first appeared in Illinois, based on the evidence offossil pollen grains (King 1981a, b). Within the relatively short time of 500 to 800 years, forests in Illinois became restricted to protected sites such as along stream banks, while prairies increased over the landscape. During the last 1,000 years, the climate has become slightly cooler and more moist, making conditions more favorable to trees.
Prairies developed and were maintained under the influence of three major stresses: . climate, grazing, and fire. Occurring in the central part of North America, prairies are subject to extreme ranges of temperatures, with hot summers and cold winters. There are also great fluctuations of temperatures within growing seasons. Rainfall varies from year to year and within growing seasons as well. The prairie region is also subject to droughts. Usually there is a prolonged dry period during the summer months, and there are major droughts that occur every 30 years or so. Prairie fires, started by Native Americans and lightning, were common before European settlement. Many plant communities burned frequently, perhaps once every one to five years. These prairie fires moved rapidly across the landscape, and damaging heat from the fire did not penetrate the soil to any great extent. Fire can kill the above-ground stems of many woody species, bum thatch aiding in some nutrient cycling, and, if timed during the dormant season, promote early flowering spring species. A considerable portion of the above-ground biomass of a prairie was
49 consumed each year by the grazing of a wide range of browsing animals, such as bison, elk, deer, rabbits, and grasshoppers. This grazing was an integral part of the prairie ecosystem, and to grasslands in general. Grazing increases growth in prairies, recycles nitrogen through animal wastes, and the trampling by herds opens up habitat for plant species that prefer some disturbance of the soil.
Prairie plants have adapted to these stresses by largely being herbaceous perennials with underground storage/perennating structures, growing points slightly below ground level, and extensive, deep root systems. The tender growing points of prairie plants occur an inch . or so below ground and are usually not injured by prairie fires. These underground growing points are also left unharmed by browsing animals. During droughts, the deep roots of prairie plants are able to take up moisture from deep in the soil. The roots of prairie plants often extend deeper into the ground than the stems rise above it. For instance, the roots of big bluestem may be 7 feet or more deep, and switchgrass roots more than 11 feet deep. Some ofthe roots die and decompose each year, and this process has added large quantities of organic matter to the soil. This is one reason why the prairie soils are so fertile for agriculture. In agricultural terms, the tallgrass prairie sustains high productivity while building and maintaining soil (Chapman et al. 1990).
The tallgrass prairie is the most diverse ecosystem in the Midwest and provides habitat for some of the region's rarest species (Chapman et al. 1990).. Yet, it is well known that North American grasslands, especially the tallgrass prairie, are among the most endangered habitats in the world (Klopatek et al. 1979, Crumpacker et al. 1988, Chapman et al. 1990, Noss and Cooperrider 1994, Noss et al. 1995). As noted by Chapman et al. (1990), the .tallgrass prairie is 99% destroyed east of the Mississippi River, and south and west of the Missouri River it is 85% destroyed. This lead Noss et'al. (1995) to include the tallgrass prairie east of the Missouri on his list of Critically Endangered Ecosystems of the United States. Only 0.01 % of the original prairie in Illinois is still extant in a high-quality condition.
The Illinois Natural Areas Inventory (White 1978) recognizes six main subclasses of prairie: prairie (= black soil, silt-loam prairie), sand prairie, gravel prairie, dolomite prairie, hill prairie, and shrub prairie. Further divisions are made based on soil moisture . classes yielding 23 prairie community types in lllinois. Prior to European settlement, it is estimated that 88.7% of the Assessment Area was prairie (Table 2), and this was likely a complex mosaic of different prairie types (Robertson et al. 1997). Today, no high-quality examples of any prairie type are extant in the USRAA; there are scattered small medium- to low-quality prairie remnants, but the extent of these is unknown.
Six species known from the USRAA that occur in prairies are listed as endangered or threatened (Table 12). White prairie-fringed orchid is state endangered and federally threatened; Sangamon phlox and late-flowering wind hyacinth are state endangered; the former is endemic to the USRAA, while the only Illinois population of the latter species occurs in the Assessment Area. Ear-leafed foxglove, Hill's thistle, and prairie trout-lily are state threatened. These taxa are discussed in the previous section on Endangered and Threatened Species. 50 Common ecological,problems associated with prairie, in general, include fragmentation, fire absence, exotic species invasions, and habitat destruction and degradation. Small, isolated fragments tend to support many species at low population levels (thus prone to local extinction) too distant to be enhanced through natural mechanisms of species dispersal. Isolated prairies may also be lacking appropriate pollinator species for successful sexual reproduction of many outcrossing species. The greater edge-to-volume ratios of small sites offer greater opportunities for exotic species invasion's since the matrix areas typically are dominated by non-native vegetation. Highly fragmented and developed landscapes also lead to altered fire regimes often eliminating fire from prairie remnants until restoration efforts commence. Fire absence results in ecological changes such as encroachment of woody plants that can eliminate many prairie species. Fire absence also can lead to a severe invasion of exotic cool-season grasses like the ubiquitous species tall fescue, smooth brome, and Kentucky bluegrass. Overgrazing by domestic stock typically degrades' prairie remnants by eliminating many species and promoting the increase of several weedy native and non-native taxa (Nyboer 1981). Soil disturbances such as past efforts at cultivation result in loss of prairie species and opportunities for the establishment of weedy taxa. All of these factors, and combinations of factors, tend to result in loss of species diversity and ecological integrity for all prairie community types. The water regimes of mesic, wet-mesic, and wet prairies have often been altered by the installation, sometimes long ago, of drainage tile andlor drainage ditches in adjacent areas.
Prairie - This natural community category includes the typical "black-soil" prairies. Soils are generally deep and fine-textured, usually silt-loam or clay-loam derived mainly from loess or loess and glacial till. The soils have a well developed, dark surface (A) horizon. Soil moisture ranges within the USRAA almost certainly supported prairie communities ranging from dry-mesic to mesic, wet-mesic, and wet.
Dry-mesic prairie - While not known to be extant in the USRAA, dry-mesic prairies were undoubtedly once common. This habitat is often on slopes or on soil that is fairly well drained. The overall height of plants in late summer can exceed four feet, and the diversity of plant species is fairly high. Common grass species include little bluestem, big bluestem, prairie dropseed, prairie panic grass, switch grass, Indian grass, side-oats grama, and porcupine grass. Characteristic forbs include bird's foot Violet, black-eyed Susan, , cylindrical blazing star, gray-headed coneflower, false toadflax, flowering spurge, hoary puccoon, heath aster, New England aster, nodding lady's tresses, Ohio spiderwort, pale coneflower, prairie cinquefoil, prairie coreopsis, prairie dock, downy phlox, purple prairie clover, rattlesnake master, rigid goldenrod, rosinweed, rough blazing star, round-headed bush clover, shooting star, showy goldenrod, showy tick trefoil, sky-blue aster, blue aster, western sunflower, horsetail milkweed, wild bergamot, and wild strawberry. Shrubs include leadplant, New Jersey tea, prairie willow, smooth sumac, and pasture rose.
Typical ecological problems in remnants inclUde fire absence (and consequential woody plant encroachment) and exotic species invasion and establishment. Common exotic species include Kentucky bluegrass, Canada bluegrass, white and yellow sweet clovers, Queen Anne's lace, ~ild parsnip, and asparagus (Solecki 1995, 1997).
51 Mesic prairie - Mesic prairie occurs in an intennediate soil-moisture zone on the landscape between dry-mesic prairie and wet-mesic prairie. Soils can be moderately well drained but are often saturated during short periods of the growing season. Undegraded mesic tallgrass prairies are among the most species-rich plant communities per unit area (= species density) in North America. Typical remnants contain from 15 to 30 species in a half meter-square sampling quadrat. About 100 to 130 taxa of vascular plants can be found in small (5 acre) remnants. The state threatened Hill's thistle can occur in mesic prairie. Undoubtedly, mesic prairie was once abundant in the USRAA, although no high-quality remnants are still extant. Consequently, the description below is based on a generalized composition for the central Illinois region.
Common grass species include: big blue stem, panic grass, prairie switch grass, little blue stem, Indian grass, prairie dropseed, and porcupine grass. Common to occasional sedge species include Carex bicknellii, C. brevior. C. meadii, and C. tetanica. Characteristic forbs include a diverse assemblage of species (e.g., candle anemone, Sullivant's milkweed, butterfly weed, New England aster, white wild indigo, cream wild indigo, tall coreopsis, prairie Indian plantain, white prairie clover, purple prairie clover, shooting star, pale purple coneflower, rattlesnake master, downy gentian, prairie sunflower, downy sunflower, prairie . alumroot, bush clover, prairie blazing star, hoary puccoon, spike lobelia, lance-leaved loosestrife, wild bergamont, feverfew, lousewort, prairie phlox, slender mountain mint, drooping coneflower, rosinweed, compass plant, prairie dock, blue-eyed grass, showy goldenrod, Missouri goldenrod, Ohio spiderwort, Missouri ironweed, Culver's root, prairie violet, and golden Alexanders). Common shrubs include leadplant, New-Jersey tea, hazelnut, pasture rose, and prairie willow.
Five species listed as threatened or endangered by the IESPB (Sangamon phlox,auriculate false foxglove, late-flowering hyacinth, prairie white-fringed orchid, white lady's slipper) are known to occur historically in prairie habitats in or near the USRAA. Only Sangamon phlox and late-flowering hyacinth are known from extant populations from mesic prairie. habitat within the USRAA. These taxa are discussed in the previous section on Endangered and Threatened Species.
Typical ecological problems in remnants include fire absence (and consequential woody . plant encroachment), soil disturbances, and exotic species invasion and establishment. Common exotic species in mesic tallgrass prairies, particularly those in pioneer cemeteries, include the following taxa: common yarrow, asparagus, awnless brome grass, Queen Anne's lace, Cyprus spurge, orange day lily, amur honeysuckle, white sweet clover, yellow sweet clover, parsnip, Canada bluegrass, Kentucky bluegrass, white poplar, common lilac, common periwinkle, and yucca. Control methods are summarized in the Summary and Recommendations section. Evidence of leaf burn and mortality of plants at the edges of prairies bordering cropland suggests that herbicide drift can be a problem, at least to edge species, and may be an unrealized confounding factor throughout prairie remnants where they occur adjacent to cropland. Off-road vehicle use of railroad rights-of-way is becoming an increasingly damaging problem for prairie remnants.
52 Wet-mesic prairie - This habitat i's transitional between mesic and wet prairies and can include species that occur in each. Grass species include big bluestem, prairie cordgrass, switchgrass, blue joint grass, and Indian grass. Characteristic forbs include balsam ragwort, closed gentian, Culver's root, golden Alexanders, grass-leaved goldenrod, marsh blazing star, New England aster, panicled aster, prairie dock, marsh phlox, purple .meadow rue, Riddell's goldenrod, saw-toothed sunflower, Turk's cap lily, water hemlock, willow aster, winged loosestrife, and woundwort. Shrubs include pasture rose, swamp rose, prairie willow and sometimes pussy willow. No undegraded examples of this natural community are known to occur today in the USRAA, although it was perhaps the most common type in much of the USRAA prior to European settlement. Ecological problems include altered hydrology, fire absence, and invasion of exotic and other aggressive species (e.g., reed canary grass). Much of today's com and soybean agricultural areas were originally mesic and wet-mesic prairie that has been artificially drained by the extensive drainage ditch system in central Illinois.
Wet prairie - Surface water is present during the winter and spring, and the soil is nearly always saturated. The diversity of plant species is less than in other prairie communities, with species listed above under wet-mesic prairie occasionally found in wet prairies. Grasses include blue joint grass, prairie cord grass, as well as big bluestem. Forbs include blue flag, common boneset, Culver's root, panicled aster, prairie Indian plantain, swamp saxifrage, water parsnip, winged loosestrife, woundwort. Shrubs include meadow sweet, swamp rose, prairie willow, and sometimes pussy willow. No high-quality examples of this natural community is not currently extant in the USRAA, although there are a few small, isolated disturbed and modified remnants. Wet prairie was likely quite common in the USRAA prior to European settlement.
Savanna
Savanna habitats occur throughout many parts of the North America (McPherson 1997). The Midwest, intermediate between the eastern forests and grasslands of the great plains, has the environmental conditions and fire history that supported many savanna-like habitats (Anderson 1990, Bowles et al. 1994, DeLong and Hooper 1996, Nuzzo 1986, Taft 1997). Savannas are characterized by scattered, open-grown trees, with or without shrubs, and a continuous herbaceous ground cover typically dominated by graminoid species (grasses and sedges) and numerous forbs. Density and percent cover of trees varies and is intermediate between open prairie and closed woodland or forest. In this. discussion, savannas are defined as having I-50 mature trees per hectare or 10-50% canopy cover by trees (Bowles and McBride 1995); other figures are often used (see discussion in DeLong and Hooper 1996, Taft 1997). Midwestern savanna-like habitats have several unifying characteristics including: 1) open-canopied structure (relative to closed forest); 2) canopy dominance by a few species of oaks; 3) a ground cover usually rich in species associated with tallgrass prairie; 4) a majority of floristic diversity contained in the groundcover; and 5) dependence on fire and other disturbances for maintenance of diversity and stability.
53
., Oak-dominated systems particularly appear dependent on periodic fire for persistence (Lorimer 1985, Abrams 1992).. In a period of a few decades of fire absence, savannas in. the Midwest were altered through vegetational changes and habitat destruction. There was a rapid conversion of open savanna to closed woodland and forest. This is called the "Prairie-Forest Continuum" by Packard and Mutel (1997b). The following recent quote is pertinent when discussing the savanna and forest communities at within the USRAA.
"The conspicuous trees ofthe savannas were the open-grown oaks, but another, less visible size class was well represented. The groves oflarge oaks were surrounded by and intermingled with large numbers ofoaks ofa different size class - multi-stemmed grubs, mostly white and black oak, that were annually top- . killed by fire, but whose roots continued to increase in size. These were the nascent oak woodlands and oakforests ofthe future, awaiting a break in the fire regime that would release them and change that part ofthe mosaic from sparse to dense trees. The widespread cessation offire accompanying settlement allowed large numbers ofthese grubs to grow into even-aged oak woods - the last instance ofwidespread oak forest regeneration to take place in the region.... " (Kline 1997).
The general patterns of change among overstory, subcanopy/shrub, and groundcover strata, with and without fire, have been described (Taft 1997). .
The once widespread oak savannas have become among the rarest plant communities (e.g., Curtis 1959, White 1978, Nelson 1987). Presently in the Midwest former savanna and open-woodland areas can still be recognized locally by the form and density of the oldest trees in closed woodland. Some small remnants persist where woody encroachment has been retarded (though not stopped) by droughty edaphic conditions. In addition, many savanna-like areas have been structurally maintained by livestock grazing, and in these instances the groundcover is floristically degraded and dominated by non-native species. The suppression of fire, fragmentation, habitat degradation, and non-native species are primary ecological problems associated with savanna habitats. Some problem non-native species found in savannas include garlic mustard and the exotic shrubby honeysuckles. However, numerous other species (e.g., Kentucky bluegrass, smooth brome, fescue, wild . parsnip, Queen-Anne's lace, common buckthorn, multiflora rose, burdock) can be problematic depending on local site conditions and history.
Floristically, savannas contain species of both prairie and open woodlands, though many taxa appear to reach their greatest frequency in transitional (ecotonal) areas such as savannas. Characteristic savanna plant species for the Midwest are listed in Taft (1997). Compared with other habitat types, relatively few threatened and endangered plant species appear to be dependent on savanna habitats. Ear-leafed foxglove may have occurred in savanna habitats in the Assessment Area.
Three savanna subclasses are recognized in Illinois: savanna (generally on fine-textured soils), sand savanna, and barren (local inclusions of a prairie flora within an otherwise
54
--- - --- .. _- forested landscape) (White and Madany 1978, Madany 1981); only the silt-loam savannas occurred in the USRAA. Today, there are no high-quality remnants of savanna in the USRAA. A few areas of former savanna undoubtedly occur in the that could b~ restored or at least rehabilitated with prompt vegetation management (see Apfelbaum and Haney 1991, Packard and Balaban 1994, Packard and MuteI1997a). Due to limited floristic data, the descriptions of savanna composition for the USRAA are based on characteristic species throughout the region of central and western Illinois and are generalized depictions of the (former) undegraded condition.
Dry-Mesic Savanna -In this natural community, the tree layer is comparable to dry-mesic upland forest while the understory layer is much the same as dry-mesic prairie. Dry-mesic savanna (including, for this discussion, dry-mesic barrens) occurred in the USRAA on the upper slopes and ridge tops of areas dissected by the Sangamon River and major tributaries. Dry-mesic savanna and dry-mesic barrens are somewhat synonymous terms to describe the open woodlandlhill prairie complex that characterized the uplands bordering the major river valleys. These savannas were ecotonal between upland prairies and the upland forests found in more mesic and fire protected ravines bordering the major river valleys (Zawacki and Hausfater 1969). In the absence of fire, these areas rapidly developed into closed woodlands. Most areas of dry-mesic savannalbarrens have been destroyed, degraded, or have undergone vegetational changes.
Characteristic tree species include white oak and black oak. Occasional species include hickories (shagbark, pignut), shingle oak, and bur oak. Species composition of the subcanopy is dependent on the recent fire history and may include many of the previous species in stages of recruitment. Shrubs include hazelnut (sometimes abundant), common blackberry, rough-leaved dogwood, leadplant, New Jersey tea, pasture rose, and prairie wiliow. Groundcover species include a rich assortment of graminoid and forb species from prairie, savanna, and open woodland habitats. Important graminoid species (grasses· and sedges) include: big blue stem, poverty oat grass, hairy panic grass, bottlebrush grass, little blue stem, Indian grass, and the sedges Carex pensylvanica and C. artitecta. Characteristic forb species include: bird's foot violet, Canadian milk vetch, common carrion flower, Culver's root, hog peanut, pussy toes, pale Indian plantain, partridge pea, purple coneflower, shooting star, showy goldenrod, sky blue aster, slender mountain mint, starry catchfly, starry false Solomon's seal, tall coreopsis, wild hyacinth, wild quinine, wild strawberry, woodland sunflower, yellow pimpernel, and yellow star grass.
Mesic Savanna - Mesic savannas typically were associated with prairie groves on level to slightly rolling terrain, at the base of moraine ridges, or as an island surrounded by wetland vegetation. They also may have occurred as ecotonal areas between upland prairie and bottomland forest along riparian corridors. Mesic savannas are particularly dependent on recurrent fire for maintenance. Without periodic fire, the soil-moisture conditions allow rapid development of woody vegetation. Consequently, due to several factors (e.g., fire absence, habitat loss, and overgrazing) undegraded remnants, though formerly widespread, are among the rarest plant communities in the Midwest. In all of Illinois, only about 2.0 acres of Category I (high-quality, undegraded) mesic savanna is known (Table 8).
55 In general, the compositional characteristics for mesic savannas is imprecisely known since so few remain. Typically, the most characteristic tree species of mesic savannas were bur oak; however, other species may have been more important at individual sites including black oak and white oak. Hickories (shagbark, sweet pignut) may have been occasional at some sites. Shrubs are similar to dry-mesic savanna and include leadplant, New Jersey tea, gray dogwood, hazelnut, and prairie willow. Groundcover species include several from mesic prairies. Among graminoid species, big blue stern, little blue stern, and Indian grass probably were abundant. Occasional grasses included Canada wild rye, Virginia wild rye, and broad-leaved panic grass. Several sedges were common including Carex brevior, C. bushii, C. gravida, C. grisea, C. meadii, C. rosea, and C. shortiana.
Wet-mesic savanna - While there are no documented occurrences of this natural community in the USRAA, it probably did occur locally in floodplains and areas of poor drainage. Like wet-mesic prairies, wet-mesic savannas were probably maintained by a combination of factors including poor drainage, fire regime (dry periods), and grazing. Since no undegraded remnants are known from the USRAA and no detailed descriptions are available the following description is speculation. Tree species may have included hackberry, pecan, American elm, cottonwood, pin oak, bur oak, swamp white oak, and willows. Subcanopy and shrub layers probably were not well established but may have included box elder and elderberry. Characteristic groundcover species may have included prairie cord grass, Virginia wild rye, stout wood reed, sawtooth sunflower, Jerusalem artichoke, and goldenglow.
Wetland
The wetland community class includes natural communities that are seasonally saturated, have hydric soils, and a vegetative cover. There are about 12,885.27 acres of wetland currently within the USRAA, about 1.6% of the Assessment Area (Table 4). Wetland community types in the USRAA, following natural community classification of White and Madany (1978), include floodplain forest, marsh, sedge meadow, and seep & spring. Floodplain forests were described previously under the Forest community class. Wetlands· in the USRAA are scattered throughout the Assessment Area with concentrations along the Sangamon River and its tributaries (Figure 12). About 563 acres of wetland (4.4% of the remaining wetland total) are recognized as high-quality and undegraded natural communities; however, all are among the previously described floodplain forest communities (Table 8). Ponds are recognized as a separate community class by White and Madany (1978) and are described in a subsequent section of the report.
Marsh. Marshes are palustrine wetlands characterized by having water at or near the surface during most of the growing season, herbaceous vegetation predominates, and soils are organic and/or mineral (White and Madany 1978). In the marsh community subclass only one natural community, [typical] marsh, has been recognized within the USRAA. Typical marshes occur in glacial pot-holes, in river valleys, and on lake plains. Marshes characteristically have distinct zones depending on water depth and plant species are distributed in predictable ways among these zones. In general, the deeper the water, the
56 lower the plant species diversity. In the USRAA, there are a total of about 2,080.82 acres of emergent marsh vegetation, or 16.2% of the total current wetlands. Marshes are widespread in the Assessment Area.
Ecological problems in marshes include siltation, altered flooding regimes, invasion by non-native species, and overabundance of aggressive, disturbance-tolerant native species. Siltation and altered flooding regime can reduce the integrity of a marsh. When changes in flooding dynamics result in increased frequency and/or duration of flooding, species intolerant to the new levels will decline and species tolerant of the new levels will increase. .Species that increase under conditions of siltation and increased flooding include reed canary grass, broad-leaved cattail, river bulrush, and common reed. Compared with upland habitats, relatively few exotics are wetland species (Havera and Suloway 1994). However,. a few such as purple loosestrife, reed canary grass, and glossy buckthorn are serious pests that can threaten the diversity of a wetland site. Most of these aggressive species are still primarily found in the northern and, particularly, northeastern counties of Illinois, but could potentially extend their range southward.
Characteristic plant species of marshes in the USRAA include: arrow arum, blue flag, blue joint grass, blue vervain, brown fox sedge, common arrowleaf, common boneset, common bur-reed, broad-leaved cattail, common horsetail, common reed, common water horehound, dark green bulrush, fowl manna grass, great bulrush, halberd-leaved rose mallow, long-leaved ammania, marsh purslane, nodding beggar ticks, northern bugle weed, pale smartweed, primrose willow, red-rooted spike rush, rice cutgrass, river bulrush, river. loosestrife, river sedge, sensitive fern, spotted Joe-Pye weed, straw-colored flat sedge, swamp aster, swamp dock, swamp milkweed, sweet flag, tall water hemp, tufted loosestrife, water horsetail, and water smartweed. Woody plants found in marshes include cottonwood, green ash, silver maple, American black currant, buttonbush, pale dogwood, peach-leaved willow, petioled willow, and red-osier dogwood.
Seep - Seeps are wetland communities characterized by a constant diffuse flow of ground water, typically from the lower portions of slopes of glacial moraines, ravines, and terraces (White and Madany 1978). The water chemistry of the ground water controls. to some extent species composition and is influenced by the material it flows through. The Illinois Natural Areas Inventory (White ~ 978) identified about 30 high-quality seeps in the state. The majority of these seeps were in the Fox, Des Plaines, Illinois, and Vermilion river valleys. There are no known high-quality seeps remaining in the USRAA, although some disturbed and degraded examples do occur, such as at Allerton Park in Piatt County.
In Illinois, five different seep community types are recognized: seeps (typical) are circumneutral and occur where the ground water is not strongly influenced by bedrock or parent material chemistry; acid (gravel) seeps occur associated with sandstone bedrock or gravel; calcareous seeps occur where the ground water is mineralized by alkaline bedrock (e.g., limestone) and/or glacial drift; sand seeps emerge from sand deposits and may be calcareous, acid, or neutral; spring communities occur where a channel is formed. The se~ps within the USRAA mostly appear to be of the typical type.
S7 Ecological problems associated with seeps include degradation by grazing and alterations to the watershed that influence ground water discharge. Non-native plant species that can be invasive are water cress and, in northeastern Illinois, purple loosestrife, which has been seen in the USRAA but is not yet.a problem.
Seeps (typical) - The typical seep has water that is nearly neutral, or, as is mostly the case in the USRAA, slightly calcareous; this water is usually cold. Seeps can be open (graminoid seep) or wooded (forested seep). Typical seep plants in the Assessment Area include: bottlebrush sedge, cinnamon willow herb, broad-leaved cattail, cup plant, fowl manna grass, fringed loosestrife, goldenglow, marsh marigold, prairie cord grass, skunk cabbage, spotted 10e-Pye weed, spotted touch-me-not, swamp goldenrod, swamp aster, swamp thistle, swamp wood betony, sweet scented bedstraw, and white turtlehead. Woody plants include red-osier dogwood and American black currant.
Lake and Pond
Lake and pond are open-water habitats, with ponds covering less than 20 acres. There are no natural lakes in the Assessment Area.
Pond (natural) - Natural ponds are shallow-water wetlands that are not excavated or impounded. Ponds may have been frequent in the USRAA, but most have been drained and/or filled. Only one high-quality natural pond occurs in the USRAA, part of Calamus Lake Nature Preserve (Tables 6, 8, and 10). Within this Preserve of 120 acres is 3S acres of Grade B Pond. This area was briefly discussed above under the section" Natural Areas and Nature Preserves."
Cultural
This class describes communities formed by human activities and disturbances and includes urbanlbuilt-up areas, cropland, pastureland, successional fields, tree plantations, artificial lakes and ponds, and prairie reconstructions. This is the major community class in the USRAA comprising about 94.7% of the total land area. These cultural areas impose some of the most challenging ecological problems for natural habitats in the USRAA. Attempts to ameliorate the dramatic changes in the modern landscape are prairie reconstruction, termed prairie restoration by the INAl (White and Madany 1978), and efforts at wetland restoration. These are the only community types mentioned below (briefly) since they are the only examples in the Cultural community class of efforts to create natural communities.
Prairie Restoration - Typically, prairie reconstructions are plantings of prairie species on grassland soils where the original natural community has been destroyed. Prairie species are planted, sometimes in an effort to produce a warm-season grassland and sometimes with the goal of attempting to recreate the original prairie community. Prairie reconstructions often are species poor and strongly dominated by a few species, often
S8 warm season grasses. The total area of prairie reconstruction is unknown from within the USRAA. Very few prairie reconstructions have developed into communities that mimic undegraded tallgrass.prairie in species richness or structure. Selected references include Anderson 1972, McClain 1997, Packard and Mutell997a, and Schramm 1992.
Wetland Restoration - Wetland restorations attempt to create a stable ecosystem that is functionally and compositionally similar to natural wetlands (Admiraal et al. 1997). In the implementation of Section 404 of the Federal Clean Water Act of 1972, wetland restorations or de novo wetland creations are one of the mitigation measures that can be mandated when natural wetlands are destroyed or seriously degraded. The same situation applies under the Illinois Interagency Wetland Policy Act of 1989. Consequently, there are many wetland restorations underway in Illinois. However, many so-called wetland restorations are simplistic and do not have the species diversity and ecological complexity of natural wetlands.
Summary and Recommendations
The loss of natural habitat in the Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area has been severe. Trends of habitat loss for prairie, forest, savanna, and wetland in the USRAA are greater than for the state as a whole. However, while rates for habitat degradation also exceed statewide rates for prairie, savanna, and wetlands, the remaining forest areas contain proportionately greater areas of relatively high-quality and undegraded forest when compared with statewide trends. Altogether, only about 0.1 % (850.0 acres) remain in high quality, undegraded condition; however, due to the relatively high proportion of forested naturaI"areas, this is slightly less severe than statewide levels where 0.07% of total area of the state remains in a high-quality, undegraded condition. However, though some old growth and old second-growth forest tracts remain that appear to lack a damaging grazing history, removal of key ecological processes in these forest fragments has resulted in some dramatic changes in community composition and structure since the time of European settlement of the region that possibly have resulted in loss of floristic diversity.
Despite the availability of a great deal of descriptive information regarding natural communities in the USRAA, there remain many knowledge gaps, particularly the distribution, abundance, qualitative condition, and ecological trends among remnants. This is particularly true for silt-loam prairies, formerly the most abundant community class in the basin. Though floristic information is available for the few remnants, there is a lack of quantitative data. Further, since remnants tend to have floristic differences (no two sites are the same), the fact that so little prairie remains' suggests we have a poor resolution of the original (presettlement) species diversity for the USRAA. Particularly lacking are data on the various prairie and savanna habitats, natural communities that formerly were common. Additional survey efforts in the USRAA may identify new populations of threatened or endangered species and noteworthy remnants of natural communities.
Many of the most challenging conservation issues in the USRAA are addressed primarily at the community and ecosystem levels. There are serious ecological problems that threaten
59 the long-term maintenance of biodiversity in the USRAA. Throughout the natu~al community descriptions for the USRAA are consistent references to a set of related ecological problems. These are habitat fragmentation, habitat degradation, exotic species invasion, and, for several community types, fire absence. The following five steps are recommended as an approach for gaining further insights of the natural communities in the USRAA and developing a plan for the long-term maintenance of biodiversity.
1. Inventory The I1linois Natural Areas Inventory (INA!) provides data on the distribution and abundance of statewide-significant natural communities (White 1978). However, many natural communities occur in I1linois that, though they do not meet the qualitative standards established for the INA! fcir statewide-significant natural areas, these areas contain regionally noteworthy and exceptional natural features. Many natural communities in the USRAA, though somewhat degraded, retain relatively high levels of ecological integrity and have potential for further improvement through restoration. Since the INAI sites are few and small in total area, the somewhat degraded but restorable natural communities that remain are critical for the long-term maintenance of biodiversity in the region. Remnants among all community classes found in the Assessment Area (e.g., forest, prairie, savanna, wetland, pond) need to be identified. For example, since no high-quality prairie or savanna remnants are known from the USRAA, identification of the degraded remnants is central to any recovery effort for these community types. Floristic Quality Assessment, a method for evaluating the natural integrity of habitat remnants that employs numerous parameters of community characteristics (including floristic inventory data and INAI grades), is a promising technique for distingUishing remnants of native vegetation that have restoration potential (Taft et al. 1997).
2. Map All results from natural community inventory efforts should be categorized and mapped to provide a spatial context for the locations of habitats with differing ecological condition. This will aid in identifying concentrations of n~teworthynatural communities which can serve as focus areas. Trends in total area of each community class among qualitative units would serve as an aid in measuring success in restoration efforts (see below).
3. Protection . The natural communities with the greatest integrity need to be protected from further human induced degradation (e.g., damaging levels of grazing, off-road vehicle impacts, soil grading in railroad rights-of-way). Inventory and mapping in the Assessment Area will aid in the prioritization of protection efforts. Highly isolated remnants pose distinct conservation and protection challenges compared with clusters of restorable natural communities. Staff of the Illinois Nature Preserves Commission (524 S. Second St., Springfield, n.. 62701) are familiar with the various protection options and incentives for private landowners.
4. Identification and prioritization of ecological problems As previously indicated, a host of related ecological problems consistently are present
60 among remnant natural communities in the USRAA (habitat fragmentation, habitat degradation, exotic species invasion, and fire absence). Some problems can be addressed more readily than others. Habitat fragmentation is a widespread problem with potentially devastating consequences for ecological integrity often resulting in an interruption of biological interactions, ecological processes, species migrations, and a reduction in habitat heterogeneity (Wilcove et al. 1986). A consequence, typically, is loss of species diversity. However, "solutions" to restoring biological connectivity and ecosystem-level process are extraordinarily complex and costly if the goal is to recreate corridors for all species among regional habitats. High levels offragrnentation may impose limits on maintaining or enhancing biodiversity in the long-term.
In contrast, habitat degradation is a widespread problem that can be slowed and/or minimized at many sites by removing the degradation factor (e.g., grazing, soil disturbances), although restoration to predisturbance condition in severe cases may require intensive vegetation management. It is difficult to find a private woodland in Illinois that does not bear indications of past cattle grazing. The effects of overgrazing can be persistent. Certain species (e.g., many ferns, orchids, trilliums, blue cohosh, bellflower, bloodroot, several grass and sedge species) appear to be sensitive to grazing disturbance and are often absent while certain grazing increasers (e.g., unpalatable species, thorn bearing species, and plants with bristly fruits) are dominant. For instance,a typical situation in Illinois woodlands is a groundcover and shrub flora dominated by common snakeroot, white snakeroot, coralberry, Missouri gooseberry, blackberries (Rubus spp.), Virginia creeper, and the exotic garlic mustard. Usually, confounding influences such as grazing, increased shade, and siltation or other soil disturbances are involved.
Exotic species invasion can be considered both a species-level and a community-level problem. Some community-level management activities address more than one ecological problem. For example, garlic mustard invasion can be reversed with appropriately timed applications of fire (Nuzzo 1991, Schwartz and Heim 1996). Other serious exotic pests such as purple loosestrife require direct treatment or biological control (Thompson et al. 1987, Malecki et al. 1993). Exotic species known to pose severe ecological problems occur in the USRAA. Recommended control measures are summarized in Table 15.
Fire is an ecological force that historically influenced many aspects of natural communities in the USRAA. Many community types require fire for maintenance of community characteristics and diversity. Fire absence has resulted in changes in forest structure, composition, and diversity. Invasion of mesophytic species such as sugar maple into oak hickory forests is a statewide phenomenon related to fire absence also occurring in central lllinois and the USRAA. Many forests in Illinois are dominated in the canopy by oaks but have few oak saplings. Rather, shade-tolerant (and fire intolerant) species like sugar maple often are extraordinarily more common and dense than prior to settlement. An obvious consequence of this change is the possible loss of oak woodlands and the plant and wildlife species that depend on them. A rich assemblage of spring wildflowers can still be found in some woodlands because these spring ephemerals largely escape the ensuing shade of the dense overstory and thus selectively persist while typically only a few shade-tolerant
61 species can be found in the summer and fall. Also, the spring flora often has been spared direct effects of cattle grazing because livestock, typically, have been rotated to fescue pastures during spring months. Infrequent application of prescribed fi~ appearunlikely to reverse these trends. Rather, a long-term program of repeated applications of prescribed fire is often necessary before compositional stability is achieved. Nevertheless, prescribed fires can be implemented to a wide variety of remnants and community types, at little cost, and achieve measurable improvements in many parameters of ecosystem integrity (Schwartz and Hermann 1997).
5. Application of appropriate vegetation management Once the ecological problems for a natural community are identified and prioritized according to restoration effort and gain, a program of vegetation management needs to be implemented. Record keeping is vital to tracking activities and levels of success in implementing each treatment plan. Aoristic Quality Assessment (Taft et al. 1997) methods may provide a framework useful in measuring progress of each restoration activity.
62 . Table 15. List of selected invasive non-native plant species known or suspected to occur in the Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area and recommended eradIcation methods.
Cut & Apply Foliar Cut &/or Cover wi .Stump-Treatmt Herbicide Prescribed Hand pull Dig Biological Black Species' Herbicide Application' Fire (get root) Root Control Plastic
Arnur Honeysuckle X Asparagus X X Autumn Olive X Black Locust X- Garlon 4 Canadian Bluegrass X Common Buckthorn X Creeping Charlie X ? X Cypress Spurge* ? X X Garlic Mustard X X X }Centucky Bluegrass X Moneywort X ? Motherwort ? X X Multiflora Rrose X Orange Day Lily X X X Osage Orange X Purple Loosestrife X X X Queen Anne's lace X Reed Canary Grass X X X Smooth Brome Grass X Tree-of-heaven X X White Mulberry X White Sweet Clover X X Wild Parsnip* X X X Yarrow X X Yellow Sweet Clover X X
, Asterisk (*) indicates that plant has phototoxic properties direct skin contact should be avoided, especially in . sunshine. 'The recommended herbicide, typically, is Round-up (glyphosate) except for black locust (Solecki 1997).
63
Birds
Introduction
Information in this section is derived from standard references of Illinois, including the Illinois Natural Heritage Database (Illinois Department of Natural Resources 1998), The Birds of Illinois (Bohlen 1989), The Illinois Breeding Bird Atlas (Illinois Department of Natural Resources, in prep), and A Birding Handbook For East Central Illinois (Champaign County Audubon Society 1976).
The Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area (USRAA) is typical of primarily agricultural areas of central and east-central Illinois. Virtually all nonagricultural habitats exist in narrow riparian areas where the terrain is too steep to plow, usually along the major streams and river systems. Much of the public land holdings occur along the Sangamon River valley and it's tributaries. These areas are chronically fragmented (Figures 8, 10, and 12) .and will likely remain so for the foreseeable future. For many birds of forest habitats, these are likely population "sinks" in which there is insufficient reproductive success to replace· adults that die each year of natural causes. For these reasons, the best management strategy may be to focus on enhancing habitat for birds of agricultural habitats, wetlands, grasslands, and shrublands, and for improving stopover habitat for migrating birds en route to northern breeding areas or southern wintering areas. Nevertheless, the existence of a few relatively large public land holdings creates some opportunities for reducing the negative effects of fragmentation.
Bird species composition in the USRAA is typical for the agricultural portions of the state except that the breeding species list has benefited from the existence of several public land holdings (Table 6, Figure 13); including Robert Allerton Park (RAP), Rock Springs Center (RSC), Lake of the Woods Park (LW), Spitler Woods State Park (SW), and several other smaller parks and conservation areas. Lake Decatur (LD) is also an important area in the . region for migrating w?terbirds of all kinds, especially for species requiring deep water habitat. In these areas are a variety of grassland and wetland habitats, as well as restored prairies, savannas, riparian forest, upland forest, and open lake. The list has also benefited from the activities of many excellent bird watchers in the area, especially Myrna Deaton, Richard Sandburg, Richard Palmer, Beth Chato, and Robert Chapel. As a result, we know far more about the birds of this area than we do about most other primarily agricultural partnership areas and we have a far better grasp of how we can improve habitat even in areas that will always be primarily agricultural. Approximately 273 bird species regularly occur in the USRAA (Table 16). This represents approximately 90% of the 300 species that regularly occur in the state (Illinois Ornithological Records Committee in prep.). Of these 273 species, lIS breed or formerly bred in the area (Table 16). Eighteen of those are considered rare, and/or extremely local or are locally extirpated from the area. Several
65 historic nesting species have been extirpated from the site, including several that are globally extinct (Passenger Pigeon - Ectopistes migratorius and Carolina Parakeet Conuropsis carolinensis) and some that are extinct or are nearly so in IIlinois (American Swallow-tailed Kite - Elanoides forficatus, Swainson's Hawk - Buteo swainsoni, Greater Prairie-Chicken - Tympanuchus cupido, Sandhill Crane - Grus canadensis, Long-billed Curlew - Numenius americanus, and Bachman's Sparrow - Aimophila aestivalis). The once locally extirpated Wild Turkey has been successfully reestablished in a few sites, where it nests in shrublands, grasslands, and restored prairies adjacent to forest.
The use of nonagricultural habitats by migrating birds is quite remarkable. Huge concentrations of migrants build up in forest, shrubland, and residential areas when bad weather forces them to stop in the area. These concentrations are one of the most attractive . aspects of living in this area for bird watchers.
The bird species that live in the USRAA are ecologically diverse, and although some species are able to live in a variety of habitats, many species are adapted to living in only one or a few habitats (Table 16). The following sections describe the bird communities typically found in the major habitat types on the USRAA, as well as unique environmental problems and management solutions for bird communities in each habitat.
Table 16. Bird species that regularly occur in the Upper Sangarnon River Assessment Area. These are species that are likely to be present all or most years. This list excludes extinct species and the many wandering or "vagrant" species that have been recorded in the area. The purpose is to list only those species that have or could have significant populations in the area. The table also lists the habitats that are most likely to be occupied during each season.
Species'" Breeding"'" Winter'" Migrant'"
Common Loon L Gavia immer Pied-billed Grebe - ST LWI') LW Podilymbus podiceps Horned Grebe L Podiceps auritus Eared Grebe L Podiceps nigricollis Double-crested Cormorant L Phalacrocorax auritus American Bittern - SE W Botaurus lentiginosus Least Bittern - ST W(r) W lxobrychus exilis Great Blue Heron LWFsF LW LW Ardea herodias Great Egret LW Ardea alba
66 Table 16. Continued.
Species'" Breeding"'" Winter'" . Migrant'"
Little Blue Heron - SE LW Egretta caerulea Cattle Egret CGW Bubulcui ibis Green Heron LWFs LWFs Butorides virescens Black-crowned Night-Heron. SE LWFs(') FsW Nycticorax nycticorax Yellow-crowned Night.Heron - SE Fs (,) FsW Nycticorax violacea Turkey Vulture FGCFsSav FGC Fs Sav FGC SFs Sav Cathartes aura Greater White·fronted Goose LW LW Anser albifrons Snow Goose LC LWC Chen caerulescens Canada Goose LWC LWCR LWCR Branta canadensis Mule Swan LW Cygnus alar, Trumpeter Swan LW Cygnus buccinator Tundra Swan LW Cygnus columbianus Wood Duck FsW FsWL Aixsponsa Gadwall WL Anas strepera I American Wigeon WL Anas americana I American Black Duck WLFsC Anas rubripes Mallard WCLFsG WCLFs WCLFs Anas platyrhynchos Blue-winged Teal WG(') WL Anas discors Northern Shoveler WL Anas clypeata Northern Pintail WCL Anasacuta Green-winged Teal WL Anas crecca Canvasback LW Aythya valisineria Redhead LW Ayrhya americana
67 Table 16. Continued.
SpeciesI,' Breeding"6,, Winter',6 Migrant',6
Ring-necked Duck LW Aythya collaris Greater Scaup LW Aythya marila Lesser Scaup LW Aythya ajfinis Surf Seater L Melanitta perspicillata White-winged Seater L L Melanittafusca Oldsquaw L Clangula hyemalis Bufflehead L LW Bucephala albeola Common Goldeneye L L Bucephala clangula Hooded Mergans~r LFsW Lophodytes cucullatus Cornman Merganser L L Mergus merganser Red-breasted Merganser LW Mergus serrator Ruddy Duck LW Oxyura jamaicensis Osprey-SE L Pandion haliaetus Bald Eagle. ST, FT L L Haliaeetus leucocephalus Northern Harrier. SE G W'" GCW GCW Circus cyaneus Sharp-shinned Hawk FS R FsSav F S R Fs Say Accipiter striatus Cooper's Hawk F S Say FS RSav' F S RSav . Accipiter cooperii Northern Goshawk FS FSWL Accipiter gentilis Red-shouldered Hawk· ST FSlf) Fs Fs Buteo lineatus Broad-winged Hawk F Buteo platypterus Swainson's Hawk· SE FGS Buteo swainsani Red-tailed Hawk FCGRS FCGRS FCGRS Buteo jamaicensis Rough-legged Hawk CG Buteo lagopus 68 Table 16. Continued.
Species1.2 Breeding'·6., Winter'·6 Migrant'·6
Golden Eagle FSG Aquila chrysaetos American Kestrel RC G Say RCG Say RC G Say Faleo sparverius Merlin All Falco columbarius Peregrine Falcon - SE, FE All Fako peregrinus Ring-necked Pheasant* CGS CGS cas Phasianus colchicus Wild Turkey F S Say Fs F S SavFs C F S Say Fs C Meleagris gallopavo Northern Bobwhite S GC Say S GC SaY S GC Say Colinus virginianus Yellow Rail GW Cotumicops noveboracensis King Rail - SE GW(') GW Rallus elegans Virginia Rail GW(') GW Rallus limicola Sora GW Porzana carolina Common Moorhen - ST W Gallinula chloropus American Coot W(r) L WL Fulica americana Sandhill Crane - ST GWC Grus canadensis Black-bellied Plover LW Pluvialis squatarola American Golden-Plover WLCG Pluvialis dominica Semipalmated Plover W Charadrius semipalmatus Killdeer WRGC WRGC Charadrius vociferus American Avocet WL Recurvirostra americana Greater Yellowlegs W Tringa melanoleuca Lesser Yellowlegs W Tringa jlavipes W Solitary Sandpiper Tringa solitaria W Willet Catoptrophorus semipalmatus 69
Table 16, Continued,
Species!" Breeding)"·7 Winter'" Migrant'"
Herring Gull L WLC LaruS argentatus Thayer's Gull L L Larus thayeri Lesser Black-backed Gull L L Larus fuscus Glaucous Gull L L Larus hyperboreus Caspian Tern L Sterna caspia Common Tern· SE L Sterna hirundo Forster's Tern· SE LW Sterna!orsterf Black Tern - SE LW Chilidonias niger Rock Dove* RC RC RC Columba Livia Mourning Dove RCS RCS RCS Zenaida macroura ~lack-bi1led Cuckoo S F S Say Coccyzus erythropthalmus Yellow-billed Cuckoo F S Fs Say F S Fs Say Coccyzus americanus Barn Owl·SE C G R Say (,) CGSay Tyto alba Eastern Screech-Owl RS Say RSSav RSSav Otus asio Great Homed Owl FC RFsSav FCRFs Say FC R Fs Say Bubo virginianus Snowy Owl C Nyctea scandiaca Barred Owl FFs FFs FFs Strix varia Long-eared Owl FS FS Asio otus Short-eared Owl - SE G G Asio flammeus Northern Saw-whet Owl FFs ,,) FS FS AegoLius acadicus Common Nighthawk RSav RSavGC - Chordeiles minor Whip-poor-will FSav F Say Caprimulgus vociferus Chimney Swift R F S Fs Say All .Chaetura pelagica
71 Table 16. Continued.
Species'" Breeding"'" Winter'·' Migrant'"
Yellow-throated Vireo FFs FFsR Vireo flavifrons Blue-headed Vireo FFs Say Vireo solitarius Warbling Vireo S R Fs Say S RFFs Say Vireo gilvus Philadelphia Vireo S FRSav Vireo philadelphicus Red-eyed Vireo FFs Say FFs S RSav Vireo olivaceus Blue Jay RFFs S C Say RFFsS C Say RFFsS C Say Cyanocina cristata American Crow All All All Corvus brachyrhynchos Homed Lark CG CG CG Eremophila alpestris Purple Martin LRWG LWG Progne subis Tree Swallow LWFsG LWFsG Tachycineta bieolor Northern Rough-winged Swallow LWFsG LWG Stelgidopteryx serripennis Bank Swallow LWG LWG Ripana riparia Cliff Swallow LWG Petrochelidon pyrrhonota Bam Swallow CRWLGS CRWLGS Hirundo rustica Black-capped Chickadee FS RFsSav FS RFs Say F S RFs Say Poecile atricapillus Tufted Titmouse FRFs Say FRFs Say F R Fs Sa" Baeolophus bicolor Red-breasted Nuthatch R FR Sitta canadensis White-breasted Nuthatch F R Fs Say FR Fs Say FRFs Say Sina carolinensis Brown Creeper. ST F Fs v, FFsR FFsR Certhia americana Carolina Wren RFFs S Say R FFs S Say RFFsS Say Thryothorus ludovicianus Bewick's Wren· SE RFS Sav'" RFSSav Thryomanes bewickii House Wren RFS Say RFS Say Troglodytes aedon Winter Wren FFsW FFsW Troglodytes troglodytes
73 Table 16. Continued.
Species1.2 Breeding"'" Winter'" Migrant'"
Sedge Wren WG WG Cistothorus platensis Marsh Wren W Cistothorus palustris Golden-crowned Kinglet F Fs R Say FFs R Say Regulus satrapa Ruby-crowned Kinglet F S Say Regulus calendula Blue-gray Gnatcatcher FFs S Say FFs S Say Polioptila caerulea Eastern Bluebird C GR S Say S FRC Say SFCGRSav Sialia sialis Veery FFs"j FFs R Say CatharusjUscescens Gray-cheeked Thrush FFsRSav Catharus minimus Swainson's Thrush FS RFs Say Catharus ustulatus Hermit Thrush S FR Fs Say S FRFs Say Catharus guttatus Wood Thrush FFs FR Fs Say Hylocichla mustelina American Robin R S FFs Say R S F Fs Say RS FFsC G Say Turdus migratorius S Fs R Say Gray Catbir~ S Fs RSav Dumetella carolinensis Northern Mockingbird RS RS RS Mimus polyglottos Brown Thrasher S RCGSav S RC Say Toxostoma rUjUm American Pipit CW Anthus rubescens Cedar Waxwing RS FFsSav RS·FFsSav R S F Fs Say Bombycilla cedrorum European Starling* RCFFs Say RCFFs Say RC FFs Say Stumus vulgaris Blue-winged Warbler S SF R Say Fs Vermivora pinus Golden-winged Warbler F S Fs R Say Vermivora chrysoptera Tennessee Warbler FRS Fs Say Vermivora peregrina Orange-crowned Warbler SF R Say Fs Vermivora celata Nashville Warbler S FRSavFs Vermivora ruficapilla 74 Table 16. Continued.
Species1.2 Breeding"'" Winter'" Migrant'"
Northern Parula FFs FFs R Say Parula americana Yellow Warbler SW S WR SavFs Dendroica petechia Chestnut-sided Warbler S FFs R Say Dendroica pensylvanica Magnolia Warbler F S R Fs Say Dendroica magnolia Cape May Warbler R F Fs Say Dendroica tigrina Black-throated Blue Warbler FRFs Say Dendroica caerulescens Yellow-rumped Warbler. FFs Say FS RFs Say Dendroica coronata Black-throated Green Warbler FRFs Say Dendroica virens Blackburnian Warbler FFs RSav Dendroica fusca Yellow-throated Warbler Fs FFs Dendroica dominica Pine Warbler FFs Say R Dendroica pinus Prairie Warbler S Dendroica discolor Palm Warbler Fs S F R W G Say C Dendroica palmarum Bay-breasted Warbler FR Fs S Say Dendroica castanea Blackpoll Warbler FFs R S Say Dendroica striata Cerulean Warbler FFs FFs RSav Dendroica cerulea Black-and-white Warbler FRFs Say S Mniotilta varia American Redstart Fs FFs S R Say Setophaga ruticilla Prothonotary Warbler Fs Fs Protonotaria citrea Worm-eating Warbler F Helmitheros vermivorus Ovenbird F FRS Say Seiurus aurocapillus Northern Waterthrush FsR Seiurus noveboracensis Louisiana Waterthrush F FFs Seiurus motacilla
75 Table 16. Continued.
Species'" Breeding"'" Winter'" Migrant'"
Kentucky Warbler F F Say Fs Oporomis fonnosus Connecticut Warbler S FFs Say R Oporomis agilis Mourning Warbler SF Fs Say R Oporomis philadelphia Common Yellowthroat GCWS RSav GCW S RSav Geothlypis trichas Hooded Warbler FR Wi/sonia citrina Wilson's Warbler S FFsRSav Wilsonia pusilla Canada Warbler FFs S R Say Wilsonia canadensis Yellow-breasted Chat S S Say lcteria virens Summer Tanager FSav FSavR Piranga rubra Scarlet Tanager FFs Say FFs Say R Piranga olivacea Northern Cardinal RFFs S CSav RFFs S C Say RFFs S C Say Cardinalis cardinalis Rose-breasted Grosbeak FFs Say S FFs R S Say Pheucticus ludovicianus Blue Grosbeak Say S Guiraca caerulea Indigo Bunting FFs S Say FFs S C Say Passerina cyanea Dickcissel GC GC Spiza americana Eastern Towhee SF SF SFFsR Pipilo erythrophthalmus American Tree Sparrow SGCRWSav S GC R W Say Spizella arborea Chipping Sparrow RFSav RF Say GS Spizella passerina Clay-colored Sparrow S Spizella pallida Field Sparrow S GC Say SGW Say SGCWSav Spizella pusilla Vesper Sparrow CG CG Pooecetes gramineus Lark Sparrow SCG SCG Chondestes grammacus Savanna Sparrow G G GCW Passerculus sandwichensis 76 Table 16. Continued.
Species'" Breeding"6,, Winter',6 Migrant,,6
Grasshopper Sparrow' G G Ammodrainus savannarum Henslow's Sparrow - SE G{r) G Ammodramus henslowii Le Conte's Sparrow GW Ammodramus leconteii Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow W Ammodramus nelsoni Fox Sparrow S Fs F S Fs FR Say Passerella Waca Song Sparrow RSWCG RSWCG RSWCG Melospiza melodia Lincoln's Sparrow' SWFsR Melaspiza lincolnii Swamp Sparrow WFsSG SWFsG Melospiza georgiana White-throated Sparrow R SFFsSay R S FFs Say Znnotrichia albicollis White-crowned Sparrow SRG SRG Zonotrichia leucophrys Dark-eyed Junco RSF Fs G Say C R S F Fs G Say C Junco hyemalis Lapland Longspur CG CG Calcarius lapponicus Smith's Longspur CG Calcarius pictus Snow Bunting CG Plectrophenax nivalis Bobolink G{r) GW Dolichonyx oryzivorus Red-winged Blackbird WCRGSSay CGFFs WCRGS Say Agelaius phoeniceus Eastern Meadowlark GC GC GC Sturnella magna Western Meadowlark GC Sturnella neglecta Yellow-headed Blackbird - SE W Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus Rusty Blackbird CFFs RCFsW Euphagus carolinus Brewer's Blackbird CG Euphagus cyanocephalus RFFsC Say Common Grackle RWFsF CRFFs I Quiscalus quiscula Brown-headed Cowbird All CRFFs All Molothrus ater ·1 77 Table 16. Continued.
SpeciesI.2 Breeding'·'·1 Winter'" Mi grant'"
Orchard Oriole S R WSay S R WFFs Say Icterus spurius Baltimore Oriole RFFsS Say FFs RS Say Icterus galbula Purple Finch F Fs R FFs R S Say Carpodacus purpureus House Finch* RS R S FFs RS Say Carpodacus mexicanus Red Crossbill FR FR Loxia curvirostra White-winged Crossbill FR FR Loxia leucoptera Common Redpoll GSRF . Carduelis jlammea Pine Siskin RS F'<) RSF RSF Carduelis pinus American Goldfinch SRG S R G F Fs Say S R G F Fs Say Carduelis tristis Eyening Grosbeak RFFs RFFs Coccothraustes vespertinus House Sparrow* RC RC RC Passer domesticus
, Bold type indicates an Illinois threatened (ST), Illinois endangered (SE), and/or federally endangered (FE) species. 2 '" = an introduced species. ) Breeding'" species that currently Or historically have bred in the area. • Winter '" species present from December through February. 'Migrant'" species present during the March-May and late August-November periods. , The following habitat codes are used: L", Lakes, ponds, impoundments, riyers, larger streams C", Crops G '" Grassland (inlcuding pasture and hayfield) W '" Wetland (seasonally flooded, open habitats such as marshes and sedge meadows) Fs '" Forested swamp (forested wetland, including wet floodplain forest) Say = Savanna F '" Upland and mesic forest R = Residential areas (including urban centers and the urban forest") S '" Shrublands (open habitats dominated by shrubs, including old fields). 1'<) designates a species that is currently a rare and local breeder and may be locally extirpated. Some of these species are good candidates for reestablishment in restored habitats.
78 ------:------~-- ~ ~~ --
Forest
Regularly Occurring Species
Typical Species - Upland and mesic forests of the region have been well characterized (Kendeigh 1982) and are somewhat depauperate because of the pronounced area-sensitivity of many species (Blake 1986). Nevertheless, many forest songbirds characteristic of this latitude have a few small, breeding populations in the remaining forest patches. Forest birds include such common, widespread species as the American Woodcock, Great Horned -Owl, Whippoorwill, Yellow-billed Cuckoo, Ruby-throated Hummingbird, Red-bellied, Hairy, and Downy woodpeckers, Great Crested Flycatcher, Eastern Wood-Pewee, Blue Jay, Carolina Chickadee, Tufted Titmouse, White-breasted Nuthatch, House and Carolina Wrens, Yellow-throated and Red-eyed Vireos, Scarlet Tanager, Northern Cardinal, Rose breasted Grosbeak, Indigo Bunting, and Brown-headed Cowbird. Many other less common species also breed or have bred in the area, including the Wood Thrush (in more mesic woo£llands), Veery (bottomland forest at RAP), Ovenbird (only in a few large, relatively flat upland forests such as RAP), Northern Parula and Yellow-throated Warbler (in sycamores along rivers), American Redstart, Acadian Flycatcher (in most mesic ravines and bottomland forest at RAP), Cooper's Hawk (scattered pairs throughout), Pileated Woodpecker (rare but present along the Sangamon River especially at RAP), and the Barred Owl, Kentucky Warbler, and Summer Tanager.
Threatened and Endangered Species - There are several records of Red-shouldered Hawk (ST) from along the Sangamon River valley in the area, including a pair that regularly breeds in Pi~tt Co. near White Heath.
Exotic Species - European Starlings were introduced from Europe in the late nineteenth century andreached Illinois by 1922 (Bohlen and Zimmerman 1989). They are now one of the most abundant species in the state, and they can have detrimental effects on native species because they usurp breeding cavities from woodpeckers in many woodlots.
Population Dynamics and Management
Many bird species are declining across parts of their breeding range in the Midwest (Peterjohn et al. 1994). The causes of such changes may be partly related to problems with reproducing in highly fragmented landscapes. Major factors influencing productivity of forest birds in the USRAA are predation on eggs or young in nests, and brood parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds. Cowbirds lay their eggs in the nests of other species, and often destroy one of the hosts eggs when they lay their own. Cowbird young also grow faster than their host young and out-compete them for food, often leading to the starvation of the host young. Rates of nest predation and brood parasitism generally increase as a habitat become more fragmented, creating more feeding habitat for cowbirds and travel corridors for mammalian predators such as raccoons that often inhabit the edges of open country (Robinson et al. 1995). Ongoing studies suggest that levels of nest predation and
79 brood parasitism are high in this region of Illinois (Brawn and Robinson 1996; S. Robinson, unpubl. data). Most forests in the USRAA are probably population sinks for many species. However, it is interesting that many of these populations are relatively stable, or at least haven't been declining consistently (Brawn and Robinson 1996). This suggests that their populations depend upon productivity from outside the region, which demonstrates a need to monitor nesting success as well as population size.
Most of the woodlands in the USRAA occur in relatively narrow corridors along rivers, where predation and parasitism rates are likely high. For this reason, there is little potential to create "source" habitat for forest birds (where productivity will be greater than the amount needed to replace the adults). The best places for forest restoration are small openings in the midst of larger tracts that have the potential to be at least 500 acres; below this size, nest predation and parasitism levels are extremely high statewide (Robinson et ill., in press). There are several sections along the Sangamon River that could be enlarged by allowing regeneration of oak forest on ridgetops and along the old floodplain terrace. Given the importance of oaks to migrant birds, restoration efforts should seek to enhance oaks, especially White Oaks. Restoration in more mesic sites should also focus on oaks and sycamores.
Wetland
Although wetlands may have historically accounted for over 40% of the land in the USRAA, only about 12,900 acres of wetland habitat remains. This represents about 1.6% of the USRAA (Table 4, Figure 12). Most of the wetlands have been drained for agricultUral purposes.
Regularly Occurring Species
Typical Species - Based on information from wetlands in areas immediately adjacent to the USRAA, and from the few remaning wetlands in the USRAA, it is possible to characterize "typical" wetland species in the Sangamon River Area in spite of the enormous loss of wetland habitat that has taken place. Breeding species include Pied-billed Grebe, Great . Blue Heron (rookeries present), Green Heron, Canada Goose, Wood Duck, Mallard, Northern Harrier, Red-shouldered Hawk (forested wetlands only), Killdeer, Spotted Sandpiper (strip-mine ponds), Barred Owl (forested), Belted Kingfisher, Redheaded Woodpecker (forested), Pileated Woodpecker (forested), Eastern Wood-Pewee (forested), Acadian Flycatcher (forested), Willow Flycatcher (shrubby), Eastern Phoebe, Great Crested Flycatcher (forested), Purple Martin, Tree Swallow, Northern Rough-winged Swallow, Bank Swallow, Barn Swallow, Carolina Wren, Sedge Wren (grassy), Blue-gray Gnatcatcher (forested), Wood Thrush (forested), Gray Catbird (shrubby), White-eyed Vireo (shrubby), Yellow-throated Vireo (forested), Warbling Vireo (riparian willows and cottonwoods), Red eyed Vireo, Northern Parula (forested), Yellow Warbler (shrubby), Yellow-throated Warbler (forested), American Redstart (young forested wetlands), Prothonotary Warbler (forested),
80 Kentucky Warbler (forested), Common Yellowthroat, Indigo Bunting, Song Sparrow (shrubby), Swamp Sparrow (cattails), Red-winged Blackbird, Common Grackle, and Orchard Oriole (shrubby).
Threatened and Endangered Species - Only two state threatened or endangered species occur in the wetlands of the USRAA. They are the Pied-billed Grebe (ST) and Northern Harrier (SE). Several other threatened or endangered species could recolonize restored wetlands in the area, including Least Bittern (ST) and King Rail (SE).
Exotic species - Introduced Mute Swans have also been found in the area, but are not . known to breed here.
Population Dynamics and Management
The major conservation problems for wetland birds in the USRAA are a lack of large areas of contiguous habitat for birds of forested wetlands (Veery, Brown Creeper, Red shouldered Hawk) and the scarcity of grass and sedge-dominated marshy habitat for bitterns, rails, moorhens, wrens, and harriers. Where this habitat exists, it attracts nesting populations. Limited data on nesting success of birds of shrubby wetlands suggest that nest predation is a problem for some species (Yellow Warbler), but that other species may be able to nest successfully (e.g., Orchard Oriole). Wetland habitats are also used heavily· by migrating waterfowl and shorebirds.
Wetland habitats should be a very high conservation and management priority for the region, especially grassy and sedge"dominated wetlands that are large enough to attract breeding birds, especially threatened and endangered species such as the Least and American Bitterns, King Rail, and Common Moorhen, as well as ducks (e.g., Blue-winged Teal), Sedge and Marsh Wrens, Swamp Sparrows, Great Egrets, and Green Herons. Wetlands within restored grasslands should in~rease their potential to attract Short-eared Owls and Northern Harriers. Maintaining marshy borders around waterfowl management units will increase their potential to attract rare species as well. Restoration of forested wetlands should be coordinated with restoration of upland forests within large blocks to increase nesting success.
Savannas
Savannas used to be found along the dissected terrain of the major streams and river valleys in the area, especially the Sangamon River. In recent decades since fire has been suppressed, savanna habitats have been greatly altered through vegetation changes and habitat destruction. Savannas are now one of the rarest plant communities in the region (see the chapter on Natural Vegetation Communities).
81 Regularly Occurring Species
Typical Species - Savanna birds are generally a subset of forest birds with a scattering of shrubland birds and a few species that actually prefer open, scattered trees. In the USRAA, perhaps the most typical species are the Eastern Screech Owl, American Woodcock, Whippoorwill, Redheaded Woodpecker, Great Crested Flycatcher, Eastern Wood-Pewee, Blue Jay, American Robin, Eastern Bluebird, Yellow-throated Vireo, Summer Tanager, Baltimore Oriole, and Indigo Bunting. Summer Tanagers clearly prefer tall oaks along open areas. Other species that remain common in savannas include Red-tailed Hawks, Cooper's Hawks, Great Homed Owls, Ruby-throated Hummingbirds, Northern Flickers, Red-bellied, Hairy, and Downy woodpeckers, Black-capped Chickadees, Tufted Titmice, White-breasted Nuthatches, House Wrens, Scarlet Tanagers, Northern Cardinals, Rose breasted Grosbeaks, Field Sparrows, and Brown-headed Cowbirds. Savannas with shrub thickets will attract birds of successional communities (e.g., Bell's and White-eyed Vireos, Blue-winged Warbler, Yellow-breasted Chat, Rufous-sided Towhee, Indigo Bunting, American Goldfinch).
Threatened and Endangered Species - Historically, the Common Bam-Owl (SE) may have been associated with this habitat, but not recently.
Exotic Species - European Starlings are now one of the most abundant species in lllinois,. They are detrimental to some native savanna species, particularly other cavity nesting species (such as woodpec:kers and bluebirds) because they compete for nest sites;
Population Dynamics and Management
There have been no detailed studies of the nesting success of birds in savanna habitat from this region. However, studies are underway elsewhere in the state (J .0. Brawn, unpub!. data), which should.address this issue. Results of these studies have already shown that savannas are associated with high populations of Brown-headed Cowbirds. Many savanna nesting species, however, are at least partially resistant to cowbird parasitism. For example, some species may abandon parasitized nests or reject cowbird eggs (Rothstein and Robinson 1994) and some species nest in cavities that are inaccessible to cowbirds. Oak savannas appear to be heavily used by migrating birds, especially warblers and vireos. Oak restoration on upland ridges might also enhance populations of Cerulean Warblers, which nest just outside the area.
Prairie/Grassland
Native prairie habitat is extremely rare in the USRAA. However, many bird species that historically lived in prairies are also able to live in grassland habitat such as hay fields, and sometimes pastures. These habitats are also relatively uncommon in the USRAA. Although there are about 84,000 acres of "grassland" in the USRAA (10.8% of the USRAA), one fourth of this habitat occurs within 100 feet of a road, usually as narrow
82 strips along the edges of country roads (see the introductory chapter, and Figure 8). Pastures in the area are mostly heavily grazed and little-used by grassland birds. They are also favored sites for foraging Brown-headed Cowbirds. But even though patches of available grassland habitat in the USRAA are small and heavily used, they non~theless have potential for restoration.
Regularly Occurring Species
Typical Species - The grasslands in this region have a fairly rich bird community. Typical species include: Red-tailed Hawk, American Kestrel, Northern Bobwhite (grasslands with shrubs), Eastern Kingbird (shrubs), Bam Swallow, Sedge Wren (tall, dense grass), Horned Lark (newly burned), Brown Thrasher (shrubs), Bell's Vireo (shrubs), Common Yellowthroat, Dickcissel, Savanna Sparrow (short grass), Grasshopper Sparrow, Vesper Sparrow (open grasses), Henslow's Sparrow (tall, dense grass), Field Sparrow (shrubs), Lark Sparrow (shrubs in sandy soils), Bobolink (taller grass), Eastern Meadowlark, and Red-winged Blackbird.
Threatened and Endangered Species - Many threatened and endangered species have nested in restored grasslands in the area, including the Northern Harrier (SE), Upland Sandpiper (SE), and Henslow's Sparrow (SE). King Rails (SE) also have the potential to return to restored grasslands. '
Exotic Species - Two introduced species are found in the grasslands of the USRAA. The Ring-necked Pheasant, which is native to Asia, was first released in Illinois in about 1890 (Bohlen and Zimmerman 1989) and they continue to be released. Pheasants are abundant in prairie remnants statewide and they also nest abundantly in many restored prairies. European Starlings feed in grasslands following grazing, mowing, or burning.
Population Dynamics and Management
Some grassland habitat in the USRAA has been created as a result of the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). However, these habitats may disappear with changing farm policy; for this reason, it is important to maintain reliable preserves for grassland birds. The noteworthy success of restored prairies and grasslands in other parts of east-central Illinois, demonstrate the outstanding potential of prairie restoration efforts for attracting rapidly declining grassland birds. Restorations in nearby areas for example, have substantial numbers of Bobolinks and Henslow's Sparrows as well as the occasional Northern Harrier and Short-eared Owl.
In spite of the success of these sites for attracting birds, their nesting success may be low. Nesting success of grassland species appears to be low in small grassland fragments elsewhere in the state, but we lack data from this region. Studies from elsewhere in the state should provide valuable clues about enhancing restoration. For example, it may be necessary to reduce woody vegetation within restorations because they are associated with
83 higher levels of nest predation and parasitism. Small shrub thickets, however, should be maintained to provide habitat for Bell's Vireo, Willow Flycatcher, Yellow Warbler, and Yellow-breasted Chat. Herkert et al. (1993) provide guidelines for restoring prairies for birds. Some grazing may be allowable on restorations to provide conditions for Loggerhead Shrikes, Upland Sandpipers, and Savanna Sparrows. Some areas, however, should only be grazed, mowed, or burned at 3-year intervals to maintain habitat for Bobolinks, Sedge Wrens, and Henslow's Sparrows.
Migrants also use grasslands in the USRAA, which may be important stopover habitats for Smith's Longspurs, pipits, rails, bitterns, wrens, and various shorebirds. In fact, a significllJ\t portion of the global population of the American Golden Plover and Smith's Longspur migrate through the Sangamon River Area, and these species would likely benefit from increased grassland habitat.
Lakes, Ponds, Impoundments, Creeks, and Rivers.
Compared to the rest of the state, the creeks and rivers of tj1eUSRAA are in relatively good condition (see chapter on Aquatic Biota); eight streams in the USRAA are designated as Biological Significant Stream segments (Table 10, Figure 14). Nonetheless, as with several other habitats, creeks and rivers have been greatly altered. There are very few natural lakes or ponds' in the USRAA, and all open water combined accounts for only about 0.6% (5,076 acres) of the area (Table 4, Figure 11). However, one large impoundment, Lake Decatur, attracts thousands of waterfowl, loons, grebes, gulls, and terns in migration.
Regularly Occurring Species
Typical Species - All of the habitats covered under this heading offer a common habitat feature for birds of open, permanent water and a littoral zone. Typical breeding species include Great Blue Heron, Green Heron, Canada Goose, Mallard, Wood Duck (forested streams), Cooper's Hawk (riparian corridors), Killdeer, Spotted Sandpiper (strip-mine ponds), Belted Kingfisher, Eastern Phoebe (streams), Willow Flycatcher (willows), all swallows (except Cliff) and martins, Warbling Vireo (willows), Yellow Warbler (willows), Prothonotary Warbler (dead snags), Common Yellowthroat, Louisiana Waterthrush (forested streams), Song Sparrow, Red-winged Blackbird, Common Grackle (shores), Orchard Oriole (willows), imd Baltimore Oriole (riparian corridors). Prothonotary Warblers nest in flooded backwaters of rivers.
Threatened and Endangered Species - There are no threatened or endangered species breeding in these aquatic habitats in the USRAA, although enhancement of marshy lake borders would attract wetland species. However, the federally endangered Trumpeter Swan has been sited on several occasions at Lake Decatur, Lake of the Woods, and other areas in the region, but only -as a migrant or wintering species.
84 Exotic Species - The only exotic species found in these habitats in the USRAA is the Mute Swan, which occasionally may visit ponds in the area, but is not known to breed here.
Population Dynamics and Mamigement
We lack data on population size and nesting success of birds in these aquatic habitats. Studies of the nesting success of birds in riparian corridors of different widths could provide data that could be usefully combined with information aimed at the design of erosion-control buffer strips along creeks. For example, restoration to promote more natural flood pulses would help create the kinds of disturbances necessary for some floodplain species (e.g., Prothonotary Warbler) and perhaps enhance mudflats for migrant shorebirds. Restoring wetland vegetation (e.g., cattails) along lakes and trees along creeks and rivers would provide valuable nesting habitat. Restored corridors with woody vegetation (trees and shrubs) also provide excellent winter habitat for many species. But the most important role of these aquatic habitats for birds is as migratory stopover habitat for loons, grebes, herons, swans, geese, ducks, shorebirds, terns, and gulls. A study identifying which kinds of aquatic habitats are most attractive to migrants would be very helpful.
Cultural Habitats: Croplands
Agricultural areas generally provide poor quality habitat for most birds - diversity in cropland is much lower than in the original habitats. Nonetheless, it is important to consider the role of agricultural habitats for supporting bird populations in the USRAA because most land within the USRAA has been usurped for agricultural purposes. Over 79% of the USRAA acreage is currently used for crop production (Table 4, Figure 7).
Regularly Occurring Species
Typical Species - Cropland bird communities are notable mainly for the many non-native species that nest in them (see below) and for a few native grassland species that appear to . thrive in them, with Horned Larks being a good example. Other species found in cropland include the American Kestrel, Kiildeer, Mourning Dove, Barn Swallow, American Crow, Common Grackle, Red-winged Blackbird, and Vesper Sparrow (Warner 1994). Where there are wooded or shrubby areas along streams within cropland, other nesting species include Red-tailed Hawk, Great Horned Owl, Eastern Screech-Owl, Eastern Bluebird (where nesting boxes are provided), Indigo Buntings, Common Yellowthroat, Field Sparrow, and Song Sparrow. Farmsteads with tall shade trees often have nesting Warbling Vireos, House Wrens, Chipping Sparrows, and Baltimore Orioles. Eastern Phoebes often nest in farm buildings, as do Barn Swallows. In addition, various waterfowl, epecially Canada Goose and Mallard, utilize harvested and fallow grainfields as feeding and loafing . areas during the early part of the breeding season, as well as other periods throughout the year.
85 Threatened and Endangered Species - The Loggerhead Shrike (ST) is the only threatened or endangered species typically found in Illinois cropland habitats, and they are rare in the USRAA.
Exotic Species - A number of exotic species are abundant in cropland in the USRAA, including Ring-necked Pheasants, Rock Doves, European Starlings, and House Sparrows.
Population Dynamics and Management
Warner (1994) documented the extent to which intensively used agricultural areas have few nesting birds and low nesting success. These areas aren't suitable for game species such as pheasants, and they often have high populations of feral cats, which are nest .predators. However, CRP acreage can produce breeding habitat for some native grassland species such as Henslow's, Grasshopper, Vesper and Savanna Sparrows. Enhancement of grassy roadsides, shrubby streamsides, and riparian corridors can enormously increase the bird diversity within agricultural landscapes. Early mowing of hay adversely affects many species.
Intensively farmed areas offer very little in the way of stopover habitat for migrant birds, except around farmsteads and flooded fields, which are used by large numbers of shorebirds (especially American Golden Plovers and Pectoral Sandpipers). In migration and winter, flocks of American Pipits, Snow Buntings and Lapland Longspurs join the resident Homed Larks, and Rough-legged Hawks forage over some fiel~s.
Cultural Habitats: Successional Fields
Successional habitats, such as abandoned fields and pastures, are relatively uncommon in the USRAA. These habitats, Which. are often dominated by non-native species of shrubs and vines, may be structurally similar to native successional habitats that historically occurred along the edges of meandering rivers or in large treefal] gaps. Such habitats usually have dense cover and are often rich in fruit producing plants, and therefore offer rich habitat for breeding and migrating birds. However, gi ven the scarcity of natural shrublands in the Midwest, we know little about "natural" shrublands. Nonetheless, many local bird species that use shrubby vegetation now depend almost entirely on anthropogenic disturbances to set back succession.
Regularly Occurring Species
Typical Species - Successional habitats dominated by forbs, shrubs, and saplings offer rich habitat for many breeding birds. Typical breeding species include: Northern Bobwhite, Ring-necked Pheasant, American Woodcock (wet areas), Mourning Dove (especially with conifers), Eastern Screech Owl, Yellow-billed Cuckoo, Black-billed Cuckoo (rare this far south), Ruby-throated Hummingbird, Northern Flicker, Downy Woodpecker, Eastern
86 Kingbird, Willow Flycatcher (wet), Blue Jay, Carolina Chickadee, House Wren, Carolina Wren, Gray Catbird, Northern Mockingbird (rare this far north), Brown Thrasher, American Robin, Eastern Bluebird, Blue-gray Gnatcatcher, Cedar Waxwing, White-eyed and Bell's Vireos, Yellow Warbler, Prairie Warbler (rare-KCP and FGP), Blue-winged Warbler, Common Yellowthroat, Yellow-breasted Chat, Red-winged Blackbird, Orchard Oriole, Baltimore Oriole (scattered trees), Northern Cardinal, Rose-breasted Grosbeak, Blue Grosbeak (rare this far north), Indigo Bunting, House Finch, American Goldfinch, Eastern Towhee, Lark Sparrow (sandy soil), Field Sparrow, and Song Sparrow.
Threatened and Endangered Species - The Loggerhead Shrike (ST) is the only threatened or endangered species typically found in Illinois shrubland habitats and they are rare in the USRAA.
Exotic Species - Ring-necked Pheasants can be abundant in early successionai fields. House Finches are native to the western United States, but since a captive population was released on Long Island in the I940s they have spread westward and are now common in the USRAA, where they occasionally nest in successional fields.
Population Dynamics and Management
Successional habitats add greatly to local diversity and at least a few species are declining nationally and have few or no remaining natural habitats (e.g., Prairie Warbler, Yellow breasted Chat) or are rare in Illinois (e.g., Bell's Vireo, Lark Sparrow). For some of these species, Illinois may contain a significant portion of their global population (e.g., Orchard Oriole, Bell's Vireo). For these reasons, maintaining successional vegetation may be an importanf part of a conservation strategy in the USRAA.
Shrubland birds are presently the object of intensive study in the USRAA (S.K. Robinson, E.J. Heske, and J.D. Brawn, in progress). The information gathered from this study will help land managers to design management strategies that will benefit both game and nongame species and provide relatively stable habitat for some declining species. Nest predation rates in successional fields are very high for most, but not all species, whereas . brood parasitism levels are low for all but a few species. Most species have adaptations that enable them to cope with nest predation (aggressive nest defense, rapid re-nesting following losses of nests to predators, a long nesting season allowing many nesting attempts) and cowbird parasitism (abandonment of parasitized nests, inappropriate diet for cowbird nestlings, ejection of cowbird eggs, long or late nesting season that continues after cowbirds stop parasitizing nests in mid-July). As a result, most species do not appear to be in real trouble. The exceptions mostly include Neotropical migrants that have a short breeding season and are parasitized (Yellow-breasted Chat, Orchard Oriole). It appears that even relatively small shrublands (<5 acres) can provide habitat for many shrubland species because of their resistanpe to parasitism and nest predation. Friends Creek Regional Park, RSC, and LW in particular, have a high potential to manage for early successional species.
87 .. Shrublands are also very heavily used by migrating species, especially when mingled with. scattered trees. Shrubland-preferring migrants include Black-billed Cuckoo, Northern . Saw-whet Owl (mainly in evergreens), Yellow-bellied Flycatcher, Alder Flycatcher, Least Flycatcher, Philadelphia Vireo, Golden-wfnged WaFbler, Orange-crowned Warbler, Chestnut-sided Warbler, Mourning Warbler, Connecticut Warbler, Wilson's Warbler, Canada Warbler, and Lincoln's Sparrow. In winter, overgrown and old field type habitat sometimes attracts small numbers of Pine Siskins and Common Redpolls in with larger flocks of wandering American Goldfinches. Shrubland habitats therefore provide real .benefits to migrant birds and greatly increase local biodiversity.
Cultural Habitats: .Developed Land
Residential and urban areas repre.sent about 5.0% of the USRAA (Table 4, Figure 9). These areas, scattered with lawns, parks, and other manicured vegetation, offer suitable breeding habitat for relatively few bird species.
Regularly Occurring Species
Typical Species - Developed lands contain an unusual mix of species that can use ornamental shrubs (e.g., Northern Mockingbird, Northern Cardinal, Song Sparrow), shade trees (e.g., Baltimore Oriole, Warbling Vireo, Carolina Chickadee, Tufted Titmouse, Eastern Wood-Pewee), short mowed grass (e.g., American Robin, Common Grackle, Northern Flicker, American Crow, Brown-headed Cowbird, Mourning and Rock Doves, European Starling, and Chipping Sparrow), and can nest safely in human structures (e.g., American Kestrel, [especially farmsteads], Killdeer [roofs, roads], Common Nighthawk [roofs], Chimney Swift, Eastern Phoebe, Bam Swallow, Northern Rough-winged Swallow, Purple Martin, House and Carolina Wrens, American Robin, Eastern Bluebird [farmsteads], European Starling, House Sparrow, and House Finch). Other species commonly found in residential and urban areas include Red-tailed Hawk (in more sparsely inhabited areas), Eastern Screech-Owl, Great Homed Owl, Ruby-throated Hummingbird, Downy Woodpecker, Red-bellied Woodpecker ("urban forests"), White-breasted Nuthatch, Brown Thrasher, Common Yellowthroat, and American Goldfinch. This community has no . parallel in the natural world and is characterized by abnormally high population densities . of species that occasionally or regularly depredate nests (e.g., Blue jay, American Crow, House Wren, Gray Catbird, Common Grackle, and Brown-headed Cowbird), Bird feeders further augment populations of many of these species, especially the House Finch, by increasing winter survival.
Threatened and Endangered Species - Now that the Bewick's Wren (SE) is practically absent from the region, there are no threatened or endangered species in the developed habitats of the USRAA other than the Bam Owl (SE), (which is extremely rare in the area, but have usually been associated with human-made structures), and Loggerhead Shrike (ST), which rarely forages in mowed grass of rural farmsteads.
~ 88 Exotic Species - Huge populations of introduced European Starlings, House Sparrows, Rock Doves, and House Finches live in developed areas, and compete with native species for nest sites and food at bird feeders.
Population Dynamics and Management
High populations of predatory birds and cats may make it difficult for many species that build open-cup nests in accessible locations to nest successfully. However, more data are needed because nesting success of bird species of developed areas has never been systematically stUdied. Such studies could lead to recommendations for enhancing populations of the native species that have adapted to human developments.
Although not well suited to support many native breeding birds, developed land such as tree-lined residential areas can be very important stopover habitat for migrating land birds. Migrating birds make heavy use of shade trees in developed areas and, when available, also use shrubs. Typical migrants of "urban forests" include: Cooper's and Sharp-shinned Hawks (both forage at bird feeders), Common Nighthawk, Ruby-throated Hummingbird (especially at feeders), Northern Flicker, Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, Red-breasted Nuthatch (conifers), Brown Creeper, Hermit Thrush, Golden-crowned Kinglet, Ruby-crowned Kinglet, Cedar Waxwing, Red-eyed Vireo, Tennessee Warbler, Cape May Warbler (conifers), Black-throated Green Warbler, Blackburnian Warbler, Bay-breasted Warbler, Blackpoll Warbler, American Redstart, Eastern Towhee (feeders), Dark-eyed Junco (feeders), American Tree Sparrow, White-crowned Sparrow, White-throated Sparrow, Rusty Blackbird, Evening Grosbeak (feeders), Purple Finch (feeders), Pine Siskin (feeders, conifers), and American Goldfinch (feeders)..
Management Recommendations
The USRAA currently has few high-quality areas for breeding birds. Allerton Park, Lodge ParklBucks Pond Forest Preserve, and Rock Springs Center have the best potential for creating large (> 500 acres), forest-interior tracts. These sites already have Wood Thrush, American Redstart, Kentucky Warbler, Northern Parula, Ovenbird, and Red-eyed Vireo. Limited research at Allerton Park indicates that both predation and parasitism rates in forested tracts there are high, as is typical for isolated and highly fragmented sites throughout the state.
Most other upland sites in the basin are small and have little potential to be enlarged sufficiently to create interior habitat for forest or grassland birds. Breeding birds may not be the best focus for management of small sites. For these areas, plant community restoration coupled with judicious consideration of the needs of migrant birds (some shrubby areas and oak trees) might be the best management strategy.
Wetland restoration (including forested swamps, backwaters, and riparian corridors) is another viable strategy for this region. Wetlands have many threatened and endangered
89 species that may not be as sensitive to fragmentation as forest and grassland birds. They are also heavily used by migrating birds.
For breeding birds, we recommend the following strategy for improving habitats:
Forests - Forest restoration efforts should be concentrated in areas that have the potential to contain at least a SOO-acre core. Upland forests should be managed to maintain oaks and floodplain forests should contain sycamores.
Grasslands. - Where possible, grasslands should be at least 100 acres, should be burned or mowed on a schedule that leaves some areas unmanaged for at least three years, and should contain small wetlands. Woody vegetation should be kept to a minimum.
Wetlands - Restoration of forested wetlands should be of highest priority within the largest habitat blocks: Grassy wetlands, especially sedge meadows and marshes should be restored and enhanced whenever possible, including along the margins of lakes.
Shrublands - These habitats can be managed simultaneously for game and nongame birds.
Developed and Agricultural Areas - Any plantings that add cover and nest sites should be encouraged, especially to provide habitat during the nonbreeding season.
90 Mammals
Introduction
Information in this section was compiled largely from range maps and historical records in Hoffmeister (1989), supplemented by recent surveys of mammals in Allerton Park, Piatt Co., and Hart Woods, Champaign Co. (Rosenblatt et ai. 1999). The Illinois Natural Heritage Database (INHD)(Illinois Department of Natural Resources [IDNR), Division of Natural Heritage) was checked for recent records (as of August 1998) of threatened and endangered species. Taxonomy follows Wilson and Reeder (1993).
Mammalspecies known or likely to occur in the Upper Sangamon River AssessmentArea (USRAA) are listed in Table 17. The 44 species in this table represent 75% of the 59 mammal species that currently occur in Illinois (Hoffmei.ster 1989). Eight species of bats are included in the table, but the silver-haired bat may be present only during spring and autumn migration periods and only the big brown bat is likely to remain in the USRAA during the winter. Eight mammal species are listed as endangered or threatened in Illinois (Illinois Endangered Species Protection Board 1994, with revisions adopted 21 August 1998; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1991), but only two, the federally endangered Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis) and state-threatened river otter (Lontra canadensis), are widely distributed (Herkert 1992). There are no confirmed records of endangered or threatened mammals in the USRAA, but tlle river otter has been reported from the West Okaw River, about 10 miles east of the USRAA (Illinois Department of Natural Resources 1998). Given the apparent recent increase in numbers and distribution of the formerly state-threatened bobcat (Lynx rufus) in Illinois (Woolf 1996), it would not be surprising to have a bobcat reported somewhere along the Sangamon River soon. The population status of many mammal species in the USRAA is unknown; designations in Table 17 for these species are projections based on their status in other parts of lllinois.
. The majority (79%) of the USRAA consists of cropland, and urban areas (primarily Decatur, but also including Mahomet, Monticello, and Gibson City) occupy an additional 5% of the area. Many mammals are generalists that use a variety of habitat types and have adapted to living in areas that have been altered by humans. Larger mammals that now commonly occur in agricultural and urban areas include the Virginia opossum, eastern cottontail, fox and gray squirrels, coyote, red fox, raccoon, striped skunk, and white-tailed deer. Several species of small mammals, including the eastern mole, northern short-tailed shrew, deer mouse, and meadow and prairie voles, can occupy the hayfields, pastures, and fencerows in agricultural areas and other maintained areas such as roadsides, cemeteries, and lawns. Big brown and little brown bats commonly roost in buildings and other small mammals (such as 'the white-footed mouse) sometimes enter buildings in search of food and shelter.
91 The Norway rat and house mouse are the only exotic, non-domesticated mammals that occur regularly in Illinois. These species are strongly associated with human structures (e.g. houses, barns, warehouses), but both can be found in natural habitats near buildings. The house mouse, in particular, can sometimes reach substantial numbers iT! grasslands near structures (Hoffmeister 1989). These species are now so widespread that they are part of the mammalian fauna throughout the United States. They could not be eliminated easily from natural habitats and their presence is not a matter of great concern. Large numbers of free-roaming and feral domestic cats (Felis silvestris) occur in Illinois as elsewhere (Warner 1985, Coleman and Temple 1996). They can have a negative impact on populations of birds (especially ground-nesting birds) and small mammals and reduce prey availability for native predators (Warner 1985, Churcher and Lawton 1987, Coleman and Temple 1996). There is also the potential for unvaccinated cats to transmit diseases to wild mammals or humans (Coleman and Temple 1996).
Table 17. List of mammal species known or likely to occur in the Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area:'
Order Population Common name' Scientific name Habitat' status'"
Marsupials Didelphimorphia Virginia opossum Didelphis virginiana F,W,G C Insectivores Insectivora southeastern shrew Sorex longirostris G,F,W U? northern short-tailed shrew Blarina brevicauda F,G,W C least shrew Cryptotis parva G C . eastern mole Scalopus aquaticus F,G C Bats Chiroptera little brown bat Myotis lucifugus F, caves, buildings C northern long-eared bat Myotis septentrionalis F, caves, buildings U silver-haired bat Lasionycteris noctivagans F, caves (hibernation) U eastern pipistrelle Pipistrellus subflavus F, caves C big brown bat Eptesicus fuscus F, caves, buildings c red bat Lasiurus borealis F C hoary bat 1:Asiurus cinereus F U evening bat Nycticeius humeralis F, buildings U Rabbits Lagomorpha eastern cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus G, F (edges) c Rodents Rodentia eastern chipmunk Tamias striatus F C woodchuck Marmota monax G, F (edges) C thirteen-lined ground squirrel Spermophilus tridecemlineatus G C . Franklin's ground squirrel Spermophilus franklinii G R? gray squirrel Sciurus carolinensis F, urban U, C (urban) fox squirrel Sciurus niger F C southern flying squirrel Glaucomys volans F C plains pocket gopher Geomys bursarius G C? .
92 Table 17. Continued. Order Population Common. name' Scientific name Habitat' status4, s
beaver Castor canadensis W C western harvest mouse Reithrodontomys megaLotis G U? deer mouse Peromyscus manicuLatus G C? white-footed mouse Peromyscus Leucopus . F, G, W (mostly F) C meadow vole Microtus pennsyLvanicus G C prairie vole Microtus ochrogaster G C woodland vole Microtus pinetorum F U? muskrat Ondatra zibethicus W C southern bog lemming Synaptomys cooperi G,W U? Norway rat* Rattus norvegicus buildings C house mouse* Mus muscuLus mostly buildings C meadow jumping mouse Zapus hudsonius G,F,W U? Carnivores Carnivora coyote Canis Latrans F,G,W C red fox VuLpes vuLpes G,F,W C gray fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus F U raccoon Procyon lotor F,W,G C least weasel MusteLa nivaLis G,W C long-tailed weasel Mustela/renata F,W,G C mink MusteLa vison W,G,F C badger Taxidea taxus G U? striped skunk Mephitis mephitis F,G,W C Even-toed ungulates Artiodactyla white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus F,W,G C
1 Compiled from range maps and known records reponed in Hoffmeister (1989) and Illinois Depanment of Natural Resources (1998). 2 ... :::;; introduced species. 3 Habitats: W = wetland, G = grassland, F = forest. 4 Population status: C = common,' U :::; uncommon, R:::; rare, ? = status uncertain , Subjective estimate based on personal experience of E. J. Heske and J. E. Hofmann in Illinois.
Forest
Typical Species
Mammal species known or likely to occur in the USRAA that are restricted to forested habitats are the hoary bat, eastern chipmunk, southern flying squirrel, woodland vole, and gray fox. Species that are primarily associated with forests but also utilize other types of habitat include the Virginia opossum, red bat, fox and gray squirrels, white-footed mouse, raccoon, and white-\ailed deer. The little brown bat, big brown bat, northern long-eared bat, eastern pipistrelle, and evening bat forage in forested habitats, but roost in buildings
93 or other human-made structures as well as trees. Some species, such as the eastern cottontail and woodchuck, specialize in the use of forest edges. Additional habitat generalists that would typically occur in forests in the USRAA are listed in Table 17.
Most species of mammals associated with forests are not restricted to a specific type of forest (Le. upland forest or floodplain forest). Species that hibernate (e.g. woodchucks, eastern chipmunks) or are primarily fossorial (e.g. eastern moles, woodland voles) need well-drained, uninundated soils. The gray fox requires extensive forest cover and has become less common in parts of Illinois (Hoffmeister 1989). Although the total amount of forest in the USRAA is small, several sizable forest tracts along the Sangamon River are in state or county ownership and may still support gray foxes. Gray fox tracks were seen in Allerton Park in 1992 (E. J. Heske, personal obs.). Gray squirrels require extensive tracts of mature forest with a dense understory, whereas fox squirrels can occupy open forests, woodlots, and fencerows (Hoffmeister 1989). Consequently, gray squirrel numbers also have declined in lJIinois. Nixon et al. (1978) considered the species absent from most of the USRAA, scarce or rare in theDecatur and White Heath areas, but common in Monticello, Mahomet, and Gibson City. Gray squirrels also persist in some forest tracts along the Sangamon River such as Allerton Park (Rosenblatt et al. 1999). Rural towns away from the river in the USRAA are occupied by fox squirrels rather than gray squirrels (Hoffmeister 1989). Tree squirrels, flying squirrels, and chipmunks tend to be most abundant in forests containing large numbers of mast-producing trees such as oaks and hickories. Raccoons and opossums are most abundant in forest tracts in proximity to water (Hoffmeister 1989).
Threafened and Endangered Species
None of the mammal species known or likely to occur in the USRAA is listed as tlireatened or endangered. The formerly state-threatened bobcat reportedly has been sighted recently in Champaign and Macon counties, but no specific locations were given (Woolf 1996); prospects for a sighting in Piatt County should also be considered good. There are no records of the federally endangered Indiana bat for the USRAA, but there is suitable habitat along the Sangamon River and the area should be surveyed more extensively before the presence of thiS species is discounted.
Information Gaps
Data on the distribution and population status of several forest-dwelling species in the USRAA are not available. Surveys should be conducted to determine the status of the gray fox in the USRAA, determine if bobcat have moved into or disperse through the area, and confirm the absence of Indiana bats. A specimen of the southeastern shrew was captured in a woodlot just south of the USRAA in Piatt County (Rosenblatt et al. 1999), but the presence of this species in the USRAA has not been confirmed. There are few records for bat species such as the northern long-eared bat, hoary bat, evening bat, and eastern pipistrelle in the USRAA (Hoffmeister 1989, INl:lS Bat Survey and Rabies Specimen
94 Databases); therefore, infonnation on the distribution and abundance of these species would be of interest. Data on the current status of the woodland vole are also lacking. Flying squirrels and eastern chipmunks appear to be absent from small, isolated patches of forest in east-central Illinois, including sites in USRAA (Rosenblatt et al. 1999). Because forest habitat in the USRAA is fragmented, it would be valuable to further assess the ability of forest species to maintain viable populations and to disperse between forested tracts in an agricultural landscape.
Prairie/Grassland
Typical Species
Mammal species occurring in the USRAA that are restricted to grassland habitats are the least shrew, thirteen-lined and Franklin's ground squirrels, plains pocket gopher, western harvest mouse, deer mouse, prairie and meadow voles, and badger. Other species strongly associated with grassland habitats include the southeastern shrew, northern short-tailed shrew, eastern cottontail, woodchuck, southern bog lemming, meadow jumping mouse, and red fox. Additional habitat generalists of the USRAA that use grasslands are listed in Table 17.
Most mammals designated as grassland species are not restricted to native or undisturbed grasslands. Rather, the vegetative composition and structure of rights-of-way, hayfields, pastures, crop field edges, old fields, and prairie restorations provide suitable habitat for many of these species. The meadow vole, southern bog lemming, and meadow jumping mouse generally prefer more mesic grasslands (Hoffmeister 1989). Eastern cottontails and woodchucks are most abundant where grassland habitat is adjacent to forested areas and can be considered edge species. The white-footed mouse, which is generally a forest species, can be found in grasslands if scattered trees or shrubs are present. The thirteen lined ground squirrel may inhabit areas with closely mowed grass such as cemeteries and golf courses.
. Threatened and Endangered Species
None of the mammal species primarily associated with grasslands in the USRAA is listed as a threatened or endangered species in Illinois.
Information Gaps
Infonnation is needed on the current distribution and abundance of several grassland mammals in the USRAA. Franklin's ground squirrel is known historically from locations in the USRAA, but this species is thought to have declined in the eastern portion of its range, including lllinois (Lewis and Rongstad 1992). In a recent survey only one Franklin's ground squirrel was caught at 15 sites in Champaign, Piatt, and Vermilion
95 counties (Hofmann 1998). The status of this species in the USRAA should be investigated further. The plains pocket gopher has been collected near Decatur, but its distribution within the USRAA is not documented. The USRAA lies at the southern edge of the range of the western harvest mouse. Although a specimen of this species was collected from Mahomet (Hoffmeister 1989), the current distribution of the western harvest mouse in the . USRAA is not known. The status of the badger in Illinois was investigated by Warner and Ver Steeg (1995) who documented its presence in Champaign, Macon, and Piatt counties, but its population status in the USRAA should be determined more precisely. Although the red fox is not strictly a grassland species, it is most often associated with open habitats. It has been suggested that recent increases in the abundance of coyotes may have negatively affected populations of red fox; therefore, the status of the red fox in the USRAA should be evaluated. Grasslands in the USRAA are often somewhat isolated in a landscape dominated by row crops. The persistence of grassland small mammal populations in these areas and the ability of small mammals to travel between such habitat islands should be investigated.
Wetland
Typical Species
Mammal species in the USRAA that require wetlands or aquatic habitats (lakes, ponds, streams, and rivers) are the beaver, muskrat, and mink. Beaver and muskrat are highly specialized for aquatic life and need open water, whereas mink are more terrestrial but typically occur in proximity to water. Raccoons and opossums are most abundant in areas near water. Bats occurring in the USRAA could utilize wetlands as well as aquatic habitats for foraging. The southeastern shrew, northern short-tailed shrew, southern bog lemming, and meadow jumping mouse use emergent wetlands (marshes, sedge meadows, and wet meadows) extensively in addition to other types of habitats. Small mammals such as these are not adapted for aquatic life and occupy the vegetatio~ along the edges of wetlands or sites where standing water is not present. Additional habitat generalists that use wetlands opportunistically are listed in Table 17.
Threatened and Endangered Species
There are no records for the state-threatened river otter in the USRAA prior to 1998 (Hoffmeister 1989, Illinois Department of Natural Resources 1998). Although the Sangamon River was not targeted as a site for reintroduction of river otters (Bluett 1997), otters may eventually become established there as populations increase. Two river otters were sighted in the West Okaw River in adjacent Moultrie County in 1998 (Illinois Department of Natural Resources 1998).
,96 I.
1\ Habitat Requirements and Distribution of Listed Wetland Species
River otter - River otters occupy a variety of aquatic habitats, from coa,stal swamps and marshes to high mountain lakes (Toweill and Tabor 1982). They are abundant in estuaries, the lower reaches of rivers, and the tributaries and lakes of unpolluted river systems, but scarce in densely populated areas, especially if the water is polluted (Toweill and Tabor 1982). In Illinois river otters have been found in shallow lakes, sloughs, cypress swamps, rivers, streams, drainage ditches, and ponds (Anderson 1982, Anderson and Woolf 1984). Habitat used by river otters in northwestern Illinois has the following characteristics: isolation from the main river channel (providing a relatively stable water level), extensive riparian forest (or emergent herbaceous vegetation), the persistence of open water during winter, good water quality (and healthy fish populations), the presence of suitable den sites (e.g. beaver lodges, log piles, exposed tree roots), and minimal human disturbance (Anderson and Woolf 1984). The shape ofriver otter home ranges is determined by the type of habitat and home range size is influenced by prey abundance, topography, weather conditions, and the individual's reproductive status (Melquist and Hornocker 1983). At the Lamine River Wildlife Area in Missouri otter home ranges were II to 78 km in length (Erickson et al. 1984). Only a portion of the range is used at any time; activity centers are located in areas with abundant food and suitable shelter and are changed frequently, except for females with pups in a den (Melquist and Hornocker 1983). In northwestern Illinois activity was concentrated along tributaries and narrow backwater channels of the Mississippi River during the summer (Anderson 1982) and in areas with access to open water during winter (Anderson and Woolf 1984). River otters may travel long distances, 160 km or more, in search of suitable habitat (Jackson 1961).
The main breeding population of river otters in Illinois inhabits the backwaters and tributaries of the Mississippi River in the northwestern comer of the state (Anderson 1995). Smaller populations occur in the Cache and Big Muddy river systems in southern llIinois and the numbers of reports along the Rock River and the middle section of the Mississippi River have been increasing (Anderson 1995). Since 1994 the Illinois Department of Natural Resources has released 346 river otters at 15 locations in the Kaskaskia, Wabash, and Illinois river systems (Bluett 1997).
Information Gaps
Aquatic habitat in the USRAA should be monitored regularly for river otters. The presence of beavers is considered favorable for otters, but the impact of beaver populations on the physical structure of riparian systems in the USRAA should be evaluated. It would be interesting to determine if small, isolated wetlands in the USRAA are used by small mammal species other than those occupying surrounding habitat types and assess the ability of these mammals to move between wetlands.
97 Enhancement and Restoration Potential
The preservation of upland and floodplain forests would enhance the suitability of the USRAA as habitat, for avariety of forest-dwelling species, including bobcat, gray fox, and potentially the Indiana bat. Indiana bats need tracts of mature forest containing large snags. Preservation and restoration of riparian forests also is necessary for the USRAA to provide potential habitat for the river otter, Reduction of silt and chemical runoff into aquatic habitats and wetlands would maintain or enhance their ability to support river otter and mink.
Prairie res.torations, coupled with the preservation of native prairie remnants and other types of grassland habitats, would provide habitat for the badger and red fox. Franklin's ground squirrels could be introduced into grassland tracts on state or county property, Some prairies in the USRAA have suffered encroachment by woody vegetation; management efforts such as prescribed bums or brush removal may increase the suitability of these areas as habitat for grassland small mammals.
98 Amphibians andReptiles
Introduction
Infonnation in this section has been compiled from range maps in Smith (1961), the Illinois Natural Heritage Database (Illinois Department of Natural Resources 1998), the Illinois Amphibian and Reptile Vouchered Database (an lllinois Natural History Survey computer database that contains infonnation on specimens from museum, university, and private collections), unvouchered records from the literature, and unvouchered records taken from reliable biologists and naturalists. There has not been a systematic survey of the amphibians and reptiles of the Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area (USRAA). The USRAA contains portions of two of Smith's (1961) eleven Herpetofaunal Divisions for the state; Grand Prairie and Woodlands of the Grand Prairie.
Amphibian and reptile species that are known or likely to occur in the USRAA are listed in Table 18. The 11 amphibian species and 18 reptile species in Table 18 represent 28% of the amphibian species and 30% of the reptile species found in the State. The state threatened Kirtland's snake - Clonophis kirtlandii and the state endangered massasauga - Sistrurus catenatus are known to exist in the USRAA.
There have been no reports of exotic reptile species in the USRAA.
When referring to the habitat designations in Table 18, keep in mind that most amphibian and reptile species are not restricted to a single habitat type. For example, all but two of Illinois' amphibians require some type of aquatic habitat (wetland, pond, creek, or river) for breeding but the adults can also be found in a variety of terrestrial habitats. Some species require a combination of two habitat types throughout their life. Kirtland's snake requires prairie habitat, but wetlands must be present. On the other hand, some species have narrower habitat requirements than the designations in Table 18 might suggest. For . example, the mUdpuppy is listed !1S occurring in rivers and creeks, but it is only found in large creeks and rivers with rocky substrates and good water quality.
Table 18. Amphibian and reptile species known or likely to occur in the Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area, with an indication of habitat preference and relative abundance.
Common Name l • 2 Scientific Name Habitat' Abundance"
Amphibians smallmouth salamander Ambystoma texanum F,W,P CIU mudpuppy Necturus maculosus R ?
99
1\ Table 18. Continued.
Common Namel. 2 Scientific Name Habitat' Abundance'
American toad . Bufo americanus U C Fowler's toad Bufo woodhousii F,W,P C cricket frog Acris crepitans W,L,R C gray treefrog complex Hyla versicolor- chrysoscelis F,W C western chorus frog Pseudacris triseriata U C plains leopard frog Rana blairi F,W,P,L,R C bullfrog Rana catesbeiana W,L,R C green frog Rana clamitans F,W,R U southern leopard frog Rana sphenocephala F,W,L,R U Reptiles snapping turtle Chelydra serpentina W,L,R C painted turtle Chrysemys picta W,L,R C spiny softshell turtle. Apalone spinijera W,L,R U slender glass lizard Ophisaurus attenuatus p'C ? Kirtland's snake· ST Clonophis kirtlandii W,P ? racer Coluber constrictor U U black rat snake Elaphe obsoleta F,W,P U fox snake Elaphe vulpina W,P,C C eastern hognose snake Heterodon platirhinos F,W,P U prairie kingsnake iAmpropeltis calligaster F,P U eastern milk snake iAmpropeltis triangulum F,W,P U northern water snake Nerodia sipedon W,R,L C brown snake Storeria dekayi F U redbelly snake Storeria occipitomaculata F U plains garter snake Thamnophis radix U C eastern garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis U C lined snake Tropidoclonion lineatum P ? massasauga • SE Sistrurus catenatus F,W,R,P R
I Nomenclature follows Collins (1990) unless noted. 2 Bold type indicates an Illinois threatened (ST) or Illinois endangered (SE) species. 3 Habitat: F =forest W =wetlaIid P =prairie and savanna r =lakes, ponds, impoundments R =rivers & creeks C =cultural U =ubiquitous (all habitats) 4 Abundance: C = common' U = uncommon R = rare ? = status uncertain
Forest
Typical Species
Amphibian species that are typical of forested habitats of the USRAA include both species of gray treefrog. As outlined above, some amphibians also require aquatic habitats for breeding. The gray treefrogs breed in forested wetlands and upland forested ponds. Among the reptiles of the USRAA, the brown snake is typical of forested areas.
100
II Enhancement and Restoration Potential
Maintaining small, temporary, fishless ponds in forests of the USRAA would benefit many of the reptiles and amphibians of the USRAA as well as other species groups that depend on them for food. Creating or restoring small ponds in upland forests is particularly valuable because these habitats are among the rarest in the USRAA and the state. The American toad, gray treefrog, and southern leopard frog are among the amphibians that breed in this habitat. The black rat snake, brown snake, red-bellied snake, and northern water snake would benefit from restoration or creation of woodland ponds.
Wetland
Typical Species
Amphibian species that are typical of wetland habitats of the USRAA include the green frog and smallmouth salamander. As outlined above, almost all amphibians require some type of aquatic habitat for breeding and most' breed in wetlands. Among the reptiles of the USRAA, the painted turtle and common garter snake are typical of wetlands. These species reach their greatest abundance in wetland habitats.
Threatened and Endangered Species
Two of the listed species in Table 18, Kirtland's Snake, and the massasauga are typical of wetland' areas in the USRAA. Kirtland's Snakes were originally found in the USRAA near wetlands'where the surrounding landscape was native prairie. The current status of Kirtland's snake in the USRAA is not known. The most recent verified report for tlie USRAA is from near Monticello, Piatt County, in 1990. Massasaugas were also found in prairie wetlands and bottomland forest in the USRAA prior to European settlement, but today this species is known only from Allerton Park in Piatt County.
Habitat Requirements
Kirtland's Water Snake - Wet prairies with abundant cover are preferred, especially those that are seasonally flooded and adjacent to upland habitats. They also utilize crayfish burrows as shelter although they have been taken in vacant lots in some urban areas where crayfish burrows have been completely destroyed. In these situations they rely on boards and other surface debris for cover. They are also associated with the grassy areas around spillways and dams of impoundments.
Massasauga - This venomous snake prefers wet prairie areas with heavy grass cover or floodplain forest adjacent to open fields. The activity period in central Illinois is probably mid-April to October. In some parts of their range, massasaugas move from moist prairie conditions to drier habitats in the spring. Massas;mgas are often found in association with
lOl crayfish burrows which they use for shelter and hibernation. They may also overwinter in . mammal burrows, old tree stumps, and rock crevices. They apparently do not hibernate with other snake species.
Enhancement and Restoration Potential
Maintaining even small, temporary wetlands in the USRAA would benefit almost all of the reptiles and amphibians of the region, as well as other groups that depend on them for food. The importance of cattail marshes under one acre should not be underestimated. MOWing in the vicinity of wetlands should be avoided.
Information Gaps
One of the most pressing questions concerning wetland amphibians and reptiles in the USRAA is whether Kirtland's snake still exists in this area. This reptile can be common in the appropriate habitat, but because of its secretive and subterranean habits, surveying for it is difficult. An effort should be made to determine if this species still exists in the USRAA, so that appropriate management action can be taken.
Prairie/Grassland
Typical Species
Of the amphibian species listed in Table 18, the plains leopard frog and western chorus frog are typical of prairie habitats in the USRAA. The western chorus frog has a short larval period and can breed in temporary aquatic habitats such as flooded fields and ditches. The plains leopard frog, however, requires more permanent aquatic habitats, such as prairie marshes. Reptile species in the USRAA that are typical of prairie habitats include the fox snake and plains garter snake. Both of these snakes can tolerate disturbed habitats such as mowed right-of-way, pasture, old field, and agricultural edge.
. Enhancement and Restoration Potential
Restoring native prairie, especially wet prairie, in the USRAA would benefit a variety of amphibians and reptiles especially Kirtland's snake and massasauga.
Lakes, Ponds, and Impoundments
Typical Species
Of the amphibian species listed in Table 18, the bullfrog and cricket frog are typical of lakes, ponds, and impoundments in the USRAA. Both of these species have developed
102 strategies for coexisting with fish and are usually more widely distributed than other amphibians. Among the reptiles of the USRAA the snapping turtle, painted turtle, common garter snake, and northern water snake are typical of lakes, ponds, and impoundments.
Enhancement and Restoration Potential
Restoration of fishless, forested ponds in upland areas would benefit the gray treefrogs. Leaving at least part of the shore around ponds, lakes and impoundments unmowed and providing forest or grassland connections among ponds, lakes and impoundments in the USRAA would benefit a variety of amphibians and reptiles.
Creeks and Rivers
Typical Species
The cricket frog and green frog are typical of creeks and small rivers in the USRAA, while the mudpuppy is a typical inhabitant of the Sangamon River. Among the reptiles of the USRAA, the northern water snake is typical of creeks and small rivers while the snapping turtle and soft-shell turtle are typical of the Sangamon River.
Enhancement and Restoration Potential
Restoring the riparian zone and associated floodplain fotests and wetlands along the Sangamon River and its tributaries would benefit a variety of amphibians and reptiles. Water quality must also be improved if any significant progress is expected.
Cultural Habitats
Typical Species
Of the amphibian species listed in Table 18, the American toad, western chorus frog, and bullfrog are typical of cultural habitats in the USRAA. These species can be found in cropland, pasture, successional field, developed land, and tree plantations providing that adequate breeding sites (ditches, flooded fields, stock tanks, remnant marshes) are present. Among the reptiles of the USRAA, the plains garter snake, common garter snake, fox snake, and northern water snake are typical of cultural habitats in the USRAA.
Enhancement and Restoration Potential
The American toad, western chorus frog, and bullfrog do well in patches of cattail marsh under one acre, even when the marsh is surrounded by developed land. It is always best to
\03 strive for larger size and connectivity of habitat, but the utility of these smaller areas should not be underestimated. It is important to leave a moderate buffer of unmowed grass around these habitats. Small stock ponds and farm ponds can provide important breeding sites for amphibians of the USRAA if the ponds are fish free. Most of these ponds are not capable . of supporting sport fisheries so this does not present a conflict between amphibian conservation and recreation opportunities.
Overall Habitat Quality and Current Management Concerns.
Overall, opportunities for amphibians and reptiles in the USRAA are fair. Compared to pre-European settlement, the present landscape of the USRAA lacks a significant amount of wet prairie and the riparian zone and bacKwater sloughs along the Sangamon River have been destroyed or degraded.
The most critical management concerns for the USRAA Partnership are restoration of the riparian zone and backwater sloughs along the Sangamon River and improvement of water quality throughout the area. Intact riparian zones may act as dispersal corridors for many amphibians and reptiles, thus reducing the effects of habitat fragmentation.
104 , ------
Aquatic Biota
Introduction
The Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area (USRAA) includes the upper Sangamon River drainage in parts of McLean, Ford, Champaign, Piatt, DeWitt, Macon, Shelby, Christian, and Sangamon counties. No major tributaries (e.g. South Fork Sangainon River, Salt Creek) to the Sangamon are included in the Assessment Area. The only natural division in the area is the Grand Prairie Division (Grand Prairie and Springfield sections) (Schwegman 1973).
The entire Sangamon River basin drains 5419 square miles and forms the largest watershed of any ofthe tributaries of the TIlinois River (Page et al. 1992). Soils range from thin to moderately thick loess deposits on TIlinoisan drift or Wisconsinan till and sand deposits in the southwestern corner of the basin (Iverson 1987). The topography of the basin is rolling with wide, flat valleys along the river courses. The entire basin is covered with glacial drift deposits. The rock strata immediately under these deposits are Carboniferous. Coal is mined throughout the southern half of the basin. Five major impoundments occur within the basin, including Lake Decatur, which is located directly on the Sangamon River. The major water-based activities are boating, canoeing, and fishing with light use in the upper reaches and heavy use in the lower. Pollution is in the form of agricultural, sewage, and acid mine waste.
The Sangamon River mainstern flows more than 240 miles and has a substrate of coarse sand with considerable silt, gravel, and rubble. Brush piles, sand and gravel bars, and undercut banks are common. There are many floodplain and river bottom pools in the lower reaches of the river in Mason and Cass counties. The river has been subject to numerous artificial changes. Major reaches between Decatur and Springfield and between Petersburg and Beardstown have been channelized. Removal of riparian vegetation, channelization, and agricultural runoff have led to the decline of the Sangamon River as an aquatic resource.
Statewide Comparison ofAquatic Biota
The Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area supports a large diversity of aquatic species. Known from this portion of the Sangamon River drainage are 71 species of fishes, 34 species of mussels, and 14 species of malacostracans (large crustaceans). Some species have disappeared from the drainage in recent decades; however, with improvements in water quality, species that have been extirpated could return and natural communities could become reestablished in areas where they have been eliminated or altered.
105
II The USRAA also supports a large diversity of smaller aquatic macroinvertebrates. Unfortunately, existing data on the distribution and natural community associations of these species are inadequate to summarize typical, unique, or rare species, or to identify exotic species. Few extensive surveys of aquatic macroinvertebrate popul,!-tions have been conducted within the Sangamon River basin. Two recent studies include those of Tucker and Ettinger (1975) and Wetzel et al. (1991). Tucker and Ettinger conducted a biological investigation of the South Fork, Sangamon River and tributaries, utilizing the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency Stream Classification System. Wetzel et al. (1991) conducted quantitative and qualitative surveys for aquatic macroinvertebrates at several sites on the South Fork of the Sangamon River and its tributaries in conjunction of a feasibility study for the proposed Hunter Lake reservoir southeast of Springfield. Although aquatic sites surveyed by Tucker and Ettinger (1975) and by Wetzel et al. (1991) were located outside the boundaries of the present USRAA, the extensive data on aquatic macroinvertebrates resulting from that study are included here; many of the species collected during this study represent new records for Sangamon County and/or the Sangamon River basin.
Common Species
Seventy-one species of fishes are known from the Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area (Tables 19 and 20). Common fishes throughout the drainage are the red shiner, striped shiner, bluntnose minnow, sand shiner, white sucker, green sunfish, bluegill, white crappie, johnny darter, and slenderhead darter.
The headwaters are dominated by the creek chubs, common stonerollers, and orangethroat darters; the creeks by red shiners, sand shiners, striped shiners, bluntnose minnows, and johnny darters; and the larger river habitats by red shiners, sand shiners, bluntnose minnows, striped shiners, white crappies and bluegills.
Thirty-four species of freshwater mussels have been reported from this Assessment Area (Tables 21 and 22). Common species include the plain pocketbook, pimpleback, white heelsplitter, threeridge, and fragile papershell (Cummings and Mayer 1997, Schanzle and Cummings 1991, INHS Mollus~ Collection data). Of the 34 mussel species known from the Assessment Area, 28 have been collected alive iii the past 20 years. Information on the mussels of the Sangamon River is available in Baker (1906, 1922), Wood (1910), Matteson (unpublished) and Schanzle and Cummings (1991).
Fourteen species of crayfishes, isopods, and amphipods are found in the basin (Tables 23 and 24). The most common crayfish is the virile crayfish, which usually is found over rocky substrates or around woody debris or vegetation. The most common isopod is Caecidotea intennedia, which lives in rocky areas.and on woody debris. No amphipods are common within the Assessment Area.
106 Table 25 lists aquatic macroinvertebrate taxa known or thought likely to occur in the USRAA. Records for species included in Table 23 have been obtained from the following sources: Malloch (l915a, b), Frison (1935), Ross (1944,1947), Burks (1953), Ross and Horsfall (1965), Wooldridge (1967), Lauck (1959), Pechuman et al. (1983), Wetzel et al. (1991), Wetzel (1992), Taylor (1996), DeWalt and Webb (1998), Webb et al. (1998), the Illinois Natural History Survey Insect and Annelida collections; the Field Museum of Natural History (Chicago); museum records of Eastern Illinois University" (Charleston) and Southem Illinois University (Carbondale); and literature cited in this document.
Table 19. Freshwater fishes recorded from the Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area'.
FAMILY Common Small Med.& Standing Scientific Name'·'·' Name Headwaters Creeks Rivers Lg. Rivers Water
LEPISOSTEIDAE Lepisosteus osseus longnose gar X Lepisosteus platostomus shortnose gar X ANGUILLIDAE Anguilla rostrata American eel X CLUPEIDAE Dorosoma cepedianum gizzard shad XX X CYPRINIDAE Campostoma anomalum central stoneroller X X X Cyprinella lutrensis# red shiner X X X Cyprinella spi/optera spotfin shiner X X X Cyprinella whipplei steelcolor shiner X X X Cyprinus carpio· common carp X X X Ericymba buccata silverjaw minnow X X X Hybognathus nuchalis Mississippi silvery minnow X X X Hybopsis amnis • SE pallid shiner X X Lwei/us chrysocephalus# striped shiner X X X X Lythrurus umbratilis redfin shiner X X X Nocomis biguttatus hornyhead chub X X Notemigonus crysoleucas golden shiner XX X Notropis dorsalis bigmouth shiner X ~ X Notropis heterolepis ··SE bIacknose shiner X X Notropis ludibundus# sand shiner X X X Phenacobius mirabilis . suckennouth minnow XX X Pimephales notatus# bluntnose minnow X X X X Pimephales promelas fathead minnow X X Pimephales vigi/ax . bullhead minnow X X Semotllus atromaculatus creek chub X X CATOSTOMIDAE Carpiodes carpio river carpsucker X X Carpiodes cyprinus quillback X X X Carpiodes velifer highfin carpsucker X X Catostomus commersoni# white sucker X X X Erimyzon oblongus creek chubsucker X X X
107
,\ Table 19. C:::ontinued.
FAMILY Common Small Med.& Standing Scientific Name'·'·' Name Headwaters Creeks Rivers Lg. Rivers Water
Hypentelium nigricans northern hog sucker X X X Ictiobus bubalus smallmouth buffalo X lctiobus cyprinellus bigmouth buffalo X lctiobus niger black buffalo X Moxostoma anisurum silver redhorse X X Moxostoma erythrurum golden redhorse X X X Moxostoma macrolepidotum shorthead redhorse X X ICTALURIDAE Ameiurus melas black bullhead X X X X Ameiurus natalis yellow bullhead X X X X Ictalurus punctatus channel catfish X X X Noturus flavus stonecat X X Noturus gyrinus tadpole madtom X X Noturus nocturnus freckled madtom X X Pylodictis olivaris flathead catfish X X X ESOCIDAE Esox americanus grass pickerel X X X X APHREDODERIDAE Aphredoderus sayanus pirate perch X ATHERINIDAE Labidesthes sicculus brook silverside X X X FUNDULIDAE Fundulus notatus blackstripe topminnow X X X MORONIDAE Morone mississippiensis yellow bass X X X X CENTRARCHIDAE Ambloplites rupestris rock bass X X X Lepomis cyanellus# green sunfish X X X X Lepomis gulosus warmouth X X X X Lepomis humilis orangespotted sunfish X X X Lepomis macrochirus# bluegill X X X X Lepomis megalotis longear sunfish X X X Lepomis microlophus redear sunfish X X X X Micropterus dolomieu smallmouth bass X X X X Micropterus salmoides largemouth bass X X X X Pomoxis annula,ris# white crappie X X X X Pomoxis nigromaculatus black crappie X X X X PERCIDAE Etheostoma asprigene mud darter X X X Etheostoma chlorosomum bluntnose darter X X X Etheostoma flabellare fantail darter X X X Etheostoma gracile slough darter X X X Etheostoma nigrum# johnny darter X X X X Etheostoma spectabile orangethroat darter X X X
108 Table 19. Continued.
FAMILY Common Small Med.& Standing Scientific Name'·'·' Name Headwaters Creeks Rivers Lg. Rivers Water
Etheostoma zonaIe banded darter X X X Percina caprodes logperch X X X Percina maculata blackside darter X X X X Percina phoxocephala# slenderhead darter X X X Stizostedion vitreum walleye X X SCIAENIDAE Aplodinotus grunniens freshwater drum X X
I Data from the minois Natural History Survey Fish Collection. , Bold type indicates an Illinois endangered (SE) species. 3 '" = non-native species, # = common species. 'Total number of species =71 (70 native, 1 introduced).
Table 20. Freshwater fishes recored from the Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area, by habitat',
FAMILY Common Streams Standing Water Scientific Name'·'·' Name Riffles Runs Pools Littoral Open Water
LEPISOSTEIDAE Lepisosteus osseus longnose gar X Lepisosteus platostomus shortnose gar X X X ANGUILLIDAE Anguilla rostrata American eel X X CLUPEIDAE Dorosoma cepedianum gizzard shad X X CYPRINIDAE Campostoma anomalum central stoneroller X X Cyprinella lutrensis# red shiner X X Cyprinella spiloptera spotfin shiner X X Cyprinella whipplei steelcolor shiner X X Cyprinus carpio* common carp X X Ericymba buccata silverjaw minnow X X Hybognathus nuchalis Mississippi silvery minnow. X X Hybopsis amnis • SE pallid shiner X Luxilus chrysocephalus# striped shiner X X Lythrurus umbratilis redfin shiner X X Nocomis biguttatus hornyhead chub X X Notemigonus crysoleucas golden shiner X X X Notropis dorsalis bigmouth shiner X X Notropis heterolepis • SE blacknose shiner X Notropis ludibundus# sand shiner X X Phenacobius mirabilis suckermouth minnow X X
109
-~---~~ Table 20. Continued.
FAMILY Common Streams Standing Water Scientific Name'"'' Name Riffles Runs Pools Littoral Open Water
Pimepha/es notatus# bluntnose minnow X X Pimepha/es prome/as fathead minnow X Pimepha/es vigilax bullhead minnow X X Semotilus atromaculatus creek chub X CATOSTOMIDAE Carpiodes carpio river carpsucker X X Carpiodes cyprinus quillback X X Carpiodes ve/ifer highfin carpsucker X X Catostomus commersoni# white sucker X X Erimyzon ob/ongus creek chubsucker X X Hypenrelium nigricans northern hog sucker X X lctiobus buba/us smallmouth buffalo X lctiobus cyprinellus bigmouth buffalo X lctiobus niger black buffalo X Moxostoma anisurum silver redhorse X X Moxostoma erythrurum golden redhorse X X Moxostoma macro/epidotum shorthead redhorse X X ICTALURIDAE Ameiurus me/as black bullhead X X Ameiurus natalis yellow bullhead X X lcta/urus punctatus channel catfish· X X X Noturus flavus stonecat X Noturus gyrinus tadpole madtom X X Noturus noctumus freckled madtom X X Py/odictis olivaris flathead catfish X X ESOCIDAE Esox americanus grass pickerel X X APHREDODERIDAE Aphredoderus sayanus pirate perch X ATHERINIDAE Labidesthes siccu/us brook silverside X X X FUNDULIDAE Fundu/us notatus blackstripe topminnow X MORONIDAE Morone mississippiensis yellow bass X X CENTRARCHIDAE Ambloplites rupestris rock bass X Lepomis cyanellus# green sunfish X X Lepomis gu/osus warmouth X X Lepomis humilis orangespotted sunfish X Lepomis macrochirus# bluegill X X Lepomis mega/otis longear sunfish X Lepomis micr%phus redear sunfish X X Micropterus d%mieu smallmouth bass X X X
110
II. Table 20. Continued.
FAMILY Common Streams Standing Water Scientific Name'·'" Name Riffles Runs Pools Littoral Open Water
Micropterus salmoides largemouth bass X X X Pomoxis annularis#' white crappie X X X Pomoxis nigromaculatus black crappie X X X PERCIDAE Etheostoma asprigene mud darter X X Etheostoma chlorosomum bluntnose darter X X Etheostoma flabellare fantail darter X Etheostoma gracile slough darter X X Etheostoma nigrum# johnny darter X X Etheostoma spectabile orangethroat darter X X Etheostoma zonale banded darter X Percina caprodes logperch X X Percina maculata blackside darter X Percina phoxocephala# slenderhead darter X X Stizostedion vitreum walleye X SCIAENIDAE Aplodinotus grunniens freshwater drum X
I Data from the Illinois Natural History Survey Fish Collection. , Bold type indicates an Illinois endangered (SE) species. 3 * = non-native species, # = common species. • Total number of species = 71 (70 native, 1 introduced).
Table 21. Freshwater mussels recorded from the Upper Sangamon River Assessment Areal.
ORDER Subfamily Common Headwatersl Small Med.& Standing Scientific Name'.3·4 Name Creeks Rivers Lg. Rivers Water
UNIONIDAE Anodontinae Alasmidonta marginata elktoe X X Alasmidonta viridis • SE slippersheIJ mussel X X Anodonta suborbiculata flat floater X Anodontoides ferussacianus cylindrical papershellX X X Arcidens confragosus rock-pocketbook X Lasmigona complanata# white heelsplitter X X X X Lasmigona compressa creek heelsplitter X X Lasmigona costata flutedshell X X Pyganodon grandis giant floater X X X X Simpsonaias ambiglUl - SE salamander mussel X X Strophitus undulatus squawfoot X X X Utterbackia imbecillis paper pondshell X X X
111 Table 21. Continued.
ORDER Subfamily Common Headwatersl Small Med.& Standing Scientifi;c Name2J,' Name Creeks Rivers Lg, Rivers Water
Ambleminae Amblema plicata# threeridge X X Elliptio dilatato • ST spike X X Fusconaia jlava Wabash pigtoe X X Pleurobema sintoxia round pigtoe X X Quadrula metanevra monkeyface X Quad'rula pustulosa# pimpleback X X .Quadrulatquadrula mapleleaf X X Tritogonia verrucosa pistolgrip X X Uniomerus tetralasmus pondhom X X X Lampsilinae Act/nona/as ligamentilia mucket X X Lampsilis cardium# plain pocketbook X X Lampsilis siliquoidea fatmucket X X X Lampsilis teres yellow sandshell X X Leptodea frag ilis# fragile papershell X X Ligumia subrostrata pondmussel X X Potami/us aLatus pink heelsplitter X X Potami/us ohiensis pink papershell X X Toxolasma parvus lilIiput X X X X Trunci/La donaciformis fawnsfoot X Trunci/La truncata deertoe X Venustaconcha ellipsiformis ellipse X X Villosa lienosa • SE little spectaclecase X X CORBICULIDAE Corbicula fluminea * Asian clam X X X X
\ Data from the Illinois Natural History Survey Mollusk Collection, 2 Bold type indicates an Illinois endangered (SE) or Illinois threatened (ST) species. 3 * = non-native species, # = common species. • Total number of species = 35 (34 native. I introduced).
Table 22. Freshwater mussels recorded from the Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area, by habitat.\
FAMILY Standing Water Subfamily Common Streams Littoral Zone Scientific Name 2,3,' Name Riffles Runs Pools
UNIONlDAE Anodontinae Alasmidonta marg/nata elktoe X X Alasmidonta viridis· SE slippershell mussel X X
112 Table 22. Continued.
FAMILY Subfamily Common Streams Standing Water Scientific Name 2.3.' Name Riffles Runs Pools Littoral Zone
Anodonta suborbiculata flat floater X X Anodontoides ferussacianus cylindrical papershell X X X Arcidens conjragosus rock-pocketbook X X Lasmigona complanata# white heelsplitter X X X Lasmigona compressa creek heelsplitter X X Lasmigona costata flutedshell X X Pyganodon grandis giant floater X X X Simpsonaias ambigua • SE salamander mussel X X Strophitus undulatus squawfoot X X X Utterbackia imbecil/is paper pondshell X X X Ambleminae Amblema plicata# threeridge X X X Elliptio dilatata • ST spike X X Fusconaia jlava Wabash pigtoe X X Pleurobema sintoxia round pigtoe X X Quadrula metanevra monkeyface X X Quadrula pustulosa# pimpleback X X Quadrulatquadrula mapleleaf X X X Tritogonia verrucosa pistolgrip X X Uniomerus tetraiasmus pondhom X X X Lampsilinae Actinonaias ligamentina mucket X X Lampsi/is cardium# plain pocketbook X X X Lampsilis siliquoidea fatmucket X X X X Lampsi/is teres yellow sandshell X X Leptodea jragi/is# fragile papershell X X X Ligumia subrostrata pondmussel X X X X Potami/us alatus pink heelsplitter X X X Potami/us ohiensis pink papershell X X X Toxolasma parvus lilliput X X X X Truncilla donaciformis . fawnsfoot X X Truncilla truncata deertoe X X Venustaconcha el/ipsijormis ellipse X X Villosa lienosa • SE little spectaclecase X X CORBICULIDAE Corbicula jluminea * Asian clam X X X X
I Data from the Illinois Natural History Survey Mollusk Collection. 2 Bold type indicates an Illinois endangered (SE) or Illinois threatened (ST) species. 3-* = non·native species. # = common species. • Total number of species = 35 (34 native, I introduced).
113 Table 23. Freshwater crustaceans recorded from the Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area .'
ORDER Family Small Med. & Standing Scientific Name" 3 Common Name Headwaters Creeks Rivers Lg. Rivers Water
ISOPODA (Isopods) Asellidae Caecidotea intermedia# X X X X X Caecidotea kendeighi X Lirceus sp. X X AMPHIPODA (Amphipods) Crangonyctidae Bactrurus mucronatus X Crangonyx minor X Crangonyx pseudogracilis X DECAPODA (Crayfishes & shrimps) Cambaridae Procambarus acutus White River crawfish X X X X Procambarus gracilis prairie crayfish burrower Orconectes immunis calico crayfish X X X X X Orconectes propinquus clearwater crayfish X X X Orconectes virilis# virile crayfish X X X X Fallicambarus fodiens burrower Cambarus diogenes devil crawfish burrower
, Data from the Illinois Natural History Survey Crustacean Collection. 2 # = common species. 3 Total number of species = 13.
Table 24. Freshwater crustaceans recorded from the Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area, by habitat' .
ORDER Fainily Streams Standing Water Littoral Open Water Scientific Name" 3 Riffles Runs Pools
ISOPODA (Isopods) Asellidae Caecidotea intermedia# X X X Caecidotea kendeighi X Lirceus sp. X X AMPHIPODA (Amphipods) . Crangonyctidae Bactrurus mucronatus X Crangonyx minor X Crangonyx pseut!0gracilis X
114
I~ Table 24. Continued.
ORDER Family Streams Standing Water Scientific Name23 Common Name Riffles Runs Pools Littoral Open Water
DECAPODA (Crayfishes & shrimps) Cambaridae Procambarus acutus White River crawfish X X Procambarus gracilis prairie crayfish burrower I Orconectes immunis calico crayfish X X Orconectes propinquus clearwater crayfish X I Orconectes virilis# virile crayfish X X X FallicambarusJodiens burrower I Cambarus diogenes devil crawfish burrower
I Data from the Illinois Natural History Survey Crustacean Collection. 2 # = common species. 3 Total number of species = 13.
Table 25. Aquatic macroinvertebrates, exclusive of the Crustacea and unionid MoUusca, recorded for the Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area'.
Phylum CNIDARlA (Coelenterata) • Aeolosoma variegatum Class HYDROZOA· Hydrozoans Class BRANCmOBDELLAE • Crayfish Anthomedusae Worms Hydridae Brancbiobdellida Hydra sp. Cambarincolidae Phylum NEMATODA· Nematode Worms species indeterminate species indeterminate Class OLIGOCHAETA· Oligochaete Phylum NEMATOMORPHA • Horsehair Worms Worms Haplotaxida Parachordodidae Haplotaxidae Gordius sp. Haplotaxis gordioides Paragordius sp. Lumbriculida Phylum BRYOZOA· Moss Animacules Lumbriculidae Phylactolaemata species indeterminate· Plumatellidae Thbificida species indeterminate Enchytraeidae Phylum TURBELLARlA • Flatworms species indeterminate Tricladida Naididae Planariidae Chaetogaster diaphanus Dugesia tigrina Chaetogaster diastrophus Phylum ANNELIDA· Segmented Worms Chaetogaster limnaei Class APHANONEURA - Suction.Feeding Dero digitata Worms Dero nivea Aeolosomatida Nais bretscheri Aeolosomatidae Nais communis Aeolosoma hemprichi Nais elinguis
115 Table 25. Continued. Nais variabilis Baetiscidae Ophidonais serpentina Baetisca sp. Paranais[rici Caenidae Pristina aequiseta Caenis amica Pristina leidyi Caenis hilaris Pristina synclites Caenis latipennis Pristinella osborni Ephemeridae Slavina appendiculata Hexagenia bilineata Stylaria lacustris Hexagenia limbata Tubificidae Hexagenia rigida Aulodrilus pigueti Heptageniidae Branchiura sowerbyi Heptagenia diabasia llyodrilus templetoni Heptageniaflavescens Limnodrilus cervix Leucrocuta aphrodite Limnodrilus claparedianus Leucrocuta maculipennis Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri Stenacron interpunctatum Limnodrilus udekemianus Stenonema candidum Varichaetadrilus angustipenis Stenonema femoratum Lumbricidae Stenonema luteum Eisenia foetida Stenonema mexicanum integrum Class IDRUDINEA • Leeches Stenonema terminatum Rhynchobdellida Isonychiidae Glossiphoniidae lsonychia rufa Helobdella stagnalis Leptophlebiidae Helobdella triserialis Leptophlebia nebulosa Placobdella monti/era Paraleprophlebia praepedita Placobdella multilineata Polymitatcidae Placobdella ornata Ephoron leukon Placobdella parasitica Potamanthidae Gnathobdellida Anthopotamus myops Hirudinidae Anthopotamus verticis Haemopis marmorata Odonata - Damselflies and Dragonflies Haemopis terrestris Zygoptera • Damselflies Pharyngobdellida Calopterygidae ErpobdeIlidae Calopteryx maculata Erpobdella punctata Hetaerina americana Phylum ARTHROPODA· Arthropods Hetaerina titia Class ARACHNIDA .Coenagrionidae Hydrachnida - Aquatic Mites Amphiagrion mesonum . species indetenninate Anomalagrion hastaturn Class INSECTA· Insects Argia apicalis Ephemeroptera • Mayflies Argiajumipennis violacea Baetidae Argia moesta Acentrella ampla Argia tibialis Callibaetis ferrugineus Enallagma antennaturn Fallceon quilleri Enallagma aspersum Paracloeodes minutus Enallagma basidens Pseudocloeon sp. Enallagma civile
116 Table 25. Continued. Enal/agma divergans Sympetrum obtrusum Enal/agma exsulans Sympetrum rubicundulum Enal/agma geminatum Sympetrum semicinctum Enal/agma signatum Sympetrum vicinum Ischnura posita Tramea carolina Ischnura verticalis Tramea lacerata Lestidae Tramea onusta Archilestes grandis Macromyiidae Lestes disjunctus Didymops transversa Lestes dryas Macromia georgina Lestes forcipatus Plecoptera - Stoneflies Lestes rectangularis Capniidae Lestes unguiculatus Allocapnia granulata Anisoptera - Dragonflies Allocapnia vivipara Aeshnidae Perlidae Aeshna constricta Agnetina capitata Aeshna umbrosa Perlesta decipiens Anaxjunius Perlesta placida· Boyeria vinosa Perlinella drymo Epiaeschna heros Perlodidae Nasiaeschna pentacantha Isoperla bilineata Corduliidae Taeniopterygidae Epitheca princeps Taeniopteryx burksi Somatochlora sp. Taeniopteryx nivalis Gomphidae Heteroptera - True Bugs Gomphus externus Belosromidae Gomphus fraternus Belostoma flumineum Gomphus graslinel/us Belostoma lutarium Gomphus vastus Benacus griseus Hagenius brevistylus Lethocerus americanus ·Ophiogomphus repinsulensis Lethocerus uhleri Progomphus obscurus Corixidae - Water Boatmen Libellulidae Corisella edulis Celithemis elisa Hesperocorixa nitida Celithemis eponina Hesperocorixa obliqua Erythemis simplicicollis Hesperocorixa vulgaris Erythrodiplax connata minuscula .Palmocorixa buenoi Libel/ula luctuosa Palmocorixa gillettei Libel/ula lydia Ramphocorixa acuminata Libel/ula pulchel/a Sigara altemata Libellula semifasciata Sigara grossolineata Pachydiplax longipennis Sigara hubbelli Pantala flavescens Sigara modesta Pantala hymenaea Trichocorixa calva Perithemis tenera Trichocorixa kanza Sympetrum ambiguum Gelastocoridae Sympetrum corruptum Gelastocorus oculatus oculatus Sympetrum internum
117
,\ Table 25. Continued. Gerridae - Pond Skaters Coptotomus venustus AqlUlrius remigis Coptotomus lenticus Gerris argenticollis Coptotomus loticus Gerris buenoi Cybisterfimbriolatus Gerris insperatus Desmopachria convexa Gerris marginatus Graphoderes librus Limnoporus canaliculatus Hydroporus americanus Metrobates hesperius Hydroporus cf clypealis Rheumatobates palosi Hydroporus consimilus Rheumatobates tenuipes Hydroporus cf dixianus Trepobates knighti Hydroporus cf pulcher Trepobates subnitidus Hydroporus sericus Hydrometridae Hydroporus cf striatopunctatus Hydrometra martini Hydroporus cf undulatus Mesoveliidae - Water Treaders Hygrotus laccophilinus Mesovelia amoena Hygrotus nubilus Mesovelia mulsanti Laccophilus fasciatus Nepidae - Water Scorpions Laccophilus maculosus Ranatra australis Laccophilus proximus Ranatra buenoi Matus ovatus Ranatra fusca Thermonectes basilaris Ranatra nigra Thermonectes omaticollis Notonectidae - Backswimmers Uvarus lacustris Buenoa margaritacea Elmidae Buenoa scimitra Ancyronix variegatus Notonecta irrorata Dubiraphia bivittata Notonecta raleighi Dubiraphia minima Notonecta undulata Dubiraphia quadrinotata Pleidae Dubiraphia vittata Neoplea striola Macronychus glabratus Veliidae - Little Water Striders Stenelmis sexlineata Microvelia americana Stenelmis vittipennis Microvelia pulchella Gyrinidae Rhagovelia oriander Dineutes assimilis Coleoptera - Beetles Dineutes homi Carabidae Gyrinus analus Bembidion sp. Gyrinus marginellus Dryopidae Haliplidae ' Helicus fastigiatus Haliplus borealis Helicus lithophilus Haliplus ohiensis Helicus striatus Haliplus triopsis Dytiscidae Peltodytes duodecimpunctatus Acilius semisulcatus Peltodytes edentulus Agabedes sp. Peltodytes lengi Agabus semivittatus Peltodytes litoralis Celina angustata Peltodytes sexmaculatus Copelatus glyphicus Helodidae Copelatus chevrolati Elodes sp.
118 Table 25. Continued. Heteroceridae Cheumatopsyche lasia species indeterminate Cheumatopsyche pettiti Hydrophilidae . Hydropsyche betteni Berosus /lculeatus Hydropsyche bidens Berosus infuscatus Hydropsyche bifida Berosus pantherinus Hydropsyche cuanis Berosus peregrinus Hydropsyche incommoda Berosus striatus Hydropsyche orris Chaetanhria atra Hydropsyche simulans Cymbiodyta acuminata Potamyia flava Cymbiodyta blanchllrdi Hydroptilidae Cymbiodyta fimbriata Hydroptila ajax Cymbiodyta vindicata Hydroptila albicomis Dibolocelus ovatus Hydroptila angusta Enochrus ochraceus Hydroptila perdita Enochrus pygmaeus Hydroptila waubesiana Enochrus sayi Dchrotrichia tarsalis Helocombus bifidus Dxyethira pallida Helophorus lacustris Stactobiella palmata Helophorus linearis Leptoceridae Hydrobius fuseipes Ceraclea cancellata Hydrochllra obtusata Ceraclea tarsipunctata Hydrochus, neosquamifer Ceraclea transversa Hydrochus squamifer Nectopsyche candida Hydrophilus triangularis Nectopsyche pavida Laccobius agilis Oecetis cinerascens Paracymus confusus Decetis ditissa Paracymus subcupreus Decetis inconspicua Tropistemus blatchleyi blatchleyi Decetis persimilis Tropistemus blatchleyi modestus Phryganeidae Tropistemuscollaris striolatus Phryganea sayi Tropistemus glaber Polycentropodidae Tropistemus lateralis nimbatus Cymellus fratemus Tropistemus mexicanus striolatus Neureclipsis crepuscularis Tropistemus natator Diptera . Flies Scirtidae Ceratopogonidae Prionocyphon discoideus Ceratopogoninae Seines orbiculatus Bezzia setulosa Megaloptera Culicoides sanguisuga Sialidae Culicoides'stellifer Sialis velata Hanomyia antennalis Trichoptera . Caddisflies Hanomyia picta Brachycentridae Heteromyia plebeia Brachycentrus numerosus Johllnnsenomyia albibasis Glossosomatidae Johllnnsenomyia argentata Protoptila maculata Johannsenomyia hIllteralis Hydropsychidae Palpomyia subasper Cheumatopsyche campyla Probezzia elegans
119
IL ------:------
Table 25. Continued. Probezzia incerta Simuliidae Probezzia infuscata Simulium cf tuberosum Probezzia pallida Stratiomyidae Probezzia smithi Odontomyia sp. Chironomidae species indeterminate Tanypodinae Tabanidae Ablabesmyia mallochi Chrysops aberrans Conchapelopia rurika Chrysops callidus Larsia sp. Chrysops flavidus Labrundinia pi/osella Chrysops niger Procladius bellus Chrysops pikei Corynoneura sp. Chrysops sequax Orthocladinae Chrysops univillatus Cricotopus bicinctus Chrysops villa/US Hydrobaenus cf pilipes Hybomitra lasiophthalmis orthocladius albidohalteralis Tabanus atraluS Trichocladius nitidus Tabanus equalis Chironominae Tabanus lineola Cryptochironomus fulvus Tabanus quinquevillatus Glyptotendipes lobiferus Tabanus sackeni Lauterbomiella perpulcher Tabanus simi/is Polypedi/um convictum Tabanus subsimilis Polypedi/um fallax Tabanus trimaculatus Polypedilium halterale Tabanus venustus Polypedi/um sp. Phylum MOLLUSCA - Mollusks (not .Stenochironomus hi/aris including Unionidae) Tanytarsus sp. Gastropoda - Snails Thienemannimyia complex Ancylidae Tribelos jucundus Ferrissia sp. Xenochironomus festivus Laevapex fuscus Culicidae Limnaeidae Aedes sollicitans Fossaria sp. Aedes triseriatus Pseudosuccina columella Aedes trivittatus Stagnicola catascopium Aedes vexans Physidae Anopheles quadrimaculatus Physa sp. Anopheles punctipennis Physella sp. Culex apicalis Planorbidae Culex erraticus Gyraulus deflectus Culex pipiens Micromenetus di/a/atus Culex restuans Planorbella trivolvis Culiseta inornata Planorbella truncata Orlhopodomyia signifera Pelecypoda • Bivalve Mollusks Psorophora ferox Sphaeriidae Psorophora horrida species indeterminate
1 Data are from the Illinois Natural History Survey Insect and Annelida collections. and literature cited in this document. List compiled by MJ. Wetzel, D.W. Webb, and SJ. Taylor, Illinois Natural History Survey Center for Biodiversity.
120
,\ Threatened and Endangered Species
Fishes
State endangered fishes known from the Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area include the blacknose shiner, last observed in 1901, and the pallid shiner, last observed in 1928. The Mississippi silvery minnow is on the Illinois Watch List.
Blacknose shiner: In the late 1800s, the blacknose shiner occurred throughout much of northern and central Illinois and was present but highly localized in southern Illinois. Today, populations remain in Illinois only in the Kankakee, Fox, and Rock river basins in the northern part of the state. The habitat of the blacknose shiner is clear vegetated lakes and pools of creeks and small rivers and usually is found over sand. Its disappearance from much of Illinois is thought to be a result of the increasing turbidity and sedimentation associated with poor agricultural practices. As the aquatic vascular plants and sandy substrate required by this species are covered with silt and disappear, the blacknose shiner is unable to feed and reproduce.
Pallid shiner: In the late 1800s, the pallid shiner was statewide in distribution, although populations were highly localized in small to large rivers. The pallid shiner was found at three localities in the upper Sangamon in 1928 but has not been found in the drainage since then and appears to be extirpated. Elsewhere in Illinois, the pallid shiner survives only in the upper Mississippi River and the Kankakee River. The species requires clean water over rocky substrates and often is associated with aquatic vegetation.
The Mississippi silvery minnow, currently on the Illinois WatchList, also has disappeared from the upper Sangamon River basin but still occurs in the lower Sangamon basin. The Mississippi silvery minnow lives in clear water in creeks and small rivers and usually is found over. sand.
Mussels
One state threatened mussel (spike) and three state endangered mussels (slippershell mussel, salamander mussel, little spectaclecase) have been reported from this Assessment Area. A summary of the past occurrence of each threatened or endangered mussel in the area is given below. Data used in these summaries have been taken from Cummings and Mayer (1997), Schanzle and Cummings (1991), and the INHS Mollusk Collection database.
Spike: The state threatened spike was historically found near Mahomet, Fisher (both in Champaign County), and Cisco (in Piatt County). In a 1988 survey of the Sangamon River it was found alive only near Fisher (Schanzle and Cummings, 1991).
121 Slippershell mussel: The state endangered s1ippershell was historically found near Gibson City (Champaign County), Arrowsmith, Saybrook (both McLean County) and Cisco (Piatt County). Recent live records exist for the Sangamon River near Saybrook (1988) and Arrowsmith (1987).
Salamander mussel: In 1991, a single weathered dead valve of this species was found in the Sangamon River at the 1-74 bridge. Although no live salamander mussels have ever been collected in this area, the shell of this species is very fragile and it may not persist very long after death. It is possible that this mussel may still exist in the upper part of the drainage.
Little spectaclecase: A single specimen of the little spectaclecase is known from the Sangamon River above Mahomet, Champaign County (1929). This is the only record of this species outside of the Wabash River drainage in Illinois and it is most likely extirpated . . from the Sangamon River drainage.
Fourteen species of crustaceans are known from this region (Tables 23 and 24). None is considered threatened or endangered.
Non-native Species
The common carp is found throughout Illinois. It can be found in almost any type of habitat but prefers warm sluggish waters of streams and lakes and is very tolerant of high turbidity and low oxygen levels. Native to Eurasia, the common carp has been present in Illinois since the earliest surveys, making its effect on native species difficult to determine. The species tends to destroy vegetation and increase water turbidity by dislodging plants and rooting around in the substrate, causing a deterioration of habitat for species requiring vegetation and clear water. The common carp attains a large size and has become an important commercial food species in Illinois; however, it may have done so at the expense of ecologically similar native species such.as carpsuckers and buffalos. It was distributed throughout Illinois by the time of Forbes and Richardson's (1908) survey of Illinois fishes and was described as abundant in all parts of the state by Smith (1979). Itremains common in most areas of Illinois, including the Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area.
The Asian clam is present but relatively uncommon in the Assessment Area. Effects of the Asian clam on native species and communities are difficult to measure, but some studies have suggested that the Asian clam may compete with native mussels for food.
In 1995, a specimen of the Chinese mystery snail, a newly discovered exotic mollusk in lllinois, was collected in a borrow pit near Cisco in Piatt County. This exotic snail has been showing up in various parts of Illinois in recent years and seems to be spreading. Its effect on native snails or other biota are unknown.
Of the aquatic macroinvertebrate taxa known or thought likely to occur in the USRAA, none other than one aquatic worm species is thought to have been introduced. Branchiura
122 sowerbyi (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Tubificidae) was first reported in the USA from a lake in Ohio in 1932, most likely introduced to the continent with imported aquatic and semiaquatic plants or other aquatic organisms. Originally thought to be restricted to thermally influenced habitats, B. sowerbyi is now commonly collected from a variety of stream and lake systems. This species is widespread throughout North America and Europe, and has been recorded from all continents except Antarctica. Branchiura sowerbyi does not appear to pose any threat to native populations of aquatic macroinvertebrates.
Information Gaps
The Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area has been well studied with respect to fishes, mussels, and crayfishes. However, additional survey work in the smaller tributaries would better define the limits of some of the species, and possibly uncover additional populations of state endangered and other rare species.
Although there have been some historical as well as recent faunal studies conducted on the aquatic macroinvertebrates occurring in Illinois (e.g., Coleoptera [beetles] [Wooldridge 1967], Ephemeroptera [mayflies] [Burks 1953], Plecoptera [stoneflies] [Frison 1935], Trichoptera [caddisflies] [Ross 1944], Hemiptera [true bugs] [Lauck 1959], Diptera [flies] [Malloch 1915 a, b; Ross 1947; Ross and Horsfall 1965; Pechuman et al. 1983], and Annelida [segmented worms] [Wetzel 1992]), the major groups of aquatic macroinvertebrates known to occur in the USRAA have not been as well studied as fishes, mussels, and crustaceans.
The studies of Tucker and Ettinger (1975) and Wetzel et al. (1991) focused on the South Fork of the Sangamon River, and its tributaries, just downstream of the USRAA basin. There are extensive historical and recent collections of aquatic macroinvertebrates in the permanent Illinois Natural History Survey Collections; much of this information, however, is not easily retrievable because either specimens have not yet been identified or the identified material has not yet been incorporated into a searchable database. Once specimens have been identified and incorporated into a database, comparisons between historical material and that obtained more recently could be made to evaluate changes in . distribution and abundance. Moreover, long-term monitoring of selected groups of aquatic macroinvertebrates in habitats throughout the state, particularly in headwater streams and, to a lesser extent, in small ponds, lakes, and wetland areas, would provide needed information on population trends and habitat associations.
Long-term population monitoring of selected species and communities is needed throughout the state to provide information on trends in biological resources and on the success of various management strategies. Mark-recapture studies also are badly needed to understand normal movements of fishes and other aquatic organisms and, hence, to provide baseline data for interpreting the impacts of environmental alterations and management strategies.
123
,~ Water Quality
The Illinois Water Quality Report (Illinois Environmental Protection Agency 1996) divided the Sangamon River into three segments, two of which are included in this Assessment Area: the middle Sangamon between South Fork and Lake Decatur and the upper Sangamon above Lake Decatur. The middle Sangamon River has improved due to a new sewage treatment plant at Decatur that has reduced point source impacts. Stream channelization, agricultural runoff, and point source discharges contributed to a "Partial SupportlMinor Impairment" (water quality has been impaired, but only to a minor degree) rating for 38.6 miles in the middle Sangamon. Urban runoff and combined sewer overflows gave a "Partial SupportlModerate Impairment" (water quality conditions are impaired to a greater degree inhibiting the waterbody from meeting all the needs for that designated use) rating to 3.7 miles in this segment. The upper Sangamon River was rated as "Partial SupportlMinor Impairment" because of elevated levels of nutrients and siltation caused by considerable agricultural nonpoint runoff and several small municipal wastewater treatment facilities. Most of the rated tributaries in the upper Sangamon River were rated as "Full Support" (water quality meets the needs of all designated uses protected by applicable water quality standards) .
The Biological Stream Characterization (Bertrand et aI. 1996) rated Drummer and Goose creeks as "A" Streams (Unique Aquatic Resource). Tributaries to the Sangamon rated as "B" Streams (Highly Valued Aquatic Resource) included Big Ditch from the mouth to a road in T21N, R8E, sec. 17, Friends Creek, unnamed tributary to Goose Creek, Lone Tree Creek from the mouth to a tributary in T22N, R7E, sec. 18SE, West Branch Drummer Creek, and Wildcat Slough. The Sangamon River upstream of Owl Creek at Fisher was rated as a "B" Stream, downstream it was rated as a "C" Stream (Moderate Aquatic Resource).Camp Creek upstream of road in T I9N, R7E, sec. 20 and Dickerson Slough were rated as "D" Streams (Limited Aquatic Resource). The remaining tributaries in the Assessment Area were rated as "C" Streams or not rated.
Smith (197 I) gave the Sangamon River a variable rating. The headwaters of the Sangamon River were rated as "Good" and other areas of the Sangamon are rated as "Fair." Problems included siltation, impoundments, dredging, and pollution from industrial, agricultural, and domestic sources.
Biologically Significant Streams
Four areas in the Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area were recognized as Biologicillly Significant Streams (Page et aI. 1992) because of the presence of endangered species and high mussel and/or fish diversity. These streams provide the best opportunities in the basin for the protection of large numbers of native species.
1. Sangamon River; from its source in McLean County to PiattIMacon county line. Within this stretch the Sangamon River varies from a large creek (width 4-6 feet) to a small river
124 (width 35-50 feet). Stream habitats include sand and mud bars, rapids, riffles, and fairly deep pools. Filamentous algae is the dominant aquatic vegetation. The substrate consists of sand, gravel, and cobble. In some areas silt is mixed with the sand and muck is found along the shore. Riparian vegetation varies from a narrow zone of dense weedy vegetation in the upper reaches to flood plain woodlands in Champaign and Piatt counties. Lodge Park, Lake of the Woods County Forest Preserves, and Allerton Park Natural Areaare located along this stretch of the Sangamon. A high diversity of mussels is present including the endangered slippershell.
2. Lone Tree Creek, Champaign County. This creek is a natural, medium-sized stream (10-15 feet wide) with medium turbidity. Depth ranges to five feet. The substrate consists of sand with some gravel and cobble. The stream has a narrow riparian zone consisting of . grasses and forbs which soon give way to row crop agriculture. A high diversity of mussels is present.
3. Drummer Creek, Ford/Champaign County. This stream was rated as a Class "A" Stream by Bertrand et al. (1996) in the Biological Stream Characterization Report. No data on stream characteristics are available for this site.
4. Goose Creek, Piatt County. This stream was rated as a Class "A" Stream by Bertrand et al. (1996) in the Biological Stream Characterization Report. No data on stream characteristics are available for this site.
Environmental Problems
Stream ecosystems are fragmented by landscape changes that render stream habitats unsuitable for aquatic organisms and by in-stream modifications that eliminate stream habitats: Smith (1971) ranked the causes of extirpation or declines in fish species in Illinois as follows: siltation (as the primary factor responsible for the loss of 2, and decimation of 14, species), drainage 'of bottomland lakes, swamps, and prairie marshes (0, 13), desiccation during drought (0, 12), species introductions (2, 7), pollution (2, 5), impoundments (0, 4), and increased water temperatures (0, 1). All of these factors render habitats unsuitable for many aquatic species throughout Illinois and lead to extirpations.
Streams in Illinois naturally have wooded floodplains that are extremely important in maintaining a healthy aquatic environment. The vegetation on a floodplain shades the stream and keeps it from becoming excessively hot during the summer, stabilizes the . streambank and reduces erosion, and acts as a filter that removes topsoil and pesticides which would otherwise reach the stream as water drains from croplands. During periods of high water, vegetated floodplains provide feeding and spawning areas for many species of aquatic organisms and nurseries for developing larvae. When floodplains are converted to crop production as they have been throughout much of Illinois, they no longer provide these benefits to aquatic organisms.
125 Another major landscape change that has negatively impacted streams has been the tiling· of land for agriculture. Land that once drained slowly drains quickly once it is tiled. Rapid drainage of land increases the pulse of a flood and increases the intensity and duration of low-flow once the water has moved downstream. These artificially extreme fluctuations in water levels SUbject stream organisms to environmental conditions to which they are not adapted and can lead to the extirpation of populations.
Siltation, increased water temperatures, and desiccation follow the removal of riparian vegetation and the tiling of fields as land is prepared for agriculture. The excessive siltation associated with the removal of floodplain vegetation is among the most damaging forms of.stream pollution. The clean rock and gravel substrates that are normally characteristic of riffles and other stream habitats with fast-flowing water provide living space for many species of aquatic insects and other invertebrates and important spawning habitat for many species of fishes. The deposition of silt covers the rocks, leaving no place for small organisms to hide or for fishes to hide their eggs. Silt can also cover the leaves of aquatic plants and, if sufficient to prevent gas exchange or photosynthesis, will cause the plants to die. The reduction of plant life in a stream has a cascading negative impact on the stream ecosystem. Many animals, in particular insect larvae and fishes, use the plants as places to hide and forage. Some fishes use plants to hide from predators, others use plants as sites from which to ambush prey. As plants are eliminated, populations of insects and fishes are reduced or eliminated because they have fewer places to live.
The impact of increased water temperatures resulting from the loss of riparian vegetation and reduced water flow during warm seasons is difficult to separate from the effects of siltation and other factors that occur concomitantly. However, throughout IllinOis, increased water temperatures per se are probably especially harmful to cool-water species such as northern pike and species dependent on springs and spring-fed streaQ1s, such as the southern redbelly dace and many species of amphipods, isopods, arid crayfishes.
Stream desiccation is thought to be primarily an effect of the artificially extreme fluctuations in water levels that follow tiling of fields for agriculture. The rapid drainage of surrounding land increases the intensity and prolongs the duration of low-flow once the water has moved downstream. A drought that historically would have had the impact of decreasing the flow in a stream can now lead to a dry stream bed.
Floodplains of large rivers riormally have low areas that fill with water during floods and survive year-round as shallow lakes. These lakes provide primary habitat for a wide variety of plants and animals, and because they naturally have luxuriant plant growth, they are important feeding areas for waterfowl, and they provide spawning areas, nurseries for larvae, and overwintering refugia for fishes. Unfortunately, most of the bottomland lakes in TIlinois have been drained to create cropland, and those that remain have become shallow and barren because of the tremendous silt loads deposited in them each year during periods of high water. The shallow muddy lakes no longer support the plant life that was fundamental to successful completion of the life cycles of many aquatic species.
126 The impacts of introduced fishes include competition, predation, inhibition of reproduction, environmental modification, transfer of parasites and diseases, and hybridization. Freshwater mussels and crayfishes have been seriously impacted in Illinois in recent decades by non-native invaders, most notably the zebra. mussel and. the rusty crayfish. Nalepa (1994) documented the severe decline in native mussels due to the invasion of zebra mussels in Lake St. Clair over a six-year period. He found that mussel densities declined from 2.4/m2 in 1986 to O/m2 in 1992 in areas heavily infested with zebra mussels. The rusty crayfish, introduced through its use as fishing bait, is rapidly spreading through Illinois and displacing native crayfishes (Taylor and Redmer 1996).
Point sources of pollution include industrial wastes and domestic sewage. In Illinois, considerable progress has been made in identifying and eliminating point sources of pollution, and water quality has improved as a result. Nonpoint sources are now a larger problem than are point sources and include siltation and agricultural pesticides that reach streams following the removal of floodplain vegetation.
Impounding a stream converts it into a standing body of water that lacks the riffles, runs, pools, and other habitats that stream-inhabiting organisms require. When a stream is dammed, most native species are eliminated from the inundated area, and upstream and downstream populations become isolated from one another. Dams block migrations of fishes that in many species are necessary for reproduction. The loss of migratory fishes from a stream ecosystem can lead to the loss of mussels using the migratory fishes as glochidial hosts.
Channelization is the straightening of a stream to enhance drainage of the surrounding land. The straightening converts the diversity of habitats in a stream to one continuous straight channel that supports few species. Because of their sedentary nature mussels are particularly susceptible to the effects of channelization.
Potential Management Strategies for Aquatic Species
Management strategies for aquatic ecosystems must consider each watershed on an individual basis. Attempting to ~orrect problems locally without consideration of upstream activities and downstream implications will result in partial, and probably temporary, improvement.
Correction of some factors that have led to stream habitat fragmentation in past decades is relatively easy. Important initiatives include building sewage treatment plants and avoiding the construction of mainstream impoundments when possible. Other initiatives, such as stopping the removal of riparian vegetation, cessation of stream channelization, and the drainage of bottomland lakes, require more public education and governmental action including, perhaps providing better incentives to landowners. Assuming that pollution will be held at current levels or reduced, nothing will be more beneficial to the biota of Illinois streams than to have natural riparian vegetation restored. Siltation,
127 desiccation, and higher than nonnaJ temperatures would all be reduced to acceptable levels if streams were lined with native plants that shaded the stream, stabilized the banks, and filtered sediment and chemicals from runoff before they reached the stream.
Most introductions of non-native fishes have been done in an effort to improve sport or commercial fishing, and usually governmental agencies have been responsible for the introductions. We now Know that non-native species alter ecosystems, ana the long-tenn effect of any introduction is likely to be negative rather than an improvement.
Given the opportunity, streams will restore themselves and, often, the best approach to restoration may be to encourage restoration of the native vegetation of the drainage basin, in particular the riparian zone, correct any additional existing pollution problems, and let the stream return to natural conditions. In some instances additional measures, such as reintroducing extirpated species, may be advisable.
128 References
Introduction
Abrams, M.D. 1992. Fire and the development of oak forests. BioScience 42: 346-353. Anderson, RC. 1970. Prairies in the prairie state. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science 63: 214-221. Anderson RC. 1990. The historic role of fire in North American grassland. Pages 8-18 in: S.L. Collins and L.L. Wallace. editors, Fire in North American tallgrass prairies. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman Anderson, RC. 1991b. The presettlement forests of Illinois. Pages 9-19 in: G.v. Burger, J.E. Ebinger, and G.S. Wilhelm. editors, Proceedings of the Oak Woods Man agement Workshop. Eastern Illinois University, Charleston. Axelrod, D. 1985. Rise of the grassland biome, central North America. Botanical Review 51: 163-201. Bertrand, W.A., RL. Hite, and D.M. Day. 1995. Biological Stream Characterization (BSC): Biological Assessment of Illinois Stream Quality through 1993. lllinois . Environmental Protection Agency Report No. IEPAlBOw'96-058. December 1996. 40 pages + map. Bier, J.A. 1980. Landforms oflllinois. Map. Illinois State Geological Survey, Urbana. Collins, S.L. and DJ. Gibson. 1990. Effects of fire on community structure in tallgrass and mixed-grass prairie. Pages 81-98 in: S.L. Collins and L.L. Wallace, editors. Fire in Tallgrass Prairie Ecosystems. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. Damhoureyeh, S.A. and D.C. Hartnett. 1997. Effects of bison and cattle on growth', reproduction, and abundance of five tallgrass prairie forbs. American Journal of Botany 84: 1719-1728. Fehrenbacher, J.B., J.D. Alexander, I.J. Jansen, RA. Pope, M.A. Flock, W.P. Andrews, LJ. Bushue. J.W. Scott, and E.E. Voss. 1982. General soil map of Illinois. Agricultural Experiment Station, College of Agriculture. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in cooperation with the Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Gleason, H.A. 1913. The relation of forest distribution and prairie fires in the Middle West. Torryea 13: 173-181. Havera, S.P. and L.B. Suloway. 1994. Wetlands. Pages 87-152 in: Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources. The Changing Illinois Environment: Critical Trends. Technical Report of the Critical Trends Assessment Project. Vol. 3: Ecological Resources. Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources, Springfield. ILENRI RE-EA-94/05. Havera, S.P., L.B. Suloway, and J.E. Hoffman. 1997. Wetlands in the Midwest with special reference to lllinois. Pages 88-104 406 in: M.W. Schwartz. editor, Conservation in Chronically Fragmented Landscapes. Chapman and Hall, New York.
129
,~ TIlinois Department of Natural Resources. 1998. Biological and Conservation Database System (BCD), Division of Natural Heritage, Office of Resource Conservation, Illinois Department of Natural Resources. lllinois Department of Natural Resources. 1998. Upper Sangamon River Area Assessment, Volume 2: Water resources. Illinois Department of Natural Resources. Springfield, IL. Illinois Geographic Information System. Digital Data at the Illinois Natural History Survey. Iverson, L.R. and M. Joselyn. 1990. Forest cover in lllinois 1820-1980. Illinois Natural History, Champaign. Map. Iverson, L.R., RL. Oliver, D.P. Tucker, P.G. Risser, C.D. Burnett, and RG. Rayburn. 1989. Forest resources of Illinois: an atlas and analysis of spatial and temporal trends. Illinois Natural History Survey Special Publication No. II. vii + 181 pages + map: Larimore, RW. and P.B. Bayley. 1996. The fishes of Champaign County, Illinois, during a century of alterations of a prairie ecosystem. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin 35(2): 53-183. Lineback, J.A. 1979. Quaternary deposits of Illinois (map). Illinois State Geologic Survey, Urbana. McClain, W.E. and S.L. Elzinga. 1994. The occurrence of prairie and forest fires in Illinois and other Midwestern states, 1694 to 1854. Erigenia 13: 79-90. McFall, D. and J. Karnes, editors. 1995. A Directory of Illinois Nature Preserves. Volume 2· Northwestern, Central, and Southern Illinois. Dlinois Department of Natural Resources, Springfield. iv + 321 pages. Miller, J.A. 1973. Quaternary history of the Sangamon river drainage system, central Illinois. Illinois State Museum, Reports of Investig~tionsNo. 27. Springfield. vii + 36 pages. Mount, H.R. 1982. Soil survey of Champaign County, Illinois. U.S.D.A. Soil Conservation Service and Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, Urbana. vii + 178 pages + 146 maps. Nuzzo, v.A. 1986. Extent and status of Midwest oak savanna: presettlement and 1985. Natural Areas Journal 6(2): 6-36. Page, L.M., K.S. Cummings, C.A. Mayer, S.L. Post, and M.E. Retzer. 1992. Biologically significant Illinois streams. An evaluation of the streams of lllinois based on aquatic biodiversity. Final report prepared for the Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources and the Illinois Department of Conservation. Illinois Natural History Survey, Center for Biodiversity Technical Report. 1992(1a): v.+ 485 p. Robertson, K.R, R.C. Anderson, and M.W. Schwartz. 1997. The taligrass prairie mosaic. Pages 55-87 in: M.W. Schwartz, editor, Conservation in Chronically Fragmented Landscapes. Chapman and Hall, New York. Rodgers, C.S. and R.c. Anderson. 1978. Presettlement vegetation of two Prairie Peninsula counties. Botanical Gazette 140: 232-240. Schwegman, J.E. 1973. Comprehensive plan for the Illinois Nature Preserves System. Part 2. The natural divisions of Illinois. Illinois Nature Preserves Commission, Rockford. 32 pages. + map. Suloway, L. and M. HUbbell. 1994. Wetland resources of Illinois: an analysis and atlas. Illinois Natural History Survey Special Publication IS. 88 pp.
130
------_._---_. Taft, J.B. 1997. Savannas and open-woodlands communities. Pages 24-54 in: M.W. Schwartz, editor, Conservation in Chronically Fragmented Landscapes. Chapman & Hall, New York. Taft, J.B., M.W. Schwartz, and L.R. Phillippe. 1995. Vegetation ecology of flatwoods on . the Illinoian till plain. Journal of Vegetation Science 6: 647-666. White, J. 1978. Illinois natural areas inventory technical report. Volume 1: Survey methods and results. Illinois NatiJral Areas Inventory, Urbana. xix + 426 pages. White, J. and M.H. Madany. 1978. Classification of natural communities in lllinois. Pages 310-405 (Appendix 30) in: J. White, Illinois natural areas inventory technical report. Volume 1: Survey methods and results. Illinois Natural Areas Inventory, Urbana. Willman, H.B., E. Atherton, T.C. Bushback, e. Collinson, J.e. Frye, M.E. Hopkins, J.A Lineback, and J.A. Simon. 1975. Handbook of Illinois stratigraphy. Illinois State Geological Survey Bulletin 95.261 pages. Willman, H.B. and J.e. Frye. 1970. Woodfordian moraines. Map. Illinois State Geological Survey, Urbana. Vestal, AG. 1931a. A preliminary vegetation map of Illinois. lllinois State Academy of Science Transactions 23: 204-217. Vestal, AG. 1931 b. Strategic habitats and communities in Illinois. Illinois State Academy of Science Transactions 24: 80-85.
Natural Vegetation Communities
Abrams, M.D. 1992. Fire and the development of oak forests. BioScience 42: 346- 353. Adams, D.E. and Re. Anderson. 1980. Species response to a moisture gradient in central Illinois forests. American Journal of Botany 67: 381-392. Admiraal, AN., MJ. Morris, T.C. Brooks, J.w. Olson, and M.V. Miller. 1997. Illinois wetland restoration and creation guide. Illinois Natural History Survey Special PUblication No. 19. Champaign. vi + 188 pages. Anderson, R.C. 1970. Prairies in the prairie state. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science 63: 214-221. Anderson, Re. 1972. Prairie history, management, and restoration. Pages 15-21 in: J. Zimmerman, editor. Proceedings of the Second Midwestern Prairie Conference, Madison, Wisconsin. Anderson, R.C. 1982. An evolutionary model summarizing the roles of fire, climate, and grazing animals in the origin and maintenance of grasslands: an end paper. Pages 297 308 in: J.R. Estes, RJ. Tyrl, and J.N. Brunken, editors, Grasses and grasslands: . systematics and ecology, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. Anderson R.C. 1990. The historic role of fire in North American grassland. Pages 8- 18 in: S. L. Collins and L.L. Wallace, editors, Fire in North American tallgrass prairies. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman Anderson, Re. 1991a. lllinois prairies: a historical perspective. Pages 384-391 in: L.M. Page and M.R Jeffords. editors. Our living heritage: the biological resources of Illinois. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin 34(4).
131 ------
Anderson, RC. 1991b. The presettlement forests of Illinois. Pages 9-19 in: G.Y. Burger, J.E. Ebinger, and G.S. Wilhelm, editors, Proceedings of the Oak Woods Management Workshop. Eastern Illinois University, Charleston. . Anderson, RC. 1997. Native pests: the impact of deer in highly fragmented habitats. Pages 117-137 in: M.W. Schwartz, editor; Conservation in Chronically Fragmented Landscapes. Chapman and Hall, New York. Anderson, RC., E. Corbett, M.R Anderson, G. Corbett, and J. Nelson. 1995. Influence of deer browsing on prairie forbs. Pages 64-65 in: T.E. Rice, editor; Proceedings of the Fourth Central Illinois Prairie Conference. Grand Prairie Friends of Illinois in cooperation with Millikin University, Biology Department, and Macon County Conservation District, Urbana and Decatur. Apfelbaum, S. I. and A. W. Haney. 1991. Management of degraded oak savanna remnants in the upper Midwest: preliminary results from three years of study. Pages 81-89 in: G. V. Burger, J. E. Ebinger, and G. S. Wilhelm, editors, Proceedings of the Oak Woods Management Workshop. Eastern Illinois University, Charleston. Axelrod, D. 1985. Rise of the grassland biome, central North America. Botanical Review 51: 163-201. Bailey, L.w., RT. Odell, and W.R. Boggess. 1964. Properties of selected soils developed near the forest-prairie border in east-central Illinois. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 28: 257-263. Baskin, J.M., C.c. Baskin, P.D. Parr, and M. Cunningham. 1991. Seed germination ecology of the rare hemiparasite Tomanthera auriculata (Scrophulariaceae). Castanea 56: 51-58. Bell, D.T. 1974a. Studies on the ecology of a streamside forest: composition and distribution of vegetation beneath the tree canopy. Torrey Botanical Club Bulletin: 101: 14-20. Bell, D.T. I974b. Tree stratum composition and distribution in the streamside forest. American Midland Naturalist 92: 35-46. Bell, D.T. 1975. The streamside vegetation of the upper Sangamon River Valley. Pages 151-164 in: D.T. Bell and F.L. Johnson, editors, The Upper Sangamon River Basin: Final report for the Springer~Sangamon Environmental Research Program. University of Illinois, Department of Forestry, and Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, Urbana-Champaign. 405 pages. Bell, D.T., F.L. Johnson, and A.R Gilmore. 1978. Dynamics of litter fall, decomposition and incorporation in the streamside forest ecosystem. Oikos 30: 76-82. Bell, D.T. and S.K. Sipp. 1974. Gradient analysis of the streamside forest in the Hart Memorial Woods, Champaign County, Illinois. University of Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station Forest Research Report 74-5. 3 pages. Best, L.B. 1979. Effects of fire on a field sparrow population study area composed of grassland, shrub-grassland, and shrub-woodland. American Midland Naturalist 101: 434-442. Boggess, W.R. and J.w. Geis. 1967. Composition of an upland, streamside forest in Piatt County, Illinois. American Midland Naturalist 78: 89-97. I
I , 132 I
I h r
Bowles, M.J. 1983. The tallgrass prairie orchids Plata;uhera leucophaea (Nutt.) Lind!. and Cypripedium candidum Muh!. ex Willd.: some aspects of their status, biology, and ecology, and implications toward management. Natural Areas Journal 3: 14-37. Bowles, M.l and SJ. Apfelbaum. 1989. Effects of land use and stochastic events on the heart-leaved plantain (Plantago cordata Lam.) in an Illinois stream system. Natural Areas Journal 9: 90-101. Bowles, M.L., R. Flanke, and R. Dombeck. 1992. Status and population fluctuations of the eastern prairie-fringed orchid [Platanthera leucophaea (Nutt). Lin~II.] in Illinois. Erigenia 12: 26-40. Bowles, M.L., M.D. Hutchison, and 1.1. McBride. 1994. Landscape pattern and structure of oak. savanna, woodland, and barrens in northeastern Illinois at the time of European settlement. Pages 65-73 in: lS. Fralish,RC. Anderson, J.E. Ebinger, and R. Szafoni, editors, Proceedings of the North American Conference on Barrens and Savannas, Illinois State University, Normal. Bowles, M.1. and J.1. McBride. 1995. Results of a survey for savanna and woodland natural communities in northern Illinois. Report submitted to the Illinois Department of Natural Resources. Morton Arboretum, Lisle, Illinois. 32 pages. Bowles, MJ., J.B. Taft, E.F. Ulaszek, M.K Solecki, D.M; Ketzner, L.R. Phillippe, A Dennis, P.J. Burton, and KR. Robertson. 1991. Rarely seen endangered plants, rediscoveries, and species new to Illinois. Erigenia II: 27-51. Braun, E.L. 1950. Deciduous forests of eastern North America Hafner Publishing Company, New York. Brown, S. and AE. Lugo. 1994. Rehabilitation of tropical lands: a key to sustaining development. Restoration Ecology 2: 97-111. Chapman, K, M. White, R. Johnson, and Z.M. Wong. 1990. An approach to evaluate long-term survival of the tallgrass prairie ecosystem. The Nature Conservancy, Midwest Regional Office, Minneapolis, Minnesota. 50 pages. Clausen, A.T. 1970. The vascular flora of Forest Park Wildlife Refuge. Western Illinois University, Macomb. Cole, M.AR. 199\. Vegetation management guideline: white and yellow sweet clover [Melilotus alba Desr. and Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam.]. Natural Areas Journal II: 213-214. Crumpacker, D.W., S.W. Hodge, D. Friedley, and W.P. Gregg, Jr. 1988. A preliminary assessment of the status of major terrestrial and wetland ecosystems on Federal and Indian lands in the United States. Conservation Biology 2: 103-115. Cunningham, M. and P.D. Parr. 1990. Successful culture of the rare annual hemiparasite Tomanthera auriculata (Michx.) Raf. (Scrophulariaceae). Castanea 55: 266-271. Curtis, J.T. 1959. The Vegetation of Wisconsin. An Ordination of Plant Communities. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison. xi + 657 pages. DeLong, KT. and C. Hooper. 1996. A potential understory flora of oak savanna in Iowa. Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science 103: 9-28. Dennis, A 1997. Effects of livestock grazing on forest habitats. Page~ 313-341 in: M.W. Schwartz. editor; Conservation in Chronically Fragmented Landscapes. Chapman and Hall, New York.
133 Division of Forest Resources and Natural Heritage, Illinois Department of Conservation. 1981.' Proposal for the dedication of an Illinois Nature Preserve in Spitler Woods State Park, Macon County, Illinois. Illinois Nature Preserves Commission, Springfield. Meeting 87, Item 14. 17 pages. [Includes a list of plant species compiled. by Paul Shildneck.] Ebinger, J.E. 1997. Forest communities of the Midwestern United States. Pages 3-23 in: M.W. Schwartz, editor, Conservation in Chronically Fragmented Landscapes. Chapman and Hall, New York. Evers, R.A. 1963. Prairies. Pages 1-4 in: D. E Hanson, editor, Natural Resources of Champaign County. Champaign County Conservation Education Council, Urbana. Evers, R.A. and L.M. Page. 1977. Some unusual natural areas in Illinois. Illinois Natural History Survey Biological Notes No. 100.47 pages. Fralish, J.S. 1994. The effect of site environment on forest productivity in the Illinois Shawnee Hills. Ecological Applications 4: 134-143. Franz, E.H. and EA. Bazzaz. 1977. Simulation of vegetation response to modified hydrologic regimes: a probabilistic model based on niche differentiation in a floodplain forest. Ecology 58: 176-183. Gelhausen, S.M., M.W. Schwartz, and C.K. Augspurger. In review. An analysis of vegetation and microclimatic edge effects in two mixed-mesophytic forest fragments. Conservation Biology (submitted). Glass, W.O. 1991. Vegetation management guideline: cut-leaved teasel (Dipsacus laciniatus L.) and common teasel (D. sylvestris Huds.). Natural Areas Journal II: 213 214. Glass, W.O. 1992. Vegetation management guideline: white poplar (Populus alba L.). Natural Areas Journal 12: 39-40. Gleason, H.A. 1908. A virgin prairie in Illinois. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Sciences I: 62. Gleason, H.A. 1913. The relation of forest dis~ribution and prairie fires in the Middle West. Torryea 13: 173-181. Gleason, H.A. and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Second edition. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx. lxxv + 910 pages. Gruger, E. 1972. Pollen and seed studies of Wisconsin vegetation in Illinois, USA. Geological Society of America Bulletin 83: 2715~2734. Havera, S.P. and L.B. Suloway. 1994. Wetlands. Pages 87-152 in: Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources. The Changing Illinois Environment: Critical Trends. Technical Report of the Critical Trends Assessment Project. Vol. 3: Ecological Resources. lllinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources, Springfield. ILENRJ RE-EA-94/05. Heidorn, R. 1991. Vegetation management guideline: exotic buckthorns. Common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica L.), glossy buckthorn (R. frangula L.) and Oahurian buckthorn (R. davurica Pall.). Natural Areas Joumalll: 216-217. Herkert, J.R., editor. 1991. Endangered and threatened species of Illinois: status and distribution. Volume 3-1994 changes to the Illinois list of endangered and threatened . species. Illinois Endangered Species Protection Board, Springfield. iv + 33 pages..
134
" Herkert, J.R., editor. 1994. Endangered and threatened species of Illinois: status and distribution. Volume I-plants. Illinois Endangered Species Protection Board, Springfield. iii + 158 pages. Herkert, J.R. 1997. Nature presel'Ves, natural areas, and the conservation of endangered and threatened species in Illinois. Pages 395-406 in: M.W. Schwartz, editor, Conservation in Chronically Fragmented Landscapes. Chapman and Hall, New York. Herkert, J.R. 1998. Proposed additions, deletions, and changes to the Illinois list of threatened and endangered plants. The Harbinger, Quarterly Newsletter of the Illinois Native Plant Society 17(2): [4-12]. lllinois Endangered Species Protection Board. 1994. Checklist of endangered and threatened animals and plants of lllinois. Illinois Endangered Species Protection Board, Springfield. ii + 20 pages. llIinois Department of Natural Resources. 1998. Biological and Conservation Database System (BCD), Division of Natural Heritage, Office of Resource Conservation, Illinois Department of Natural Resources. Illinois Nature Preserves Commission. 1990. Vegetation management manual. Vol. 1, No. 1-27. Springfield, Illinois. 134 pages. Iverson, L.R. 1988. Land-use changes in Illinois, USA: the influence of landscape attributes on current and historic land use. Landscape Ecology 2: 45-61. Iverson, L.R. and M. Joselyn. 1990. Forest cover in Illinois 1820-1980. Illinois Natural History, Champaign. Map. Iverson, L.R., R.L. Oliver, D.P. Tucker, P.G. Risser, C.D. Burnett, and R.G. Rayburn. 1989. Forest resources of Illinois: an atlas and analysis of spatial and temporal trends. lllinois Natural History Survey Special Publication No. II. vii + 181 pages + map. . Iverson, L.R. and M.W. Schwartz. 1994. Forests., Pages 33·66 in: Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources. The Changing Illinois Environment: Critical Trends. Technical Report of the Critical Trends Assessment Project. Volume 3: Ecological Resources. lllinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources, Springfield. Jeffords, MR, S.L. Post, and K.R. Robertson. 1995. Illinois Wilds. Phoenix Press, Urbana, Illinois. 156 pages. Johnson, F.L. 1974. Tree size is due to past history of woodlands. Illinois Research 16(3): 18. John'son, F.L. and D.T. Bell. 1975. Size-class structure of three streamside forests. American Journal of Botany 62: 81-85. Johnson, F.L. and D.T. Bell. I976a. Tree growth and mortality in the streamside forest. Castanea 41: 34·40. Johnson, F.L. and D.T. Bell. 1976b. Plant biomass and net primary production along a flood-frequent gradient in the streamside forest. Castanea 41: 156-165. Jones, A.G. 1977. Spring flowers of Robert Allerton Park and adjacent areas (Including Piatt, DeWitt, Macon, and Champaign counties). Stipes Publishing Company, Champaign, Illinois. 66 pages. Jones, A.G. and D.T. Bell. I974a. Vascular plants in and near Robert Allerton Park. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Sciences 67: 74-88.
135 Jones, AG. and D.T. Bell. I974b.. Vascular plants of the Sangamon River Basin: annotated checklist and ecological summary. University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign College of Agriculture, Ag. Experiment Station Bulletin 746. 77 pages. Jones, AG. and D.T. Bell. 1976. Guide to common woody plants of Robert Allerton Park. Stipes Publishing Company, Champaign, Illinois. iv + 36 pages. Kaul, R.B. 1989. The status of Erythronium albidum and Erythronium mesochoreum (Liliaceae) in Nebraska. Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences 17: 71-80. Kennay, J. and G. Fell. 1992. Vegetation management guideline: wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa L.). Natural Areas Journal 12: 42-43. Kilburn, P.D. 1959. The prairie-forest ecotone insoutheastern Illinois. American Midland Naturalist 62: 206-217. King, EB. and J.B. Johnson. 1977. Presettlement forest composition of the central Sangamon River Basin, lllinois. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Sciences 70: 153-163. King, J.E. 1981a. The prairies of Illinois. The Living Museum: 42-45. King, J.E. 1981b. Late Quaternary vegetational history of Illinois. Ecological Monographs: 43-62. Kline, Y.M. 1997. Orchards of oak and a sea of grass. Pages 3-21 in: S. Packard and C. E . Mutel, editors. The tallgrass restoration handbook for prairies, savannas, and woodlands. Society for Ecological Restoration by Island Press, Washington, DC and (:ovelo, California. Klopatek, J.M., R.1. Olson, CJ. Emerson, and J.L. Jones. 1979. Land-use conflicts with natural vegetation in the United States. Environmental Conservation 6:191-199. Knopp, J.D. 1988. Tomanthera auriculata (Michx.) Raf. extant in Ohio. Ohio Journal of Science 88: 120-121. Levin, D.A and D.M. Smith. 1965. An enigmatic Phlox from Illinois. Brittonia 17: 254 266. Lorimer, C. G. 1985. The role of fire in the perpetuation of oak forests. Pages 8-25 in: 1. E. Johnson, editor, Challenges in oak management and utilization. Cooperative Extension Service, University ofWisconsin, Madison. Lovejoy, T.E. 1975. Rehabilitation of degraded tropical forest lands. The Environmentalist 5: 13-20. Luer, C.A. 1975. The native orchids of the United States and Canada, excluding Florida. The NewYork Botanical Garden, Bronx. 361 pages. Luken, J.O. 1997. Conservation in the context of non-indigenous species. Pages 107- 116 in: M.W. Schwartz, editor, Conservation in Chronically Fragmented Landscapes. Chapman and Hall, New York. Madany, M.H. 1981. A floristic survey of savannas in Illinois. Pages 177-181 in: R.L. Stuckey and KJ. Reese. editors, The prairie peninsula - in the "shadow" of Transeau. Proceedings of the Sixth North American Prairie Conference. Ohio Biological Survey Biological Notes 15. . Malecki, R.A, B. Blossey, S.D. Hight, D. Schroeder, L.T. Kok, and 1.R. Coulson. 1993. Biological control of purple loosestrife. BioScience 43: 680-686. Martin, W.E. 1955. The timber belt of the upper Sangamon River. M.S. Thesis, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. 57.pages.
136 McAvoy, G. 1943. Prairies and forests of McLean County, 1l1inois. Transactions of the lllinois State Academy of Sciences 36: 101-102. McClain, W.E. 1997. Prairie establishment and landscaping. Technical Pub. #2, Division of Natural Heritage, Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Springfield. 62 pages. McFall, D. and 1. Karnes, editors. 1995. A Directory of Illinois Nature Preserves. Volume 2 - Northwestern, Central, and Southern Illinois. Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Springfield. iv + 321 pages. McKnight, B.N. 1993. Biological pollution: the control and impact of invasive exotic species. Proceedings of a symposium held at the University Place Conference Center, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis. Indiana Academy of Science., Indianapolis. x + 261 pages. McPherson, G.R 1997. Ecology and management of North American savannas. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. xiv + 208 pages. Meagher, T.R., J. Antonovics, and R Primack. 1978. Experimental ecological genetics in Plantago ill. Genetic variation and demography in relation to survival of Plantago cordata, a rare species. Biological Conservation 14: 243-258. Melampy, M.N. 1981. Sex-linked niche differentiation in two species of Thalictrum. American Midland Naturalist 106: 324-344. Meyer, L.S. 1987. Proposal for dedication as Illinois Nature Preserves for Brownfield Woods, Champaign County; Funk Forest, McLean County; Hart Memorial Forest, Champaign County; James Woodworth Prairie, Cook County; Robert Allerton Park, Piatt County; Trelease Woods and Prairie, Champaign County. Illinois Nature Preserves Commission Meeting 113, Item 9. 31 pages. Mohlenbrock, R. H. 1986. Guide to the vascular flora of Illinois. Revised and enlarged edition. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale and Edwardsville. xii + 507 pp. MC;lOre, RJ. and C. Frankton. 1966. An evaluation of the status of Cirsium pumilum and Cirsium hillii. Canadian Journal of Botany 44: 581-595. Musselman, LJ. 1972. Root parasitism of Macrantheraflammea and Tomanthera auriculata (Scrophulariaceae). Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Society 88: 58-60. Mymudes, M.S. and D.H. Les. i993. Morphological and genetic variability in Plantago cordata (Plantaginaceae), a threatened ·aquatic plant. American Journal of Botany 80: 351-359. Nelson, P.W. 1987. The terrestrial natural communities of Missouri. Revised edition. Missouri Department of Natural Resources and Missouri Department of Conservation. ix + 197 pp. Noss, RE and AY. Cooperrider. 1994. Saving nature's legacy. Protecting and restoring biodiversity. Island Press, Washington, D.C. xxvii + 416 p. Noss, R.E, E.T. LaRoe ill, and 1.M. Scott. 1995. Endangered ecosystems of the United States: A preliminary assessment of loss and degradation. National Biological Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Biological Report 28. iv + 58 pages. Nuzzo, V.A. 1986. Extent and status of Midwest oak savanna: presettlement and 1985. Natural Areas Journal 6(2): 6-36. Nuzzo, V.A. 1991. Experimental control of garlic mustard [Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.) Cavara & Grande] in northern Illinois using fire, herbicides, and cutting. Natural Areas Journal 11: 158-167.
137 Nyboer, RW.. 1981. Grazing as a factor in the decline of Illinois hill prairies. Pages 209 211 in: RL. Stuckey and K.J. Reese, editors, The prairie peninsula - in the "shadow" of Transeau: Proceedings of the Sixth North American Prairie Conference. Ohio Biological Survey Biology Notes, 15. Orzell, S.L. and B.W. Summers. 1983. Agalinis auriculata (Michx.) Blake in southeastern St. Louis, County, Missouri. Castanea 48: 272-276. [= Tomanthera auriculata.] Ostlie, W.R. and J. Bender. 1990. Element stewardship abstract for Cirsium hillii - Hill's Thistle. The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia. 14 pages. Packard, S. and 1. Balaban. 1994. Restoring the herb layer in a degraded bur oak closed savanna. Pages 247-25 I in: 1.S. Fralish, RC. Anderson, J.E. Ebinger, and R. Szafoni, editors, 1994, Ptoceedings of the North American Conference on Barrens and Savannas, llIinois State University, Nonnal. Packard, S. and C.E Mutel. 1997a. The tallgrass restoration handbook for prairies, savannas, and woodlands. Society for Ecological Restoration by Island Press, Washington, DC and Covelo, California. xxxii + 463 pages. Packard, S. and C.E Mutel. 1997b. Perspective. Pages xix-xxviii in: S. Packard and C. E Mutel, editors, The tallgrass restoration handbook for prairies, savannas, and woodlands. Society for Ecological Restoration by Island Press, Washington, DC and Covelo, California. . Paulson, G.A. 1979. Dedication of Mueller Woods Tract, Macon County. Illinois Nature. Preserves Commission Meeting 76, Item 12. Rockford, Illinois. 3 pages. [= Bois du Sangamon Nature Preserve.] Pennell, EW. 1935. TheScrophulariaceae of eastern temperate North America. Academy Natural Sciences Philadelphia Monographs No. I. xiv + 650 p. Peterson, D.L. and G.L. Rolfe. 1982. Nutrient dynamics of herbaceous vegetation in upland and floodplain forest communities. American Midland Naturalist 107: 325-339. Post, S.L. 1991. Appendix One: Native Illinois species and related bibliography. Pages 463-475 in: L.M. Page and M.R Jeffords, editors, Our living heritage: The biological resources of Illinois. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin 34(4). Primack,R.B. 1979. Reproductive effort in annual and perannial species of Plantago (Plantaginaceae). The American Naturalist 114: 52-62. Primack, RB. 1980. Phenotypic variation of rare and widespread species of Plantago. Rhodora 82: 87-95. Ranker, T.A. and A.F. Schnabel. 1986. Allozymic and morphological evidence for a progenitor/ derivative species pair in Camassia (Liliaceae). Systematic Botany 11: 433 445. [c. scilloides and C. angusta.] Risser, P.G. 1984. Grasslands. Pages 232-256 in: B.F. Chabot and H.A. Mooney, editors, Physiological ecology of North American plant communities. Chapman and Hall, New York and London. Risser, P.G., E.C. Birney, H.D. Blocker, S.w. May, w.J. Parton, and J.A. Wiens. 1981. The true prairie ecosystem. Hutchinson Ross Publishing Co., Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. xiv + 557 pages. Robertson, C. 1893. Flowers and insects. Botanical Gazette (Crawfordsville) 18: 47- 54. Robertson, K.R 1966. The genus Erythronium (Liliaceae) in Kansas. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 53: 197-204.
138 Robertson, K.R., R.C. Anderson, and M.W. Schwartz.' 1997. The tallgrass prairie mosaic. Pages 55-87 in: M. W. Schwartz, editor, Conservation in Chronically Fragmented Landscapes. Chapman and Hall, New York. . Robertson, K.R, G.A. Levin, and L.R Phillippe. 1995. Vascular plants and natural areas of Site M, Cass County, Illinois. Illinois Natural History Survey Center for Biodiversity Technical Report 1995(17). Champaign, Illinois. 74 pages + figures. Robertson, K.R, WE. McClain, and A.C. Koelling. 1983. First confirmation of Erythronium m~sochoreum (Liliaceae) east of the Mississippi River. Castanea 48: 146 150. Robertson, K.R. and L.R. Phillippe. 1992. The current status of Napaea dioica L. in Illinois. Illinois Natural History Center for Biodiversity Technical Report 1992(3). 109 pages. Prepared for the illinois Endangered Species Protection Board, Springfield. Robertson, K.R and M.W Schwartz. 1994. Prairies. Pages 1-32 in: Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources. The Changing Illinois Environment: Critical Trends. Technical Report of the Critical Trends Assessment Project. Vol. 3: Ecological Resources. Illinois Department of Energy and Natural-Resources, Springfield. ILENRI RE-EA-94/05. Rodgers, e.S. and RC. Anderson. 1979. Presettlement vegetation of two Prairie Peninsula counties. Botanical Gazette 140: 232-240. Root, T.W., J.W Geis, and W.RBoggess. 1971. Woody vegetation of Hart Memorial Woods, Champaign County, Illinois. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Sciences 64: 27-37. Schemske, D.W., M.P. Willson, M.N. Melampy, LJ. Miller, L. Verner, K.M. Schemske, and L.B. Best. 1978. Flowering ecology of some spring woodland herbs. Ecology 59: 351-366. Sch.rarnm, P. 1992. Prairie restoration: a twenty-five year perspective on establishment and management. Pages 169-177 in: D.D. Smith and C.A. Jacobs, editors. Proceedings of the Twelfth North American Prairie Conference. Recapturing a vanishing heritage. University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls. Schwartz, M.W., editor. 1997. Conservation in Chronically Fragmented Landscapes. Chapman and Hall, New York. xiv + 436 pages. Schwartz, M.W. and J. Heim. 1996. Effects of a prescribed fire on degraded forest vegetation. Natural Areas Journal 16: 184-191. Schwartz, M.W. and S.M. Hermann. 1997. Midwestern fire management: prescribing a natural process in an unnatural landscape. Pages 213-233 in: M.W. Schwartz. editor, Conservation in Chronically Fragmented Landscapes. Chapman and Hall, New York. Schwartz, M.W. and P.J. van Mantgem. 1997. The value of small preserves in chronically fragmented landscapes. Pages 379-394 in: M.W. Schwartz, editor, Conservation in Chronically Fragmented Landscapes. Chapman and Hall, New York. Shafer, C.L. 1997.. Terrestrial nature reserve design at the urban/rural interface. Pages 345-378 in: M.W. Schwartz, editor, Conservation in Chronically Fragmented Landscapes. Chapman and Hall, New York. Sheviak, CJ. 1974. An introduction to the ecology ofthe illinois Orchidaceae. Illinois State Museum Scientific Papers 14. xiii + 89 pages.
139
,~ ------Sheviak, C.J. and M.L. Bowles. 1986. The prairie fringed orchids: a pollinator- isolated species pair. Rhodora 88: 267-290. Sheviak, C.J.1987. On the occurrence of Platanthera leucophaea in Louisiana and Arkansas. Rhodora 89: 347-350. Sipp, S.K. and D.T. Bell. 1973. Man, land use and tree rings. Illinois Research 15(1): 3-4. Soerianegara, 1. 1965. Radial growth and water balance of three tree species in east central Illinois. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. 154 pgs. Solecki, M.K. 1989. The viability of cut-leaved teasel (Dipsacus laciniatus L.) seed harvested from flowering stems - management implications. Natural Areas Journal 9: 102-105. Solecki, M.K. 1995. Aggressive exotic and native species in Illinois prairies. Pages 67-70 in: T. E. Rice, editor; Proceedings of the Fourth Central Illinois Prairie Conference. Grand Prairie Friends of Illinois in cooperation with Millikin University, Biology Department, and Macon County Conservation District, Urbana and Decatur. Solecki, M.K. 1997. Controlling invasive plants. Pages 251-278 in: S. Packard and c.F. Mutel, editors, The tallgrass restoration handbook for prairies, savannas, and woodlands. Society for Ecological Restoration by Island Press, Washington, DC and Covelo, California. Sperry, T.M. 1935. Root systems in Illinois prairie. Ecology 16: 178-202. Springer, L.L. 1931. An ecological study of the forests of the Sangamon River Valley of Champaign County, Illinois. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Sciences 23: 188-199. Steinauer, E.M. and S.L. Collins. 1996. Prairie ecology-the tallgrass prairie. Pages 39-52 in: F.B. Samson and F. L. Knopf, editors, Prairie conservation: preserving North America's most endangered ecosystem. Island Press, Washington, DC and Covelo, California. Steyermark, J.A. 1961. A neglected Camassia. Brittonia 13: 206-211. Stromberg, J. and F. Steams. 1989. Plantago cordata in Wisconsin. Michigan Botanist 28: 3-16. Swink, F. and G. Wilhelm. 1994. Plants of the Chicago region. 4th edition. xiv + 920 pages. The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, Illinois and the Indiana Academy of Science, Indianapolis. . Szafoni, R.E. 1991. A proposal for dedication of an Illinois Nature Preserve at Calamus Lake, Macon County, Illinois. Illinois Nature Preserves Commission Meeting 132, Item 10. Springfield, Illinois. 13 pages. Taft, J.B. 1995. Ecology, distribution, and rareness patterns of threatened and endangered prairie plants in Illinois. Pages 21-31 in: T.E. Rice, editor, Proceedings of the Fourth Central Illinois Prairie Conference. Grand Prairie Friends of Illinois in cooperation with Millikin University, Biology Department, and Macon County Conservation District, Urbana and Decatur. Taft, J.B. 1996. Reading the signs: plants as indicators of site history. lllinois Steward, Spring 1996: 20-24. Taft, J.B. 1997. Savannas and open-woodlands communities. Pages 24-54 in: M.W. Schwartz, editor, Conservation in Chronically Fragmented Landscapes. Chapman & Hall, New York.
140 Taft, J.B., M.W. Schwartz, and L.R Phillippe. 1995.. Vegetation ecology of flatwoods on the Illinoian till plain. Journal of Vegetation Science 6: 647"666. Taft, J.B., G.S. Wilhelm, D.M. Ladd, and L.A. Masters. 1997. Floristic quality assessment and analysis for Illinois. Erigenia. 15: 1"95. . Tessene, M. 1969. Systematic and ecological studies on Plantago cordata. Michigan Botanist 8: 72" 104. Thompson, D.Q., RL. Stuckey, and E.B. Thompson. 1987. Spread, impact, and control of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) in North America wetlands. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Research Report 2. Thompson, J.N. 1980. Treefalls and colonization patterns of temperate forest herbs. American Midland Naturalist 104: 176-184. Vogel, RL. and J.E. Ebinber. 1979. Frequency of aquatic macrophytes in east-central lllinois. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Sciences 72: 37-41. White, J. 1978. Illinois natural areas inventory technical report. Volume 1: Survey methods and results. Illinois Natural Areas Inventory, Urbana. xix + 426 pages. White, J. 1981a. Categories and boundaries of natural areas and features. Pages 367- 370 in: A.E. Radford, D.K.S. Otte, L.J. Otte, J.R. Massey, and P.D. Whitson, Natural Heritage Classification, Inventory, and Information. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill. White, J. 1981b. Grading natural quality of a natural community. Pages 371-373 in: A.E. Radford, D.K.S. Otte, L.J. Oue, J.R Massey, and P.O. Whitson, Natural Heritage Classification, Inventory, and Information. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill. White,1. 1981c. Some procedures for detecting disturbances. Pages 374-379 in: A.E. Radford, D.K.S. Oue, L.J. Oue, J.R Massey, and P.D. Whitson, Natural Heritage Classification, Inventory, and Information. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill. White, J. and M.H. Madany.· 1978. Classification of natural communities in Illinois. Pages 310-405 (Appendix 30) in: J. White, Illinois natural areas inventory technical report. Volume 1: Survey methods and results. Illinois Natural Areas Inventory, Urbana. Wilcove, D.S., C.H. McLellan, and A.P. Dobson. 1986. Habitat fragmentation in the temperate zone. Pages 237-256 in: M.E. Soule, editor, Conservation biology: The science of scarcity and diversity. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, Massachusetts. Woodward, J. 1924. Origin of prairie in TIlinois. Botanical Gazette 77: 241-261. Woodward, J. 1925. Factors influencing the tree vegetation in Champaign County, Illinois. Ecology 6: 150-156. Zawacki, A. A. and G. Hausfater. 1969. Early vegetation of the lower Illinois valley. Illinois State Museum Reports of Investigation 17. Springfield. 67 pp.
Birds
Blake, J.G. 1986. Species-area relationship of migrants in isolated woodlots. Wilson Bulletin 98: 291-296. Bohlen, H.D., and W. Zimmerman. 1989. The Birds of Illinois. Indiana University Press, . Bloomington. 222 pp.
141 Brawn, J.D., and S.K. Robinson. 1996. Source-sink population dynamics may complicate the interpretation of long-term census data. Ecology 77:3-12. Champaign County Audubon Society. 1976. A Birding Handbook For East Central Illinois. 56 pp. Herkert, J.R, RE. Szafoni, V.M. Kleen, and J.E. Schwegman. 1993. Habitat establishment, enhancement, and management for forest and grassland birds in Illinois. lllinois Department of Conservation, Natural HeritageTech. Pub\. No. I 20 pp. Illinois Department of Natural Resources. 1998. Biological and Conservation Database System (BCD), Division of Natural Heritage, Office of Resource Conservation, Illinois Department of Natural Resources. Illinois Ornithological Records Committee. In press. Checklist of Illinois State Birds. Special Publication Number I. Illinois Ornithological Society. Kendeigh, S.C. 1982. Bird populations in east central Illinois: flucuations, variations, and development over a half-century. Illinois Biological Monographs #52. University of Illinois Press. 136 p. Kleen, v., editor. In litt. Illinois Breeding Bird Atlas - Bird Distribution Maps. lllinois Department of Natural Resources and Illinois Natural History Survey. Springfield, II. Peterjohn, B.G., J.R. Saur, and W.A. Link. 1994. The 1992 and 1993 summary of the North American Breeding Bird Survey. Bird Populations 2: 46-61. Robinson, S.K., J.P. Hoover, and J.R Herkert. in press. Cowbird parasitism in a fragmented landscape: Effects of tract size, habitat, and abundance of cowbird hosts. in: Ecology and management of cowbirds, (I.N.M. Smith, S.K. Robinson, S.l. Rothstein, S.G. Sealy, and T. Cook, eds.). University Texas Press, Austin, Texas. Robinson, S.K., F.R Thompson III, T.M. Donovan, D.R Whitehead, and J. Faaborg. 1995. Regional forest fragmentation and the nesting success of migratory birds. Science 267: 1987- 1990. Rothstein, S.l., and S.K. Robinson. 1994. Conservation and coevolutionary implications of brood parasitism by cowbirds. Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 9: 162-164. Warner, R.E. 1994. Agricultural land use and grassland habitat in Illinois: Future shock for Midwestern birds? Conservation Biology 8:147-156.
Mammals
Anderson, E.A. 1982. Status and distribution of the river otter (Lutra canadensis) in Illinois. Unpublished M.S. thesis, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale. 77 pp. Anderson, E. 1995. Status in the Midwest and Illinois. Pages 23-32 in Illinois river otter . recovery plan. R Bluett, ed. Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife Resources Technical Bulletin 7. 96 pp. Anderson, E.A. and A. Woolf. 1984. River otter (Lutra canadensis) habitat utilization in northwestern Illinois. Final report, Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory, Southern Illinois University. Submitted to Illinois Department of Conservation, Springfield. vi+90 pp. Bluett, B. 1997. River otter recovery update. lllinois Department of Natural Resources, Division of Natural Resources, Furbearer Program Management Note 97-1. [3 pp.]
142 Churcher, P.B. and J.H. Lawton. 1987. Predation by domestic cats in an English village. Journal of Zoology 212:439-455. Coleman, J.S. and S.A. Temple. 1996. On the prowl. Wisconsin Natural Resources 20(6):4-8. Erickson, D.W., C.R McCullough, and W.E. Porath. 1984. River otter investigations in Missouri. Final report, Pittman-Robertson Project W-13-R-38, Missouri Department of Conservation. 47 pp. Herkert, J.R (ed.) 1992. Endangered and threatened species of Illinois: status and distribution. Volume 2 - animals. Illinois Endangered Species Protection Board, Springfield. 142 p. Hoffmeister, D.E 1989. Mammals of Illinois. University of Illinois Press, Urbana and Chicago. 348 pp. Hofmann, J.E. 1998. A survey of Franklin's ground squirrel (Spermophilusfrankliniz) in east-central Illinois. Center for Biodiversity Technical Report 1998(11). Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign. 31 pp. lllinois Endangered Species Protection Board. 1994. Checklist of endangered and threatened animals and plants of liIinois. Illinois Department of Conservation, Springfield. ii+20 pp. lllinois Department of Natural Resources. 1998. Biological and Conservation Database System (BCD), Division of Natural Heritage, Office of Resource Conservation, .Illinois Department of Natural Resources. Jackson, H.H.T. 1961. Mammals of Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison. 504 pp. Lewis, T.L. and OJ. Rongstad. 1992. The distribution of Franklin's ground squirrel in Wisconsin and Illinois. Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts & Letters 80:57-62. Melquist, W.E. and M.G. Homocker. 1983. Ecology of river otters in west central Idaho. Wildlife Monographs 83:1-60. Nixon, C.M., S.P. Havera, and RE. Greenberg. 1978. Distribution and abundance of the gray squirrel in Illinois. Illinois Natural History SurveyBiological Notes 105. 55 pp. Rosenblatt, D.L., E.J. Heske, S.L. Nelson;M.A. Miller, D.M. Barber, and B. McCallister. 1999. Forest fragments in east;central Illinois: islands or habitat patches for mammals? American Midland Naturalist. 141:115-123. Toweill, D.E. and J.E. Tabor. 1982. River otter. Pages 688-703 in: Wild mammals of North America. J.A. Chapman and G.A. Feldhamer, eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. 1147 pp. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1991. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; animal candidate review for listing as endangered and threatened species. 50 CPR Part 17. Federal Register 56(225):58804-58836. Warner, RE. 1985. Demography and movements of free-ranging domestic cats in rural lllinois. Journal of Wildlife Management 49:340-346. . Warner, RE. and B. Ver Steeg. 1995. Illinois badger studies. Final report, Federal Aid to Wildlife Project No. W-I03-R, 1-6, Illinois Natural History Survey. 161 pp. Wilson, D.E. and D.M. Reeder (eds). 1993. Mammal species of the world, a taxonomic and geographic reference, second edition. S~thsonian Institution Press, Washington. 1206 pp. 143 Woolf, A. 1996. Status of the bobcat in Illinois. Annual performance report, Federal Aid. Project W-126-R-l, submitted to Illinois Department of Natural Resources. Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory, Carbondale, lL.
Amphibians and Reptiles
Collins, J.T., ed. 1990. Standard common and current scientific names for North American amphibians and reptiles. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. Herpetological Circular No. 19. 41 pp. Illinois Department of Natural Resources. 1998. Biological and conservation database system (BCD), Division of Natural Heritage, Office of Resource Conservation, Illinois Department of Natural Resources. .Smith, P.w. 1961. The Amphibians and Reptiles of Illinois. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin 28(1): 1-298.
Aquatic Biota
Baker, EC. 1906. A catalogue of the Mollusca of lllinois. Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History. 7(6):53-136 + 1 map. Baker, EC. 1922. The molluscan fauna of the Big Vermilion River, Illinois. With special reference to its modification as the result of pollution by sewage and manufacturing wastes. Illinois Biological Monographs. 7(2): 105-224 + 15 plates. Bertrand, w.A., R.L. Hite, and D.M. Day. 1996. Biological Stream Characterization (BSC): Biological Assessment of Illinois Stream Quality through 1993. Illinois . Environmental Protection Agency Report No. IEPAlBOW.96-058. December 1996. 40 pages + map. Burks, B. D. 1953. The mayflies, or Ephemeroptera, of Illinois. Bulletin of the Illinois Natural History Survey 26: 1-216. Cummings, KS., and C.A. Mayer. 1997. Distributional checklist and status of Illinois freshwater mussels (Mollusca: Unionacea). pp. 129-145 in: K.S. Cummings, A.c. Buchanan, c.A. Mayer, and T.J. Naimo, eds. Conservation and management of freshwater mussels ll: Initiatives for the future. Proceedings of a UMRCC Symposium, 16-18 October 1995, St. Louis Missouri. Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee, Rock Island, Illinois. 293 pp. . DeWalt, R. E., and D. W. Webb. 1998. Summer Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) species richness and Hilsenhoff Biotic Index at eight stream segments in thdower lllinois River basin. Illinois Natural History Survey, Center for Biodiversity, Technical Report 1998 (9). 31 pp. 11 May. Forbes, S.A., and R.E. Richardson. 1908. The fishes of Illinois. Illinois State Laboratory . of Natural History, Danville. cxxxvi + 357 pp. Frison, T. H. 1935. The stoneflies, or Plecoptera, of Illinois. Bulletin of the Illinois Natural History Survey 20: 281-467.
144 Illinois Environmental Protection Agency. 1996. Illinois Water Quality Report (1994-95). State of Illinois, Environmental Protection Agency, Division of Water Pollution Control, Planning Section, Springfield. 241 pp. Iverson, L.R. 1987. Soils. in: R.D. Neely and C.G. Heister (compilers). The natural . resources of Illinois: introduction and guide. Illinois Natural History Survey Special Publication No.6. 224 pp. '. Lauck, D. R. 1959. Aquatic Hemiptera of Illinois. Unpublished M.S. thesis, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois. 353 pp. Nalepa, T.P. 1994. Decline of native unionid bivalves in Lake St. Clair after infestation by the zebra mussel, Dreissena palymorpha. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51(10):2227-2233. Malloch, J.R. 1915a. The Chironomidae, or midges, of Illinois, with particular reference to the species occurring in the Illinois River. Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History 10(6):275-543. Malloch, J.R. 1915b. Some additional records of Chironomidae for Illinois and notes on other Illinois Diptera. Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History 11(4): 305-363. Page, L.M., K.S. Cummings, C.A. Mayer, S.L. Post, and M.E. Retzer. 1992. Biologically significant lllinois streams. An evaluation of the streams of lllinois based on aquatic biodiversity. Final report prepared for the Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources and the Illinois Department of Conservation. Illinois Natural History Survey, Center for Biodiversity Technical Report 1992(1a): v + 485 p. Pechuman, L. L.; D. W. Webb, and H. 1. Teskey. 1983. The Diptera, or true flies, of Illinois. I. Tabanidae. Bulletin of the Illinois Natural History Survey 33(1): '1-121. Ross, H. H. 1944. The caddis flies, or Trichoptera, of IUinois. Bulletin Illinois Natural History Survey 23: 1-326. Ross, H. H. 1947. The mosquitoes of Illinois (Diptera: Culicidae). Bulletin of the Illinois Natural History Survey 24: 96. Ross, H. H., and W. R. Horsfall. 1965. A synopsis of the mosquitoes of Illinois (Diptera, Culicidae). Illinois Natural History Survey Biological Notes 52: 1-50. Schanzle, R.W., and K.S. C;ummings. 1991. A survey of the freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionidae) of the Sangamon River basin, Illinois. Illinois Natural History Survey Biological Notes No. 137. 25 pp. Schwegman, J.E. 1973. Comprehensive plan for the Illinois nature preserves system. Part 2. The natural divisions of lllinois. Illinois Nature Preserves Commission, Springfield, Illinois. 32 pp. Smith, P.W. 1971. Illinois streams: a classification based on their fishes and analysis of factors responsible for disappearance of native species. lllinois Natural History Survey Biological Notes No. 76. 14 pp. Smith, P.W. 1979. 'The fishes of Illinois. University of Illinois Press, Urbana. xxix + 314 pp. Taylor, c.A., and M. Redmer. 1996. Dispersal of the crayfish Orconectes rusticus in Illinois, with notes on species displacement and'habitat preference. Journal of Crustacean Biology 16:547-551.
145 Taylor, Sol. 1996. Habitat preferences, species assemblages, and resource partitioning by Gerromorpha (Insecta: Heteroptera) in southern Illinois, with a faunal list and keys to species of the state. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Zoology Department, SouthernIllinois University at Carbondale. xviii + 345 pp. Tucker, W.J., and W.H. Ettinger. 1975. A biological investigation of the South Fork, Sangamon River and tributaries. Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Division of Water Pollution Control, Springfield. iv + 56 pp. + 2 maps. Webb, D.W., Mol. Wetzel, and L.R. Phillippe. 1998 (Webb et al. 1998b). The aquatic biota and groundwater quality of Illinois springs in the Lincoln Hills, Wisconsin Driftless, and Northern Till Plains Sections of Illinois. Illinois Natural History Survey, Center for Biodiversity, Technical Report 1998(6): 1-164. Wetzel, MJ. 1992. Aquatic Annelida of Illinois: Introduction and checklist of species. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science 85(\ and 2): 87-101. Wetzel, MJ., Bol. Kasprowicz, M.A. Harris, and D.W. Webb. 1991. Hunter Lake aquatic life: 5.3. Aquatic macroinvertebrates exclusive of unionid mollusks. Pp. 5.3-1 through 5.3-137. Report prepared by the Illinois Natural History Survey for Springfield City Water, Light, and Power, Springfield, IL. Wood, F.E. 1910. A study of the mammals of Champaign County Illinois. Bulletin of the lllinois State Laboratory of Natural History. 8:501-613. Wooldridge, D.P. 1967. The aquatic Hydrophilidae of lllinois. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science 60(4):422-431.
146
,~ Appendix 1
Incomplete list of vascular plants known fro~ the Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area, with notes on their habitat associations.
Pond! Community Class Forest Prairie Savanna Wetland Cultural Stream c:: ::!l "0 "0 ; Pond! Community Class Forest Prairie Savanna Wetland Cultural Stream C !l fJ1 fJ1 "0 '; 148 Appendix 1. Continued. Pondl Community Class Forest Prairie Savanna Wetland Cultural Stream (/) (/) ; 149 Appendix 1. Continued. Pond! Community Class Forest Prairie Savanna Wetland Cultural Stream CI:l CI:l "l ; 150 Appendix 1. Continued. Pond! Community Class Forest Prairie Savanna Wetland Cultural Stream c: -0 en en :!l ~ 0> 3:: "3 0 0> 0> ~ < ~ " 0 0> ~ " '" Subclass "" 0.. 5: " ~ 5" ::s ::s ~ ::s 0.. ::s "" en " ~ ~ ""[ " 0> @ ::s o' Common Name'"' Scientific Name'" ~ ::s Campion, Bladder" Silene cucubalus * x Campion, Glaucous" Silene cserei* x Campion, Starry Silene stel/ata x x x Campion, White" Silene latlfolia" x Carpetweed" MoUulio verticiUata" x Carrion Flower Smilax pulverulenta x Carrion Flower, Common Smilax lasioneuron x x Carrion Flower, Upright Smilax ecirrhata x x Cat Brier, Bristly Smilax hispida x x Cat's Foot Antennaria neRleera x Cattail, Broad-leaved Typha lati{olia x x x Cattail, Narrow-leaved Tvvha an.ustifolia x x x Catalpa, Northern" Catalva sveciosa" x x Cataloa, Southern" Catalva bilinonioides" x Catchfly, Forked" Silene dichotoma* x Catchfly, Night-flowering" Silene noctiflora* x x Catchflv, Sleeov Silene antirrhina x Catnip" Neoeta cataria* x Cedar, Red Juniperus virf!,iniana x x x Chamomile, Sweet False" Matricaria matricarioides* x Charlock" Brassica kaber* x Cheat" Hromus secalinus* x Cherrv, Black Prunus serotina x x x x Cherrv, Choke Prunus vin?iniana x Cherrv, Mahaleb" Prunus mahaleb* x Chervil ChaerovhyUum procumbens x Chess, Hairy" Hromus commutatus* x Chess, Japanese" Bromus jaoonicus* x Chess, Smooth" Hromus racemosus* x Chickweed, Clammy" Cerastium Rlomeratum* x Chickweed, Common" Stellaria media* x Chickweed, Jagged" Bolosteum umbeUatum* x Chick'weed, Low Forked Paronvchia fasti2iata x x Chickweed, Mouse-eared" Cerastium vulRatum * x Chickweed, Nodding Cerastium nutans x Chickweed, Tall Forked Paronychia canadensis x x Chicorv* Cichorium intybus" x x Cicelv, Hairy Sweet Osmorhiza clavronii x x Cicelv, Smooth Sweet Osmorhiza lonliistvlis x x Cinquefoil, Common Potentilla simvlex x x x Cinquefoil, Prairie Potentilla ar2uta x x Cinquefoil, Rough" Potentilla norveJ!ica* x x x Cinquefoil, Silverv" Potentilla arlientea" x Cinquefoil, Unright" Potentilla recta * x Clammvweed Polanisia dodecandra x Clearweed Pilea fJumila x x x 151 I~ Appendix 1. Continued. Pond! Community Class Forest Prairie Savanna Wetland Cultural Stream .." '"0 en C/) '"0 ;;0 c::: ~ ., 2:: 0 '0 0" ., ., ~ j;;' 0 -< ~ .g Subclass ~ " Q. 5: § :r "e: 5' "Q. 'SC " ., en g !:1. " ~., o' Common Name'" Scientific Name'·2 " 3 " Clematis, Jananese* Clematis dioscoreifolia * x Clover, Alsike* Trifolium hvbridum* x Clover, Low HOD' Trifolium camnestre * x Clover, Rabbit-foot* Trifolium arvense* x Clover, Red* Trifolium oratense* x x x Clover,.White Sweet* Melilotus alba* x x Clover, White* Trifolium renens* x x Clover, Yellow Sweet' Melilotus officinalis* x x Cockle, Corn' AFrostemma pithapo* x Cocklebur Xanthium strumarium x x x Coffeetree, Kentuckv Gvmnocladus dioicus x x Cohosh, Blue Caulonhvllum thalictroides x Columbine, Wild Aouilepia canadensis x x Comfrev, Common* SvmDhvtum officinale' x Com~ass Plant SilDhium laciniatum x Coneflower, Fn,;;fant Rudbeckia subtomentosa x x Coneflower, Grav-headed Ratibida ninnata x x Coneflower, Pale Echinacea nallida x Coneflower, Purnle Echinacea Dumurea x x x Coontail CeratoDhvllum demersum x Coralberrv SvmDhoricaroos orbiculatus x x x Coreonsis, Prairie CoreoDsis nalmata .x x Coreontis, Tall Coreonsis trinteris x x x Costmarv* Balsamita maior* x Cottonweed, Small* Froelichia pracilis* x Cottonwood, Eastern PODulus deltoides x x Cowbane OxvDolis riJ1idior x x x Cranberrv, American Hiphbush Viburnum trilobum x Crahberrv, Euronean HiQhbush* Viburnum oDulus' x x Cranesbill, Carolina Geranium carolinianum x x Creeoer, Thicket Parthenocissus vitacea x x Creeoer, Trum-;;-et Camusis radicans x x x x Creener, V;;:;;inia Parthenocissus auinouefolia x x Creenin. Charlie* Glechoma hederacea * x x Cress, Bulbous Cardamine bulbosa x x x Cress, CreeninQ Yellow* RoriDDa svlvestris' x x Cress, Field* Leoidium camoestre' x x Cress, Hairv Rock Arabis hirsuta x Cress, Hoarv* Cardaria draba * x Cress, Lake Armoracia aauatica x x Cress, Marsh Rorinna aalustris var~rnaldiana x Cress, Mouse-ear* Arabidonsis thaliana* x Cress, Pennsvlvania Bitter Cardamine oensvlvanica x CresS, Purole SnrinQ Cardamine douJ1lassii x Cress, Sessile-flowered RoriDna sessiMora x Cress, Short-fruited Whitlow' Draba brachvcaroa* x 152 Appendix 1. Continued. Pond! Community Class Forest Prairie Savanna Wetland Cultural Stream , "d (/) (/) "d ;:0 C :!l ~ '0 s:: 0 0 <: ~ 0 e:. "' ~ " " ~ '0 Subclass or c ;:!. "' " "c o "' :r (/) c" '0 " " - g [ "'" ~ o' Common Name'"' Scientific Name'" " S"' " Cress, Smooth Bank Arabis laevipata x Cress, Toothed Arabis shonii x Cress, Vernal Whitlow* Draba verna* x Cress, Violet Iodanthus Dinnatifidus x . Cress, Vir~inia Rock Sibara virpinica x x Cress, Water* Nasturtium officinale* x Croton glandulosus var. Croton, Sand x x sententrionalis Croton, Woollv Croton caDiratus x x Crowfoot, White Water Ranunculus longirostris x Crowfoot, White Water Ranunculus trichoDhvl/us x Crowfoot, Yellow Water Ranunculus flabel/aris x Crownbeard, Golden* Verbesina encelioides* x Crownbeard, Yellow Verbesina helianthoides x x x Cucumber, Bur Sicvos aMulatus x Cudweed, Earlv GnaDhalium purDureum x x Culver's Root Veronicastrum virpinicum x x x . Cun-nlant Silnhium nerfoliatum x x x x Currant, American Black Ribes americanum x x x x Currant, Clove* Ribes odoratum * x Currant, Garden* Ribes sativum * x Dais~, En~lish* Bellis nerennis* x Daisv, Ox-eve* Leucanthemum vulpare* x. x Daisv, Peruvian* GalinsMa ciliata * x Daisv, Smooth Peruvian* GalinsMa DarvTiiora* x Dalea, Foxtail* Dalea leDorina * x Dandelion, Common* Taraxacum officinale* . x Dandelion, False Kri~ia biflora x x Dandelion, Red-seeded* Taraxacum laevi2atunz* x Darnel * Latium temulentum * x Davf]ower Commelina diffusa x x x Davf]ower, Common* Commelina communis* x Dewberrv, Conurion Rubus flaPel/oris x Dill* Anthum f!raveolens* X Dill, American Perideridia americana x x x Dock Mexican Rumex mexicanus x Dock, Bitter* Rumex obtustfolius* x x Dock, Crested* Rumex cristatus * x Dock, Curlv* Rumex crisnus * x Dock, Great Water . Rumex orbiculatus x x Dock, Pale Rumex altissimus x x x Dock, Prairie Silohium terebinthinaceum x x Dock, Swamn Rumex verticillatus x x Dodder, Buttonbush Cuscuta ceDhalanthi x x x x Dodder, Common Cuscuta f!ronovii x x Dodder, Field Cuscuta camnestris x x x 153 Appendix 1. Continued. Pond/ Community Class Forest Prairie Savanna Wetland Cultural Stream '"0 Vl ~ Vl '"0 ;:0 ~ ::!l ... (1l 0 (1l 0 <: e; (1l 0; 0 e:. "' "0 ~ Subclass 0 ::!. '"0 (1l :. e.:'" 0 "0 "' '" Vl '" [ '" ...~ a "''" (1l o' Common Name'" Scientific Name'" '" 3 '" Dodder, Knotweed Cuscuta polVllonorum x x x x Dodder, Prairie CuscutapentaRona x Dodder, Rooe Cuscuta I!lomerata x Dogbane, Hvbrid Avocvnum x medium x x Dogbane, Spreading Apocvnum androsaemifolium x x x Dogwood, Alternate-leaved Comus alternifolia x Dogwood, Floweri-ng Comus florida x Dogwood, Grav Comus racemosa x x x Dogwood, Pale Comus obliaua x Dogwood, Red-osier Comus stolonifera x x x x Dogwood, Rough-leaved Cornus drummondii x x x x Dropseed,Poverty Sporobolus vaRiniflorus x x Drooseed, Prairie Sporobolus heterolepis x Drooseed, Rough Svorobolus asoer x x Dropseed, Sheathed Sporobolus nelliectus x Duckweed, Great Soirodela oolvrhiza x Duckweed, Small Lemna minor x Dutchman's Breeches Dicentra cucu/Laria x Edler, Burweed Marsh* Iva xanthifolia * x Elder, Box Acer nellundo x x Elder, Marsh* Iva annua* x Elderberry, Common Sambucus canadensis x x x x x x Elecampane* Inula helenium* x Elm, American Ulmus americana x x Elm,Red Ulmus rubra x x Elm, Siberian* Ulmus oumila* x Evening Primrose, Common Oenothera biennis x x x Evening Primrose, Ragged Oenothera laciniata x x Evening Primrose, Showv* Oenothera soeciosa* x Everlasting, Sweet Gnavhalium obtusifolium x x x Fennel, Dog* Anthemis cDtuia* x Pteridium aquilinum var. Fern, Bracken x x x latiuscuLum Fern, Christmas Polystichum acrostichoides x Fern, Cut-leaved Grape Botrychium dissectum x Fern, Fragile Cvstooteris protrusa x Fern, Lady Athvrium anllustum x Fern, Maidenhair Adiantum oedatum x Fern, Marsh Thelvoteris palustris x x Fern, Northern Adder's Tongue OohioRlossum vulRatum x x Fern, Rattlesnake Grape Botrychium virginianum x x Fern, Sensitive Onoclea sensibilis x x x Fescue, Cluster Festuca varadoxa x Fescue, Nodding Festuca obtusa x x Fescue, Sheep* Fesctuca ovina * x Fescue, Six Weeks Vulpia octoflora x x 154 Appendix 1. Continued. Pond! Community Class Forest Prairie Savanna Wetland Cultural Stream "1'1 "tl CIl CIl "tl ; 155 Appendix 1. Continued. Pond! Community Class Forest Prairie Savanna Wetland Cultural Stream C '"I1 '"0 '"0 ::0 ~ po 3: 0 '"0 0 po po '" on '" ~ ::> o '"0'" '" Subclass g 5: §"" on '" e: 0 '"0 ::> :r en ~ ["" '" po ::; ::: "" ::> .~ o· Common NameL2 Scientific Name'" ::> Teucrium canadense var. Germander, Gray x x x boreale , Ginier, Wild Asarum canadense x x Ginsen~ Panax ouinouefolius x Goat's Beard, Sand' Tra2oDOPon dubius' x Goat's Beard, Yellow' Tra2oDOPon Dratensis' x Goat's-beard Aruncus dioicus x x Golden~low Rudbeckia laciniata x x x Goldenrod, Blue-stemmed Solida2o caesia x Goldenrod, Broad-leaved Solida2oflexicaulis x Goldenrod, Canadian Solida2o canadensis x x x Goldenrod, Earlv Solida2o iuncea x x x Goldenrod, Elm-leaved SDlidapo ulmifolia x Goldenrod, Field Solidapo nemoralis x x x Goldenrod, Grass-leaved Euthamia 2raminifolia x x x Goldenrod, Late Solida2o .i.antea x x x Goldenrod, Missouri SolidaJ!o missouriensis x x Goldenrod, Riddell's Solidapo riddellii x x Goldenrod, Showy Solidapo sneciosa x x Goldenrod, Stiff Solida.o ri.ida x x Goldenrod. Swamo Solida.o Datula x x Goldenrod, Viscid Grass-leaved Euthamia 2vmnosDermoides x Goldenseal Hvdrastis canadensis x Goldenweed, Wax' HaDlonannus ciliatus' x Gooseberrv, Prickly Wild Ribes cvnosbati . x x Gooseberrv, Wild Ribes missouriense x x Chenopodium Goosefoot, Maple-leaved x x 12i2antosDermum Goosefoot, Narrow-leaved Chenonodium lentonhvllum x x Goosefoot, Oak-leaved' ChenoDodium 2laucum* x Goosefoot, Woodland ChenoDodium standlevanum x x Gound Cherrv, Tall Physalis sub21abrata x x Gourd, Missouri' CucurbitafOetidissima ' x Gourd, Pear' Cucurbita neno' x Graoe, Fox' Vilis labrusca* x x Grane, Frost Vitis vulDina x x Grane, Ri verbank Vilis rivaria x x x . Grane, Summer Viris aestivalis x x Grane, Winter Viris cinerea x x x Grass, Annual Blue* Poa annua* x Grass, Barnvard Echinochloa muricata x x Grass, Barnvard' Echinochloa cruspalli' x x Grass, Beak Diarrhena americana x x x Grass, Bermuda' Cvnodon dacr..ton' x Grass, Blue Joint Calama2rostis canadensis x x x Grass, Bottiebrush Elvmus h,'strix x x 156 Appendix 1. Continued. Pond/ Community Class Forest Prairie Savanna Wetland Cultural Stream ." en ~ en ." :: 157 Appendix 1. Continued. Pond! Community Class Forest Prairie Savanna Wetland Cultural Stream , "I1 "0 en en "0 ;>::l C .... ~ 0 "0 0 ~ 0 e:. "'< .... " Subclass "'~ '0 " 0.. :!. ::r " "e: 5' 0.. '0 "' en .... " " " ~ e: '" ""' .... o' 2 '"or " Common Name" Scientific Namel. "'i3 " Grass, Prairie Wedge Sohenopholis obtusata x x Grass, Purple Love EraJlrostis soectabilis x x x Grass, Quack' AJ!roovron reoens' x Grass, Reed Canary' Pha/aris arundinacea * x x x Grass, Rescue* Bromus catharticus* x Grass, Rice Cut Leersia orvzoides x x x x Grass, Rock Satin MuhlenberJ!ia sobolifera x Grass, Salt Meadow Leotochloa fascicularis x Grass, Salt' Distichlis stricta * x Grass, Sand Love Era~rostis trichodes x x Grass, Sandbar Love EraJ!rostis frankii x x Grass, Scratch MuhlenberJ!ia aSDerifolia x Panicum oligosanthes var. Grass, Scribner's Panic x scrinberianum Grass, Short-leaved Satin MuhlenberJiia bushii x Grass, Slender Satin MuhlenberJiia tenuiflora x Grass, Slender Wedge Sohenopholis intennedia x x x Grass, Small Love EraJ!rostis oectinacea x x Grass, Smooth Bead PasDalum laeve var. circuLare x Grass, Smooth Crab' DiRitaria ischaemum * x Grass, Spear Poa chapmaniana x Grass, Squirrel-tail' HordeumJubatum' x x Grass, Stinking Love' Era2rostis cilianensis* x Grass, Switch Panicum virJ!Qtum x x Grass, Tall Oat' Arrhenatherum elatius* x Grass, Thin A/?rostis perennans x x x Grass, Three Awn Aristida lonliespica x Grass, Three-flowered Melic Mellea nitens x Grass, Tickle AJ!rostis hvemalis x x Grass, Two-flowered Melic Meliea mullea x Grass, Velvet' Ba/cus lanatus * x Grass, Western Wheat' AJ!rovvron smithii' x Grass:White Leersia vir/?inica x x x Grass, Windmill' Chloris verticillata * x x Grass, Witch Panicum cQoillare x x x Grass, Wood Blue' Poa nemoralis* x x Grass, Woodland Blue Poa svlvestris x x Grass, Woodland Satin MuhlenberJiia sylvatica x x Grass, Wool Scirpus cyperinus x Green Dragon Arisaema dracontium x x Gromwell, American LithosDermum latifolium x Gromwell, Field' Lithosoermum arvense * x Ground Cherry, Clammv Phvsalis heterophvlla x Ground Cherrv, Hairv Phvsalis oubescens x Ground Cherrv, Lance-leaved Physalis virRiniana x x x Groundnut Apios americana x x 158 • Appendix 1. Continued. Pond! Community Class Forest Prairie Sayanna Wetland Cultural Stream c::: ..., ..., ;>;, :!J ~ :;:: 0 0 ~ '"<: ~ '" j;;" 0 "' " Subclass "" "'~ " = " Q. 5:"' I rt> "' e:: =Q. = = "" "fd ""[ "' '"@ 0' Common Name'" Scientific Name'" = 3"' = I Groundsel, Common' Senecio vulgaris * x Hackberry Celtis occidentalis x x x I HarbinQer-of-spring EriRenia bulbosa x x Haw, Black Viburnum prunifolium x Hawkweed, Hairv Hieracium granovii x x x Hawkweed, Long-bearded Hieracium lonJlioilum x x Hawkweed, Rough Hieracium scabrum x x Hawthorn CrataeRus disverma x Hawthorn CrataeRus marRaretta x Hawthorn CrataeRus pedicellara x Hawthorn, Cockspur CrataeRus crus-Ralli x x Hawthorn, Dotted CraraeRus puncrata x x x Hawthorn, Downy CrataeRus mollis x x Hawthorn, Fireberry CrataeRus chrvsocaroa x x x Hawthorn, Fleshy CrataeRus succulenta x Hawthorn, Frosted CrataeRus pruinosa x Hawthorn, Kansas Crataegus coccinioides x Hawthorn, LarQe-seeded Crataeflus macrosoerma x Hawthorn, Sugar CrataeRus calodendron x Hazelnut, American COry/us americana x x x Heartsease Poly?onum lavathifolium x x x x Heartsease, Water Polygonum coccineum x x HeliotroDe, Indian' Heliotropium indicum * x Hernlock, Poison' Conium macu/atum* x Hernlock, Water Cicuta maculata x x x x x Hemp, Indian Apocynum cannabinum x x x x Hemp, Prairie. Indian Apocynum sibiricum x x Himbit' Lamium amvlexicaule* x Herb, Cow' Vaccaria Dvramidata* x Hickory, Bitternut Carva cordiformis x Hickorv, Mockernut Carva tomentosa x Hickory, Pignut Carya Rlabra x Hickory, Shagbark Carya ovata x HickOry, Shellbark Carva laciniosa x Hickorv, Sweet Pignut Carva ovalis x Hog-Deanut Amvhicarpaea bracteata x x Hollvhock' Althaea rosea* x Honewort Cryptotaenia" canadensis x Honevsuckle, Amur' Lonicera maackii* x x x Honevsuckle, Bush DienJilla lonicera x HoneVsuckle, Hybrid' Lonicera x minutiflora * x x Honeysuckle, Japanese' Lonicera iaponica * x x x Honeysuckle, Manchurian' Lonicera ruprechtiana * x x x Honeysuckle, Morrow's' Lonicera morrowii* x x Honeysuckle, Showy Fly' Lonicera x bella' x x Honeysuckle, Tartarian' Lonicera tatarica * x x 159 Appendix 1. Continued. Pond!· Community Class Forest Prairie Savanna Wetland Cultural Stream "0 Ul Ul "0 ;0 c::: :!l ~ 3: (1) 0 (1) "0 0 (1) < ~ 0 ::. '" "0 ~ Subclass Q. ::1. '" '"0 " ~ e: Q. "0 (1) '" :r'" ""' " Ul :;? a "'" @ 0' Common Name'" Scientific Name'" " 3'" " Honevsuckle, Trumoet' Lonicera sempervirens* x x Honevsuckle, Yellow Lonicera prolifera x Hops, Common Humulus lupulus x Hops, Jaoanese' Humulus iaDonicus * x Horehound, Common Water LvcolJUS americanus x Horehound, Common' Marrubium vul$!are* x Hornbeam, Hop Ostrya virliiniana x, Horse Gentian, Earlv Triosteum aurantiacum x x Horse Gentian, Illinois Triosteum illinoense x x Horse Gentian, Late Triosteum oetfoliatum x x x x Horseradish* Armoracia rusticana * x Horsetail, Field Equisetum arvense x x x Horseweed Conyza canadensis x x Hound's Ton.ue, Common' Cvnolilossum officinale' x Hvacinth, GraDe' Muscari botrvoides* x Hvacinth, Wild Camassia sci/lioides x x Hyacinth, Wild - SE Camassia antlustata - SE x Hydrangea, Wild Hydrantlea arborescens x x Hvssoo, Clammv Hed~e Gratiola nelilecta x x Hvssoo, Giant Atlastache nevetoides x Hvssoo, Purole Giant Aliastache scrophulariaefolia x x Indian Pioe Monotrova uniflora x Indigo, Cream Wild Baptisia leucophaea x x Indigo, False Amorpha{ruticosa x x x x Indigo, White Wild Baptisia leucantha x x Iris, Blue Fla. Iris vir~inica var. shrevei x Iris, Cultivated* Iris 1!ermanica * x Iris, Tall Yellow' Iris pseudoacorus* x Ironweed, Common Vernonia fasciculata x x Ironweed, Missouri Vernonia missurica x x x Ironweed, Smooth Tall Vernonia liiliantea x x x x Ironweed•.Western Vernonia baldwinii x x Ironweed, Yellow Verbesina altemifolia x x Ivy, Poison Toxicodendron radicans x x x x Jack-i n-the-Pulpit Arisaema trivhyllum x Jacob's Ladder Polemonium reDtans x x x Jasmine, Rock Androsace occidentalis x Joe-Pve-Weed, Purple Euvatorium vurpureum x x Joe-Pve-Weed, Spotted Eupatorium maculatum x x x Johnny-iump-up' Viola rafinesquii' x Juneberrv Amelanchier arborea x Knapweed, Brown' Centaurea Jacea* x Knapweed, Spotted' Centaurea maculosa * x Knotweed, Bushv Poly/?onum ramosissimum x x x Knotweed, Common* Polygonum aviculare * x Knotweed, Erect Polvfwnum erectum x x 160 Appendix 1. Continued. Pond! Community Class Forest Prairie Savanna Wetland Cultural Stream c::: .'"Il en en ;;0 '"0 3:: 0 0" OJ <: ~ s; o '" "' ~ " "" " Subclass "'~ '"0" 00 :i: "' ::r "E':: 0 "Oo '"0 " " ~ ~ a ""' @ o' Common Name>" Scientific Name>" " "'3 " Knotweed, Ja;;-anese" Polveonum cusoidatum" x x x Polygonum amphibium var. Knotweed, Water x x stioulaceum Knotweed, Woodland Polvponum vinzinianum x Kochia* Kochia sconaria * x Cadies' Tresses, Fra~rant Soiranthes mamicamoorum x Ladies' Tresses, Liltle Soiranthes tuberosa x Ladies' Tresses, Noddin~ Soiranthes cernua x Ladies' Tresses, Oval Sniranthes ovalis x Ladies' Tresses, Slender Soirantheslacera x x Ladv's Thumb" Po[vponum nersicaria* x Lamb'sOUarters" Chenooodium album" x Lark;nur, Dwarf Delohinium rricorne x Leafcun PoLvmnia canadensis x x Leather flower Clematis nitcheri x x Leatherwood Dirca valustris x Leek, Wild Allium burdickii x Leek, Wild Allium tricoccum x Lentil" Lens culinaris* x Lettuce, Blue Lactuca floridana x x Lettuce, Glaucous White Prenanthes racemosa x Lettuce, Great White Prenanthes crenidinea x x Lettuce, Pricklv" Lactuca serriola* x Lettuce, ROlWh White Prenanthes asoera x Lettuce, Wild Lactuca canadensis x x x Lettuce, Willow" Laetuca salirma" x Licorice, Smooth Wild Galium circaezans x x Lilv, Blackberrv" Belamcanda chinensis * x x Lilv, Ora;;;;e Dav" Hemerocallisfulva" x x Lilv, Turk's Can Li/fum michipanense x x x Lion's Tail" Leonurus marrubiastrum* x Live-forever* Sedum ournureum" x x Liverieaf, Sham-lobed Heoatica nobilis var. acuta x Lizard-tail Saururus cemuus x x Lobelia, Great Blue Lobelia sinhilitica x x x Lobelia, Sniked Lobelia soicata x Locust, Black' Robinia vseudoacacia* x . x Locust, Honev Gleditsia triacanthas x x x Loosestrife, False Ludwi!!ia oolvcarna x x x Loosestrife, Frin~ed Lvsimachia ciliata x x. Loosestrife, Garden' Lvsimachia vul~aris" x x x Loosestrife, Lance-leaved Lvsimachia lanceo/ata x Loosestrife, Narrow-leaved Lvsimachia nuadriflora x Loosestrife, Pumle" Lvthrum salicaria* - x x x x Loosestrife, Scarlet Ammannia coccinea x Loosestrife, Win~ed Lvthrum alalum x x 161 Appendix 1. Continued. Pond! Community Class Forest Prairie Savanna Wetland Cultural Stream c::: :!l "0 en ~ en "0 ;0 .", 0 0 .~. < 0 "- 0 "' ~ ."," Subclass E> 0. ::1. "'" " "0 0 "'0 :r e: ~ 0. .", " ::l ~ !". (l a::l "' o' Common Name'" Scientific Name,·2 "'3 ::l Lopseed Phrvma leotosrachva x Lotus, American Nelumbo lutea x Lousewort. Prairie Pedicularis canadensis x x Madder, Wild Galium obtusum x Mallow, Common' Malva neRlecta' x Mallow, Glade Navaea dialea x Mallow, Halberd-leaved Rose Hibiscus laevis x x x Mallow, Round-leaved' Malva rotundifolia' x Maple, Silver Acer saccharinum x x x Maole, Sugar Acer saccharum x x Marigold, Fetid' Dvssodia oapposa' x Marigold, Marsh Caltha oalustris x Marigold, Nodding Bur Bidens cernua x x Marigold, Swamp Bidens aristosa x x Marigold, Tall Swamp Bidens coronata x Marijuana' Cannabis sativa* x Matrimonv Vine, Chinese' Lvcium chinense* x Mav Aople Podophvllum peltatum x x Meadow Rue, Early Thalictrum dioicum x Thalictrum dasycarpum var. Meadow Rue, Purple x x dasycarpum Thalictrum dasycarpum var. Meadow Rue, Smooth x x hypoclaucum Meadow Rue, Waxy Thalictrum revolutum x x Meadowsweet Spiraea alba x x Medic, Black' MedicaRo lupulina' x x Mercury, Three seeded Acalypha rhomboidea x x Mercury, Three-seeded Acalvoha ostryaefolia x x Mercurv, Virginia Acalvpha virRinica x x Mermaid, False Floerkia proseminoides x Milfoil, Whorled Water Myriophyllum venicillatum x Milkweed, Common Asclepias syriaca x . x Milkweed, Horsetail Asclepias venicillata x x x Milkweed, Poke Ascleoias exaltata x Milkweed, Purole Ascleoias Durvurascens x x Milkweed, Sand Asclepias amplexicaulis x x Milkweed, Sullivant's Asclepias sullivantii x Milkweed, Swamp Asclepias incamata x x Milkweed, Tall Green Ascleoias hirtella x Milkwort, Field Polwala saMuinea x Milkwort, Purole Polwala oolvRama var.obtusata x x Milkwort, Whorled PolVRala verticillata x x Mint, Little-leaved' Mentha x cardiaca* x Mint; Ohio Horse Blephilia ciliata x x Mint, Wild Mentha arvensis vaT. villosa x Mint, Wood Blephilia hirsuta I x x 162 Appendix 1. Continued. Pond! Community Class Forest Prairie Savanna Wetland Cultural Stream C !l ." en ~ en ." ~ '0 ... 0> 0 0 0> ::l ~ 0 1::. < ... " ;;; ~ '0 Subclass ::l. 0> 0 " ::l 0 ::l :r " 0 0 '0 ::l ~ 0> - i!! ~ " ... o' "0> ::l Common Name'"' Scientific Name'"' S Mistflower Eupatorium coelestinum X X Monevwort' Lysimachia nummularia* X x x Monkey-flower Mimulus rinJlens x x Monkey-flower, Winged Mimulus alatus x x Moonseed Menispermum canadense x x Morning Glory, Common' Ipomoea purpurea' x Morning Glorv, Ivv-Ieaved' Ipomoea hederacea' x Morning Glorv, Small-flowered IDomoea lacunosa x Motherwort' Leonurus cardiaca * x x x Mountain Mint, Common Pvcnanthemum virRinianum x x Mountain Mint, Hairy Pycnanthemum pilosum x x . Mountain Mint, Slender Pycnanthemum tenuifolium x x Mousetail* Mvosurus minimus* x Mulberry, Red MaTus rubra X X x Mulberry, White' Morus alba' X x x Mullein, Common' Verbascum thapSus' x Mullein, Moth' Verbascum blattaria* x Mustard, Black' Brassica niffra * x Mustard, Dog' Erucastrum £allicum* x Mustard, Garlic' Alliaria petiolata' x x x Mustard, Hare's Ear' ConrinJ!ia orientalis* x Mustard, Hedge' Sisymbrium officinale' x Mustard, Indian' Brassicajuncea* x Mustard, Tansy Descurainia oinnata x' Mustard, Tower Arabis Jdabra X Mustard, Treacle' Erysimum repandum' x Mustard, Tumble' Sisymbrium altissimum* . x Naiad, Slender Na;asflexilis x Nannyberrv Viburnum lentago x x x Needles, Soanish Bidens bipinnata x x Nettle, Burning' Unica urens* x Nettle, False Boehmeria cylindrica x x Nettle, Horse Solanum carolinense x x Nettle, Purple Dead' Lamium Durvureum * Nettle, Red Hemo' Galeoosis ladanum* x Nettle, Rough Hedge Stachvs aspera x x Nettle, Smooth Hedge Stachvs tenuifolia x Nettle, Stinging Urtica dioica x x Nettle, Wood Laportea canadensis x Nightshade, Black Solanum otvcanthum x x x Nightshade, Deadly' Solanum dulcamara* x x x x x Circaea lutetiana var. Nightshade, Enchanter's x canadensis Nirnblewill Muhlenberrda schreberi x x Nirnblewill, Illinois Muhlenbergia x curtisetosa x Ninebark Phvsocarous opulifolius x x x 163 Appendix 1. Continued. Pond! Community Class Forest Prairie Savanna Wetland Cultural Stream c: "0 en ~ en "0 :;0 '0 :!l ... 0 0 <: ~ 0; 0 e. ... " Subclass '" ~ '0 " 0 :l. § :r'" " "e: 0 0" '0 " en ~ ~ "'" @ o' Common Name'-' Scientific Name'-' " '"3 " Ninnlewort' Lansana communis* x Nits-and-lice Hvnericum drummondii x Oak, Black Quercus velutina x x x Oak, Bur Quercus macrocarVQ x x x x Oak, Chinnuanin Quercus muhlenben!ii x Oak, Hvbrid Inuercus x leana x Oak, Hvbrid Inuercus x runcinata x Oak, Jerusalem' Chenooodium botrvs' ~ x Oak, Pin Quercus oalustris x x Oak, Red Quercus rubra x x x Oak, Shinule Quercus imbricaria x x Oak, Swamn White Quercus bieoior x Oak, White Quercus alba x x x Oats* Avena sativa* x Oats, Sea Chasmanthium latifolium x Obe-Wan'Conobea Leucosoora,multfflda x x Olive, Autumn' Elaeaenus umbellata' x x Orach, Common' Atrinlex natula' x Oran~e, Osa~e' Maclura oomifera' x x x Orchid, Fall Coral-root Corallorrhiza odontorhiza x Orchid, Prairie White Platanthera leucophaea x Frinl!ed - FT, SE FT,SE Orchid, Putty-roOt Aolectrum hvemale x x Orchid, Twavblade Linaris liliifolia x x Orchid, White Fringed - Platanthera blephariglottis ? EXT' EXT' Orchid, White Lady's-sHpper Cypripedium candidum x ST,EXT ST,EXT Orchid, Wister's Coral-root Corallorrhiza wisteriana x Orchid, Yellow Ladv's-su.;;;-er Cvnrinediumnubescens x Orchis, Showy Galearis snectabilis x Paintbrush, Indian Castilleia coccinea x x Parslev,HeMe' Torilis iaoonica' x Parslev, Prairie Polvtaenia nutrallii x Parsnio, Cow Heracleum lanatum x x Parsnio, Hairv Meadow Thasnium barbinode x x Parsnin, Meadow Thasnium trifoliatum x x Parsnin, Water Sium suave x x x Parsnin, Wild' Pastinaca sativa * x x Passion-flower, Small Passitlora lutea x Pawnaw Asimina tri/aba x x Pea, Everlastin.' Luthvrus latifolius' x Pea, Patrtid.e Cassia fasciculata x x Pearlwort Sapina decumbens x Pellitorv Parietaria Densylvanica x x x Pennvcress, Field' Thlasni arvense' x 164 Appendix 1. Continued. Pond! Community Class Forest Prairie Savanna Wetland Cultural Stream C '"0 en en '"0 ~ :!l ~ :: 0 0 ~ "Z. e:. "'<: ~ " ::l 0 ~ ~ '0 " Subclass § 0 ::l " 0' (;' "' :r e: ~ 0 "Z. ::l en e: E:. "' § o' Common Name'" Scientific Name'" " "'3 " PenD;;;:oval, American Hedeoma nulepioides x Pennvroval, False Trichostema brachiatum x Pennvroval, Rouah Hedeoma hisvida x x Pennereress, Clas~ina' Leoidium oerl'olilatum' x PeDDereress, Common Lenidium vir~inicum x PeDDereress, Small' Leoidium densiflorum' x Pennennint' Mentha x ninerita* x x Periwinkle, Common* Vinca minor* x x Persimmon Diosnvros virfliniana x Petunia, Wild Ruellia humilis x x Phace]ia, Pumle Phacelia bininnatiflda x Phlox, Blue Phlox divaricata x x PhlDx, DDwnv Phlox oilosa subso. nilosa x x Phlox, Marsh Phlox plaberrima var. interior x x Phlox pUosa subsp. Phlox, Sangamon - SE x x sanr;ramonensis -SE Phlox, Summer Phlox naniculata x Phlox, Sweet-William Phlox maculata x x Phvsic, Indian Porteranthus stioulatus x x P;;weed, Green Amaranthus hvbridus x Pioweed, Redroot' Amaranthus retroitexus* x Pi.weed, Win.ed Cvcloloma atrinlicifolium x x Pimoenel, Yellow Taenidia inteperrima x x Pimoernel,. False Lindemia dubia x x Pimoernel, Scarlet' Anaflallis arvensis* x Pi";;;'ernel, Slender False Lindemia anaJiallidea x x Pimaernel, Water Samolus narviflorus x Pinesao Monotrooa hvoouithvs x Pineweed Hvvericum pentianoides x x Pink, DeDtford" Dianthus armeria* x. x x Pink, Fire Silene virpinica x Pink, Maiden" Dianthus deltoides' x Pink, 'Saxifra~e" Petrohapia saxifrapa" x Pinkweed Polwonum oensvlvanicum x x x x PiDweed, Slender-leaved Lechea tenuifolia x Plant, Lead Amoroha canescens x x Plant, Obedient Phvsoste.ia vir-iniana x Plant, Salt-and-P,,;;-ner" Plantapo nataponica var. brevicarna* x Plant, Unicorn Proboscidea lauisianica x x \ Plantapo aristata x Plantain, Common" Plantapo maior" x Plantain, Dwarf Plantapo virpinica x Plantain, Enolish Planta~o lanceolata" x Plantain, Great Indian Cacalia muhlenberPii x x • SE, Plantain, Heart-leaved - SE, Plantago cordata x EXT? EXT? 165 Appendix 1. Continued. Pond! Community Class Forest Prairie Savanna Wetland Cultural Stream c:: ::!1 .., [/l ~ [/l : 166 Appendix 1. Continued. Pond! Community Class Forest Prairie Savanna Wetland Cultural Stream c:: '"Il "0 "0 ::0 0 's: 0 :::. ~. '""'<: ~ "'" :I " Subclass 0 ::l, "0" '"5" :I"' 0. :I"' ::r'" f2: 0. "0 " :I ~ 0; ~ fd 0' 3' "' :I Common Name>" Scientific Name'" "'3" Rattlesnake Master Ervn.ium vuccifolium x x Redbud Cercis canadensis x x Redton' A.mstis alba var. alba* x x Reed, Common PhraRmites commum's x x x x Reed, Common Wood Cinna arundinacea x x Richweed Collinsonia canadensis Rocket, Dame's' HesDeris matronalis* x x Rocket, Yellow' Barbarea vulllaris* x Rose, E.jantine' Rosa e2lanteria* x Rose, Multiflora' Rosa multiflora' x x x Rose, Pasture Rosa carolina x x x Rose, Prairie Rosa seti"era x x Rose, Swamo Rosa oalustris x x Rosinweed Silohium inte.a;'lium x x Ruellia, Smooth Ruellia streoens x x Rush, Chairmaker's Scirous oungens x x x Rush, Dark Green ScirDus atrovirens x x x Rush, Dudlev's Juncus dudlevi x x Rush, Inland Juncus interior x x x x Rush, Path Juncus tenuis x x Rush, Sh;;;:;;-fruited Juncus acuminatus x Rush, Short-fruited Juncus brachvcarnus x x x x Rush, Toad Juneus bufonis x Rush, Torrev's Juncus torrevi x x Rutabaoa' Brassica naDUS * x Rve, Noddino Wild Elvmus canadensis x x x Rve, Slender Wild Elvmus villosus x , Rve, Vir.inia Wild Eivmus vir.inicus x Sa.e, Meadow' SalviG Dratensis* x Sa.e, White Artemisia ludoviciana x Salsify' Tra!!ooOPon oor~i1olius' x Sandbur, ,Field Cenchruslonpisninus x Sandwort, Thvme-leaved' Arenaria sernhvllifolia' x Sandwort, Wood Arenaria lateriflora x x Sassafras Sassafras albidum x x Scourin. Rush, Hvbrid Eauisetum ~rrissii x Scourino Rush, Smooth Eouisetum laevi!!atum x x I Scourino Rush, Tall Eouisetum hvemale x x x Sed.e, Awl-fruited Oval Carex tribuloides x x Sedoe, Awned Flat Cvnerus aristatus x x Sedoe, Awned Flat Cvnerus inflexus x x Serloe, Awned Graceful Carex davisii x Sedoe. Blunt-scaled Oak Carex artitecta x Serloe, Blunt-scaled Wood Carex albursina x Sedoe, BOlllebrush Carex lurida x x x Sedoe, Brist}v Carex comosa x 167 Appendix 1. Continued. Pond! Community Class Forest Prairie Savanna Wetland Cultural Stream "0 en en "0 : 168 Appendix 1. Continued. Pond! Community Class Forest Prairie Savanna Wetland Cultural Stream "rl '"tl '"tl ::0 c:: s:: 0 '0 0" e? '""'<: ., '"" ::l Subclass ;;; 0 ;:l. "' '0" "'"0 '0" "' :r'" e: ., "" " " ~ !'? [ "'" '"@ o' Common Name'" Scientific Name'" " S " Sedge, Red-rooted Nut Cvverus ervthrorhizos x x x Sedge,Rough Clustered Carex cevhaloidea x x . Sedge, Rough Sand Cyverus schweinitzii x x Sedge, Rustv Nut CyperusferruRinescens x x x Sedge, Sand Bracted Carex muhlenberRii x x Sedge, Short's Carex shortiana x x Sedge, Short-headed Bracted Carex cephalovhora x Sedge, Short-pointed Flat CY/Jerus acuminatus x x X Sedge, Slender Wood Carex Kracilescens x x Sedge, Smooth Clustered Carex aRRregata x Sedge, Spiked Bracted* Carex soicata* x Sedge, Spreading Oval Carex normalis x x x Sedge, Straight-styled Wood Carex radiata x x Sedge, Swamp Oval Carex muskinRumensis x Sedge, Three-way Dulchium arundinaceum x x Sedge, Umbrella Flat Cvverus diandrus x x Sedge, Wedge-fruited Oval Carex suberecta x x Prunella vulgaris var. Self-Heal x x lanceolata Self-Heal* Prunella vulliaris var. vulfwris* x Senna, Maryland Cassia'marilandica x . x Senna, Wild Cassia hebecarpa x x Shepard's Purse* Capsella bursa-pastoris* x Shooting-Star Dodecatheon meadia x x x Sicklepod Arabis canadensis x Sida, Prickly* Sida spinosa * x Skullcap, Downy Scutellaria incana x Skullcap, Heart-leaved Scutellaria ovala var.ovala x Scutellaria ovala var. Skullcap, Heart-leaved x versicolor Skullcap, Mad-dog Scutellaria lateritlora x x Skullcap, Small Scutellaria leonardii x x Skulkap, Small Scutellaria pai-vula x x Smartweed Polvponum Dunctaturn X x. x Smartweed, Creeping* Polvf!onum cesDitosum var.lon2isetum* x Snakeroot, Canadian Black Sanicula canadensis x x x Snakeroot, Clustered Black Sanicula Rreliaria x x Snakeroot, Maryland Black Sanicula marilandica x Snakeroot. Seneca PolYRala senega x x Snakeroot, Virginia Aristolochia serventaria x Snakeroot, White Euoatorium rURosum x x Snapdragon, Dwarf* Chaenorrhinum minus* x Sneezeweed Helenium autumnale x x x Sneezeweed, Purple-headed Helenium flexuosum x Snow-on-the-mountain* Euvhorbia marRinata* x S'nowberry* Svmvhoricarvos albus* x 169 I~ Appendix 1. Continued. Pond! Community Class Forest Prairie Savanna Wetland Cultural Stream '"ti (/J (/J '"ti ;0 c: 21 ~ 0' :::: 0 >0 0 0' 0' < ~ 0 >0" Subclass § 0 5: 0' " "'"0 " ~ e: >0 '":::r 0 " :4' ~ a " "0' til 0· 0' Common Name'·' Scientific Name'·' " 3 " Solomon's Seal PolYKonatum commutatum x Solomon's Seal, False SmUacina racemosa x X x Solomon's Seal, Starry False Smilacina stellata x x Sorrel, Common Wood Oxalis stricto x x x x x Sorrel, Field' Rumex acetosella* x x x Sorrel, Purple Wood Oxalis violacea x x x Sorrel, Yellow Wood Oxalis dillenii x Spearmint' Mentha spicata* x Speedwell, Corn' Veronica arvensis* x Speedwell, Dwarf Bird's Eve' Veronica Dolita* X Speedwell, Purslane Veronica verel!rina x Speedwell, Thyme-leaved Veronica serovllifolia' x Speedwell, Water Veronica catenata X x Spicebush Lindera benzoin x x Spiderwort, Broad-leaved Tradescantia subasoera x Spiderwort, Ohio Tradescantia ohiensis x x x Spiderwort, Virginia Tradescqntia virKiniana x x Spike Rush, Blunt Eleocharis obtusa x x Spike Rush, Engelman's Eleocharis enlielmannii x x Spike Rush, Flat-stemmed Eleocharis comoreSSQ x Spike Rush, Golden-seeded Eleocharis elliotica x x x Spike Rush, Great Eleocharis oalustris x x Spike Rush, Needle Eleocharis acicularis x x Spike Rush, Oval Eleocharis ovata x Spike Rush, Red-rooted Eleocharis erythroooda x x Soike Rush, Slender Eleocharis verrucosa x Soike Rush, Spike Eleocharis smallii x x x Soikenard, American Aralia racemosa x Spleenwort, Ebony Asplenium platyneuron x x Spleenwort, Narrow-leaved Athyrium pycnocaroon x Spleenwort, SilverY Athvrium thv/oteroides x Spring Beautv Clavtonia vinlinica x x X Sourge, Blunt-leaved Euphorbia obtusata x x Sourge, Cypress' Euphorbia cyoarissias' x x x Spurge, Flowering Euphorbia corol/ata x x x Spurge, Leafy' Euphorbia esuta' x Spurge, Milk Chamaesyce suoina x Spurge, Nodding . Chamaesvce maculata x x Spurrey, Corn' Soenzula arvensis' x Sauill, Siberian' Scilla sibirica' Sauirrel Com Dicentra canadensis x St. John's Wort, Canadian Hvvericum canadense x St. John's Wort, Common' Hypericum perforatum' x St. John's Wort, Round-fruited Hypericum sohaerocarvum x x x St. John's Wort, Shrubby Hypericum prolificum x x SI. John's Wort, Spotted Hypericum Dunctatum x x 170 Appendix 1. Continued. Pond! Community Class Forest Prairie Savanna Wetland Cultural Stream c:: :!l [/) 3: [/) ;>:l "0 0 ~. '"0 < ~ ;; 0 '" '" "0" " Subclass 0 ::1. '" " 0'" :r " ~ '" '" e: "0- "0;; " " ~ a? S' "'" (l o' COmmon Name'" Scientific Name'" :;'" " Star Grass, Water Zosterella dubia x Star Grass, Yellow Hypoxis hirsuta x x Star-of-Bethlehem* Omitholia/lum umbellatum * x x Starwort* Stellaria flraminea* x Starwort, Terrestrial Callitriche terrestris x x Stickseed Hackelia ViT$!iniana x x Slickseed, European* Lappula echinata* x Stinkweed Pluchea camphorata . x x Stitchworl Stellaria loneifolia x Stonecrop, Ditch Penthorum sedoides x x x Stonecrop, Wild Sedum lema/urn x Stork's-bill* Erodium cicutarium * x Strawberrv, Wild Fra~aria vir~iniana x x x x Sumac, Fragrant Rhus aromatiea x Sumac, Smooth Rhus Idabra x x x Sumac, Staghorn Rhus typhina x x Sundrops, Prairie Oenothera pilosella x Sunflower, Downy Helianthus mollis x x Sunflower, False Heliopsis helianthoides x x Sunflower, Garden* Helianthus annuus* x Sunflower, Hispid Helianthus hirsutus X Sunflower, Pale Helianthus decapetalus x Sunflower, Pale-leaved Helianthus strumosus x x Sunflower, Petioled* Helianthus peliolaris* x Sunflower, Prairie Helianthus rieidus x Sunflower, Sawtooth Helianthus I!rosseserratus X x x Sunflower, Western Helianthus occidentalis x x Sunflower, Woodland Helianthus divaricatus x x Susan, Black-eyed Rudbeckia hirta x x x Susan, Brown-eyed Rudbeckia triloba x x Sweet Potato, Wild Ipomoea oandurata x x Sweetflag Acarus calamus x x Sycamore, American Platanus occidentalis x x Tansv* Tanacetum vulRare* x Tea, New Jersey Ceanothus americanus x x x Tear-thumb, Arrow-leaved PolYRonum saRitattum x Teasel, Common* Dipsacus sylvestris* x x Teasel, Cut-leaf* DiDsacus laciniatus* x x Thimbleweed Anemone cvlindrica x x Thistle, Bul!* Cirsium vulJ?are * x Thistle, Canada* Cirsium arvense* x Thistle, Common Sow* Sonchus oleraceus* x Thistle, Field Cirsium discolor x x Thistle, Field Sow* Sonchis arvensis var. arvensis* x Thistle, Hills - ST, EXT Cirsium hillii - ST, EXT I x x Thistle, Nodding* Carduus nutans* I x 171 Appendix 1. Continued. Pond! Community Class Forest Prairie Savanna Wetland Cultural Stream "0 "0 c:: ::!l ~ ., 3:: 0 0 <: ., '" V> 12- 1::. '" ~ " ., 0 '0 "'" . Subclass Q. ::I. § V> " e:" 5' 0 ~ "Q. '0 " ., a " '"g., o' Common Namel.2 Scientific Name'" " 3 ""' Thistle, Scotch* Ono/Jorum acanthium* x Thistle, Smooth Sow* Sonchus arvensis var.2labrescens* x Thistle, Spiny Sow* Sonchus asper* x Thistle, Tall Cirsium altissimum x x Tick Trefoil, Bare-stemmed Desmodium nudiflorum x Desmodium cuspidatum var. Tick Trefoil, Bracted x cuspidatum Tick Trefoil, Hairv Desmodium ciliare x x Desmodium cuspida'tum var. Tick Trefoil, Hairy Bracted x lonRifolium Tick Trefoil, Hoarv Desmodium canescens x x Tick Trefoil, Illinois Desmodium illinoense x Tick Trefoil, Panicled Desmodium lJaniculatum x x x Tick Trefoil, Pointed Desmodium I?lutinosum x x Tick Trefoil, Sessile-leaved Desmodium sessilifolium x x Tick Trefoil, Smooth Desmodium Rlabellum x x Tick Trefoil, Tick Desmodium canadense x Tickseed, Purple-stemmed Bidens cannata x x Tickseed, Swamp Bidens tripartita x x Timothy* Phleum pratense* x Toadflax, False Comandra umbellata x x Tobacco, Indian Lobelia inflata x x Toothwort Dentaria laciniata x x Touch-me-not, Pale Impatiens pallida x x x x x Touch-me-not, Spotted Impatiens capensis x x x x x Tree, Tulip Liriodendron tulivifera x Tree, Wavfaring* Viburnum lantana * x x Tree-of-Heaven* Ailanthus altissima* x x Trefoil, Birdsfoot* Lotus corniculatus* x Trillium, Declined Trillium flexipes x Trillium, Large-flowered Trillium Rrandiflorum x Trillium, Red Trillium recurvatum x x Trillium, Snow Trillium nivale x Trout-liIv, Prairie - ST Ervthronium mesochoreum -ST x Trout-lilv, White Ervthronium albidum x Trout-lilv. Yellow Erythronium americanum x Tumbleweed* Amaranthus albus * x Turnip* BrassicQ rana * x Turtlehead, White Chelone ,dabra x Velvet Leaf* Abutilon theovhrasti* 'x Venus' Looking-glass Triodanis perfoliata x x x Vervain, Blue Verbena hastata x x Vervain, Creeping Verbena bracteata x Vervain, Hairv White Verbena urticifolia x X x x x Vervain, Hoarv Verbena stricta x x x Vervain, Narrow-leaved Verbena simplex x x 172 rr Appendix 1. Continued. Pond! Community Class Forest Prairie Savanna Wetland Cultural Stream en en ;0 c::: :;1 .... ~ 0 0 '"e. ~ ....0' ::l'" Subclass ;:.; 0 ;:1. " "'" "'"::l 0 § '":r " e: 0 0 ~ ::l "'" ~ ~ 0' .... e. " (; ::l Commoh Name\" Scientific Name!" a0'" ::l Vervain, Rose Glandularia canadensis x x Vetch, Canadian Milk Astrapalus canadensis x x Vetch, Cow* Vida cracca* x Vetch l Crown* Coronilla varia* x x Vetch, Winter* Vicia villosa* x Vetchlin~, Marsh Lath"rus nalustris var. m"rtifolius x x Vetchlin~, Marsh Lath"rus nalustris var. nalustris x x Violet, Arrow-leaved Viola sapittata x Violet, Bird's Foot Viola vedata x x x Violet, Cleft Viola va/mata x Violet, Conunon Blue Viola sororia x x x . x Violet, Cream Viola striata x x Viola pubescens var. Violet, Downy Yellow x x !vubescens Violet, Green Hvbanthus coneD/or x Violet, Marsh Blue Viola cucullara x x x Violet, Missouri Viola missouriensis x x Violet, Prairie Viola nedatifida x Viola pubeseens var. Violet, Smooth Yellow x x eriacQma Violet, Woodland Blue Viola ;;ffl,.is . x x Wahoo Euonvmus arrovurvurea x x Walnut, Black Jwdans niJlra x x Walnut, White Juplans cinerea x x Water Hemn, Conunon Amaranthus rudis x x x Water Hemn, Tall Amaranthus tuberculatus x x x Water Meal, American Wolifia columbiana x WaterP~ner PolvJlonum hvdroniner x' . Water Penner, Mild Pol"ponum hvdronineroides x x x Water Plantain, Common Alisma subeordatum x Waterleaf, Canada Hvdrovhviium eanadense x x Hydrophyiium Waterleaf, Great x x avoendieu/atum Waterleaf, Vir~inia Hvdrovhviium vindnianum x x Waterroelon* Citruiius lanatus * x Waterweed, Canadian Elodea canadensis x Waterweed, Slender Elodea nuttallii x Waxweed CUDhea viscosissima x x Weed, Bugle Lveovus virr!inieus x x Weed, Gum Grindelia sauarrosa x Weed, Jimson* Datura stramonium* x Weed, Merroaid Proservinaca nalustris x Weed, Northern Bugle Lvcovus uniflorus x x Weed, Puneture* Tribulus terrestris * x Wheat* Triticum aestivum * x Wheelwort Rotala ramosior x x 173 Appendix 1. Continued. Pond! Community Class Forest Prairie Savanna Wetland Cultural Stream "tl en ~ "tl c::: :!l to> ro 0 ro "tl 0 OJ ", ~ <: ~ ro'" 0 '" Subclass or ~: to> ~ "tl 0 0. " ~ :r e: 0. '0 " or to>" @ " 5' " '" 0' 1 to> Common Name'·l Scientific N amel. :; " Willow Herb, Cinnamon Epilobium coloratum x x , Willow, Black Salix nigra x x x Willow, Crack* Salix frag ilis* x x Willow, Heart-leaved Salix eriocephala x x x x Willow, Peach-leaved Salix amYRdaloides x x x Willow, Prairie Salix humilis x Willow, Pussv Salix discolor x x x x x Willow; Sandbar Salix exigua x x x Willow, Water Justicia americana x Ludwigia peploides subsp. Willow, Weeping Primrose x x x filabrescens' Willow, WeeDin~* Salix babylonica* x Willow, White* Salix alba * x Witch Hazel Hamamelis vir$!iniana x Symphoricarpos Wolfberry x x occidentalis Woodfern, Common Dryopteris intermedia x Wormweed, American* Chenopodium ambrosioides* x Wormwood, Biennial * Artemisia biennis* x Wormwood, Common* Artemisia vulgaris* x Wormwood, Sweet* Artemisia annua* x Woundwort Stachvs valustris var. homotricha x Yam, Chinese* Dioscorea batatas* x Yam, Wild Dioscorea villosa x Yarrow* Achillea millefolium* x x Yerba de Taio Eelipta vrostrata x x I Bold type indicates an Illinois end~ngered (SE), Illinois threatened (ST), and/or federally threatened (FT). species. EXT =extripated within the Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area. EXT* =extripated from the State of Illinois. 1 Asterisk (*) indicates introduced, non-native species 174 Appendix 2 Incomplete list of vascular plants known from the Upper Sangamon River Assessment Area (from Appendix 1), sorted by scientific name. Scientific Namei,2 Common Name'" Scientific NameJ.2 Common Name'·2 Abutilon Ih,eophrasli' Velvet Leaf' Amaranthus hybridus Pigweed, Green Acalypha ostryaefolia Mercury, Three-seeded. Amaranthus powellii* Amaranth, Powell's* Acalypha rhomboidea Mercury, Three seeded Amaranthus retroflexus Pigweed, Redroot A~alypha virginica Mercury, Virginia Amaranthus rudis Water Hemp, Common Acer negundo Elder, Box Amaranthus spinosus* Amaranth, Spiny* Acer saccharinum Maple, Silver Amaranthus tuberculatus Water Hemp, Tall Acer saccharum Maple, Sugar Ambrosia artemisiifolia Ragweed, Common Achillea millefolium' Yarrow' Ambrosia bidentata Ragweed, Texas Acarus calamus Sweetflag Ambrosia psilostaehya Ragweed, Western Actaea alba Baneberry, White Ambrosia trifida Ragweed, Giant Adiantum pedatum Fern, Maidenhair Amelanchier arborea Juneberry Aegilops cylindrica* Grass, Goat* Ammannia coccinea Loosestrife, Scarlet Aesculus glabra Buckeye, Ohio Amorpha canescens Plant, Lead Agalinis purpurea . Foxglove, Purple False Amorpha frulicosa Indigo, False Agalinis tenuifolia Foxglove, Slender False Amphicarpaea bracteata Hog-peanut Agaslache nepetoides Hyssop, Giant Anagallis arvensis' Pimpernel, Scarlet' Agastache scrophulariaefolia Hyssop, Purple Giant Andropogon gerardii Bluestem, Big Agrimonia gryposepala Agrimony, Tall Andropogon virginicus Sedge, Broom Agrimonia parviflora Agrimony, Swamp Androsace occidentalis Jasmine, Rock Agrimonia pubeseens Agrimony, Soft Anemone canadensis Anemone, Meadow Agrimonia rostellata Agrimony, Beaked Anemone cylindrica Thimbleweed Agropyron repens>l< Grass, Quack* Anemone virginiana Anemome, Tall I Agropyron smithii* Grass, Western Wheat* Anemonella thalictroides Anemone, Rue Agrostemma githago' Cockle, Corn' Antennaria neglecta Cat's Foot Antennaria plantaginifolia Pussy Toes I Agrostis alba var. alba' Redtop' Agrostis alba var. palustris Grass, Creeping Bent Anthemis cocula' Fennel, Dog' Agroslis hyemalis Grass, Tickle Anthum graveolens* Dill* I Agrostis interrupta* Grass, Little-awned* Apios americana Groundnut Agrostis perennans Grass, Thin Aplectrum hyemale Orchid, Putty-root Ailanthus altissima* Tree#of-Heaven* Apocynum androsaemifolium Dogbane, Spreading Aira caryophyllea' Grass, Hair' Apocynum cannabinum Hemp, Indian Alisma subcordarum Water Plantain, Common Apocynum sibiricum Hemp, Prairie Indian Alliaria peliolala' Mustard, Garlic' Apocynum x medium Dogbane, Hybrid Allium burdickii Leek, Wild Aquilegia canadensis Columbine, Wild Allium canadense Garlic, Wild Arabidopsis thaliana * Cress, Mouse~ear* Allium tricoccum Leek, Wild Arabis canadensis Sicklepod Allium vineale' Garlic, Field' Arabis glabra Mustard, Tower Alopecurus aequalis Foxtail, Short-Awned Arabis hirsuta Cress, Hairy Rock Alopecurus carolinianus Foxtail, Annual Arabis laevigata Cress, Smooth Bank Althaea rosea' Hollyhock' Arabis shorlii Cress, Toothed Amaranthus albus* Tumbleweed* Aralia racemosa Spikenard, American Amaranthus blitoides' Amaranth, Creeping' Arctium minus* Burdock, Common* 175 Appendix 2. Continued. Scientific Name'·2 Common N ame J.2 Scientific Name'·' Common Name'·2 Arenaria lateriflora Sandwort, Wood Athyrium pycnocarpon Spleenwort, Narrow-leaved Arenaria serphyllijofia' Sandwort, Thyme Athyrium thylpteraides Spleenwort, Silvery leaved' Atriplex patula' Orach, Common'" Arisaema dracontium Green Dragon Aureolaria grandiflora Foxglove, Yellow False Arisaema triphyllum Jack-in-the-Pulpit var. pulchra Aristida basiramea Grass, Fork-tipped Avena sativa'" Oats* Three Awn Balsamita major'" Costmary' .Aristida longespica Grass, Three Awn Baptisia leucantha Indigo, White Wild Aristida oligantha Grass, Plains Three Awn Baptisia leucophaea Indigo, Cream Wild Aristolochia serpentaria Snakeroot, Virginia Barbarea vulgaris* Rocket, Yellow' Armoracia aquatica Cress, Lake Belamcanda chinensis '" Lily, Blackberry' Armoracia rusticana* Horseradish' Bellis perennis'" Daisy, English' Arrhenatherum elatius* Grass, Tall Oat' Berberis thunbergii* Barberry, Japanese' Artemisia annua* Wormwood, Sweet' Berberis vulgaris'" Barberry, Common' Artemisia biennis* Wormwood, Biennial* Betula nigra Birch, River Artemisia ludoviciana Sage, White Bidens aristosa Marigold, Swamp Artemisia vulgaris* Wormwood, Common* Bidens bipinnata Needles, Spanish Aruncus dioicus Goat's-beard Bidens cemua Marigold, Nodding But Asarum canadense Ginger, Wild Bidens connata Tickseed, Purple-stemmed Asclepias amplexicQulis Milkweed, Sand Bidens coronata Marigold, Tall Swamp Asclepias exaltata Milkweed, Poke Bidens discoidea Beggar's Ticks, Swamp Asclepias hirtella Milkweed, Tall Green Bidens frondosa Beggar's Ticks, Common Asclepias incarnata Milkweed, Swamp Bidens tripartita Tickseed, Swamp Asclepias purpurascens Milkweed, Purple Bidens vulgata Beggar's Ticks, Tall Asclepias sullivantii Milkweed, Sullivant's Blephifia ciliata Mint, Ohio Horse Asclepias syriaca Milkweed, Common Blephilia hirsuta Mint, Wood Asclepias tuberosa Butterfly Weed Boehmeria cylindrica Nettle, False Asclepias verticillata Milkweed, Horsetail Boltonia asteroides Aster, False Asimina trilaba Pawpaw Borago officinalis'" Borage* Asparagus officinalis* Asparagus, Wild' Botrychium dissectum Fern, Cut-leaved Grape Asplenium platyneuron Spleenwort. Ebony Botrychium virginianum Fern, Rattlesnake Grape Aster drummondii Aster, Drummond's. Brachyelytrum erectum Grass, Long-awned Wood Aster dumosus Aster, Bushy Brassica juncea '" Mustard, Indian' Aster ericoides Aster, Heath Brassica kaber Charlock Aster laevis Aster, Smooth Brassica napus '" Rutabaga' Aster lateriflorus Aster, Side-flowering Brassica nigra* Mustard, Black' . Aster novae-angliae Aster, New England Brassica rapa* Turnip* Aster ontarionis Aster, Ontario Brickellia eupatorioides Boneset, False Aster oolentangiensis Aster, Sky-blue Bromus catharticus* Grass, Rescue'" Aster pUosus Aster, Hairy Bromus ciliatus .Brome, Fringed Aster praealtus Aster, Willow Bromus commutatus * Chess, Hairy' Aster sagittijolius Aster, Arrow-leaved Bromus inermis '" Brome, Smooth' Aster shortii Aster, Short's Bromus japonicus'" Chess, Japanese' Aster simplex var. interior Aster, Marsh Bromus kalmii Brome, Prairie Aster simplex var. simplex Aster, Panicled Bromus latiglumis Brome, Ear-leaved Aster turbinellus Aster, Prairie Bromus pubescens Brome, Woodland Aster urophyllus Aster, Arrow-leaved Bromus racemosus'" Chess, Smooth' Aster x amethystinus Aster, Amethyst Bromus secalinus* Cheat' Astragalus canadensis Vetch, Canadian Milk Bromus sterilis'" Brome, Poverty* Athyrium angustum Fern, Lady Bromus tectorum '" Brome, Downy'" 176 Appendix 2. Continued. Scientific N ame J.2 Common NameJ.2 Scientific Name1,2 Common Name',2 Bulbostylis capillaris Sedge, Hair, Carex grayii Sedge, Common Bur Cacalia atriplicifolia Plantain, Pale Indian Carex grisea Sedge, Gray Wood Cacalfa muhlenbergii Plantain, Great Jndian Carex hirsutella Sedge, Hairy Green Cacalia planraginea Plantain, Prairie lndian Carex hinifolia Sedge, Hairy Wood Calamagrostis canadensis Grass, Blue Joint Carex hystricina Sedge, Porcupine Callitriche terrestris Starwort, Terrestrial Carex jamesii Sedge, Grass Caltha palustris Marigold, Marsh Carex lacustris Sedge, Common Lake Calystegia sepium Bindweed, American Carex leavenworthii Sedge, Dwarf Bracted Calystegia spithamaea Bindweed, Dwarf Carex lupuliformis Sedge, Knobbed Hop Camassia angus/ata • SE Hyacinth, Wild - SE Carex lupulina Sedge, Common Hop Camassia scillioides Hyacinth, Wild Carex lurida Sedge, Bottlebrush Camelina microcarpa* Flax, Small-flowered Carex meadii Sedge, Mead's Stiff False* Carex molesta Sedge, Field Oval Campanula americana Bellflower, Tall Carex muhlenbergii Sedge, Sand Bracted Campanula rapunculoides* Bellflower, European* Carex muskingumensis Sedge, Swamp Oval Campsis radicans Creeper, Trumpet Carex normalis Sedge, Spreading Oval Cannabis sativa * Marijuana* Carex oligocarpa Sedge, Few-fruited Gray Capsella bursa-pastoris* Shepard's Purse* Carex pellita Sedge, Broad-leaved Woolly Cardamine bulbosa Cress, Bulbous Carex pensylvanica Sedge, Common Oak Cardamine douglassii Cress, Purple Spring Carex radiara Sedge, Straight-styled Wood Cardamine pensylvanica Cress, Pennsylvania Carex rosea Sedge, Curly-styled Wood Bitter Carex shortiana Sedge, Short's Cardaria draba * Cress, Hoary* Carex sparganioides Sedge, Loose-headed Bracted Carduus nutans* Thistle, Nodding* Carex spicata* Sedge, Spiked Bracted* Carex aggregata Sedge, Smooth Clustered Carex squarrosa Sedge, Narrow-leaved Cattail Carex albolutescens Sedge, Long-fruited Oval Carex. stipata Sedge, Common Fox Carex albursina Sedge, Blunt-scaled Wood Carex stricta Sedge, Common Tussock Carex alopecoidea Sedge, Frown-headed Fox Carex suberecta Sedge, Wedge-fruited Oval' Carex annectens Sedge, Large Yellow Fox Carex tenera Sedge, Narrow-leaved Oval Carex artitecta Sedge, Blunt-scaled Oak Carex tribuloides Sedge, Awl-fruited Oval Carex bicknellii Sedge, Copper Carex trichocarpa Sedge, Hairy-fruited Lak Shouldered Oval Carex umbellata Sedge, Early Oak Carex blanda Sedge, Common Wood Carex vulpinoidea Sedge, Brown Fox Carex brevior Sedge, Plains Oval Carex x deamii Sedge, Deam's Carex, bushii Sedge, Long-scaled Green Carpinus caroliniana Beech, Blue Carex careyana Sedge, Carey's Wood Carya cordiformis Hickory, Bitternut , Carex cephaloidea ,Sedge, Rough Clustered Carya glabra Hickory, Pignut Carex cephalophora Sedge, Short-headed Carya lq.ciniosa Hickory, Shellbark Bracted Carya ovalis Hickory, Sweet Pignut Carex camasa Sedge, Bristly Carya ovata Hickory, Shagbark Carex conjuncta Sedge, Green-headed Fox Carya tomentosa Hickory, Mockernut Carex cristatella Sedge, Crested Oval Cassia fasciculata Pea, Patrtidge Carex crus-corvi Sedge, Crow-foot Fox Cassia hebecarpa Senna, Wild Carex davish" Sedge. Awned Graceful Cassia marilandica Senna, Maryland Carex festucacea Sedge, Fescue Oval Castilleja coccinea Paintbrush, Indian Carex frankii Sedge, Bristly Cattail Catalpa bignonioides* Catalpa, Southern* Carex gracilescens Sedge, Slender Wood Catalpa speciosa* Catalpa, Northern* Carex granularis Sedge, Pale Caulophyllum thalictroides Cohosh, Blue Carex gravida Sedge, Long-awned Ceanothus americanus Tea, New Jersey Bracted Celastris orbiculatus* Bittersweet,Oriental* 177 Appendix 2, Continued, Scientific Name!,2 Common Namel,2 Scientific Name!,2 Common Name!,2 Celastrus scandens Bittersweet, Climbing Conyza ramosissima Fleabane, Dwarf Celtis occidentalis Hackberry Corallorrhiza odontorhiza Orchid, Fall Coral-root Cenchrus longispinus Sandbur, Field CoraliorrhiZQ wisteriana Orchid, Wister's Coral-root Centaurea cyanus* Bachelor's Button* Coreopsis palmata Coreopsis, Prairie CentQureajacea* Knapweed, Brown* Coreopsis tripteris Coreoptis, Tall Centaurea maculosa* Knapweed, Spotted* Corispermum americanum Bugseed, Common Cephalanthus occidentalis Buttonbush Comus alternifolia Dogwood, Alternate-leaved Cerastium glomer':ltum* Chickweed, Clammy* Cornus drummondii Dogwood, Rough-leaved Cerastium nutans Chickweed, Nodding Comus florida Dogwood, Flowering Cerastium vulgatum>l< Chickweed, Mouse-eared* Comus obliquQ Dogwood, Pale Cerarophyllum demersum Coontail Cornus racemosa Dogwood, Gray Cercis canadensis Redbud Cornus slolani/era Dogwood, Red-osier Chaenorrhinum minus* Snapdragon, Dwarf* Coronilla varia * Vetch, Crown* Chaerophyllum procumbens Chervil Corylus americana Hazelnut, American Chamaesyce maculata Spurge, Nodding Crataegus calodendron Hawthorn, Sugar Chamaesyce sup/na Spurge, Milk Crataegus chrysocarpa Hawthorn, Fireberry Chelone grabra Turtlehead, White Crataegus coccinioides Hawthorn, Kansas Chenopodium album* Lamb's Quarters* Crataegus crus-galli Hawthorn, Cockspur Chenopodium ambrosioides* Wonnweed, American* Crataegus disperma Hawthorn Chenopodium botrys* Oak, Jerusalem* Crataegus macrosperma Hawthorn, Large-seeded ChenopodiumgigantospermumGoosefoot, Maple-leaved Crataegus margarelta Hawthorn Chenopodium glaucum* Goosefoot,Oak-leaved* Crataegus mollis Hawthorn, Downy Chenopodium leptophyllum Goosefoot, Narrow-leaved Crataegus pedicellata Hawthorn Chenopodium standleyanum Goosefoot, Woodland Crataegus pruinosa Hawthorn, Frosted Chloris verticillata Grass, Windmill Crataegus punctata Hawthorn, Dotted Cichoriu~ intybus* Chicory* Crataegus succulerlta Hawthorn, Fleshy Cicuta maculata Hemlock, Water Crota/aria sagittalis Rattlebox Cinna arundinacea Reed, Common Wood Croton capitatus Croton, Woolly Circaea lutetiana Nightshade, Enchanter's Croton glandulosus Croton, Sand var. canadensis var. septentrionalis Cirsium altissimum Thistle, TaU Cryptotaenia canadensis Honewort Cirsium arvense:l' Thistle, Canada* Cucurbitafoetidissima* Gourd, Missouri* Cirsium discolor Thistle, Field Cucurbita pepo * Gourd, Pear* Cirsium hillii - ST, EXT Thistle, Hills - ST, EXT Cuphea viscosissima Waxweed Cirsium vulgare * Thistle, Bull* Cuscuta campestris Dodder, Field Citrullus Lanarus"" Watermelon* Cuscuta cephalanthi Dodder, Buttonbush . Claytonia virginica Spring Beauty Cuscuta glomerata Dodder, Rope Clematis dioscoreifolia* Clematis, Japanese* Cuscuta gronovii Dodder, Common Clematis pitcheri Leather flower Cuscuta pentagona Dodder, Prairie Clematis virginiana Bower, Virgin's Cuscuta polygonorum Dodder, Knotweed Collinsia verna Blue-eyed Mary Cycloloma atriplicifolium Pigweed, Winged Collinsonia canadensis Richweed Cynanchum laeve Blue Vine Comandra umbellata Toadllax, False Cynodon dacrylon* Grass, Bennuda* Commelina communis* Dayflower, Common* Cynoglossum officinale* Hound's Tongue, Common* Commelina diffusa Dayllower Cyperus acuminatus Sedge, Short'pointed Flat Conium maculatum Hemlock, Poison Cyperus aristatus Sedge, Awned Flat Conringia orientalis* Mustard, Hare's Ear* Cyperus diandrus Sedge, Umbrella Flat Convolvulus arvensis* Bindweed, Field* Cyperus engelmannii Sedge, False Rusty Nut Convolvulus spithamaeus Bindweed, Dwarf Cyperus erythrorhizos Sedge, Red-rooted Nut Conyza canadensis Horseweed Cyperus esculentus Sedge, Field Nut 178 Appendix 2. Continned. Scientific NameJ.2 Common N ame1.2 Scientific Name1.2 Common Name 1.2 Cyperusferruginescens Sedge, Rusty Nut Dipsacus sylvestris * Teasel, Common* Cyperus inflexus Sedge, Awned Flat Dirca palustris Leatherwood Cyperus rivularis Sedge, Brook Nut Distichlis stricta * Grass, Salt· Cyperus schweinitzii Sedge, Rough Sand Dodecatheon meadia Shooting-Star Cyperus strigosus Sedge, Long-scaled Nut Draba brachycarpa· Cress, Short-fruited Whitlow· Cypripedium candidum Orchid, White Lady's Draba verna* Cress, Vernal Whitlow· -ST,EXT slipper - ST, EXT Dryopteris intermedia Woodfern, Common Cypripedium pubescens Orchid, Yellow Lady's Dulchium arundinaceum Sedge, Three-way slipper Dyssodia papposa· Marigold, Fetid· Cystopteris protrusa Fern, Fragile Echinacea pallida Coneflower, Pale Dactylis glomerata· Grass, Orchard· Echinacea purpurea Coneflower, Purple Dalea candida Prairie Clover, White Echinochloa crusgalli Grass, Barnyard Dalea leporina * Dalea, Foxtail· Echinochloa muricata Grass, Barnyard Dalea purpurea Prairie Clover, Purple Echinocystis lobata Balsam-apple, Wild Danthonia spicata Grass, Poverty Oat Echinodorus berteroi Burhead Dasistoma macrophylla Foxglove, Mullein var. lanceolatus Datura stramonium * Weed, Jimson* Echium vulgare * Bugloss, Viper's· . Daucus carola * Queen-Anne's-Lace* Eclipta prostrata Yerba de Tajo Delphinium trfeame Larkspur, Dwarf Elaeagnus umbellata· Olive, Autumn* Dentaria laciniata Toothwort Eleocharis acicularis Spike Rush, Needle Descurainia pinnata Mustard, Tansy Eleocharis compressa Spike Rush, Flat-stemmed Descurania sophia* Flixweed* Eleocharis elliptica Spike Rush, Golden-seeded Desmodium canadense Tick Trefoil, Tick Eleocharis engelmannii Spike Rush, Engelman's Desmodium canescens Tick Trefoil, Hoary Eleocharis erythropoda Spike Rush, Red-rooted Desmodium ciliare Tick Trefoil, Hairy Eleocharis obtusa Spike Rush, Blunt Desmodium cuspidatum Tick Trefoil, Bracted "Eleocharis Dvata Spike Rush, Oval var. cuspidatum Eleocharis palustris Spike Rush, Great Desmodium cuspidatum Tick Trefoil, Hairy Eleocharis smaliii Spike Rush, Spike var. longifolium Bracted Eleocharis tenuis Spike Rush, Slender Desmodium glabellum Tick Trefoil, Smooth Eleusine indica * Grass, Goose* Desmodium glutinosum Tick Trefoil, Pointed Ellisia nyctelea Aunt Lucy Desmodium illinoense Tick Trefoil, minois Elodea canadensis Waterweed, Canadian Desmodium nudiflorum Tick Trefoil, Bare Elodea nuttallii Waterweed, Slender stemmed Elymus canadensis Rye, Nodding Wild Desmodium paniculatum Tick Trefoil, Panicled Elymus hystrix Grass, Bottlebrush Desmodium sessi/ifolium Tick Trefoil, Sessile Elymus villosus Rye, Slender Wild leaved Elymus virginicus Rye, Virginia Wild -Dianthus armeria* Pink, Deptford· Epilobium coloratum Willow Herb, Cinnamon Dianthus deltoides·Pink, Maiden· Equisetum arvense Horsetail, Field Diarrhena americana Grass, Beak Equisetum hyemale Scouring Rush, Tall Dicentra canadensis Squirrel Corn Equisetum laevigatum Scouring Rush, Smooth Dicentra cucullaria Dutchman's Breeches Equisetum xferrissii Scouring Rush, Hybrid Diervil/a lonicera Honeysuckle, Bush Eragrostis capillaris Grass, Lace Digitaria ischaemum * Grass, Smooth Crab· Eragrostis cilianensis* Grass, Stinking Love* Digitaria sanguinalis* Grass, Hairy Crab· Eragrostis frankii Grass, Sandbar Love Diodia teres Buttonweed Eragrostis hypnoides Grass, Creeping Love Dioscorea batatas * Yam, Chinese· Eragrostis pectinacea Grass, Small Love Dioscorea villosa Yam, Wild Eragrostis poaeoides* Grass, Low Love* Diospyros virginiana Persimmon Eragrostis reptans Grass, Pony Dipsacus laciniatus* Teasel, Cut-leaf· Eragrostis spectabilis Grass, Purple Love 179 Appendix 2. Continued. Scientific Name'" Common Name l.2 Scientific Namel,1 Common Name'·' Eragrostis trichodes Grass, Sand Love Galeopsis ladanum' Nettle, Red Hemp' Erechtites hieracifolia Fireweed Ga/insoga ciliata* Daisy, Peruvian* Erigenia bulbosa Harbinger-of-spring Galinsoga parviflora' Daisy, Smooth Peruvian* Erigeron annuus Fleabane, Annual Ga/iurn aparine Beadstraw, Annual Erigeron philadelphicus Fleabane, Marsh Galium circaezans Licorice, Smooth Wild Erigeron pulchellus Plantain, Robin's Ga/ium concinnum Bedstraw, Shining Erigeron strigosus Fleabane, Daisy Galium mollugo* , Bedstraw, White* Erodium cicutarium '" Stork's-bill* Galium obtusum Madder, Wild Erucastrum gallicum * Mustard, Dog* Galium tinctorium Bedstraw, Stiff Eryngium yuccifolium Rattlesnake Master Ga/ium triflorum Bedstraw, Sweet-scented Erysimum repandum* Mustard, Treacle* Gaura biennis Gaura, Biennial , Erythronium albidum Trout-lily, White Gaura longiflora Gaura, Common Erythronium americanum Trout-lily, Yellow Gentiana andrewsii Gentian, Closed Erythroniurn Trout-lily, Prairie - ST Gentiana puberulenta Gentian, Downy mesochoreum - ST Gentianella quinquefolia Gentian, Stiff Euonymus atropurpurea Wahoo Geranium carolinianum Cranesbill, Carolina Euonymus obovata Bush, Running Strawberry Geranium maculaturn Geranium, Wild Eupatorium a/tissimum Boneset, tall Geranium pusi/lum* Geranium, Small* Eupatorium coelestinum Mistflower Geum canadense Avens, White Eupatorium macu/atum Joe-Pye-Weed, Spotted . Geum laciniatum Avens, Northern Rough Eupatorium peifoliaturn Boneset, Common Geum venlum Avens, Spring Eupatorium purpureum Joe-Pye-Weed, Purple Glandularia canadensis Vervain, Rose Eupatorium rugosum Snakeroot, White Glechoma hederacea* Creeping Charlie* Eupatorium serotinum Boneset, Late Gleditsia triacanthos Locust, Honey Eupatorium sessilifolium Boneset, Upland Glyceria septentrionalis Grass, Eastern Manna Euphorbia corollata Spurge, Flowering Glyceria str'iata Grass, Fowl Manna Euphorbia cyparissias* Spurge, Cypress* Gnaphalium obtusifolium Everlasting, Sweet Euphorbia esula * Spurge, Leafy* Gnaphalium purpureum Cudweed, Early Euphorbia marginata * Snow-on-the-mountain * Gratiola neglecta Hyssop, Clammy Hedge Euphorbia obtusata ,Spurge, Blunt-leaved Grindelia squarrosa Weed, Gum Euthamia graminifolia Goldenrod, Grass-leaved Gymnocladus dioicus Coffeetree, 'Kentucky Euthamia Goldenrod, Viscid Grass Hackelia virginiana Stickseed gymnospennoides leaved Hamamelis virginian.a Witch Hazel Fagopyrum escu/entum * Buckwheat* Haplopappus ciliatus* Goldenweed, Wax* Fesctuca ovina* Fescue, Sheep* Hedeoma hispida Pennyroyal, Rough Festuca elatior* Fescue, Tall * Hedeoma pulegioides Pennyroyal, American - Festuca obtusa Fescue, Nodding Hedyotis purpurea Bluets, Lance-leaved Festuca octoflora Fescue, Slender var. calycosa Festuca paradoxa Fescue, Cluster Hedyotis purpurea Bluets, Broad-leaved Floerkia proserpinoides Mermaid, False var. purpurea Fragaria virginiana Strawberry, Wild Hedyotis pusilla Bluets, Small Fraxinus americana Ash, White Helenium autumnale Sneezeweed Fraxinus nigra Ash, Black Heleniumflexuosum Sneezeweed, Purple-headed Fraxinus pennsylvanica Ash, Red Helianthemum bicknellii Frostweed var. pennsylvanica Helianthus annuus* Sunflower, Garden* Fraxinus pennsylvanica Ash, Green Helianthus decapetalus Sunflower, Pale var. subintegerrima Helianthus divaricatus Sunflower, Woodland Fraxinus quadrangulata Ash, Blue Helianthus grosseserratus Sunflower, Sawtooth Froe/ichia graci/is * Cottonweed, Small* Helianthus hirsutus Sunflower" Hispid Galearis spectabilis Orchis, Showy Helianthus mollis Sunflower, Downy 180 Appendix 2. Continued. Scientific N ame1.2 Common Name1.2 Scientific Name1,2 Common Name'·2 .Helianthus occidentalis Sunflower, Western Ipomoea lacunosa Morning Glory, Small Helianthus petiolaris* Sunflower, Petioled* flowered Helianthus rigidus Sunflower, Prairie Ipomoea pandurata Sweet Potato, Wild He/ianthus strumosus Sunflower, Pale-leaved Ipomoea purpurea* Morning Glory, Common' Helianthus tuberosus Artichoke, Jerusalem Iris germanica * Iris, Cultivated* Heliopsis helianthoides Sunflower, False Iris pseudoacorus* Iris, Tall Yellow* Heliotropium indicum* Heliotrope, Indian* Iris virginica vaT. shrevei Iris, Blue 8ag Hemerocallis fulva* Uly, Orange Day* IsoNes melanapoda Quillwort, Black-based Hemicarpha micrantha Bulrush, Dwarf lsopyrum biternatum Anemone, False Rue Hepatica nobilis var. acuta Uverleaf, Sharp-lobed Iva annua* Elder, Marsh* Heracleum Lanatum Parsnip, Cow Iva xanthifolia* Edler, Burweed Marsh* Hesperis matronalis* Rocket, Dame's* Juglans cinerea Walnut, White Heterotheca camporum Aster, Golden Juglans nigra Walnut, Black Heuchera americana Alumroot, Tall Juncus acuminatus Rush, Sharp-fruited var. hirsuticaulis funGus brachycarpus Rush, Short-fruited Heuchera richardsonii Alumroot, Prairie Juncus bufonis Rush, Toad var. grayana Juncus dudleyi Rush, Dudley's Hibiscus Laevis Mallow. Halberd-leaved Juncus interior Rush, Inland Rose Juncus tenuis Rush, Path Hibiscus trionum* Flower-of·an":hour* Juncus torreyi Rush, Torrey's Hieracium gronovii Hawkweed, Hairy Juniperus virginiana Cedar, Red Hieracium longipilum Hawkweed, Long-bearded Justicia americana Willow, Water Hieracium scabrum Hawkweed. Rough Kickxia elatine* Fluellin* Halcus lanatus* Grass. Velvet* Kochia scoporia* Kochia* Holosteum umbel/atum* Chickweed, Jagged* Koeleria macrantha Grass, June Hordeum jubatum* Grass, Squirrel-tail* Krigia biflora Dandelion, False Hordeum pusillum Barley, Small Wild Kummerowia stipulacea* Bush Clover, Korean* Humulus japonicus* Hops, Japanese* Kummerowia striata * Bush Clover, Japanese* Humulus lupulus Hops, Common Lactuca canadensis Lettuce, Wild Hybanthus conc%r Violet, Green Lactuca floridana Lettuce, Blue Hydrangea arborescens Hydrangea, Wild Lactuca saligna* Lettuce, Willow* Hydrastis canadensis Goldenseal Lac/uca serriola * Lettuce, Prickly* HydrophYllumappendicukltum Waterleaf, Great Lamium amplexicaule* Henbit* Hydrophyl/um canadense Waterleaf, Canada Lamium purpureum * Nettle, Purple Dead* Hydrophyl/um virginianum Waterleaf, Virginia Laportea canadensis Nettle, Wood Hypericum canadense St. John's Wort, CanadianLappula echinata* Stickseed, European* - Hypericum drummondii Nits-and-lice Lapsana communis* Nipplewort* Hypericum gentianoides Pineweed Lathyrus latifolius* Pea, Everlasting* Hypericum pelforatum* St. John's Wort, Common*Lathyrus palustris Vetchling, Maish Hypericum prolificum St. John's Wort, Shrubby var. myrtifolius Hypericum punctatum St. John's Wort, Spotted Lathyrus palusrris Vetchling, Marsh Hypericum sphaerocarpum St. John's Wort, Round var. palustris fruited Lechea tenuifolia Pinweed, Slender-leaved Hypoxis hirsuta Star Grass, Yellow Leersia lenticularis Grass, Catchfly impatiens capensis Touch-me-not, Spotted Leersia oryzoides Grass, Rice Cut Impatiens pal/ida Touch-roe-not, Pale Leersia virginica Grass, White Inula helenium * Elecampane* Lemna minor Duckweed, Small lodanthus pinnatifidus Cress, Violet Lens culinaris* Lentil* Ipomoea hederacea* Morning Glory, Ivy Leollurus cardiaca* Motherwort* leaved* Leonurus marrubiastrum* Lion's Tail * lSI Appendix 2. Continued. Scientific Name '" Common NameL2 Scientific Namel.2 Common Name'-' Lepidium campestre* Cress. Field* Ludwigia peploides Willow, Weeping Primrose Lepidium densiflorum '* Peppercress, Small* subsp, glabrescens Lepidium peifoli/atum* Peppercress. Clasping* Ludwigia polycarpa Loosestrife, False Lepidium virginicum Peppercress, Common Lycium chinense* Matrimony Vine, Chinese* Leptochloa fascicularis Grass, Salt Meadow Lycopus americanus Horehound, Common Water Leptoloma cognatum Grass, Fall Witch Lycopus unifiorus Weed, Northern Bugle Lespedeza capitala Bush Clover, Round Lycopus virginicus Weed, Bugle headed Lysimachia ciliata Loosestrife, Fringed Lespedeza cuneala* Bush Clover. Silky* Lysimachia lanceolata Loosestrife, Lance-leaved LespedeZQ intermedia Bush Clover, Wand-like Lysimachia nummularia * Moneywort* Lespedeza procumbens Bush Clover, Trailing Lysimachia quadrifiora Loosestrife, Narrow-leaved Lespedeza violacea Bush Clover, Violet Lysimachia vulgaris* Loosestrife, Garden* Lespedeza virginica Bush Clover. Slender Lythrum alatum Loosestrife. Winged Leucanthemum vulgare* Daisy,Ox-eye* Lythrum salicaria* Loosestrife, Purple* Leucospora multifida Obe-Wan-Conobea Madura pomifera' Orange.Osage* Lfarris aspera Blazing Star, Rough Malus coronaria Apple, Sweet Crab Liatris cylindracea Blazing Star, Cylindric Malus ioensis Apple, Iowa Crab Lfarris pycnostachya Blazing Star, Prairie Malus pumila* Apple, Cultivated* Ligustrum obtusifolium* Privet, Border* Malva neglecta* Mallow, Common* Ligustrum vulgare * Privet, Common* Malva rotundifolia* Mallow, Round-Ieaved* Lilium michiganense Lily. Turk's Cap Marrubium vulgare * Horehound, Common* Linaria vulgaris * Butter-and-eggs* Matricaria matriearioides* Chamomile, Sweet False* Lindera benzoin Spicebush Medicago lupulina* Medic, Black* Lindemia anagallidea Pimpernel. Slender False Medicago sativa* Alfalfa* Lindernia dubia Pimpernel, False Melica mutica Grass, Two-flowered Melic Unum sulcatum Flax. Yellow Grooved Meliea nitens Grass, ThT.ee-fiowered Melic Unum usitattissimum *' Flax, Common* Melilotus alba* Clover, White Sweet* Liparis li/iifolia Orchid, Twayblade Melilotus officinalis* Clover, Yellow Sweet'" Liriodendron tulipifera Tree, Tulip Menispermum canadense Moonseed Lithospermum arvense* Gromwell; Field* Mentha arvensis vaT. villosa Mint, Wild Lithospermum canesCens Puccoon. Hoary Mentha spicata* Spearmint* Lithospermum latifolium Gromwell, American Mentha x cardiaea* Mint, Little-Ieaved* Lobelia cardinalis Flower. Cardinal Mentha x piperita* Peppermint* Lobelia infiata Tobacco. Indian Mertensia virginica Bluebells, Virginia Lobelia siphilitica Lobelia, Great Blue Mimulus alatus Monkey-flower, Winged Lobelia spicata Lobelia, Spiked Mimulus ringens Monkey-flower - Lolium multiflorum * Grass. Italian Rye* Mirabilis nyctaginea * Four O·Clock. Wild* Lalium perenne* Grass. Perennial Rye* Mol/ugo verticillata* Carpetweed* Lolium temulentum * Darnell!: Monarda bradburiana Bergamot. Wild Lonicera japonica *' Honeysuckle. Japanese* Monardafistulosa Bergamot, Wild Lonicera maackii* Honeysuckle. Amur* Monotropa hypopithys Pinesap Lonicera morrowii* Honeysuckle, Morrow's* Monotropa uniflora Indian Pipe Lonicera prolifera Honeysuckle. Yellow Moras alba' Mulberry. White* Lonicera ruprechtiana.* Honeysuckle. Morus rubra Mulberry, Red Manchurian * Muhlenbergia asperifolia Grass, Scratch Lonicera sempervirens* Honeysuckle. Trumpet* Muhlenbergia bushii Grass. Short-leaved Satin Lonicera tatarica * Honeysuckle, Tartarian* Muhlenbergiafrondosa Grass. Common Satin Lonicera x minutiflora* Honeysuckle. Hybrid* Muhlenbergia mexicana Grass. Leafy Satin Lonicera x bella* Honeysuckle. Showy Fly* Muhlenbergia racemosa [Grass, Marsh Satin Lotus corniculatus* Trefoil. Birdsfoot' Muhlenbergia schreberi Nimblewill 182 Appendix 2. Continued. Scientific Namel.2 Common Name\,2 Scientific N ame1.2 Common Name1.2 Muhlenbergia sobolifera Grass, Rock Satin Panicum praecocius Grass, Long-haired Panic Muhlenbergia sylvQtica Grass, Woodland Satin Panicum rigidulum Grass, Munro Muhlenbergia tenuif/ora Grass, Slender Satin Panicum virgatum Grass. Switch · Muhlenbergia x curtisetosa Nimblewill, minois Papaver rhoeas* Poppy, Corn" Muscari botryoides* Hyacinth, Grape" Parietaria pensylvanica Pellitory Myosotis scorpioides * Forget-me-not. Common* Paronychia canadensis Chickweed, Tall Forked Myosotis stricta* Forget-me-not, Small Paronychia jastigiata Chickweed, Low Forked flowered* Parthenium integrifolium Quinine, Wild Myosotis vema Forget-me-not. White Parthenocissus quinque/olia Creeper, Virginia Myosurus minimus* Mo~setail* Parthenocissus vitacea Creeper, Thicket Myriophyllum venicillatum Milfoil, Whorled Water Paspalum ciliatlfolium Grass, Downy Lens Najas f/exilis Naiad. Slender var. stramineum Napaea dioica Mallow, Glade Paspalum laeve var. circulare Grass, Smooth Bead Nastunium.officina/e * Cress, Water* Passiflora lutea Passion-flower, Small Nelumbo lutea Lotus, American Pastinaca sativa * Parsnip, Wild* Nepeta cataria* Catnip" Pedicularis canadensis Lousewort, Prairie Nothoscordum bivalve Garlic, False Penstemon calycosus Beardstongue, Smooth Nuphar advena Pond Lily, Yellow Penstemon digitalis Beardstongue, Foxglove Oenothera biennis Evening Primrose, Pensternan pallidus Beardstongue, Pale Common Penthorum sedoides Stonecrop. Ditch Oenothera laciniata Evening Primrose, Ragged Perideridia americana Dill, American Oenothera pi/osella Sundrops, Prairie Petrohagia saxifraga" Pink, Saxifrage" Oenothera speciosa* Evening Primrose, Phacelia bipinnati/ida Phacelia, Purple Showy" Phalaris arundinacea* Grass, Reed Canary* Onoclea sensibilis Fern, Sensitive . Phleum pratense" Timothy" Onoporum acanthium * Thistle, Scotch" Phlox pi/osa subsp. Phlox, Sangamon • SE Ophioglossum vulgatum Fern, Northern Adder's sangamonensis - SE Tongue Phlox divaricata Phlox, Blue Ornithogallum umbellatum" Star-of-Bethlehem" Phlox glaberrima var. interiorPhlox, Marsh Orobanehe uniflora Broom Rape. One Phlox maculata Phlox, Sweet-William flowered Phlox paniculata Phlox, Summer Osmorhiza claytonii Cicely, Hairy Sweet Phlox pilosa subsp, pilosa Phlox, Downy Osmorhiza longistylis Cicely, Smooth Sweet Ph ragmites communis Reed. Common Ostrya virginiana Hornbeam. Hop Phryma leptostachya Lopseed Oxalis dillenii Sorrel, Yellow Wood Phyla laneeolata Frog-fruit Oxalis stricta Sorrel, Common Wood Physalis heterophylla Ground Cherry, Clammy · O~alis violacea Sorrel, Purple Wood Physalis pubeseens Ground Cherry, Hairy Oxypolis rigidior Cowbane Physalis subglabrata Gound Cherry, Tall Panax quinquejolius Ginseng Physalis virginiana Ground Cherry, Lance Panicum capillare Grass. Witch leaved Panicurn clandestinum Grass, Deer-tongue Physocarpus opulijolius Ninebark Panicum dichotomij/orum Grass, Fall Panic Physostegia virginiana Plant, Obedient Panicurn gattingeri Grass, Gattinger's Panic Phytolacca americana Pokeweed Panicurn lanuginosum Grass. Old-field Panic Pilea pumila Clearweed Panicum latifolium Grass, Broad-leave Panic Plantago arenaria* Plantain, Whorled" Panicurn leibergii Grass, Prairie Panic J!lantago aristata Plantain, Bracted Panicurn oligosanthes Grass, Few·flowered Plantago cordata· SE Plantain, Heart~leaved var. oligosanthes Panic EXT? .SE,EXT? · Panicum oligosanthes Grass, Scribner's Panic Plantago lanceolata" Plantain, English" var. scrinberianum Plantago major.* Plantain. Common* . 183 Appendix 2. Continued. Scientific Namel,2 Common Name1,2 Scientific Name'·2 Common Name1,2 Plantago patagonica Plant, Salt-and-Pepper' Polytaenia nuttallii Parsley, Prairie var. brevicarpa* Populus alba* Poplar, White' Plantago pusilia Plantain, Small Populus deltoides Cottonwood, Eastern Plantago rugelii Plantain, Red-stalked Populus grandidentata Aspen, Bigtooth Plantago virginica Plantain, Dwarf Populus tremuloides Aspen, Quaking Platanthera blephariglottis Orchid, White Fringed Porteranthus stipulatus Physic, Indian EXT' EXT' Portulaca oleracea' Purslane' Platanthera leucophaea Orchid, Prairie Whitt: Potamogeton crispus* Pondweed, Beginner's* - FT, SE Fringed· FT, SE Potamogetonfoliosus Pondweed, Leafy Platanus occidentalis Sycamore, American Potamogeton nodosus Pondweed, Long-leaved Pluchea camphorata Fleabane, Marsh Potamogeton pectinatus Pondweed, Comb Poa annua* Grass, Annual Blue* Potamogeton pusi/lus Pondweed, Small Poa chapmaniana Grass, Spear Potentilla argentea * Cinquefoil, Silvery' Poa compressa * Grass, Canada Blue* Potentilia arguta Cinquefoil, Prairie Poa nemoralis* Grass, Wood Blue* Potentilla norvegica Cinquefoil, Rough Poa pratensis* Grass, Kentucky Blue* Potentilla recta* Cinquefoil, Upright' Poa sylvestris Grass, Woodland Blue Potentilla simplex Cinquefoil, Common Podophyllum peltatum May Apple Prenanthes aspera Lettuce, Rough White Poinsettia dentata Poinsettia, Wild Prenanthes crepidinea Lettuce, Great White Polanisia dodecandra Clammyweed Prenanthes racemosa Lettuce, Glaucous White Polemonium reptans Jacob's Ladder Proboscidea louisianica Plant, Unicorn Polygala polygama Milkwort, Purple Proserpinaca palustris Weed, Mermaid var. obtusata Prunella vulgaris Self-Heal Polygala sanguinea Milkwort, Field var.lanceolata Polygala senega Snakeroot, Seneca Prunella vulgaris Self-Heal' Polygala verticillata Milkwort, Whorled var. vulgaris' Polygonatum commutataum Solomon's Seal Prunus americana Plum, Wild Polygonum amphibium Knotweed, Water Prunus angustifolia Plum, Chickasaw var. stipulaceum Prut}us hortulana Plum, Wild Goose Polygonum aviculare* Knotweed, Common* Prunus mahaleb* Cherry, Mahaleb' Po/ygonum cespitosum Smartweed, Creeping* Prunus mexicana Plum, Big Tree var. longisetum * Prunus nigra Plum, Canada Polygonum coccineum Heartsease, Water Prunus serotina Cherry, Black Polygonum convolvulus * Bindweed, Black* Prunus triloba* Almond, Flowering' Polygonum cuspidatum* Knotweed, Japanese* Prunus virginia'ha Cherry, 'Choke Polygonum erectum Knotweed, Erect Psoralea onobrychis Grass, French , Polygonum hydropiper . Water Pepper Ptelea trifoliata Ash, Wafer Polygollum hydropiperoides Water Pepper, Mild Pteridium aquilinum Fern, Bracken Polygonum lapathifolium Heartsease var. latiusculum Polygonum orientale* Prince's Feather* Pycnanthemum pilosum Mountain Mint, Hairy Polygonum pensylvanicum Pinkweed Pycnanthemum tenuifolium Mountain Mint, Slender Polygonum persicaria* Lady's Thumb* Pycnanthemum virginianum Mountain Mint, Common Polygonum punctatum Smartweed Quercus alba Oak, White Polygonum ramosissimum Knotweed, Bushy Quercus bicolor Oak, Swamp White Polygollum sagitattum Tear-thumb, Arrow-leaved Quercus imbricaria Oak, Shingle Polygonum scandens Buckwheat, Climbing Quercus macrocarpa Oak, Bur False Quercus muhlenbergii Oak, Chinquapin Polygonum virginianum Knotweed, Woodland Quercus palustris Oak, Pin Polymnia canadensis Leafcup Quercus rubra Oak, Red Polystichum acrostichoides Fern, Christmas Quercus velutina Oak, Black 184 Appendix 2. Continued. Scientific Name1.2 Common Name l.2 Scientific NameJ.' Common Name l.2 Quercus x leana Oak. Hybrid Rumex altissimus Dock, Pale Quercus x runcinata Oak, Hybrid Rumex crispus* Dock. Curly* Ranunculus abortivus Buttercup, Small-flowered Rumex cristatus '" Dock, Crested* Ranunculus acris* Buttercup, Tall* Rumex mexicanus Dock Mexican Ranunculus fascicularis Buttercup, Early Rumex obtusifolius'" Dock, Bitter* Ranunculus flabellaris Crowfoot, Yellow Water Rumex orbiculatus Dock, Great Water Ranunculus hispidus Buttercup, Bristly Rumex verticillatus Dock, Swamp Ranunculus longirostris Crowfoot, White Water Sabatia angularis Gentian, Rose Ranunculus micranthus Buttercup, Small Flowered Sagina decumbens Pearlwort Ranunculus recurvatus Buttercup, Hooked Sagittaria brevirostra Arrowhead, Short-beaked Ranunculus septentrionalis Buttercup, Swamp Sagittaria calycina Arrowhead Ranunculus trichophyllus Crowfoot, White Water Sagittaria latifolia Arrowhead, Common Ratibida pinnata Coneflower, Gray-headed Salix alba* Willow, White* . Rhamnus cathartica* Buckthorn, Common* Salix amygdaloides Willow, Peach-leaved Rhamnus frangula * Buckthorn, Glossy* Salix babylonica* Willow, Weeping Rhamnus lanceo[ata Buckthorn, Lance-leaved Salix discolor Willow, Pussy Rhus aromatica Sumac, Fragrant Salix eriocephala Willow, Heart-leaved Rhus glabra Sumac, Smooth Salix exigua Willow, Sandbar Rhus typhina Sumac, Staghorn Salix fragilis * Willow, Crack* Ribes americanum Currant, American Black Salix humilis Willow, Prairie Ribes cynosbati Gooseberry, Prickly Wild Salix nigra Willow, Black Ribes missouriense Gooseberry, Wild Salvia pratensis '" Sage, Meadow* Ribes odoratum * Currant, Clove* Sambucus canadensis Elderberry, Common Ribes sativum * Currant, Garden* Samalus paraviflorus Pimpernel, Water Robinia pseudoacacia* Locust, Black* Sanguinaria canadensis Bloodroot Rorippa palustris Cress, Marsh Sanicula canadensis Snakeroot, Canadian Black var. fernaldiana Sanicula gregaria Snakeroot, Clustered Black Rorippa sessiliflora Cress, Sessile-flowered· Sanicula marilandica Snakeroot, Maryland Black Rorippa sylvestris* Cress. Creeping Yellow* Saponaria officinalis* Bouncing Bet* Rosa carolina Rose, Pasture Sassafras albidum Sassafras Rosa eglanteria* Rose, Eglantine* Saururus cernuus Lizard-tail Rosa multiflora * Rose, Multiflora* Schizachyrium scoparium Bluestem, Little Rosa palustris Rose, Swamp Scilla sibirica '" Squill, Siberian* Rosa setigera Rose, Prairie Scirpus acutus Bulrush, Hard-stemmed Rotala ramosior Wheelwort Scirpus atrovirens Rush, Dark Green Rubus allegheniensis Blackberry, Common Scirpus cyperinus Grass, Wool . Rubus argutus Blackberry Scirpus fluviatilis Bulrush, River Rubus flagellaris Dewberry, Common Scirpus pendulus Bulrush, Red Rubus frondosus Blackberry Scirpus pungens Rush, Chairmaker's Rubus idaeus * Raspberry, Cultivated* Scirpus tabernaemontanii Bulrush, Great Rubus occidentalis Raspberry, Black Scrophularia lanceolata Figwort. Early Rubus ostryifolius Blackberry, High Bush Scrophularia marilandica Figwort, Late Rubus pensylvanicus Blackberry, Yankee Scutellaria incana Skullcap, Downy Rudbeckia hirta Susan, Black-eyed Scutellaria lateriflora Skullcap, Mad-dog Rudbeckia laciniata Goldenglow Scutellaria leonardii Skullcap, Small Rudbeckia subtomentosa Coneflower, Fragrant Scutellaria avata var. ovata Skullcap, Heart-leaved Rudbeckia tri/oba Susan, Brown-eyed Scutellaria ovata Skullcap, Heart-leaved Ruellia humilis Petunia, Wild var. versicolor Ruellia strepens Ruellia, Smooth Scutellaria parvula Skullcap, Small Rumex acetosella* Sorrel, Field* Sedum purpureum '" Live-forever* 185 Appendix 2. Continued. Scientific Namel.2 Common Namel.2 Scientific Name1,2 Common Name'·2 Sedurn tematum Stonecrop, Wild .Solidago missouriensis Goldenrod, Missouri Senecio aureus Ragwort. Golden Solidago nemoralis Goldenrod, Field Senecio glabellus Butterweed . Solidago patula Goldenrod, Swamp Senecio obovatus Ragwort, Round-leaved Solidago riddellii Goldenrod, Riddell's Senecio pauperculus Ragwort, Balsam Solidago rigida Goldenrod, Stiff Senecio plattensis Ragwort, Pr~irie Solidago speciosa Goldenrod, Showy Senecio vulgaris* Groundsel, Common* Solidago ulmifolia Goldenrod, Elm-leaved 'Setariafaberii* Foxtail, Giant* Sonchis arvensis Thistle, Field Sow* Setaria glauca* Foxtail, Yellow* vat: arvensis* Setaria verticillara* Foxtail, Bristly* Sonchus arvensis Thistle, Smooth Sow' Setaria viridis'" Foxtail, Green* var. glabrescens* Sibara virginica Cress, Virginia Rock Sonchus asper* Thistle, Spiny Sow* Sicyos angulatus Cucumber, Bur Sonchus oleraceus* Thistle, Common Sow* Sida spinosa Sida, Prickly* Sorghastrum nutans Grass, Indian Silene antirrhina Catchfly, Sleepy Sorghum halepense* Grass, Johnson* Silene cserei* Campion, Glaucous* Sparganium eurycarpum Bur-reed. Giant Silene cucubalus* Campion, Bladder* Spartina pectinata Grass, Prairie Cord Silene dichotoma* Catchfly, Forked* Spergula arvensis* Spurrey, Corn* Silene latifolia* Campion, White* Sphenopholis intermedia Grass, Slender Wedge Silene noctiflora* Catchfly, Night-flowering* Sphenopholis obtusata Grass, Prairie Wedge Silene stellata Campion, Starry Spiraea alba Meadowsweet Silene virginica Pink, Fire Spiranthes cernua Ladies' Tresses, Nodding Silphium integrifolium Rosinweed Spiranthes lacera Ladies' Tresses, Slender Silphium laciniatum Compass Plant Spiranthes magnicamporum Ladies' Tresses, Fragrant Silphium perfoliatum Cup-plant Spiranthes ovalis Ladies' Tresses, Oval Silphium terebinthinaceum Dock, Prairie Spiranthes tuberosa Ladies' Tresses, Little Sisymbrium altissimum* Mustard, Tumble* Spiradela polyrhiza Duckweed, Great Sisymbrium officinale * Mustard, Hedge* Sporobolus asper Dropseed, Rough Sisyrinchium albidum Blue-eyed Grass, Sporobolus heteralepis Dropseed, Prairie Common Sporobolus neglectus Dropseed, Sheathed Sisyrinchium angustifolium Blue-eyed Grass, Stout Sporobolus vaginiflorus Dropseed, Poverty Sisyrinchium campestre Blue-eyed drass, Prairie Stachys aspera Nettle, Rough Hedge Sium suave Parsnip, Water Stachys palustris Woundwort SmUacina racemosa Solomon's Seal, False var. homotricha Smi/acina stellata Solomon's Seal, Starry Stachys tenuifolia Nettle, Smooth Hedge False Staphylea trifolia Bladdernut . Smilax ecirrhata Carrion Flower, Upright Stellaria graminea* Starwort* Smilax hispida Cat Brier, Bristly Stellaria longifolia Stitchwort Smilax lasioneuron Carrion Flower, Common Stellaria media* Chickweed, Common* Smilax pulverulenta Carrion Flower Stipa spartea Grass, Porcupine Solanum carolinense Nettle, Horse Straphostyles helvula Bean, Trailing Wild Solanum dulcamara* Nightshade, Deadly* Symphoricarpos albus* Snowberry* Solanum ptycanthum Nightshade, Black Symphoricarpos occidentalis Wolfberry Solanum rostratum * Buffalo Bur* Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Coralberry Solidago altissirna Goldenrod, Tall Symphytum officinale* Comfrey, Common* Solidago caesia Goldenrod, Blue-stemmed Symplocarpus foetidus Cabbage, Skunk . Solidago canadensis Goldenrod, Canadian Taenidia integerrima Pimpenel, Yellow Solidago f1exicaulis Goldenrod, Broad-leaved Tanacetum vulgare * Tansy* Solidago gigantea Goldenrod, Late Taraxacum laevigatum' Dandelion, Red-seeded' Solidago juncea Goldenrod, Early Taraxacum officinale* Dandelion, Common' 186 Appendix 2. Continued. l Scientific Name1.2 Common Name]'2 Scientific N ame1.2 Common Name ,2 Teucrium canadense Gennander, Gray Urtica diaiea Nettle, Stinging ·var. boreale Urtica urens* Nettle, Burning* Teucrium canadense Germander, American Uvularia grandiflora Bellwon var. virginianum Vacca ria pyramidata * Herb, Cow* Thalictrum dasycarpum Meadow Rue, Purple Verbascum blattaria* Mullein, Moth* var. dasycarpum Verbascum thapsus* Mullein, Common* Thalictrum dasycarpum Meadow Rue, Smooth Verbena bracteata Vervain, Creeping var. hypoclaucum Verbena hOsfata Vervain, Blue Thalictrum dioicum Meadow Rue, Early Verbena simplex Vervain, Narrow-leaved Thalictrum revolutum Meadow Rue, Waxy Verbena stricta Vervain, Hoary Thaspium barbinode Parsnip, Hairy Meadow Verbena urticifolia Vervain, Hairy White , Thaspium trifoliatufn Parsnip, Meadow Verbesina alternifolia Ironweed, Yellow Thelypteris palustris Fern, Marsh Verbesina encelioides* Crownbeard, Golden* Thlaspi arvense* Pennycress, Field* Verbesina'helianthoides Crownbeard, Yellow nlia americana Basswood Vernonia baldwinii Ironweed, Western Toman/hera auriculata-ST Foxglove, Ear-leaved-ST Vernonia fasciculata Ironweed, Common Torilis japonica* Parsley, Hedge* Vernonia gigantea Ironweed, Smooth Tall Toxicodendron radicans Ivy, Poison Vernonia missurica Ironweed, Missouri Tradescantia ohiensis Spiderwort, Ohio Veronica arvensis* Speedwell, Corn* Tradescantia subaspera . Spiderwort, Broad~leaved· Veronica catenara Speedwell, Water Tradescantia virginiana Spiderwort, Virginia Veronica peregrina Speedwell, Purslane Tragopogon dubius* Goat's Beard, Sando Veronicapolita* Speedwell, Dwarf Bird's Eye* Tragopogon porrifolius* Salsify* Veronica serpyllifolia* Speedwell, Thyme-leaved Tragopogon pratensis* Goat's Beard, YeBow* Veronicastrum virginicum Culver's Root Tribulus terrestris* Weed, Puncture* Viburnum lantana* Tree, Wayfaring* Trichostema brachiatum Pennyroyal, False Viburnum lehtago Nannyberry Tridens flavus Purpletop Viburnum opulus* Cranberry, European Trifolium arvense* Clover, Rabbit-foot* Highhush* Trifolium campestre* Clover, Low Hop* Viburnum prunifolium Haw, Black Trifolium hybridum* , Clover, Alsike* Viburnum rafinesquianum Arrowwood, Downy· Trifolium pratense* Clover, Red* Viburnum recognitum Arrowwood, Smooth Trifolium repens* Clover, White* Viburnum trilobum Cranberry, American Trillium flexipes Trillium, Declined Highbush Trillium grandiflorum Trillium, Large-flowered Vicia cracca* Vetch, Cow* Trillium nivale Trillium, Snow Vicia villosa* Vetch, Winter* Trillium recurvatum Trillium, Red Vinca minor* Periwinkle, Common* -Triodanis perfoliata Venus' Looking-glass Viola affinis Violet, Woodland Blue Triosteum auranttacum Horse Gentian, Early Viola cucullata Violet, Marsh Blue Triosteum illinoense Horse Gentian, Illinois Viola missouriensis Violet, Missouri Triosteum perfoliatum Horse Gentian, Late Viola palmata Violet, Cleft Triphora trianthophora Pogonia, Nodding Viola pedata Violet, Bird's Foot Tripsacum dactyloides Grass, Gama Viola pedatifida Violet, Prairie Triticum aestivum* Wheat* Viola pubescens Violet, Smooth Yellow Triticum cylindricum* Grass, Jointed Goat* var. eriocarpa Typha angustifolia Cattail, Narrow-leaved Viola pubescens Violet, Downy Yellow Typha latifolia Cattail, Broad-leaved var. pubescens Ulmus americana Elm, American Viola rafinesquii Johnny-jump-up Ulmus pumila* Elm, Siberian* Viola sagittata Violet, Arrow-leaved Ulmus rubra Elm, Red Viola sororia Violet, Common Blue Uniola latifolia Oats, Sea Viola striata Violet, Cream 187 11- Appendix 2. Continued. 2 Scientific Namel •2 Common Namel. Scientific Name l.2 Common Name1.2 Vilis aestivalis Grape, Summer Xanthium strumarium * Cocklebur" Vitis cinerea Grape, Winter Yucca filamentosa * Adam's Needle" Vitis labrusca Grape, Fox Zannichellia palustris Pondweed, Horned Vilis ripana Grape, Riverbank Zanthoxylum americanum Ash, Prickly \tIlis vulpina Grape, Frosr Zizia aurea Alexanders, Golden Vulpia octoflora Fescue, Six Weeks Zasterella dubia Star Grass, Water Wolffia columbiana Water Meal, American I Bold type indicates an Illinois endangered (SE), Illinois threatened (ST), and/or federally threatened (FT) species; EXT indicates the species is extripated from the Upper Sartgamon River Assessment Area. EXT" indicates that the species is extripated from the State of Illinois. 2 * == introduced species 188