c o n c e r n s a n d a n a l y s e s ICM Practices: From Demonstration to Replication
organizations and community members. The local government adopted ICM as a Jihyun Lee Issue Editor framework for taking strategic moves on potential economic development, at the same time protecting the pristine coastal areas of Sukabumi.
his issue of Tropical Coast, as with the previous July issue on PEMSEA In contrast to the pristine setting of Sukabumi, the very developed and degraded Experiences in the Evolution of Coastal Management, deals with the Shihwa coastal area in the Republic of Korea is highlighted in the article of Kahng Texperiences and lessons learned from PEMSEA integrated coastal and Je (page 20), along with the challenges faced by local and national stakeholders management (ICM) sites in the East Asian region. In particular, this issue in rationalizing its long-term course for coastal development and environment highlights how the ICM experiences at national demonstration sites triggered conservation. The difficulties imposed by a power imbalance among different a wider expansion of ICM programs over the region, through the replication parties are indicated as a major stumbling block in on-the-ground integrated of the ICM framework and processes using available local resources and management operations. capacity. It also chronicles continuing ICM efforts in facilitating knowledge sharing and networking among local governments, enabling them to become Continuous efforts to build local capacity is crucial to the sustainability of ICM prime movers in achieving sustainable coastal development. program implementation, particularly with regard to identifying an area's priority risks and developing strategic plans as experienced in Chonburi, Thailand (Narcise As indicated by Lee (page 4), PEMSEA national ICM demonstration sites are and Sujarae, page 30); Nampho, DPR Korea (Ri and Javillonar, page 38); and responsible for transferring knowledge, experiences and lessons gained to Sihanuokville, Cambodia (Javillonar, Sihara and Rithirak, page 42). the other coastal areas in the region to enhance coastal management practices. Scaling-up the region's ICM efforts from demonstration towards replication, The initial risk assessment conducted by a multidisciplinary team of local experts and expanding local practices requires a new level of partnership and alliance in Chonburi strengthened the scientific basis for decisionmaking to address among concerned local governments. In addition, scaling-up depends on human impacts on the coastal environment and resources of the municipalities. strong local leadership, continuous capacity building and effective resource The process of coastal strategy development in Nampho and Sihanoukville became mobilization. a training ground for local stakeholders to practice participatory approaches for integrated planning and management. The mobilization of young professionals E D I T O R A L E D I T O R A L E D I T O R A L E D I T O R A L E D I T O R A L The crucial role played by local partnerships among various stakeholder from the region as the regional task force (RTF) to Sihanoukville has proven groups, including communities, the academe, the private sector and local useful for both RTF members and the local staff in building their knowledge, and national government agencies, in mobilizing necessary resources and experiences and expertise regarding on-the-ground implementation of ICM expertise for ICM replication are also emphasized. programs.
The article by Erni, Azucena and Guintu (page 10) presents the valuable Finally, river basin and coastal area management experiences in Port Klang, experiences in Bataan, Philippines, in building a working, transparent and Malaysia, introduced by Haji Rahmat (page 46), give some insight into the value-added partnership between the public and private sectors in developing challenges that local governments face with regard to national and local government proactive long-term programs for the conservation and sustainable jurisdictional issues. development of coastal and marine resources. The presence of a local leadership with a clear vision on sustainable development; the involvement of the The region is now making a collective effort to implement the Sustainable private sector as partners, not only as donors; the sharing of resources, Development Strategy for the Seas of East Asia, as adopted with the signing of expertise and responsibilities together with local governments and the the Putrajaya Declaration in December 2003. A specific target of PEMSEA for the community; and the benefits of a successful program are identified as critical implementation of the Strategy is that at least 20 percent of the region’s success factors. coastlines are covered by ICM programs by 2015. The transformation from a handful of ICM demonstration sites, to a comprehensive, region-wide ICM scaling- Similarly, Ichwanudin and Mapparessa (page 16) introduce ICM efforts in up programme is a major challenge. The stories coming from the ICM sites, as Sukabumi, Indonesia, where local governments, using their own local well as the interest shown by countries to develop and enhance national coastal resources, are taking an active part, together with local nongovernmental and ocean policies, give us cause to be optimistic.
T r o p i c a l C o a s t s i n t h i s i s s u e 4 Replicating and Networking Local ICM Practices: PEMSEA’s Experience Tropical Coasts Jihyun Lee www.pemsea.org 10 V o l u m e 11 N o . 2 D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 4 Bataan, Philippines — Public-Private Partnerships at Work for Sustainable Chua Thia-Eng The Global Environment Facility/ Development Executive Editor United Nations Development Marilou Erni, William Azucena and Alexander Guintu Programme/International Maritime S. Adrian Ross Organization Regional Programme 16 Editor on Partnerships in Environmental Implementing the ICM Program with Local Management for the Seas of East Asia Resources in Sukabumi, Indonesia (GEF/UNDP/IMO PEMSEA), Sida Jihyun Lee Ir. H. Ichwanudin and Alam Syah Mapparessa Issue Editor Marine Science Programme, and the Coastal Management Center (CMC) 20 publish Tropical Coasts Magazine Leo Rex Cayaban Addressing Multiple-Use Conflicts in RO Korea’s Assistant Editor biannually. This publication is geared towards stimulating an exchange of Shihwa Lake and its Adjacent Coastal Area Kahng, Sung Hyun and Je, Jong Geel Jonel P. Dulay information and sharing of experiences and ideas with respect to 30 Anna Rita G. Cano environmental protection and the Design/Illustration/DTP management of coastal and marine Managing Environmental Risks and areas. Readers are strongly Developing Common Framework of Actions Danilo Bonga encouraged to send their in the Chonburi Coastal Area, Thailand Research contributions to: Cristine Ingrid Narcise and Apiradee Sujarae William Azucena Executive Editor 38 Marilou Erni P.O. Box 2502, Nampho Coastal Strategy: A Blueprint for Alexander Guintu Quezon City 1165, the Sustainable Coastal Development of Ir. H. Ichwanudin Metro Manila, Philippines Nampho City, DPR Korea Joyce Javillonar Ri Ki Ho and Joyce Javillonar Je, Jong Geel The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Global Environment Kahng, Sung Hyun Facility (GEF), the United Nations Development 42 Programme (UNDP), the International Maritime Jihyun Lee Organization (IMO), the Regional Programme on Building Local Capacity through Coastal Alam Syah Mapparessa Partnerships in Environmental Management for Strategy Development in Sihanoukville, the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA), the Sida Marine Cristine Ingrid Narcise Science Program, the Coastal Management Center Cambodia Ri Ki Ho (CMC), other participating organizations, or the Joyce Javillonar, Prak Sihara and Long Rithirak editors, nor are they an official record. The Long Rithirak designation employed and the presentation do 46 Ir. Haji Rahmat B. Hj. not imply the expression of opinion whatsoever on the part of GEF, UNDP, IMO, PEMSEA, Sida Marine Linking and Harmonizing River Basin Mohd. Sharif Science Program or CMC concerning the legal status of any country, territory or city or its authority, or Management with ICM in Malaysia — The Prak Sihara concerning the delimitation of its territory or Apiradee Sujarae boundaries. Port Klang ICM Experience Ir. Haji Rahmat B. Hj. Mohd. Sharif Contributors ISSN 0117-9756 d e p a r t m e nt s
On the Cover Editorial 2 • PEMSEA Events 54 ICM Replication in East PEMSEA News 50 • Facts and Figures 56 Asia s p e c i a l f e a t u r e In this issue of Tropical Coasts, the second in our special issue PEMSEA Community of ICM on ICM practices, ICM sites in 25 East Asia share their lessons Practitioners and experiences on replication Meet the men and women behind the ICM programs and networking with featured in this issue who, through their steadfast stakeholders and policymakers commitment, have enabled the success of ICM in their to achieve the common goal of localities and have encouraged replication of their sustainable development in our successes in their nearby localities and countries by oceans and coasts. mobilizing stakeholders toward the common goal of sustainable ocean and coastal development. D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 4 Jihyun Lee Senior Programme Officer Replicating and GEF/UNDP/IMO Regional Programme on Building Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA) Networking Local ICM Quezon City, Philippines Practices: PEMSEA’s Experience
Introduction To effectively expand and (Shihwa) , Indonesia (Sukabumi replicate ICM efforts, experiences and Regency) and Vietnam (Quang Nam expertise built in national Province) (Table 1). For the past decade, the Global demonstration sites, PEMSEA Environment Facility/United encourages local governments in the The first initiative for developing Nations Development region to develop ICM parallel sites in a PEMSEA ICM parallel site came from Programme/International their respective coastal areas using the Province of Bataan, in partnership Maritime Organization Regional their own local resources and with the Bataan Coastal Care Programme on Building capacity, and facilitates linking local Foundation, which was formed by 18 Partnerships in Environmental ICM efforts through a regional multinational and national private Management for the Seas of East network. corporations. The province has Asia (PEMSEA) has been assisting developed its ICM program using its own financial and human resources local governments in the East ICM Parallel Site with the technical assistance provided Asian Seas region in planning and Development: by PEMSEA. Partnership arrangements managing the coastal Replicating ICM Using for developing ICM parallel sites vary environment and resources by Local Resources and among the different areas. For building local capacities at Capacity example, in Shihwa, the Ministry of national demonstration sites as Maritime Affairs and Fisheries well as providing a step-wise Efforts are being made to (MOMAF) designated Shihwa Lake and framework and processes of extend and replicate ICM practices at its coastal area as a special developing and implementing sites where local governments are management area and developed an integrated coastal management willing to secure their own human and action plan for the environmental financial resources to implement ICM management of Shihwa, which will be (ICM) programs. According to programs. Such project sites are implemented through partnership Jashapara (2003), demonstration known as ICM parallel sites. Since the among national governments, the sites pioneer the ICM approach, start of the Regional Programme in local government units (LGUs) and provide opportunities for capacity October 1999, five parallel sites have civil society through an integrated building, make lessons available been developed, namely, in the approach. In Sukabumi, however, the for other sites, and are used to Philippines (the provinces of Bataan local government took a strong convince the country to adopt ICM and Cavite), Republic of Korea leadership role in collaboration with as a management approach.
4 T r o p i c a l C o a s t s The development of an ICM parallel site the Ministry of Environment and requires strong commitment and various local stakeholders in planning and developing a coastal support of local and national management program. governments and stakeholders to
The experiences in PEMSEA ICM replicate PEMSEA ICM working models parallel sites so far show that the ICM efforts could be replicated using using their own financial and human mostly local resources and provides resources. A sense of ownership by local a way to adapt lessons from the resources. A sense of ownership by local demonstration sites to other government is critical to ensure project situations, which would additionally convince the country to adopt the implementation and sustainability...
Table 1: PEMSEA ICM Demonstration and Parallel Sites. ICM Sites MOA Coastline Sea Area Land Area Population 1 3 2 2 1999 2001 (signing date) (km) (km ) (km ) 22000 42002 A. Demonstration Sites 1. Bali, Indonesia 13 March 2000 219 3,350 2,065 1,769,261 2. Batangas, Philippines 21 August 1996 470 220 871 964,505 3. Chonburi, Thailand 8 August 2001 28 205 129 1,365,6684 4. Danang, Vietnam 7 June 2000 92 169 206 728,8233 5. Nampho, DPR Korea 8 September 2000 127 71 253 323,704 6. Port Klang, Malaysia 19 July 2001 54 612 627 696,9002 7. Sihanoukville, Cambodia 12 June 2001 120 3,207 1,283 155,6901 8. Xiamen, China 8 October 1994 185 334 1,516 1,344,0002 Sub-Total 1,295 8,168 6,950 7,348,551 B. Parallel Sites 1. Bataan, Philippines February 2000 177 2,340 1,373 556,4892 2. Cavite, Philippines March 2004 85 1,275 480 802,9642 3. Quang Nam, Vietnam November 2004 125 1,200 2,541 1,035,602 4. Shihwa, RO Korea March 2001 253 57 964 1,050,0002 5. Sukabumi, Indonesia February 2003 117 749 1,411 421,695 Sub-Total 757 5,621 6,769 3,866,750 Total 2,052 13,789 13,719 11,215,301
D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 4 5 Box 1. PEMSEA ICM Parallel Site Selection Process.
1. A local government makes an official request to the PEMSEA National Focal Agency, to be considered as a PEMSEA ICM parallel site. 2. The interested local government arranges appropriate funding sources for the development and implementation of the ICM program. 3. PEMSEA RPO conducts a site evaluation to assess the eligibility of the site based on the selection criteria (Box 2). 4. Upon selection, a memorandum of agreement (MOA), work plan and budget are prepared between the local government, National Focal Agency and PEMSEA RPO. 6. Specific arrangements for ICM training and technical assistance are developed between the local government, the RPO and other interested sponsors, in accordance with the approved workplan and budget.
Box 2. Evaluation Criteria for PEMSEA ICM Parallel Sites.
Local governments are selected as PEMSEA Parallel Sites based on the following criteria: 1. Commitment of Government and Stakeholders • Support of local government in terms of policy re-orientation/reform, budget and human resources for developing and implementing an ICM program; • Support of stakeholders in terms of participation and/or financial contribution for developing and implementing an ICM program; and • Support of national government in terms of policy coordination and/or budget for developing and implementing an ICM program. 2. Nature of Environmental Management Issues • Environmental problems are relevant to most coastal areas in the country or the region at large; • Priority environmental problems can be solved through policy, management and technical interventions; and • Major environmental concerns fall within the provision of the Sustainable Development Strategy for the Seas of East Asia (SDS-SEA). 3. Manageability of the Proposed Site • Geographical coverage is manageable for ICM practices within the limitation of project resources; • Area covers preferably less than five municipalities; and • Population of the proposed sites preferably less than one million. 4. Replicability • Political, socioeconomic, and cultural characteristics of the proposed sites are similar to other coastal areas; • Approaches and methodologies developed can be easily transferred to other areas; and • Willingness of the concerned local government to serve as a parallel site for the application of the ICM working model. 5. Factors conducive for ICM application • Strong political will at the local government level; • Support from the central government; • Keen interest of an appropriate agency to serve as lead implementing agency; • Availability of financial sources; • The public is aware of the environmental problems; • Availability of local "champions"; and • Availability of scientific/professional institutions within or near the site. 6. The following situations will be recognized as barriers to developing an ICM program: • Local government has no jurisdiction over natural resource utilization and environment protection; • Strong political resistance exists against environmental/natural resource management; and • Local natural resources are controlled by selected groups of politicians/private sector.
6 T r o p i c a l C o a s t s Through the participation in the network activities, the member local governments ICM approach (Jashapara, 2003). With the achievements in the national would enjoy the benefits of accessing up- demonstration sites, valuable experiences, knowledge, expertise to-date and practical ICM knowledge and and lessons learned are easily transferred among LGUs and applied expertise; international/regional to the other coastal areas within a recognition; funding opportunities for country. Such transfer of experiences from national demonstration sites to developing ICM initiatives; environmental parallel sites was most obviously observed in Bali (demonstration site) investment opportunities; and advocacy and Sukabumi (parallel site) in channel to national governments and Indonesia; in the Batangas Bay area channel to national governments and (demonstration site) and in Balayan international organizations.
Bay in the Philippines; and Danang (demonstration site) and Quang Nam (parallel site) in Vietnam.
The development of an ICM parallel site requires strong commitment and support of local and national governments and stakeholders to replicate PEMSEA ICM working models using their own financial and human resources. A sense of ownership by local government is critical to ensure project implementation and sustainability. The role of national government is also important in facilitating the transfer of experiences and expertise from demonstration to parallel sites. The parallel sites benefit from PEMSEA's management and technical advice, access to publications, network of experts, and training opportunities. Sustainability of ICM program is achieved via strengthened local governance and capacity building. Better access to environmental investment opportunities is
President Roh, Moo Hyun of RO Korea (then Minister also ensured through enhanced regional and of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries) delivers his international recognition of their local ICM congratulatory message during the first regional efforts. Boxes 1 and 2 describe the process and workshop for the establishment of the regional evaluation criteria for the selection of PEMSEA network of local governments implementing ICM in ICM parallel sites. March 2001, Seoul, RO Korea. D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 4 7 By providing due recognition to this grand undertaking of ICM expansion local governments that are and scaling-up. ICM scaling-up would not successfully implementing ICM, only involve geographic expansion of the ICM program but also expansion with efforts toward replicating ICM regard to management issues and the coverage of functional integration, such as programs will gain momentum. linking coastal management to watershed and river basin management. It also entails Regional Network of Future Directions the development of national ICM policy, Local Governments which would provide a policy framework for Implementing ICM The region is now making effective replication of ICM efforts at the collective efforts for sustainable local level. ICM practices by local coastal and marine development governments at various PEMSEA under the framework of the SDS-SEA, The RNLG would also serve as a national demonstration and parallel which was officially adopted by 12 vehicle for advancing scaling-up activities. sites are now linked in a regional PEMSEA participating countries in By promoting stronger commitments of network. Since the establishment of the December 2003 in Putrajaya, Malaysia. local leaders to coastal governance, Regional Network of Local A specific target for the leveraging support and assistance from Governments Implementing ICM implementation of the strategy is that donors, developing cooperative programs (RNLG) in Seoul, RO Korea in March at least 20 percent of the region's with other partners and providing effective 2001, participating local governments coastlines are covered by ICM working models of ICM, the RNLG would are taking turns to host the annual programs by 2015. become a driving force for achieving forum of the RNLG. An annual forum sustainable coastal development among facilitates the sharing of knowledge, A major challenge in meeting local governments of the region. experiences, expertise and lessons in this target is to effectively fill the gap coastal and ocean governance among of technical and managerial capacity Eventually, PEMSEA's efforts toward local leaders. and knowledge that are required for the replication of ICM practices and regional networking will be coupled with ICM certification, which entails the application of practical criteria and indicators to assess the performance of ICM implementation. By providing due recognition to local governments that are successfully implementing ICM, efforts toward replicating ICM programs will gain momentum.
Reference
Jashapara, Ashok. 2003. PEMSEA Mid-Term Evaluation Report. GEF/UNDP/IMO PEMSEA Regional Programme Director Dr. Chua Thia-Eng signs the Regional Programme on Partnerships MOA for the Cavite ICM Parallel Site on 8 March 2004, together with in Environmental Management for the Cavite Governor Ereneo “Ayong” Maliksi (extreme left) and Seas of East Asia, Quezon City, representatives of national and local government agencies, making Philippines. Cavite the fourth PEMSEA ICM parallel site.
8 T r o p i c a l C o a s t s D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 4 9 Marilou Erni President Bataan Coastal Care Foundation Executive Director Bataan, Philippines — Petron Foundation, Inc. William Azucena Public-Private Officer-in-Charge/Environmental Management Specialist BIGKIS-Bataan ICM Program Bataan, Philippines Partnerships at Work and Alexander Guintu for Sustainable Technical Assistant GEF/UNDP/IMO Regional Programme on Building Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Development Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA) Quezon City, Philippines
“Business is not divorced from the rest of society. The Introduction two are interdependent and it must be ensured, through mutual understanding and responsible behavior, that business’s role in building a better future is recognized and encouraged by society.” A Cluttered Past — World Business Council for Sustainable Development In Bataan, Philippines, there was a time when the relationship between the Petron owns and operates the The Coastal Cleanup Provincial Government and largest refinery in the Philippines, which Petron Corporation could be is located in the Province of Bataan, and This changed in 1999, when likened to the cluttered therefore pursues its business interests Petron Corporation, through Petron as a private company. The Provincial Foundation, decided to conduct an beaches and coastlines of Government of Bataan has its own activity dubbed Kontra Kalat sa Dagat the province and the mandate, which is to look after the or KKD (Movement Against Sea residents. Independent and concerns of the province and its people — Littering). In observance of Coastal shores apart. Their efforts, the public. There were times when their Cleanup Day, usually held every third if at all, were sectoral in paths would meet, but these usually Saturday of September, Petron focus and temporal in involved instances when accidents like oil organized the activity and sent nature. spills occurred. As a consequence, the volunteers from its various offices and affected sectors, such as the fisherfolks, from the refinery to Bataan to clear the had been adversely affected and had coastlines of three municipalities. thereafter sought assistance from authorities like the Provincial When sought of its support, the Government, which, in response, had Provincial Government enthusiastically sought measures to redress such responded by mobilizing its own set of concerns, often unsuccessfully. volunteers from its officers and staff.
10 T r o p i c a l C o a s t s Recognizing the opportunity to effect a It also invited officers and staff from the concerned municipal long-lasting change for the better,,, governments, teachers and students efforts were initiated to find out how to from public elementary and high schools, nongovernmental make it possible. At long last, common organizations (NGOs), and people’s organizations (POs), as well as civic aims were in view for the Provincial and cause-oriented groups, to join the cleanup. Government and Petron Foundation. Their agreement to work together to The turnout was overwhelming, with the participants, especially the achieve common aims gave birth to a leaders, realizing that when working together a lot of things could be partnership — a public-private easily achieved. It was realized that Bataan, especially its environment, partnership (PPP). faced a lot of problems and would undergo further degradation without the appropriate actions and interventions. An opportunity to work together further was contemplated and efforts towards this were vigorously pursued.
Something New
Recognizing the opportunity to effect a long-lasting change for the better, efforts were initiated to find out how to make it possible. At long last, common aims were in view for the Provincial Government and Petron Foundation. Their agreement From a relationship that can be likened to Bataan’s cluttered coastlines, the birth of a public-private partnership between the to work together gave birth to a Provincial Government and Petron Corporation enabled the province to partnership — a public-private implement a successful ICM program using local resources. partnership (PPP).
The new partners then sought that the partnership needed — that of institutions and environmental the assistance of institutions and specialized technical assistance on programmes presented to the programs involved in environmental the environment. The partners stakeholders the possible solutions management and sustainable organized a forum wherein and approaches for managing the development to provide the aspect representatives from invited environment of Bataan.
D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 4 11 At the same time, the leaders of the province’s business sector, as community The timing could not have been more perfect as PEMSEA was members and stakeholders themselves, then looking for a champion in the realized the need to go beyond Manila Bay area, the bay being one of the programme’s demonstration individual and piecemeal social sites for managing pollution hotspots. The perfect match gave initiatives and instead have a more birth to PEMSEA’s first integrated coastal management (ICM) parallel significant and lasting contribution to site. As a parallel site, Bataan would the social and environmental needs of implement an ICM project using its local resources through the the province. partnership that combines the strengths and assets of the local
One of the invited programmes The forum opened the door to a government and the private sector, was the Global Environment Facility/ tripartite agreement, signed on 10 as well as the participation of civil United Nations Development February 2000, between the PPP of society. The project came to be Programme/International Maritime the Provincial Government and known as the Bigay Galing sa Organization Regional Programme on Petron Foundation, and PEMSEA for Kalikasan ng Bataan (BIGKIS-Bataan) Building Partnerships in the implementation of a program in ICM Program. Environmental Management for the Bataan that would involve the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA), which, in sustainable management of the Rising to the Challenge the process, generated the interest of province’s natural resources and Rising to the Challenge the partners and the stakeholders. development. Sustainable development requires that there be wise, responsible and efficient use of resources by the present generation to ensure that future generations can still utilize these resources to meet their needs. With this in mind, the Provincial Government has been more resolved in pursuing its official mandate — to take care of the province, including the natural endowments of its land and water, and its citizens — no longer through traditional sectoral and mere regulatory approaches but through a holistic manner in partnership with all concerned sectors — for the Bataeños of today and the future.
12 T r o p i c a l C o a s t s For the Provincial Government, BIGKIS-Bataan is an opportunity to tread new waters and, at the same time, a challenge to adopt new ways of going about the business of governance. Out of this resolve came the establishment of a Project Management Office (PMO) that would take care of the day-to-day implementation of BIGKIS-Bataan, with the staff, the resources/utilities and the physical office committed to and for the purpose of achieving sustainable development. Since the Every year the province holds a coastal cleanup called Kontra Kalat sa PMO is under the Office of the Dagat, which has mobilized 70,948 volunteers since it was first held in 1999. Governor, it has the benefit of having direct access to the provincial leaders.
At the same time, the leaders of or doing business in Bataan to share stakeholder groups in Bataan. The the province’s business sector, as in environmental stewardship. significant contributions by the community members and private sector include mobilization of stakeholders themselves, realized the The result was 18 corporations resources, business management need to go beyond individual and and sociocivic organizations forming skills, technical expertise, research piecemeal social initiatives and instead the Bataan Coastal Care Foundation materials and other relevant data, have a more significant and lasting (BCCF) with the primary aim of equipment and facilities and contribution to the social and supporting the development and manpower — to complement those environmental needs of the province. implementation of the ICM program provided by the Provincial as Bataan’s key environmental Government. BIGKIS-Bataan provided the ideal management framework. Since its vehicle to achieve this goal, but at the incorporation in 2000, BCCF has Further sealing the partnership, same time presented the private paralleled the efforts of the Bataan the BIGKIS-Bataan Project sector with a host of challenges, Provincial Government in sustaining Coordinating Committee (PCC) was including long-term investment, the ICM program. It has also become established to provide guidance to the resources mobilization, program the primary partner of the Bataan PMO in the implementation of the ICM sustenance and public acceptance. It Provincial Government in developing program. This multi-stakeholder was in this context that Petron a culture of transparency and trust in body serves as the advisory and Corporation, through Petron coastal governance in the province. policy/decision-making arm of Foundation, recognized the need to Equally important, BCCF has propped BIGKIS-Bataan, and has been forge partnerships within their ranks the institutionalization of ICM in the instrumental in the leaps and bounds and which has led them to encourage provincial governance system and in that the program has taken during the other business organizations based in the development agenda of key last four years.
D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 4 13 The key, as to any similar capacity-
building activity of the programme, Taking that First Major is to build a core of local experts Step
capable of training other local staff In 2001, with initial assistance from PEMSEA, the public sector and who could be tapped for related (composed of the Provincial activities in the future, such as the Government and the local government units) of the city and municipalities of replication of ICM in other sites in the province) and the private sector (represented by BCCF) together helped the province. in the process of formulating the Bataan Coastal Strategy (BCS) through The Bataan Coastal Care Foundation, Inc. multi-stakeholder consultations. In the process, these consultations The Bataan Coastral Care Foundation, Inc. (BCCF) aims to provide counterpart funding and management generated stakeholder ownership and of BIGKIS-BATAAN to strengthen the environmental management capabilities of LGUs and NGOs, explore ways for a dynamic and sustainable public-private partnership in environmental management, and the corresponding commitment, increase awareness and promote interactive community participation in coastal resources management. It which is reflected in the Bataan is currently composed of 16 companies all operating within Bataan. While there are only 5-7 active Declaration. members of the BCCFI, the following are the listed members of the foundation:
1. Bataan Polyethylene Corporation (BPC) 9. Petrochem Corporation of Asia-Pacific Eventually, the BCS was adopted 2. Bataan Thermal Power Plant 10. Petron Corporation by the Sangguniang Panlalawigan 3. Core Maritime Group 11. Petron Foundation, Inc. (Provincial Board) as Bataan’s primary 4. Grand Asia Shipping Lines 12. Philippine Resins Industries, Inc. (PRII) 5. Herma Group of Companies 13. Planters Products, Inc. framework for sustainable coastal 14. PNOC – Petrochemical Development Corp. 6. Liquigaz Philippines, Inc. development and democratic 7. Limay Bulk Handling Terminal, Inc. 15. Total Philippines Corporation 8. ORICA Philippines, Inc. 16. UniOil / Oilink Petroleum Philippines, Inc. environmental governance through BIGKIS-Bataan. In 2002, to reiterate GEF/UNDP/IMO/PEMSEA CHAIRPERSON Bataan Coastal Care Fdn. Inc. their support to the national OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR leadership, a Manifesto of Support to MAYORS’ LEAGUE the Bataan Declaration was signed and EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE PROJECT MANAGEMENT OFFICE presented to President Gloria Governor Macapagal-Arroyo. Vice-Governor Head President of BCCF Technical Officers PGO Representative Administration Support Staff The BCS is deemed to serve as a Committee Chairpersons PMO comprehensive environmental management framework that would provide directions in achieving Incentives Admin. IEC Community Programs Alt. Participation Livelihood targeted outcomes — as identified by PNOC-PDC BPC PRII DENR-PENRO the stakeholders themselves — and ORICA Governors’ Petron Fdn., Inc. PG-ENRO PPDO OPA-BFAR UniOil/Oilink Office DepEd-Bataan Petron Refinery Prov. Vet. Office DOST-Bataan formulating a series of specific action Herma Grp Bataan Chronicle Alyansa (AMB) Prov. Tourism DTI-Bataan Prov. Info. Office PRRM-Bataan Bataan PNP plans and programs. It is recognized Total Phils Corp. DILG-Bataan in the BCS that the key to achieving the shared vision is the development of
14 T r o p i c a l C o a s t s partnerships among the stakeholders and the synergy of effort of the many different players with different skills and perspectives so that all efforts — be it individually, by community or by sector, as long as it is within the framework — contribute to the overall pursuit of sustainable development.
Sustaining the Strategic Partnership
During the process of Through BIGKIS-Bataan, 133,600 mangrove propagules have been implementing BIGKIS-Bataan, the planted in a 12.5-hectare area covering five coastal villages, as of 2003. partners have manifested their commitment as advocates of sustainable development in the province, through: Reaping the Rewards collected during the KKD from 2002 to the first half of • Leadership and the Overall, the projects initiated 2003; establishment of BIGKIS-Bataan through BIGKIS-Bataan as identified • 3,035 trees have been PCC; in the BCS have given benefits in planted through the joint • Conduct of and participation in the form of a healthy working efforts of BIGKIS-Bataan and consultation workshops leading relationship among the local the DENR-Provincial to institutional and policy government, private sector, civil Environment and Natural reforms in the municipal, society groups and international Resources Office (PENRO) provincial, regional and national agencies. Bataan; levels; • 133,600 mangrove • Sponsorships of community- As of 2003, on-the-ground propagules were planted in a based rehabilitation projects, activities as a direct result of the 12.5-hectare area covering supplemental livelihood support partnership and guided by the BCS, five coastal barangays to coastal communities, have been able to accomplish the (villages); consensus building on following: • 68,780 volunteers were mobilized for the KKD, plus environmental issues and 1,958 volunteers for information, education and • 133.3 km of the 177-km mangrove enrichment communication (IEC) coastline (75 percent) planting and 210 volunteers campaigns; and covering 11 municipalities for tree planting for a total of • Institutionalization of the Bataan and a city have been cleaned; 70,948 volunteers mobilized from various stakeholder Coastal and Marine Resources • Approximately 269 metric groups; and tons of garbage were Management Office (BCMRMO). continued on page 53...
D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 4 15 Ir. H. Ichwanudin, M. Si Implementing the ICM Head, Sukabumi ICM Program Management Office Head, Environmental Agency Sukabumi Regency, Indonesia Program with Local and
Mr. Alam Syah Mapparessa Head Resources in Sub-Division for Natural Environment Coastal and Marine Ecosystems Affairs, Environmental Sustainability,,, Ministry of Environment Sukabumi, Indonesia Indonesia
Introduction
Sukabumi Regency is located in the West Java province in the south coast of Java Island, around 170 km away from Indonesia’s capital, Jakarta. It is part of the rapidly growing economic region of Jakarta and the surrounding planet cities and regencies.
Blessed with natural wonders Figure 1. Map of Sukabumi Regency, Indonesia. such as mountains, rivers, beaches and the adjacent beautiful Bay of The Government of Sukabumi development paradigm (i.e., Regency, at the same time, recognizes “Protecting life support systems and Palabuhanratu, Sukabumi the potential threats to the ecological conserving coastal and marine Regency realizes the huge balance of its coastal areas — as a resources for sustainable potential of the area and is result of pollution, habitat degradation, development and the welfare of the committed to pursuing the coastal erosion and sedimentation — people of Sukabumi Regency”) the economic development of the as environmental challenges, in Government of Sukabumi Regency maritime city through the addition to management issues such realized the importance of applying development of coastal as multiple-use conflicts and the lack an integrated approach in the use tourism, fisheries and other of integrated planning. and management of its coastal and related services and marine resources. As a step forward, industries. In line with the long-term on 24 February 2003, the sustainable coastal and marine Government of Sukabumi Regency
16 T r o p i c a l C o a s t s Blessed with natural wonders such as signed a Memorandum of Agreement with the International Maritime mountains, rivers, beaches and the Organization (IMO), through the Global adjacent beautiful Bay of Environment Facility/United Nations Development Programme/International Palabuhanratu, Sukabumi Regency Maritime Organization Regional Programme on Building Partnerships in realizes the huge potential of the area Environmental Management for the and is committed to pursuing the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA), for an and is committed to pursuing the integrated coastal management (ICM) economic development of the maritime parallel site in the Regency. city through the development of coastal Sukabumi Regency recognizes its ICM parallel site designation as being tourism, fisheries and other related very strategic and important in services and industries. supporting and enabling the Government and other stakeholders to achieve their coastal and marine management vision — “The strategic environmental issues Palabuhanratu sub-regency, Palabuhanratu is a self-reliant civilized and achieving the objectives of being the designated new capital maritime city with flourishing world- the ICM program; of Sukabumi Regency, serves as class coastal tourism and sustainable • Continuing implementation of the center of government fishery industries.” public awareness and education administration, business, coastal programs to empower and tourism and fishery development enable coastal communities of the Regency. Strategic Approaches and promote self-reliant co- toward Developing the management initiatives in the To support accelerating ICM Program management process, led by a development and boost economic local nongovernmental gains in Palabuhanratu, the A number of strategic organization called TP3TP Regency Government, in approaches were taken in the (Indonesian acronym) or the collaboration with concerned development and implementation of an Team for the Management and central government agencies and ICM program for Palabuhanratu Bay, Preservation of Palabuhanratu the private sector, have planned including: Bay; and have been carrying out • An integrated planning process • Promoting effective scientific infrastructure/facility across various sectors concerned advice and input to the planning construction including: in coastal and marine resource and decisionmaking process; • Developing Palabuhanratu’s management; and fishing port/terminal and • Harmonizing the budget portfolio • Promoting equal, synergic upgrading it from domestic and allocation in individual partnerships among the class to an ocean-going concerned sectors to optimize the governments, the private sector fishing port/terminal. This use of available local government and the public in coastal and will allow for greater capacity budget resources in addressing marine resource management. to receive landing fishes,
D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 4 17 ICM is not a one-for-all principle; it
is a continuous and interactive • The potential conflict between government and local process; it cannot be successfully communities with respect to the implemented overnight and in fully government’s plan of action to implemented overnight and in fully regulate and rearrange the use of integrated circumstances. the beach area based on local regulation on the coastal-use zoning scheme; provided that the catching management issues remain to be • The misleading perception that technology of the local fishers addressed to achieve the development is limited to physical is upgraded to keep up with sustainable development infrastructures may lead to the the exclusive economic zone; objectives, specifically: underestimation of the and • The increased production importance of integrated planning • Developing and enhancing and untreated discharge of and management, which requires coastal tourism domestic solid waste and participation and commitment of infrastructures and facilities, sewage as well as potential various sectors and local such as hotels, restaurants, increase of industrial waste stakeholders; various recreational and safety discharge from urban areas • Conflict between resource-based support facilities, etc. and the lack of a proper short-term economic gain waste management interests and the need for the On the other hand, a number regulation and controlling protection and conservation of of environmental problems and system; coastal and marine resources; • Challenges in promoting and setting up of effective institutional arrangements and coordination mechanisms due to the resistance of conventional individual sector/ agency or project-oriented perspectives; and • Absence of local regulation, with parliament approval and support, as a legal basis and source of mandates in developing and implementing the activities of an ICM program.
Lessons Learned
The ICM Program in Sukabumi Regency is still in its developing Figure 2. Existing Coastal Uses and Coastal Waterfront Land-Use Figure 2. Existing Coastal Uses and Coastal Waterfront Land-Use phase. Some of several lessons Planning in Sukabumi. gained, with regard to principles and
18 T r o p i c a l C o a s t s approaches in the implementation of the program, are: • The chance for success in achieving ultimate objectives of sustainable use and management of coastal and marine resources at the local level primarily depends on the perception and the commitment of the local government leadership on the needs and importance of ICM; • Subject to local administrative, political and social setups, there are a number of strategic elements to develop and implement in transforming the Figure 3. Integrating Mountains, Rivers, Forestry and Seas for the principles, concepts and Sukabumi ICM Program. objectives of ICM into reality, including: 9 Strong, stable institutional private sector/investors frameworks, legal basis and and legislative arrangements through co-management arrangements, and basic over changing political and market-based services and infrastructures that situations; approaches to ensure a allow the involvement of the 9 Operational, effective sustainable financing private sector and communities coordination mechanisms scheme for long-term in managing coastal and marine across sectors in planning coastal and marine resource area development activities; and • and implementing ICM use and management. ICM is not a one-for-all principle; • program activities; While moving towards achieving it is a continuous and interactive 9 Adequate scientific inputs in medium- and long-term goals process; it cannot be the planning and of ICM implementation cycles, successfully implemented decisionmaking process; emphasis also needs to be overnight and in fully integrated 9 Appropriate and placed on the delivery of circumstances. The success of scientifically viable coastal- strategic actions. This involves ICM program development and use zoning scheme short-term outcomes having implementation relies on the developed through proper positive demonstrative effects level of consciousness, consultations with various that will strengthen the awareness, commitment, stakeholders; confidence of stakeholders in the consistence, capacity and 9 Sufficient public education, ICM program and widen active confidence of local government awareness and involvement participation of the public and authorities and other in management processes; government authorities; stakeholders, as well as the • and Authorities/local governments presence of a common vision 9 Smart, synergic partnerships need to be aware of their and clear objectives that can be among governments and the responsibilities for creating shared by various stakeholders.
D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 4 19 Kahng, Sung Hyun Principal Research Scientist Addressing Multiple-Use Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute (KORDI) Republic of Korea Conflicts in RO Korea’s and
Je, Jong Geel* National Congressman Shihwa Lake and Its Seoul, Republic of Korea
Introduction Adjacent Coastal Area
Conflict management has been regarded as one of the greatest challenges to integrated coastal management (ICM). The multiplicity of uses and the growing demand for limited resources is likely to generate conflicts among competing sectors. The successful implementation of ICM largely depends on the promotion of the processes for avoiding and resolving conflicts in the coastal zone.
The southern part of the reclaimed land serves as a resting place for Coastal conflicts are defined as migratory birds. situations or circumstances where strong and persistent Lake Shihwa area is one of the difficult to reconcile the protection of the typical places where conflicts result natural environment with the divergence of positions (needs, from planned interventions and socioeconomic needs of the communities values, etc.) among users and development projects in the coastal in the area. other stakeholders present an zone. Government agencies and obstacle to managing a specific surrounding local governments plan to Coastal conflicts in the Lake Shihwa coastal area. While the develop the reclaimed land surrounding area typically arise from: dimensions, levels, and intensity the artificial lake in the near future. 1. Future land use of the reclaimed area; of conflicts vary greatly, so too 2. Fishing prohibitions within the lake; can the opportunities for conflict Although environmental 3. Polluted discharges into the sea resolution. degradation in the lake area induced outside the lake; drastic changes in the social perception 4. Future use of the dike (e.g., tidal plant, * Je, Jong Geel was the PMO director for the Shihwa of how resources should be managed port, etc.); and Environmental Management Project until he was according to ICM concepts, it is still 5. Nature conservation needs. elected as a National Congressman in April 2004.
20 T r o p i c a l C o a s t s The case study on the Lake Shihwa area Emerging and unresolved will provide valuable lessons on what conflicts in the Lake Shihwa area will provide valuable lessons on what appear to be mishandled. To produce does and does not work in coastal zone the favorable outcome of ICM initiatives, there is an urgent need to disputes, and the limits and risks of promote the application of consensus building and dispute resolution different conflict management processes for achieving sustainable techniques. This information can be development. used in formulating suggestions for The case study on the Lake Shihwa area will provide valuable developing skills in conflict lessons on what does and does not work in coastal zone disputes, and the management techniques and will limits and risks of different conflict contribute to disseminate more specific management techniques. This information can be used in formulating good practices and lessons learned in suggestions for developing skills in conflict management techniques and the Lake Shihwa area. will contribute to disseminate more specific good practices and lessons loads from watershed. The brackish Prevention Act, and the learned in the Lake Shihwa area. lake suffered from severe Comprehensive Management Plan for eutrophication, and its water quality Lake Shihwa was formulated in August became unfit even for irrigation. The 2001 by MOMAF in collaboration with Profile of Lake Shihwa water pollution of the lake brought up stakeholders. social and environmental concerns, Lake Shihwa is an artificial lake which led to the project’s failure. located in the west coast of the Sources of Multiple-Use Republic of Korea. It was formed in To mitigate water pollution, the Conflicts in Lake Shihwa 1994, when a 12.6-km seawall was circulation of seawater was allowed built to seal off the bay as part of a through the sluices since January The management of the Lake large-scale reclamation and infilling 1999. The government finally Shihwa area, however, was handled by project. The project aimed at scrapped the plan to change the lake many different government entities converting the tidal mudflat into 133.7 into a freshwater reservoir in and agencies with little coordination km2 of reclaimed land as well as 42.3 December 2000. Following the among their programs. Each agency km2 of a freshwater lake to be used for decision to manage the lake as a was making its own management plan irrigation purposes. seawater body, the Ministry of based on separate laws and criteria, Maritime Affairs and Fisheries which resulted in conflicting After the closing of the lake, the (MOMAF) began to play a leading role approaches (e.g., utilization-oriented water quality rapidly degraded due to in establishing its management plan. management to develop the reclaimed the insufficient water supply for the Lake Shihwa and its coastal area was land versus conservation-oriented lake, the lack of wastewater treatment designated as a special management management to protect the lake and capacity, and the increasing pollution area under the Marine Pollution the surrounding area).
D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 4 21 Experiences in the Lake Shihwa area show that there is a wide gap between reclaimed land in December 1998. The Korea Agricultural and Rural “integrated planning and Infrastructure Corporation (KARICO) implementation” and a need for began the reclamation project in 2002. innovative approaches that can Environmentalists are opposing the reclamation project, claiming that rice is address power imbalance problems surplus in Korea and rice production in the newly reclaimed land would not get and help empower community and competitive prices in the international stakeholder groups. market. They wonder if the reclaimed stakeholder groups. farmland might be converted for other uses in the future. Another factor for The Ministry of Construction (NGOs) are all against the plan, the consideration is the probability that the and Transportation (MOCT) is Korea Water Resources water quality of Lake Tando will also establishing a plan to develop the Corporation (KOWACO) under become unfit for irrigation and its expanded northern reclaimed land, MOCT is going to proceed with the discharge would bring about the with an area of 10.5 km2, into a new plan despite the oppositions, to deterioration of the water quality of Lake industrial complex. The MOCT gain revenue from land Shihwa. prepared an environmental impact development. assessment (EIA) report and has KOWACO and Hwaseong City are proposed a development plan for a The Ministry of Agriculture planning to develop the southern part of so-called multi-techno valley. While and Forestry (MAF) already the reclaimed land to supply lands for the Ministry of Environment (MOE), acquired the license for residential areas, small industries, MOMAF, local governments, and reclamation for 44 km2 of farmland universities, research institutes, resorts, nongovernmental organizations in the southern part of the theme parks, golf courses, etc. The Box 1: Chronology of Shihwa Action Plan Formulation and Ministry of Culture and Tourism (MCT) Implementation. designated a cultural protection area of 16.1 km2 around the site where fossil Date Activities dinosaur eggs were discovered in January April 2000 – April 2001 Formulation of Draft Plan through 2001. MOMAF and NGOs are also research and consultation opposing the development of the June – August 2001 Consultation among national and local southern part of the reclaimed land governments and agencies because the mudflats along the shoreline August 31 2001 Approval of Shihwa Action Plan have water purification abilities and serve September 2001 – Formulation of Implementation Plan of as a resting place for migratory birds. February 2002 Shihwa Action Plan November 2002 Enactment of the National Legislation To improve the water quality of Lake on Shihwa Management Committee Shihwa, KOWACO is considering the December 2002 Organized the Shihwa Management construction of a tidal power plant with a Committee maximum capacity of 240,000 KW using March 2003 Organized the Shihwa Technical the tidal embankment. However, this plan Advisory Committee is not compatible with the new port
22 T r o p i c a l C o a s t s construction plan of MOMAF.
In addition, local fishers are against the tidal power plant because pollutants will be flushed into the sea. Fishers complain that the fishing prohibition within the lake blocks them from a possible fishing source, in spite of having compensated for the loss of fishing grounds during the dike construction. Illegal fishing at night poses potential human health problems associated with the possible consumption of illegally fished, Figure 1: Map of Shihwa Lake and the Adjacent Coastal Area. polluted marine products.
The Ministry of Commerce, between “integrated planning and and Environment Restoration (Shihwa Industry and Energy (MOCIE) is implementation” and a need for Action Plan) was formulated through constructing high voltage power lines innovative approaches that can cooperative efforts among various across Lake Shihwa from the thermal address power imbalance problems stakeholders including national and power plant since 2001. Local and help empower community and local governments, the academe, and stakeholders are concerned that the stakeholder groups. civil society groups, and was power transmission towers would approved in August 2001. destroy the scenic beauty of Lake To address this need, the Shihwa area. following efforts have been made: The following are the strategic 1. The formulation of the Shihwa focus areas of the Shihwa Action Plan: Comprehensive Management • Construct sewage and industrial Efforts toward Plan as a strategic framework wastewater treatment plants to Addressing Multiple Use- for policy coordination and reduce land-based pollution; Conflicts integration; • Construct a tidal power plant to 2. The establishment of the Shihwa increase the water circulation Dealing with cross-sectoral, Management Committee as an within Shihwa Lake as well as to multiple-use conflicts of the Lake interagency coordinating produce electricity; Shihwa area has been a very difficult committee; and • Establish a real-time and task for concerned government and 3. The establishment of the Shihwa automatic water quality non-government personnel. Civil Forum. monitoring system; Particularly, the power imbalance • Conduct ecosystem monitoring among the parties involved has of the Shihwa coastal area to discouraged them from Shihwa Comprehensive assess the impacts on the habitat communicating, building consensus, Management Plan after the opening of Shihwa dike; and negotiating to find a common • Establish an institutional vision and solutions. Experiences in The Shihwa Comprehensive mechanism for interagency and the Lake Shihwa area show a wide gap Management Plan for Water Quality multi-sectoral coordination such
D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 4 23 The Shihwa Management Committee provides an institutional mechanism for mechanisms would also be a major provides an institutional mechanism for challenge to the future resolving interagency and multi-sectoral implementation of the Shihwa Action Plan. conflicts related to the conservation and development of the Shihwa coastal area. Shihwa Management Committee as Shihwa Management The implementation of the Committee; and Shihwa Action Plan is supported by the In accordance with the Shihwa • Increase public awareness and investment plan, with a total budget of Action Plan, the Shihwa Management participation through the US$575 million, including: Committee was organized in operation of local forums • Construction of sewage and November 2002. The Committee is involving civil society groups and industrial wastewater treatment tasked to review and make decisions various stakeholders. plants: US$377 million; on the major issues related to the • Tidal Power Plant: US$186 implementation of the Shihwa Action The Shihwa Action Plan provides million; and Plan, as well as coordinate an integrated framework for water • Others: US$12 million. implementation activities to be quality improvement, habitat undertaken by various government restoration and sustainable Most planned investments rely agencies and stakeholders. The development of the Shihwa coastal on public financial sources such as Committee is chaired by the Vice area. The effective implementation is from national and local governments. Minister of MOMAF and is composed constrained, however, by the power For example, KOWACO contributes 26 of representatives from relevant imbalance among different ministries percent of the total planned national and local governments, as well as the limited perception and investment. Identifying and securing agencies, the academe and involvement of local governments and diverse funding sources and environmental NGOs. It is various civil society groups. establishing sustainable financing noteworthy that through the establishment of the Committee, the participation of local governments and environmental NGOs in the decisionmaking process was, for the first time, officially institutionalized.
The Committee approved the implementation plan of Shihwa Action Plan in December 2002, and organized the Shihwa Technical Advisory Committee, involving 20 experts in the field of water quality, wetland, biodiversity and urban planning, in March 2003. The Shihwa Civil Forum contributes to the resolution of multiple-use Committee also organized the conflicts, the enhancement of information access, and the increase in public participation. Marine Environment Management
24 T r o p i c a l C o a s t s Volunteers in April 2002 to monitor, control and enforce legislation on sewage and wastewater discharges as well as solid waste dumping in Shihwa Lake.
The Shihwa Management Committee provides an institutional mechanism for resolving interagency and multi-sectoral conflicts related to the conservation and development of the Shihwa coastal area. It also coordinates various implementation activities of the Shihwa Action Plan, which are undertaken by diversified stakeholders including national and local governments, government corporations, environmental NGOs, the academe, and the private sector.
Shihwa Civil Forum
To foster a cooperative process among various stakeholders in addressing complex, multiple-use conflicts, the Shihwa Civil Forum was organized during the planning process of the Shihwa Action Plan. Identifying the sources of conflicts in a collaborative manner helped address the underlying causes of problems, rather than merely responding to its symptoms.
Despite some operational difficulties encountered, the Shihwa Civil Forum for the integrated watershed management in Lake Shihwa area contributed to resolving use conflicts and enhancing information access as well as public participation in the decision- making process.
Consequently, public awareness regarding the value of the Shihwa coastal area and the need to improve the water quality of Shihwa Lake has increased.
It is therefore expected that Shihwa Lake, once recognized as an environmental disaster, would demonstrate potential as a model case of addressing multiple-use conflicts through integrated management. [The July 2004 Special Feature on PEMSEA Community of ICM Practitioners can also be accessed at pemsea.org/icmcomm.htm.] D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 4 25 B A T A A N , P H I L I P P I N E S B A T A A N , P H I L I P P I N E S
"…the residents, the local "The ICM process — even government units and every with extensive community other stakeholder, must be participation and support of active partners in program NGOs or the private sector planning and implementation and the academe — will not and that they must have a succeed if done outside sense of ownership to the current policy conditions as
program in order for ICM to William W. Azucena well as political, social and Marilou G. Erni Officer-in-Charge/ Executive Director succeed." economic structures." Environmental Mgt. Specialist Petron Foundation, Inc. BIGKIS-Bataan ICM Project President Bataan Coastal Care Foundation, Inc. The ICM program in Bataan started at a time when the province's coastal resources were under serious threat from pollution, Perhaps the biggest hurdle in the implementation of overfishing, destructive fishing, a booming population and the Bataan ICM program was that of information haphazard shoreline development, confounded by divisive dissemination. It was hard to convince people in sectoral management interventions. The challenges involved Bataan, that there is a better way to preserve the linking sectoral efforts and integrating them in a comprehensive environment hand in hand with economic coastal resources management program. development; that the business community is sincere in its commitment of being the province's partner in The ICM process — even with extensive community participation sustainable development; and that the residents, the and support of NGOs or the private sector and the academe — local government units and every other stakeholder, will not succeed if done outside current policy conditions as well must be active partners in program planning and as political, social and economic structures. The national and local implementation. They must have a sense of government units should realize that coastal resources ownership to the program for ICM to succeed. management is part and parcel of governance and that coastal and environmental management is a basic service. Another lesson Through my experiences in Bataan, I learned that is that ICM must directly address poverty issues — providing ICM is a long and gradual process. Its success can coastal communities with supplemental livelihood assistance that only be measured after some time, so there must be will allow them to survive even with low fish catch and income until a long-term commitment among the partners to see such time that ICM interventions are seen and felt. Also, people through its implementation. I also learned the absolute need to understand the reason for implementing ICM, such as the necessity of partnership and listening to every impacts of human activities on the environment, and appreciate stakeholder — children, housewives, fisherfolks, the importance of good resource management practices. ICM religious institutions, local and provincial government must also be an adaptable process recognizing that resource officials, and the business community. Lastly, a strong, constraints are real and counterpart funding must be encouraged. continuous and comprehensive communication Capacity building must also adjust to financial, technical and human strategy is essential in galvanizing partnerships and resource realities at the local level. Finally, ICM should have a in making people fully understand the value of the broad mass-based and institutional support system involving major ICM program for them to eventually embrace it as stakeholders from all levels of governance to avoid conflicts and their vehicle to a better future. duplication of efforts.
26 T r o p i c a l C o a s t s C H O N B U R I , T H A I L A N D N A M P H O , D P R K O R E A
“Our most important gain “Without firm political from the project is not the commitment and support by funding but the knowledge, policymakers as well as and we are committed to good coordination among sharing this knowledge and stakeholders and massive working with other coastal involvement and support of municipalities in Chonburi. ” stakeholders, the ICM Mayor Chatchai Dr. Pak Ki Sok program will not achieve its Timkrachang Director West Sea Oceanographic Research goal and objectives.” Sriracha Municipality, Chonburi Province Institute
Project Manager My involvement in ICM came at a time when environmental Nampho ICM Project concerns associated with the accelerated economic development in Chonburi Province were beginning to emerge. The most difficult challenges that we had to overcome to Around the same time, the decentralization policy, which develop and implement the Nampho ICM project were delegates the authority and decisionmaking power to local the lack of experts with specialized knowledge and authorities including the conservation, management and control experiences in concept, approaches and applications of of the natural resources and environment, was beginning to ICM; the lack of an appropriate typology and the lack of pose a challenge to local governments. adequate guidelines, which have been developed and applied in different physical, political, socioeconomic and My visits to Xiamen, China and Batangas, Philippines cultural environments, for the adoption of ICM; and the contributed greatly to my understanding of ICM and how it can different interests of stakeholders who participated in the be employed to build local capacity in environmental implementation of the ICM project in Nampho. management. In any endeavor, knowledge and outlook guide the planning and implementation processes, and I have applied During the past four years, we experienced that the my understanding of ICM in crafting a vision for the sustainable application of ICM in a developing country is not an easy development of Sriracha, and leveraging funds to implement task. ICM practitioners have to implement the ICM project associated projects, such as the coastal renovation and in a sustainable manner because the project could not wastewater management projects. I am pleased to claim that be completed within a short time. To adopt and apply ICM implementation has played an important part in my recent ICM in a creative manner in accordance with different reelection. political, socioeconomical and cultural conditions of the country, national and local capacity should be the foremost It takes years to build capacity in environmental management, concern when starting an ICM project. Without firm political and I appreciate PEMSEA's contribution to local capacity commitment and support by policymakers as well as building through the Chonburi ICM Project. The ICM approach good coordination among stakeholders and massive is firmly established in Sriracha and I can assure that we will involvement and support of stakeholders, the ICM continue to apply the ICM concept and approach. Our most program will not achieve its goal and objectives. important gain from the project is not the funding but the Sustainable financial support mechanism is also one of knowledge, and we are committed to sharing this knowledge key factors to assure smooth implementation of the ICM and working with other coastal municipalities in Chonburi. program.
D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 4 27 P O R T K L A N G , M A L A Y S I A S I H A N O U K V I L L E , C A M B O D I A
“Each project had primary thrusts, “Since ICM is new in our approaches and accomplishments, country, we have to build but the challenge was to integrate strength to implement it by three separate undertakings under providing education and one coordinating mechanism or information campaigns through arrangement to maximize various strategies, such as available resources and social, meetings, workshops, study Ir. Haji. Rahmat Bin Hj. economic and environmental Long Rithirak tours and capacity-building Mohd. Sharif impacts within the affected Deputy Director General programs.” Director Ministry of Environment Selangor Waters Management areas.” Authority (LUAS)
I became the PMO Director of the Port Klang ICM Demonstration Project in July 2001. The PMO is hosted by the Selangor Waters It was very difficult for me to deal with politicians Management Authority, where I serve as its Director since and particularly with local leaders who have no September 1999. These dual positions provided me with the background in science. Since ICM is new in our opportunity to harmonize ongoing river basin management projects country, we have to build strength to implement it in the State with the ICM project in Port Klang. Each project had by providing education and information primary thrusts, approaches and accomplishments, but the campaigns through various strategies, such as challenge was to integrate three separate undertakings under meetings, workshops, study tours and capacity- one coordinating mechanism or arrangement to maximize building programs. We must provide assistance available resources and social, economic and environmental through monitoring and evaluation of the impacts within the affected areas. program’s implementation.
Although this work is still ongoing, there have been numerous I have learned that in time people will learn about accomplishments. In particular, a number of interventions were ICM if we provide knowledge and experiences made to effectively address threats to the sustainable development concerning ICM as well as the technical assistance of Port Klang coastal area, such as water pollution from domestic, they might need. Sometimes, it is even more difficult industrial and agricultural wastes, municipal solid waste disposal, when you have to deal with educated people erosion and sedimentation due to uncontrolled coastal who do not understand the importance of working development; and habitat destruction and overexploitation due together. In reality, the concept of ICM can be to illegal fishing, illegal logging and mangrove area encroachment. applied to various disciplines and even in our everyday lifestyles. The Port Klang Coastal Strategy was developed through various stakeholder consultation workshops, and officially adopted and launched in August 2003. It was gratifying that our efforts for developing Pulau Ketam (Crab Island) as an ecotourism destination were well appreciated during the field trip of the 3rd RNLG Forum during the EAS Congress 2003.
28 T r o p i c a l C o a s t s S I H A N O U K V I L L E , C A M B O D I A S H I H W A , R E P U B L I C O F K O R E A
“It is important that government “The project has helped recognize the importance of ICM change the perception of as a tool for managing challenges policymakers towards the that are of national scale and has integrated approaches for local impacts, such as land and the management of the marine-based sources of pollution; Shihwa environment and conflicting use of coastal resources.” resources; and capacity building H.E. Prak Sihara Dr. Je, Jong Geel and access to information, among Former PMO Director Second Deputy Governor of Shihwa Environmental Management Project Sihanoukville others.” National Congressman PMO Director Republic of Korea
The National ICM Demonstration Project in Sihanuokville Dr. Je’s involvement in the Shihwa Environmental started in June 2000. As a government official, people always Management Project started when he was a scientist expect us to support ongoing economic, environmental and at the Korea Ocean Research and Development social well-being in the coastal zone. But the greatest Institute located in the Shihwa area. The challenge is to implement the ICM project despite limited environmental management project has enabled him financial resources and technical skills among the to work actively with local politicians, government implementers, including government officials. While gradually personnel, environmental NGOs, and community solving the problems of the coastal areas, we have to members. The project has helped change the continually update our knowledge and skills in ICM to be perception of policymakers towards the integrated able to effectively address these problems. approaches for the management of the Shihwa environment and resources. I also learned that there is a need to balance development and conservation needs in implementing the ICM project. Along with the coastal management in Shihwa, his For instance, we have to make sure that while we are involvement with environmental projects include promoting tourism activities, these activities will have no leading a national wetland conservation project, adverse effect on the marine and coastal environment. It is conducting a national wetland survey and providing important that government recognize the importance of ICM technical advise to the designation and management as a tool for managing challenges that are of national scale of wetland conservation areas. Dr. Je’s experiences and has local impacts, such as land and marine-based as a scientist and opinion leader in coastal sources of pollution; conflicting use of coastal resources; environmental management have helped him serve and capacity building and access to information, among a much wider mandate since his election as a National others. We are trying to manage these problems through an Congressman in Shihwa area in April 2004. Dr. Je integrated rather than fragmented/sectoral approach to has also established the "Ocean Forum" in the maximize whatever resources we have. National Congress in July 2004 to increase the awareness of policymakers on the ocean environment.
D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 4 29 Cristine Ingrid Narcise Senior Technical Assistant PEMSEA Quezon City, Philippines Managing and
Apiradee Sujarae Former Project Coordinator Environmental Risks Chonburi ICM Project Chonburi, Thailand Introduction and Developing
Chonburi Province is one of the popular tourist destinations in Thailand due to its Common Framework of wealth of natural, cultural and historical resources and its proximity to Bangkok. It Actions in the Chonburi is likewise an important economic center and gateway in the eastern region of Thailand, being one of the sites of the Coastal Area, Thailand Eastern Seaboard Development Project, an expansive policy of the Thai government to extend economic growth to regional and local areas. For Chonburi Province, the target area includes the municipalities of Saensuk, Sriracha, Ao Udom, Laem Chabang and Koh Si Chang, all of which are within the demonstration site of the Chonburi Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) Project (Figure 1).
Under the Eastern Seaboard Development Project, the priority with regard to The adoption of the Chonburi ICM Coastal Strategy on 21 September investment in Chonburi province is industry. 2004 demonstrates the commitment of the five participating municipalities in Chonburi Province to implement a common Secondary priorities are trades and service framework to sustainably manage their coastal areas in cooperation provision, and tourism and agriculture. As a with the provincial and national governments and other sectors. result, the economic structure of the province was transformed from being The fast pace of development This concern was expressed in and the associated increase in agriculture-based to becoming industry- various stakeholder consultations population have drawn considerable and was confirmed scientifically based with the establishment of new concern about environmental through an environmental risk industrial factories, industrial settlements, impacts due to pollutants, alteration assessment. Various coastal commercial harbors, and the arrangement of the physical environment, management activities have been of public utility systems such as electricity, sustainability of development undertaken by the five water supply, transportation and activities, and consequent effects on municipalities to address the communications. the quality of life of the population. identified concerns, and efforts are
30 T r o p i c a l C o a s t s Under the Eastern Seaboard underway for an integrated coastal Development Project, the priority plan guided by the coastal strategy for the five municipalities. with regard to investment in Chonburi province is industry, and secondary Identifying Priority Environmental Concerns priorities are trades and service provision, and tourism and agriculture. The initial risk assessment (IRA) of Chonburi, carried out by a multidisciplinary local technical Figure 1. The Chonburi National ICM working group, was the first attempt Demonstration Project Area. to integrate existing scientific data in the ICM project area to enhance understanding of the environmental status, determine ecological and human health risks, and identify priorities for the sustainable management of natural resources and environment in Chonburi.
Using risk assessment methods specified by the GEF/UNDP/IMO Regional Programme on Building Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA), the IRA for Chonburi showed: • Human health risks associated with total and fecal coliform in the water column and arsenic • Sharp decline in fisheries reclamation, development (As) in crab tissue; production from 18,993 activities and aquaculture, • Ecological risks from oil and tons/yr in 1987 to 9,094 and collection of grease, nutrients (phosphate, tons/yr in 1998 in Muang mangrove for fuel wood nitrite and nitrate), organic District and 4,263 tons/yr and other uses; matter (indicated by biochemical (1987) to 3,415 tons/yr • No decline in aquaculture oxygen demand or BOD), heavy (1998) in Sriracha District, production, in general, metals — mercury (Hg) and mainly as a result of over- except during occasional cadmium (Cd), and pesticides exploitation; episodes of algal blooms, (endrin, heptachlor, dieldrin and • More than 97 percent although potential adverse p, p'-DDT) in the water column decline in mangrove area in environmental impacts of (Table 1); and heavy metals (As a span of 20 years primarily poor aquaculture practices and Cd) in the sediment; due to conversion for were noted; and
D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 4 31 • Increasing frequency of occurrence of The existing and potential environmental harmful algal blooms in the last 10 problems in Chonburi are related to increasing years, with some events causing resource use and consumption and waste mortality of fish, mollusks and other discharges associated with economic organisms. development and urbanization (Figure 2).
Table 1. Comparative Risk Assessment for Water-borne Contaminants.
Risk Quotient (RQ)* Major Source of Agent Uncertainty/Action < 1 1-10 10-100 100-1000 > 1000 Required
NH3-N (Nitrogen in the form of
ammonia)
NO2-N (Nitrogen in the No local criteria; used form of nitrite) ASEAN criteria NO3-N (Nitrogen in the
form of nitrate)
PO4-P (Phosporus in the form of
phosphate) BiochemicalBiological Used Philippine Oxygen criteria Demand (BOD) Dissolved
Oxygen (DO) Total No data from Laem Suspended Chabang Solids (TSS) Oil and Grease Heavy Metals Further investigation Mercury (Hg) needed at Sriracha Cadmium Further investigation (Cd) needed at Si Chang Pesticides Heptachlor Further investigation Dieldrin needed at Sriracha Endrin p, p’-DDT (dichloro-(dichlorodiph Further investigation diphenyl-enylcholoeth needed at Bang Saen choloethane)ane) Total Coliform
Most No data from Si Probable Chang and Ao Udom Number (MPN)/100 ml Fecal Coliform Used Philippine Criteria; Data from MPN/100 ml two areas only
* Range of RQs shown is from average to maximum (worst-case). RQ < 1 indicates low cause for concern, RQ = 1 signals cause for concern and RQ >1 signals high cause for concern RQ < 1 for other heavy metals such as chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe) and arsenic (As).
32 T r o p i c a l C o a s t s The initial risk assessment (IRA) The assessment may not have covered the of Chonburi, carried out by a entire range of ecosystem stressors of importance in Chonburi but it provides a good starting point multidisciplinary local technical for identifying and prioritizing risks and enhancing the cost-effectiveness of management efforts. On working group, was the first the whole, the IRA identifies the need for a attempt to integrate existing management framework for the sustainable development and management of Chonburi's scientific data in the area to coastal resources and environment, which includes: • Measures to prevent and control the enhance understanding of the degradation of coastal resources arising from development projects and to promote environmental status, determine rehabilitation efforts of affected areas; ecological and human health risks, • Management plans to protect natural resources and human health from discharges of and identify priorities for the untreated wastewater; • Systematic and cost-effective collection of sustainable management of natural information through scientific researches and resources and environment in an integrated environmental monitoring resources and environment in program focused on the priority concerns and Chonburi. data gaps identified through the risk assessment; • Multi-agency and multi-sectoral coordination and appropriate institutional arrangements for environmental management; • Sustainable financing mechanisms to support management actions; and • Education and awareness programs to communicate risks and promote public participation in environmental protection and Increase in coastal population & Industrial development management. discharge of untreated wastes
Developing a Common Framework for Action
While the risk assessment provides scientific basis for the environmental concerns identified by stakeholders, the coastal strategy provides Maritime activities Agriculture and upland run-off stakeholders with a common vision and framework for action to address the environmental concerns Figure 2. Some of the Sources of Identified Risk and manage their shared coastal and marine areas. Agents in the Chonburi ICM Area.
D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 4 33 Advancing from Planning to Implementation
It is critical that ICM efforts not only end at the planning stage but move on to the stage of adoption and implementation. This has been demonstrated in Chonburi through the integration of the coastal strategy into the Environmental and Municipal Plans of the five participating municipalities. The challenge now is to translate the The coastal strategy presents the people’s aspirations for the identified activities into actual Chonburi ICM site to become: projects and to strengthen “An area with scenic and clean beaches and coastline, capacities for implementation in a popular tourist destination and center of socioeconomic view of current limitations and development, where local people enjoy and care for the available opportunities. many bounties provided by the environment, protect Thai culture and traditions, and enjoy wholesome, secure and A practical and systematic good quality of life.” approach that can enhance the development of an implementation plan for the coastal strategy will also be demonstrated in Sriracha Municipality. This approach will The coastal strategy is a September 2004, demonstrates involve prioritization of coastal product of various consultative the commitment of the five strategy action programs based on meetings and workshops involving participating municipalities in available scientific information such major stakeholders representing Chonburi Province to manage as the risk assessment as well as national agencies, local government their coastal areas and to adopt local capacity and resources for units, the private sector, the and implement the coastal implementation. It will also identify academe, and civil society groups, strategy with the support of other requirements for capacity building who collectively shared information key stakeholders including the and support needed from central and insights on the values of the provincial government, national government and other institutions. coastal environment, threats to these agencies, the academe, private The development of the coastal values, necessary strategies and sector, business and industry, strategy implementation plan will actions to address the threats, and and civil society groups. The involve a multi-agency and multi- the vital participation of various adoption of the coastal strategy sectoral task team and consultations sectors. also generated strong interest for with government agencies, its implementation in other community-based groups and other The Chonburi Declaration, coastal municipalities in Chonburi major stakeholders. The approach is officially adopted and signed on 21 Province. aimed at promoting consensus and
34 T r o p i c a l C o a s t s While the risk assessment provides ownership among stakeholders to scientific basis for the environmental facilitate support for the implementation of the identified concerns identified by stakeholders, the priority action programs. The Site Coordinating Committee and the coastal strategy provides stakeholders Sriracha Municipality will adopt the with a common vision and framework coastal strategy implementation plan, and will select a number of priority for action to address the environmental activities for implementation. concerns and manage their shared Lessons learned in the coastal strategy implementation plan coastal and marine areas. development at Sriracha Municipality will be gathered to benefit similar efforts in other municipalities in the future. This is expected to strengthen Box 1. Existing Environmental Management Programs at the and complement existing coastal Chonburi ICM Area. management efforts in the five municipalities as shown in Box 1. • Water quality protection and rehabilitation initiatives such as the construction/operation of wastewater treatment plants in Sriracha, It is noteworthy that besides Saensuk and Laem Chabang and replacement of the bridge to Loi Island current initiatives in the Chonburi ICM (Sriracha) which hindered water circulation; area concerning pollution control, • Establishment of central facilities for pollution control in industrial biodiversity conservation is also estates and promotion of ISO 14001 certification in Laem Chabang; being given equal attention. One • Conduct of training for industries and establishments that generate remarkable example is the sea turtle hazardous wastes in Laem Chabang; conservation program at Sriracha • Improvement of solid waste collection systems; Municipality, which is being • Promotion of environment-friendly aquaculture especially in Sriracha and implemented in partnership with Ao Udom; various sectors including the local • Biodiversity conservation such as the sea turtle conservation program in communities and fishers (Box 2). This Sriracha (Box 2); program was initiated by Sriracha • Waterfront development such as the Sriracha Public Park and Bang Saen Municipality in 1992 following a Beach; serious decline in the number of sea • Ecotourism such as in Loi Island, Sarm Muk Mountain and Si Chang Island turtles, arising primarily from injuries • Providing safe water to communities (e.g., water desalination system in and deaths from fishing gears and Si Chang Island); also from occasional consumption. • Supporting local livelihood by promoting local products/specialties; The program has succeeded in • Promoting healthful community living; nursing and protecting more than • Public awareness and community mobilization in natural resource 300 sea turtles and releasing at least conservation and environmental protection; and 150; providing a venue for multi- • Establishing partnerships with the private sector, the academe, sectoral cooperation and public communities, and nongovernmental organizations in various initiatives.
D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 4 35 The integration of the coastal strategy into the municipal plans of the five education on the value of marine municipalities is currently the high resources; and providing a source of recreation and livelihood from point of the ICM implementation in ecotourism. Efforts are underway to Chonburi. It indicates the commitment further strengthen this program. of participating municipalities not only Meeting Challenges and to adopt but also to jointly implement Sharing the Vision
the coastal strategy and meet the Chonburi Province has challenges ahead. undergone accelerated economic development in the past 20 years. Box 2. Creating Environmental Champions through Conservation However, environmental problems Initiatives: Sea Turtle Conservation in Sriracha. associated with development have become apparent, and the Strategies complexity and difficulty of addressing these problems are • Local leadership and community efforts expected to increase along with • Recovery of and care for captured sea turtles • Sea turtle conservation pond and hatchery in Loi Island further industrialization and • Sea turtle release program at Kram Island urbanization. This highlights the • Monitoring through tags, microchips and satellite tracking need for innovative management • Public awareness and education aimed at coastal communities, fisherfolks, the youth, developers and tour operators approaches to ensure the sustainable use of coastal resources Achievements and environment in the Chonburi ICM site. • 150 sea turtles released • 65 Green turtles and 86 Hawksbill turtles at the conservation pond • Recreation and environmental education at the conservation pond In the face of numerous • Source of livelihood from tourism perceived environmental concerns, • Community support and cooperation the risk assessment provides • Cross-sectoral partnerships in natural resource conservation technical basis in identifying priority P artners concerns and guides the determination of interventions to • Sriracha Municipality minimize or manage these concerns. • Royal Thai Navy • Sea Turtle Conservation Station, Mun Nai Island, Rayong Province The various options for managing • Burapha University the identified concerns are provided • Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center (SEAFDEC) in the coastal strategy, with • Local communities, fisherfolks, youth emphasis on coordinated and cross- sectoral approaches.
The integration of the coastal strategy into the municipal plans of
36 T r o p i c a l C o a s t s www.pemsea.org the five municipalities is currently the high point of the ICM implementation in Chonburi. It indicates the commitment of participating municipalities not only to adopt but also to jointly implement the coastal strategy and meet the challenges ahead. It is a considerable step towards managing environmental risks in the coastal areas and achieving the stakeholders' common vision, which, although developed for the Chonburi ICM area, is certain to be shared by stakeholders in other municipalities within and outside the province. Angsila Municipality, also in Chonburi Province, has already taken steps to adopt the Chonburi ICM coastal strategy into its municipal plan. Get the latest news and Replication of ICM efforts at the municipal information on marine and coastal level using the experiences and lessons learned environmental management in under the Chonburi ICM project can slowly but surely work its way toward wider implementation in the East Asian Seas region online coastal areas throughout the country. V i s t @ www.pemsea.org
References The countries in the region included are: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, DPR Korea, Pamphlets on the Sea Turtle Conservation Program of Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, RO Korea, Sriracha Municipality, Chonburi, Thailand. Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam.
PEMSEA. 2004. Chonburi Initial Risk Assessment. PEMSEA The website contains information on the various Technical Information Report No. 2004/02, 128 pp. programme components of PEMSEA: Global Environment Facility/United Nations Development • integrated coastal management; Programme/International Maritime Organization • managing subregional sea areas and pollution Regional Programme on Building Partnerships in hotspots; Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia • capacity building; (PEMSEA), Quezon City, Philippines. • environmental management and investments; PEMSEA and Chonburi ICM PMO. 2004. The Coastal Strategy for • scientific research; the Chonburi ICM Project Area. Project Management Office, • integrated information management systems; National ICM Demonstration Project in Chonburi, • civil society; Thailand and Global Environment Facility/United Nations • coastal and marine policy; and Development Programme/International Maritime • regional mechanism. Organization Regional Programme on Building Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas Now with more links, the PEMSEA website presents of East Asia (PEMSEA), Quezon City, Philippines. a wider array of experiences and knowledge particularly regarding the practice of two Simachaya, W. 2004. Environmental Financing Strategies: environmental management approaches — User Charges in the Wastewater Sector in Thailand. integrated coastal management, and risk Organization for Economic Cooperation and assessment and risk management. Development. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/21/52/ 12942461.PDF. Accessed 8 July 2004. Also, lists of relevant and timely publications and www.investmentthailand.com. 2004 trainings are featured. Plus a lot more.
D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 4 Visit the PEMSEA website. Now.37 37 Ri Ki Ho Senior Researcher Land Planning Research Institute Ministry of Land and Environmental Protection DPR Korea Nampho Coastal and Joyce Javillonar Strategy: A Blueprint for Technical Assistant PEMSEA Quezon City , Philippines Introduction the Sustainable Coastal
Nampho City, situated in the coast Development of of the West Sea, serves as the marine gateway to Pyongyang, the capital of the Democratic Nampho City, DPR Korea People's Republic of Korea. Its strategic location makes it an economically important area for the development of an international port and various industries, such as metallurgy, heavy machinery, textile, fisheries, and food processing. Lying at the coast of the West Sea and the estuary of the Taedong River, Nampho is endowed with rich natural resources and high biological diversity. As such, its coastal resources are being utilized for the socioeconomic The process of coastal strategy development in Nampho City provided an development of the local area and opportunity for stakeholders to increase their awareness on the importance of their coastal resources and identify their roles and the country in general. However, responsibilities in protecting them. these development activities increasingly exert pressure on the In July 1999, the government of implementation of an integrated environment. Thus, to ensure that the DPR Korea officially signed the GEF/ coastal management (ICM) program the economic development of UNDP/IMO Regional Programme on was signed on 8 September 2000 Nampho is pursued with minimum Building Partnerships in Environmental between DPR Korea's General Bureau of Management for the Seas of East Asia Cooperation with the International impact on the environment, a (PEMSEA) project document, which Maritime Organization, the executing management system has to be formalized its participation in the agency of PEMSEA. These events put in place to ensure its Regional Programme. A Memorandum launched the implementation of the sustainable development. of Agreement for the development and national ICM project in Nampho, which
38 T r o p i c a l C o a s t s As a strategic plan, the Nampho Coastal aims to conserve critical ecosystems and habitats, and Strategy defines and describes the prevent marine pollution through a project boundary, the values of Nampho management framework that puts forward an integrated approach in coast, and the threats to these values, developing and managing coastal resources. the shared vision and mission of the
Among five districts and one stakeholders, the strategies, principles, county in Nampho, Hanggu and objectives and action programs that will Waudo districts were selected as the Nampho ICM project site. The be implemented to fulfill this vision, site covers a total area of 467.8 km2, with the watershed area of and the stakeholders responsible for 215 km2 covering part of the Taedong River and the seaside of implementing these action programs. West Sea Barrage. The total length of the coastline is 127 km including the length of the the Nampho coastal area. With Process of Developing riverside of Taedong River, which is assistance from the Regional the Coastal Strategy 55 km (Figure 1). Programme Office, the stakeholders collectively As part of the project's Responding to the developed the Nampho Coastal capacity-building component, a development situation in Nampho, Strategy, which serves as the training workshop on Coastal the local stakeholders recognized blueprint for the sustainable Strategy development was conducted the need to formulate a strategic coastal development of Nampho. among the local project team plan for developing and managing members in September 2001. The training focused on the process of developing the Nampho Coastal Strategy, emphasizing the importance of multi-sectoral and interagency consultations to bring stakeholders together, to promote consensus building, encourage openness to find solutions to their concerns and uphold their commitment.
As a strategic plan, the Nampho Coastal Strategy defines and describes the project boundary, the values of Nampho coast, and the threats to these values, the shared Figure 1. National ICM Demonstration Site in Nampho, DPRK. vision and mission of the
D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 4 39 The process of Coastal Strategy development started with the identification of historical, cultural, natural and economic values in the identification of historical, cultural, Nampho coastal area, followed by the identification of environmental issues natural and economic values in the which threaten these values. From Nampho coastal area, followed by the these, the stakeholders came up with Nampho coastal area, followed by the a common vision and mission for identification of environmental issues Nampho, which addressed the people's desire to protect their values which threaten these values. in order to achieve sustainable coastal development. Unlike other stakeholders, the strategies, undertaken separately in Hanggu and approaches in strategic planning principles, objectives and action Waudu Districts. A total of 30 wherein the starting point is the programs that will be implemented to stakeholders participated in the identification of issues and problems, fulfill this vision, and the stakeholders district-level workshops. The results this approach of identifying values responsible for implementing these of the workshops were validated in enhanced the stakeholders' action programs (Figure 2). an area-wide workshop participated appreciation of what they have and in by experts, scientists and relevant how they can protect them from A series of stakeholder officials from national and local existing and potential threats. consultations were undertaken from agencies, institutes and universities. December 2001 to June 2002 to To fulfill the stakeholders' develop the Nampho Coastal Strategy. The process of coastal strategy common vision for Nampho coastal Initially, consultations were development started with the area, they identified strategies which
Figure 2. Nampho Coastal Strategy Framework. Shared Vision
A modern international port city, with Values cultural values maintained, clean and healthy environment conserved, public Historical and Cultural Values well-being protected, for present and future Revolutionary Sites generations, as guided by the Juche Idea*. Historical Remains and Relics Education and Culture Strategies Natural Values Water Resources Biodiversity Inform Soil Threats Principles Underground Resources Scenic Beauty and Tourist Resources Water Pollution Habitat Changes Preserve and Economic Values Industrial Wastewater Restore Objectives Fishery and Aquaculture Solid Waste Industry Overexploitation of Resources Power Supply Population Growth Protect West Sea Barrage Natural Hazards ACTION Nampho Port Action Programs Agriculture PROGRAMS Commerce and Trade Sustain Land Use
Responsible Develop Institutions
*Juche Idea represents the guiding principle of the revolution in DPR Korea, which is centered on man and his position and role in the world.
40 T r o p i c a l C o a s t s Unlike other approaches in strategic serve as a framework for specific planning wherein the starting point is action programs (Table 1). The strategies provide measures for the identification of issues and addressing the environmental issues in the site. It also serves to problems, this approach of identifying strengthen the ability of various agencies in overcoming difficulties in values enhanced the stakeholders' developing and managing Nampho appreciation of what they have and coastal resources, and provide a mechanism for interagency, how they can protect them from intersectoral partnerships for achieving their common vision. existing and potential threats.
number of problems that pose a In response to this situation, the Conclusion threat to the environmental integrity Nampho Coastal Strategy was of Nampho. Threats such as water developed. The process of coastal Given its rich natural resources pollution, habitat changes and over- strategy development provided an and high economic potential, exploitation of resources cause opportunity for stakeholders to development activities in the Nampho serious consequences to the increase their awareness on the coastal area are continually sustainability of Nampho's importance of their coastal resources expanding. However, along with resources, as well as the protection and identify their roles and these development activities come a of human life. responsibilities in protecting them. Understanding its significance, Table 1: Strategies for the Development and Management stakeholders came up with a shared of the Nampho Coastal Area. vision for the Nampho coastal area. STRATEGIES Specific strategies were developed for INFORM Inform the stakeholders and relevant agencies of their rights and achieving this shared vision. responsibilities, and the scientific and technical issues concerning the coastal and marine environment, thereby ensuring their active participation To sustain these efforts, there is in the development of the coast and implementation of the environmental a need to formally adopt the Nampho management programs. Coastal Strategy, being a framework PRESERVE Preserve ecological habitats as well as geographical, cultural and historical for the sustainable development of and features, and restore to their original state, those that have been damaged its coastal area. This will reinforce RESTORE by human activities. the stakeholders' commitment to the PROTECT Protect human welfare and the ecological and economic features of the fulfillment of their shared vision for Nampho coast from risks that occur as a consequence of human activities Nampho. Ensuing activities will focus and natural forces. on the development and SUSTAIN Ensure the sustainable use of marine and coastal resources in order to implementation of priority action fulfill the needs of the present and future generations. programs to ensure the proper DEVELOP Develop and utilize Nampho coastal area in consonance with the land and development and management of environmental protection policies of the state and plans for the Nampho's coastal resources for development of national economy, thereby ensuring a balance between present and future generations. economic development and environmental protection.
D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 4 41 Joyce Javillonar Technical Assistant PEMSEA Building Local Capacity Quezon City , Philippines
H.E. Prak Sihara PMO Director through Coastal Second Deputy Governor Sihanoukville, Cambodia and Strategy Development Long Rithirak Deputy Director General Ministry of Environment in Sihanoukville, Cambodia Introduction Cambodia
Sihanoukville is designated as one of the three economic development areas in Cambodia. It is the site of the country's only deep-water port, serving as a commercial gateway to local and international trade. Sihanoukville waters are teeming with life, with its bays and estuaries abounding with fishery resources. The site has great potential for ecotourism with its unspoiled beaches and nature- based tourism activities in Ream National Park and nearby islands. Through a learning-by-doing process, local capacity was developed Given these resources, a lot of in Sihanuokville, such as capacities on how to plan, coordinate and development activities are being facilitate stakeholder consultation workshops which enabled them to develop a draft coastal strategy and facilitate its adoption through undertaken in the Sihanoukville appropriate mechanisms. coastal area, in line with the country's national economic In June 2000, a program for implementation of project activities, a development agenda. These integrated coastal management (ICM) Project Management Office (PMO) was was established in Sihanoukville. Its set up at the Municipal Government of activities inadvertently exert a lot overall goal is the sustainable Sihanoukville. A policy coordinating of pressure to the coastal resources development of Sihanoukville's coastal body to the PMO was also formed, the of Sihanoukville, and pose a threat area, ensuring that development Project Coordinating Committee (PCC), to the environmental integrity of activities in the area are carried out with which is composed of key the area. as little impact to the coastal and representatives of various local marine environment. To initiate the government agencies.
42 T r o p i c a l C o a s t s The consultations provided a venue At the onset of project implementation, the PMO required for stakeholders from relevant much assistance in the implementation agencies, groups and sectors to come of the ICM activities. A major setback is the lack of experience in ICM, which together and form a unified stand in thwarts PMO's confidence in leading the implementation of the activities. managing their coastal area. First
Coupled with the lack of and foremost was the identification awareness of the stakeholders on the of coastal values. value of their coastal resources, and the technical capacity to help conserve these resources, the initiating stage of With the purpose of enhancing the serve as facilitators in the the project was rife with uncertain skills of the PMO staff in implementing stakeholder workshops. Initially, the steps. At this stage, the Regional project activities, the RTF worked with consultations were made at each of Programme Office (RPO) of the GEF/ the PMO staff at the site from July to the districts of Mitapheap, Stung Hav UNDP/IMO Regional Programme on September 2001. The RTF members and Prey Nup. A total of 63 Building Partnerships in were young, junior professionals from stakeholders coming from various Environmental Management for the the region, who went to the site government agencies, schools, Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA) assisted specifically to assist the PMO staff in nongovernmental organizations the PMO through the mobilization of a conducting project activities, (NGOs) and the private sector Regional Task Force (RTF). particularly in the development of the participated in the workshops. Sihanoukville Coastal Strategy (SCS). The consultations provided a Figure 1. Process of Coastal Strategy venue for stakeholders from relevant Development. agencies, groups and sectors to Conduct of consultation workshops Process of come together and form a unified District-level: Mitapheap, Prey Nup and Stung Hav Coastal Strategy stand in managing their coastal area. Area-wide workshop Development First and foremost was the identification of coastal values. Preparation of draft Sihanoukville Coastal Strategy Considering the Unlike most planning approaches values of Sihanoukville that start with problem identification, this approach of starting with values Technical review by local and national stakeholders coastal area and its multiple uses, there is a prompted a better appreciation of need to develop a the coastal area and its resources, Technical review by Project Coordinating Committee strategic plan for its and a strong desire to protect it and National Coordinating Committee sustainable development. from further or potential damage. In response to this need, a Preparation of final Coastal Strategy series of stakeholder After identifying the values of consultations were their coastal area, the stakeholders considered the threats to these Formal adoption of Coastal Strategy undertaken to develop the at the Declaration Workshop SCS (Figure 1). The RTF values. They came to an trained the PMO staff to understanding of the direction they
D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 4 43 The CS captures the people's vision for the coastal area of Sihanoukville, and The results of the area-wide identifies the strategies and actions needed workshop was likewise consolidated and packaged into a draft coastal to realize this common vision. In order to strategy by RTF and PMO staff. develop this, there was a need to build the Technical review of the draft was develop this, there was a need to build the undertaken by local and national capacity of the local stakeholders in officials, followed by a series of validation workshops with the planning for the sustainable management district and area-wide stakeholders. The final draft was then submitted to of their coastal area. the PCC and the National Coordinating Committee (NCC) for want to take in their coastal With the conclusion of the official approval. development, and agreed on a district-level workshops, the PMO common vision for the Sihanoukville staff, under the supervision of the After the comprehensive review coastal area. The vision serves as RTF, consolidated the results and of the coastal strategy (CS), the PMO the comprehensive map for what came up with a draft outline of the worked on the its finalization. With they want to achieve for the SCS. This was presented at the area- the guidance of technical staff from Sihanoukville coastal area. Specific wide workshop, which was the RPO, the SCS was finalized and strategies were then identified in participated in by key representatives published in both English and order to fulfill this common vision. of local and national government Khmer. The PMO made agencies, local community leaders, arrangements for the formal media, and international adoption of the SCS through a organizations. Participants reviewed Declaration Workshop, which the results of the workshops coincided with World Environment conducted at district level and Day on 5 June 2003. provided critical inputs based on their own expertise. The workshop provided a venue for sharing of ideas Coastal Strategy and experiences, which enriched the Development as a SCS. A major accomplishment of the Means of Building Local workshop is the completion of the Capacity vision, which is truly representative of the stakeholders' aspirations for The CS captures the people's Sihanoukville. vision for the coastal area of Sihanoukville, and identifies the strategies and actions needed to The stakeholder consultations, realize this common vision. In order composed of participants from relevant agencies, groups and to develop this, there was a need to sectors, enabled the build the capacity of the local development of the coastal stakeholders in planning for the strategy based on their unified sustainable management of their vision and identified coastal values. coastal area. 44 T r o p i c a l C o a s t s With strong support from the local and
Capacity building is defined as national government, and with the the process of changing attitudes and behavior, imparting knowledge and increased capacity of the people of developing skills while maximizing Sihanoukville to plan for their coastal the benefits of participation, exchange of knowledge and area, they can now look forward to ownership. In this particular case of developing the SCS among the reaping the fruits of their efforts with stakeholders, capacity building was developed at two levels. The first level the actual implementation of the is administrative capacity building for coastal strategy... the PMO staff. The RTF trained the PMO staff on the process of coastal strategy development. Through a marine environment in Sihanoukville, and committed to the strategies, learning-by-doing process, they were understanding of existing capacities principles, and action plans to ensure trained on how to plan and coordinate and requirements for mitigating the sustainable development of stakeholder consultation workshops, adverse impacts, and strategic Sihanoukville. including the administrative and planning for coastal environmental logistics arrangements, prepare management. The process of The development of the CS workshop presentation materials, participation, the exchange of provided a mechanism for stakeholders facilitate the stakeholder workshops, knowledge and the ensured to share their local knowledge and report the results of the ownership amongst the stakeholders recommendations on how they can consultations, review the draft CS, and lies at the core of building their help manage the coastal area. Their facilitate its adoption through capacity and enabling change in their participation in the consultation appropriate mechanisms. environment. workshops allowed them to take part in the strategic planning for the fulfillment On a secondary level, the of their common vision for development of the CS helped local Conclusion Sihanoukville, enabling them to government and stakeholders build understand their roles in the plan and their own mechanism of consultation At the occasion of the CS how they can perform these roles and coordination, and overcome the Declaration Workshop, local and effectively. difficulties encountered by lack of national leaders emphasized the technical expertise and knowledge. Its importance of the participation of Much can be achieved through the development is a significant step stakeholders from cross sectors, continued participation of stakeholders towards increasing the participation including the local and national in coastal planning and management. of various stakeholders in the governments, local communities, With strong support from the local and management of their marine and NGOs and private sector. Given that national governments, and with the coastal resources. The coordination extensive dialogue has been increased capacity of the people of and consultation process increased conducted with a wide range of Sihanoukville to plan for their coastal awareness for environmental stakeholders during the entire area, they can now look forward to management, and facilitated a sharing process of its development, the SCS reaping the fruits of their efforts with of expertise and local knowledge on represents of the ideas of all the actual implementation of the the situation of the coastal and concerned parties who fully agreed coastal strategy.
D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 4 45 Ir. Haji Rahmat B. Hj. Mohd. Linking and Sharif Director Selangor Water Management Authority Harmonizing River PMO Director Klang National ICM Demonsration Project Site Selangor State, Malaysia Basin Management with ICM in Malaysia — Introduction The Port Klang ICM Malaysian river basins and coastal zones are the most Experience productive ecosystems in the country. It houses a majority of the population, as well as the Major River Systems in West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia: Selangor, human and natural activities, Selangor Negeri Sembilan and Malacca. and represents a unique environment that requires Sungai Tengi Malacca Straits Sungai Selangor special attention in its planning, Sungai Buloh development and management. Sungai Klang Negeri Sembilan Fragmentation in these areas is a current problem and a number Sungai Langat of obstacles were identified to overcome these deficiencies. Sungai Rembau Sungai Linggi Focus Area for Port Klang ICM Sungai Gaing These included inadequate policy Sungai MelakaMalacca and legislative coordination, weak institutional capacity at the local level, inefficient use Figure 1. Major River Systems in the Coast of Selangor State. and allocation of financial resources, lack of access to scientific advice and lastly, faulty In overcoming the current be pursued without compromising perceptions and virtually total weaknesses and realizing the Malaysian environmental protection. absence of participation by the Water Vision 2025, there is a consensus stakeholders, among others. that an integrated, holistic and Previously, integrated river basin sustainable resources management management (IRBM) and integrated program has to be embraced to ensure coastal management (ICM) were treated that the economic development would as separate entities. However, in line
46 T r o p i c a l C o a s t s IRBM and ICM essentially deal with the integrated management of the river with the current global trend, these areas are increasingly viewed as a basin and the coastal zone as a single single integrated management entity, especially as viewed from the interactive entity. They deal with the angle of good governance and delineation of jurisdiction between coordinated use and management of the state and federal land and water resources (surface establishments. freshwater, wetlands, groundwater and The integration would focus on three objectives: coastal waters); and other natural 1. Institute IRBM-ICM processes and practices as an integral resources and activities within the part of the governance; river basin and coastal zone, to 2. Promote federal, state and local government initiatives and optimize the use of these resources in responsibilities in carrying out IRBM-ICM; and a sustainable and productive manner 3. Maintain or enhance the functional integrity, economic today and in the future. viability, aesthetic quality and biological diversity of the river IRBM and ICM deal essentially representing various specific basins and coastal zones. with the integrated management of characteristics in the country to be the river basin and the coastal zone as adopted for detailed on-site studies a single interactive entity. They deal and for future demonstration and Integrating IRBM with with the coordinated use and replication. One of the sites selected ICM management of land and water for this study is an ICM pilot resources (surface freshwater, demonstration site in Port Klang in the The unplanned and wetlands, groundwater and coastal State of Selangor, under the auspices uncoordinated development of the waters); and other natural resources of a joint program by the Global river basin and the coastal zone can and activities within the river basin Environment Facility/United Nations lead to the degradation of river and and coastal zone, to optimize the use Development Programme/ marine ecosystems and this can be of these resources in a sustainable International Maritime Organization attributed to the management of and productive manner today and in Regional Programme on Building the land and coastal zone as a the future. Partnerships in Environmental whole. Habitat conversion and Management for the Seas of East Asia degradation as well as its (PEMSEA) and the State Government of permanent loss are often attributed The IRBM-ICM Pilot Selangor. to the direct/indirect impacts from Demonstration Site land-based human activities in the The study, under the umbrella of adjoining upland river basins and The proposed national ICM the national ICM policy, will focus on within the coastal/marine areas. policy identified several pilot sites the ‘mixed development character’ of
D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 4 47 The tasks of regulating and policing the port, shipping and navigational realize its aspiration for full-scale development. activities in the area were rather As the polluted waters from Sungai difficult to accomplish since the Port Klang and Sungai Langat drain into Port Klang navigational waterway is the Klang coastal waters, coupled with pollution from within the port areas, the busiest coastal waterway in Malaysia, waters of Port Klang become heavily polluted and the overall health of its whilst the adjoining Straits of Malacca marine ecosystem has degraded over is the world’s busiest international the years. waterway. Improved control in this area The IRBM of Sungai Klang is needed for Port Klang to realize its The IRBM project for Sg. Klang is aspiration for full-scale development. guided by the recently completed study entitled “Klang River Basin Environmental Improvement and Flood Mitigation the site. It would provide a classic the lead agency for the project, with Project,” initiated by the Department of showcase for applying the ICM mandate, under LUAS Enactment Irrigation and Drainage (DID). The Klang concept in managing multiple 1999, to provide the requisite avenue Basin suffers regular flooding and steady resource-use conflicts. for the integration of IRBM with ICM deterioration of water quality. The study at the state level, perhaps for future proposed both the implementation of The integration of the IRBM-ICM replication at the national level. structural and non-structural measures. project boundaries resulted in an The non-structural measures include expanded boundary that covered the institutional rearrangement and IRBM boundaries of two major The Port Klang ICM legislative development, floodplain and adjoining upstream rivers, namely the Demonstration Site emergency management plan, Klang and Langat Rivers (sungai or development of flood forecasting and Sg. in Malaysian). Klang River has a Port Klang with its North, South warning system, and community watershed area of 1,300 km2 and and West Ports is the country’s participation and training programs. The Langat River has a watershed area of premier port. The tasks of existing Selangor State-Federal 2,400 km2. Klang River passes regulating and policing the port, Government institutional arrangement through Kuala Lumpur and Klang shipping and navigational activities would be revamped and reconstituted Valley whilst Langat River drains the in the area were rather difficult to into the Klang Basin Management Council Langat Basin, with both river estuaries accomplish since the Port Klang and the Klang Basin Management meeting at the coastal waters of the navigational waterway is the busiest Executive Committee will serve as a Port Klang ICM. coastal waterway in Malaysia, whilst permanent secretariat. the adjoining Straits of Malacca is the The Selangor Waters world’s busiest international The structural measures include: Management Authority (Lembaga waterway. Improved control in this 1. Flood mitigation plan and tributaries Urus Air Selangor or LUAS) became area is needed for Port Klang to improvement works;
48 T r o p i c a l C o a s t s Harmonized legislative and institutional developments, funding 2. Soil erosion and sediment control programs; sources and mechanisms are recognized 3. Urban land-use and run-off minimization plan; as requisite tools for successful IRBM- 4. Water quality management plan; 5. River solid waste management ICM in the Malaysian context. plan; and 6. Wetland management plan. measures include provision of shipping, agriculture, etc.), and treatment facilities for both point and different levels of government (federal, The study proposed the non-point sources. The action plan state and local). implementation of a sustainable action envisages the attainment of overall plan to provide protection against water quality of Sg. Langat at Class IIB Linkages also have to be floods of 100-year average recurrence before the year 2020. established between land and sea, interval or ARI* and achieving Class IIB between policy and science, between water quality before 2020. The second study covers the: different disciplines of science, and 1. Catchments management and between present and future monitoring plan; generations. The urgent transitional The IRBM of Sungai 2. River corridor development and step is to harmonize economic Langat management plan; development with sustainable 3. Water resources development environmental management that The IRBM project for Sg. Langat and management plan; includes harmonizing the diverse centered around three major studies, 4. Flood mitigation plan; multi-sectoral and multi-disciplinary namely: 5. Socioeconomic profiling; set-ups; protection of the 1. Study on sustainable groundwater 6. Institutional development; and environment, public safety and resources and environmental 7. Stakeholder participation. biodiversity; sustainable use of management for the Langat Basin resources and minimization of by Jabatan Mineral & Geosains — resource-use conflicts. The Japan International Cooperation Integration and integration between IRBM and ICM Agency (JMG-JICA); Harmonization embodies all the above principles. In 2. Study on pollution prevention and this connection, harmonized legislative water quality improvement The principle of integration and and institutional developments, program of Sg. Langat conducted harmonization involves establishing funding sources and mechanisms are by the Department of smart partnerships, creating a win- recognized as requisite tools for Environment (DOE)-Unit win situation and building commonly successful IRBM-ICM in the Malaysian Perundingan University Malaya shared objectives and resolving context. Malaysia as a federated state (UPUM); and conflicts by negotiation, mediation has legislative power-sharing 3. Sg. Langat IRBM study conducted and arbitration. The process requires arrangements distributed between by DID-KTA. synergy amongst different sectors state and federal establishments and (government, private, hence should form the pivotal The proposal for rehabilitation nongovernmental organizations, civil reference in future integration and and upgrading of Sg. Langat society, etc.), different government harmonization exercises. comprises of both structural and non- agencies (local authorities, land *The long-term average number of years between the occurrence of a flood as big as a selected event. ARI is another way of structural measures. The structural administrators, fisheries, tourism, expressing the likelihood of occurrence of a flood.
D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 4 49 P E M S E A W e D e l i v e r . N E W S PEMSEA E-Updates GEF Contributes $1M for PPP Project in East Asia
Get monthly news updates on environmental MANILA, PHILIPPINES — In a signing ceremony held management in East Asia and on PEMSEA 25 August, the Global Environment Facility (GEF) activities. Visit eupdates.way.to. contributed US$1 million to jumpstart a two-year project aimed at building confidence and capacity in public-private partnerships (PPPs) for pollution PEMSEA Launches prevention and the sustainable use of marine and coastal resources in East Asia. The project, called the Development and Implementation of Public-Private Coastalinks Partnerships in Environmental Investments, will be XIAMEN, PR CHINA — PEMSEA has launched executed by the International Maritime Organization Coastalinks, the linking of integrated coastal with PEMSEA undertaking overall management and management (ICM) websites aimed at strengthening coordination. regional networking and parallel knowledge sharing P R O G A M E P R O G A M E P R O G A M E P R O G A M E P R O G A M E between local governments implementing ICM in the East The objectives of the PPP Project are to enhance the capacity of Asian Seas region. The launching ceremony was held on government, communities and the private sector to develop, finance, 28 October during PEMSEA's 10th Programme Steering manage and sustain environmental infrastructure improvement Committee Meeting. projects for pollution prevention and the sustainable use of marine and coastal resources through PPP, and to increase investment Coastalinks currently includes ICM websites from Bali, Indonesia opportunities for environmental improvement and coastal and (balicoastalink.or.id); Port Klang, Malaysia (portklangcoastalink.net); marine resource development and management for countries in Batangas Bay, Philippines (batangascoastalink.net); and Danang, East Asia. Vietnam (www.danangcoastalink.org.vn). Having established a presence on the Internet, these ICM sites now have a new means of sharing their lessons and experiences in environmental management About 50 representatives from PEMSEA participating countries, to a much wider online audience. international organizations, and the private sector witnessed the ceremony. In her opening remarks, UNDP Manila Resident Each Coastalink website provides a wide range of information — from Representative Deborah Landey emphasized the importance of principles and strategies on sustainable development and reports on the partnerships in attaining the Millennium Development Goals. state of a specific coast in the East Asian Seas region, to investment opportunities, events and current environmental issues prevailing in Philippine Department of Environment and Natural Resources each site. (DENR) Secretary Elisea G. Gozun stressed the importance of the role of the private sector in addressing environmental issues and Coastalinks is aimed at establishing a clearing house mechanism for attaining sustainable development. ICM knowledge base in the region and constitute one part of PEMSEA's efforts in distilling lessons learned from various ICM sites PEMSEA Regional Programme Director Dr. Chua Thia-Eng gave and disseminating those lessons to pertinent national government credit to the DENR, the local government unit of the City of San agencies, local governments and stakeholders throughout the region. Fernando, Pampanga, headed by Mayor Oscar Rodriguez, and the PEMSEA hopes that as ICM initiatives in the region continue to grow, province of Bataan, headed by Governor Enrique Garcia, and the Coastalinks would play an increasing role in organizing and sharing an accumulated wealth of ICM information and experience for continued on page 51... interested stakeholders.
50 T r o p i c a l C o a s t s Tropical Coasts P E M S E A Missed an issue? As world concern grows on China to Host East Asian environmental issues, the media, as a major stakeholder, should take a Seas Congress 2006 more active role in its coverage. But does this XIAMEN, PR CHINA — The People's Republic of China role end with the news will be hosting the East Asian Seas (EAS) Congress coverage? This issue 2006, with the theme “One Ocean, One People, One focuses on the many aspects that media is, and Vision.” The decision was finalized during PEMSEA's can be more, involved in. 10th Programme Steering Committee Meeting where Chinese delegates confirmed the country's desire to Over the last 25 years, serve as host for the 2006 event. coastal management in the East Asian region has The first EAS Congress, held in 2003 in Putrajaya, Malaysia, significantly evolved. highlighted the signing of the Putrajaya Declaration of Regional This issue shares Cooperation for the Sustainable Development of the Seas of East experiences and lessons learned in the struggle to Asia by ministers and senior officials from PEMSEA's 12 participating achieve the common countries. The five-day event brought together various stakeholders goal of sustainable from diverse disciplines to discuss the welfare of the East Asian Seas development for our and to explore ways and means to ensure the sustainability of oceans and coasts. marine and coastal resources of the region. Visit our online bookstore at pemseabookstore.way.to. Selected articles from past issues can also be The 2006 Congress will feature the Ministerial Forum on the downloaded at tropicalcoasts.way.to. Implementation of the Sustainable Development Strategy for the Seas of East Asia, the International Conference on Coastal and Ocean Governance and the Meeting of the EAS Partnership Council. The Conference will hold workshops on several areas of interest.
The EAS Congress 2006 will be organized in partnership with several international organizations, honorary advisors,
international and local organizing committees, as well as NTSC) VCD (PAL, sponsoring and supporting organizations. Organizations interested in being a partner for the EAS Congress can contact the EAS Congress 2006 Secretariat at [email protected]. For Melasti – A Festival of Hope (13 min) looks at more information, please visit eascongress.way.to the environmental challenges in the marine and coastal areas of Bali, Indonesia, and the partnerships established for its conservation and sustainable use. It offers a unique glimpse of GEF Contributes $1 Million... Balinese life, particularly on its three inseparable continued from page 50 threads: faith, culture and the environment.
private sector partner in the project in the City of San Fernando, Mr. Jose Luis Yulo Jr. of Pro-Environment Consortium, for pursuing the partnership towards establishing an integrated solid waste management system in their respective localities. VCD (PAL, NTSC) VCD (PAL, With the continuing decline in the volume of overseas development aid and the inability of countries to allocate sufficient portions of their gross domestic product to This documentary (12.5 min) provides a glimpse of strategies in balancing economic growth and environmental protection and restoration, PPP is seen as an environmental sustainability in Danang City, innovative way to meet the financial shortfall to counter the on- Vietnam. It looks into environmental issues and how the people of this fast developing city provide going degradation of marine and coastal resources in the East solutions to improve environmental management.
Asian region. Visit our online bookstore at pemseabookstore.way.to.
D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 4 51 P E M S E A
In this regard, the PSC adopted a road map and timetable for the preparation of a Partnership Agreement 2006 and N E W S Partnership Operating Arrangements, for consideration by the 11th PSC Meeting to be held in July 2005, including: • The transformation of PEMSEA's Programme Steering PEMSEA de facto Committee (PSC) into an East Asian Seas Partnership Council; Implementing Mechanism • The establishment of a PEMSEA Partnership Fund; • The operationalization of a self-sustaining, service- providing PEMSEA Resource Facility (PRF); and for SDS-SEA • The setting up and launching of a triannual regional congress patterned after the East Asian Seas Congress 2003. XIAMEN, PR CHINA — The 10th Programme Steering Committee (PSC) Meeting of the GEF/UNDP/IMO Regional The Meeting also decided to extend formal invitations to the Programme on Building Partnerships in Environmental countries of Timor Leste, Lao PDR and Myanmar to join Management for the Seas of East Asia confirmed PEMSEA as PEMSEA in the implementation of the SDS-SEA. All three the de facto implementing mechanism for the Sustainable countries are within the watershed and sea area of the Seas of Development Strategy for the Seas of East Asia (SDS-SEA). East Asia. Timor Leste is situated in the Indonesian Seas, one of The decision was made during the intergovernmental the five large marine ecosystems within the Seas of East Asia. meeting, which was held 25-29 October 2004. Lao PDR and Myanmar are within the Mekong River Watershed, a major tributary to the regional seas. Government representatives attending the PSC also adopted a Programme of Activities for the implementation of the SDS-SEA, including PSC meetings serve as a venue to review the progress of PEMSEA
P R O G A M E P R O G A M E activities in the region and to make recommendations for their P R O G A M E P R O G A M E P R O G A M E the formation of a long-term regional implementing arrangement. effective implementation. The State Oceanic Administration and The governments expressed their commitment to establish a regional the Xiamen Municipal Government hosted the 10th PSC Meeting, mechanism, as an essential step towards country-driven SDS-SEA which was also attended by representatives from the private implementation. The regional mechanism will build on the partnership sector, nongovernmental organizations, the academe, and foundation of PEMSEA, which is based on intergovernmental and international/donor/financial institutions. Delegates from the intersectoral cooperation and collaboration in managing coastal and governments of Lao PDR, Myanmar and Timor Leste joined the marine resources. Meeting as observers.
Southeastern Coast of Bali Danang Initial Risk Putrajaya Declaration of Regional Sustaining Benefits, Initial Risk Assessment, Assessment, 130 pp. Cooperation for the Sustainable 38 pp. 100 pp. Development of the Seas of East Asia — Sustainable Development Strategy for the Seas of East Asia, 111 pp.
52 T r o p i c a l C o a s t s P E M S E A
Bataan, Philippines — PPP at Work... continued from page 15 Among the new initiatives of the through what is known as the partnership is the granting of financial Death March. Like these heroes, • Two projects that directly address assistance to a number of POs to start the partners to the BIGKIS-Bataan poverty alleviation among alternative/supplemental livelihood ICM Program — drawing on their fisherfolk communities — Mussel programs. Other proposals to inherent strengths and Culture Livelihood Project and fish promote entrepreneurial skills and complementing and strengthening consignment and fuel-buying community-based livelihood each other — will continue the center as support for Marine programs are also being looked into. march towards the attainment of Turtle Conservation — were As such, coastal communities in sustainable development in the implemented. Nine fisherfolk Bataan regard both the local province and tackle every difficulty organizations and an NGO were government and the private sector in a along the way. Together they will among the first batch of positive light, accepting BIGKIS-Bataan tread the right path that will win recipients for these supplemental as a venue to raise issues on the war against the destruction of livelihood programs. environmental concerns and as a force the environment. that could provide solutions to such Another benefit is the symbiotic concerns. Coastal communities are relationship developed among the also more aware of their roles and partners and the gaining of new responsibilities on the values of knowledge through the sharing of conserving coastal and marine experiences and best practices. resources for their own benefit. Reference
Still another, and perhaps the most important, benefit of the The March towards a Erni, Marilou. 2003. “The Private Sector in partnership is in being able to enjoy Sustainable Coastal Development for Bataan, Philippines.” Paper the trust of all concerned — the local Sustainable Future presented during the Workshop on governments, the private sector, civil Local Government and Alliances, society groups, and the stakeholders. Bataan is rich in history. During East Asian Seas Congress 2003, This has allowed the partners to have World War II, the valiant Filipino and Putrajaya, Malaysia, 8-12 December. better access to first-hand American soldiers were made to march www.pemsea.org/downloads_pdf/ information on the actual concerns of from Mariveles, Bataan to Capas, Tarlac abstracts/B1/s3/1Erni-B-1- 3_The%20Private%20Sector....PDF everyone, resulting in more focused (about 120 km), and survived the and relevant support. ordeal — their deeds echoed in history
Visit the PEMSEA Media Center at mediacenter.way.to or the online bookstore at pemseabookstore.way.to. Addressing Multiple-Use Conflicts in Shihwa Lake... continued from page 25 addressing complex, multiple-use access as well as public participation conflicts, the Shihwa Civil Forum was in the decision-making process. conservation and development of the organized during the planning process Shihwa coastal area. It also coordinates of the Shihwa Action Plan. Identifying Consequently, public awareness various implementation activities of the the sources of conflicts in a regarding the value of the Shihwa Shihwa Action Plan, which are collaborative manner helped address coastal area and the need to improve undertaken by diversified stakeholders the underlying causes of problems, the water quality of Shihwa Lake has including national and local rather than merely responding to its increased. governments, government symptoms. corporations, environmental NGOs, the It is therefore expected that academe, and the private sector. Despite some operational Shihwa Lake, once recognized as an difficulties encountered, the Shihwa environmental disaster, would Manila Bay Refined Risk Port Safety Audit Manual, ShihwaCoastal CivilStrategy Forum of Nampho City, Civil Forum for the integratedNatural Resource Damagedemonstrate potential as a model DPR Korea, Assessment, 169 pp. Assessment Manual, Guidance for Auditors 53 pp. watershed management 121in Lake pp. Shihwa case of addressing(Vol. 1, 82 pp.) multiple-use To foster a cooperative process area contributed to resolving use conflictsAudit through Checklists integrated among various stakeholders in conflicts and enhancing information management.(Vol. 2, 207 pp.)
D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 4 53 P E M S E A EVENTS ICM Study Tour Fourth Forum of the Regional Network of Local April 2005 • Xiamen, PR China Governments Implementing ICM (RNLG) 26–28 April 2005 • Bali, Indonesia PEMSEA is organizing an integrated coastal management (ICM) Study Tour in Xiamen, PR China in April 2005 as part The Fourth Forum of the Regional Network of Local Governments Implementing of its capacity-building efforts in the East Asian region. The Integrated Coastal Management (RNLG) will be held in Bali, Indonesia on 26–28 purpose of the study tour is to provide the participants the April 2005 with the Government of Indonesia serving as host. The forum will see opportunity to witness the impacts of the ICM program local governments in PEMSEA integrated coastal management (ICM) national being implemented in Xiamen. demonstration and parallel sites share experiences and discuss key challenges and issues on sustainable coastal development. Participants will visit several places that represent the efforts of the Xiamen Municipal Government with regard to marine pollution prevention, sustainable coastal tourism One of the issues to be addressed during the Fourth RNLG will be the sustainable development, coastal landscaping and prevention of coastal operation of the network’s activities. A proposal to expand existing RNLG erosion. membership, structure and functions will be tabled for discussion. A resolution by participating local governments expressing their commitments to the sustainable They will also have opportunities to interact with local operation of the network will be submitted for adoption. The forum will also stakeholders and experts to discuss the city’s experiences in promote the participation of representatives from recently developed parallel sites, interagency coordination, institutional reform, sea space donor agencies, other local government networks with similar objectives, and local zonation, integrated enforcement, scientific inputs and ICM governments implementing ICM outside of the East Asian Seas region. capacity building.
Current members of the network include the local governments of Bali, Indonesia; Batangas, Bataan and Cavite, Philippines; Chonburi, Thailand; Danang, Vietnam; 11th Programme Steering Klang, Malaysia; Nampo, DPR Korea; Sihanoukville, Cambodia; Shihwa, RO Korea; Committee (PSC) Meeting and Xiamen, PR China. 1–4 August 2005 • Siem Reap, Cambodia
Working Group Meeting on the Regional The 11th Programme Steering Committee (PSC) Meeting will be held in Siem Reap, Cambodia on 1–4 August 2005. Implementing Mechanism for the SDS-SEA PSC meetings serve as a venue for PEMSEA participating 15–18 May 2005 • Manila, Philippines countries to review the progress of PEMSEA activities in the East Asian region and to make recommendations for their The Working Group Meeting on the Regional Implementing Mechanism for the effective implementation. Sustainable Development Strategy for the Seas of East Asia (SDS-SEA) will be held in Manila, Philippines on 15–18 May 2005 with the Department of Environment and The objectives of the 11th PSC Meeting are to: Natural Resources of the Philippines serving as host. • Review and approve the Draft Documents on the Regional Implementing Mechanism for the Sustainable The Working Group Meeting will prepare working drafts on the “transformation of the Development Strategy for the Seas of East Asia (SDS- existing project-based PEMSEA arrangement into a fully functional, self-sustaining SEA) submitted by the Working Group; regional implementing mechanism for the SDS-SEA”; the draft Partnership Agreement • Secure country support for the transformation of RPO 2006; and the draft Partnership Operating Arrangements. These drafts will be refined to PRF and PRF Secretariat services; based on the feedback from the national consultation, and submitted for consideration • Discuss different financial sources and arrangements to the 11th Programme Steering Committee Meeting. for the third phase of the programme; and • Discuss further details on EAS Congress 2006 and The SDS-SEA is a package of strategies, principles and action programs for achieving Ministerial Forum. sustainable development for the Seas of East Asia. It represents implementation approaches for the integrated management and the sustainable use of the environment The Ministry of Environment of Cambodia will host the 11th and its resources. PSC Meeting.
54 T r o p i c a l C o a s t s PRELIMINARY ANNOUNCEMENT The East Asian Seas Congress 2006 One Ocean, One People, One Vision 12 to 16 December • PR China We only have one ocean… and it needs our help.
As one people, it is time once again to come together in a globally significant event…
to make a commitment and work, guided by one vision, for the sustainable development of our seas and the welfare of future generations.
Featuring the Ministerial Forum on the Implementation of the Sustainable Development Strategy for the Seas of East Asia (SDS-SEA)* (14 to 15 December) International Conference on Coastal and Ocean Governance (12 to 14 December) and Meeting of the EAS Partnership Council* (16 December)
Learn from exciting and informative workshops on Take part in various side events COASTAL AND MARITIME SAFETY AND SECURITY • Financial Advisory Board on Environmental Investments Meeting* • Natural and Man-made Hazard Management (Tsunamis, Floods, Invasive • Media Forum on Partnerships in Environmental Communication Species, Ballast Water, etc.) • Port Safety, Security, Health and Environment Management • Inaugural Meeting of the PEMSEA Network of Local Governments for • Oil and Chemical Spill Contingency Planning and Response Sustainable Coastal Development (PNLG) SUSTAINABLE COASTAL AND OCEAN DEVELOPMENT • Meeting of the Nippon Foundation Research Task Force on the Dynamics • The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and Agenda 21 of Regional Cooperation on Oceans and Coasts* • Community in Sustainable Development • Women and Youth in Coastal and Ocean Management • Meeting of the GEF Small Grants Programme Coordinators* • Environmentally-friendly Aquaculture • Launching of the Regional C2C Network • Right-based Fisheries Management • Recognition Night • Shared Fishery Stock Management • Exhibition/ Trade Show • Eco-tourism • Poster Session ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT • Habitat Management and Restoration • Field Trip • Ecosystem Management of River Basins, Estuaries and Coastal Seas • Youth Leaders Forum • Effective Management of Marine Protected Areas • Youth Art Show/Contest • Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas (PSSAs) • Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs) • Ocean Vessel “Open House” ECO-LABELLING AND CERTIFICATION for Local Schoolchildren. • Codification of ICM Practices • Marine Stewardship *By invitation • Clean and Safe Beaches ECONOMICS AND FINANCE • Incentive-based Regulatory Instruments We would be delighted • Innovative Financing (Environment Bond, Revolving Fund) MANAGEMENT-RELATED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY to hear from you! • Carrying Capacity for Coastal and Marine Uses Please contact the • Radio-isotope Technology for Coastal and Ocean Management • Ecosystem Monitoring and Indicators EAS Congress 2006 Secretariat thru • Integrated Information Management Systems COASTAL AND OCEAN GOVERNANCE Mailing Address: GEF/UNDP/IMO PEMSEA, • Economic Contribution of the Marine Sector P.O. Box 2502, Quezon City 1165, Philippines • Integrating Social Science Concerns into ICM • Advocacy and Leadership in Coastal and Ocean Management Tel: (632) 9202211 • Fax: (632) 9269712 • Regime-building in Coastal and Ocean Governance Website: eascongress.way.to • Approaches to Interagency Collaboration and Partnerships E-mail: [email protected] J u l y 2 0 0 4 55 and many more interesting topics! Available at pemseabookstore.way.to.