Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(3): 330-336

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 03 (2019) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.803.041

Pests and Pathogens of Trees and Shrubs Spreading in the North-Eastern Part of the Greater Caucasus (Azerbaijan)

K.A. Mammadova*

Azerbaijan State Pedagogical University, Azerbaijan

*Corresponding author

ABSTRACT

İn 2015-2017 years has been studied influence of various pests and pathogens in the conditions of in situ and ex situ to the trees and shrubs spreaded in the studied area, identified their species composition and morphological characteristics. It was determined

that some widely spread pests are damaging many types of plant. Such pests was relates K e yw or ds silkworm (Ocneria dispar L.), maple mealybug (Phenacoccus aceris Sign.), false acacia (Parthenolecanium corni Bouche.), Oyster-shell scale (Quadraspidiotus ostreaeformis Forest, Shrub, Tree, Curt.), San Jose scale (Quadraspidiotus perniciosus Comst.). Chionaspis salicis L., Pests, Pathogens Quadraspidiotus pyri Licht., Operophthera brumata L. includes to the pests that most widely spread on the studied plants. The same pest that spreads on the many species of Article Info plants is affected by varying degrees, ühich becomes it more dangerous for some plants.

As a result of the observations, became clear that, Phyllaphis fagi L., Cryptococcus Accepted: fagisuga Lndgr. spread on the eastern pistachio, Unaspis evonymi Comst. spread on the

04 February 2019 European guelder rose are damaged only the species of one genus. During research was Available Online: found widely spread pathogenic fungi on the studied trees and shrub plants. Pathogenic 10 March 2019 fungi such as Fomes fomentarius Gill., İnonotus obliquus (Pers.) Pil., Oxyporus populinus (Fr.) Donk. causes disease in many plant species. These pathogenic microorganisms causes white, brown, and velvety decay on the studies trees and shrubs. The results of the researchers was show that the pests in the conditions of in situ on plants meets more. In the condition of in situ plants more undergo to the diseases of pathogenic fungi. This difference can be correlated with environmental factors and lack of agrotechnical service in the conditions of in situ.

Introduction of various pests, fungi and bacterial diseases to the growth and development of plants, In modern times, protection plants from pests mass forms of this effect is determine with and pathogens is an independent field of their biological feature and cellular properties science, fuctions in the direction of forest (2, 3, 7, 8). Although chemicals method are massifs, botanical gardens to determine of widely used for the protection of plants, species composition of plant pests and biological, agro-technical, and preventive pathogenic microflora and implement this methods are also used in recent years. measures against to them. The harmful effects

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In the literature meets information about the On the rarely and endangered woody plants in pests and pathogens of some plants. the ex situ condition was identified 35 species of pests and 31 species pathogens but in the In Guba, Yalama forest massifs in Azerbaijan condition of in situ was identified 39 species on the oak trees was spreaded pests as dust of pests and 36 species of pathogens. Last bandage(Portheria dispar L.), maryam worm years warming of climate and increasing (Nygma phaeodisca L.), green leaf humidity in Absheron caused increasing the butterfly(Tortrix viridana L. İn the oak forests variety of pathogenic fungi in cultural meets mazi insect that feeds with long stalk conditions. It was determined that the role of and Georgian oak leaves. Trunked insect of widespread diseas creators and pests in ex situ oak cones(Balaninus nucum, B.glandium) as conditions is not decisive in reducing the areal one of the pest of oak cones in the widespread of studied plants (7). years was destroyed all oak cones productivity. Goal of research was to study the influence of pests and pathogens to the trees and shrubsin In the forest of oak also was spread pathogens in the conditions of in situ and ex situ, by ash fungi (Microsphaera alphitoides determined their species composition and Griffin et al.,) (1). choose resistants species of trees and shrubs to these impacts and to use them in greenery. 375 species of fungi were found on the forest forming genuses of trees in Azerbaijan Materials and Methods (Fagus L., Quercus L., Carpinus L.) which 65 of them are pathogenic and causes diseases. The study was carried out on the trees and On the Eastern beech were encountered 28 shrubs on the forests of north-eastern part of species belonging to the 15 genus of family the Greater Caucasus and as well as on the Shpaeriodaceae, 80 species from the 31 genus trees and shrub plants introduced to the on the oak, 12 species from the 7 genus on the research area of Central Botanical Garden of Caucasian hornbeam(6). ANAS.

Conidies of fungi(Microsphaera alphitoides İn researches for the identifield pest was used Griff. et M.) causeing diseas ashes on oak specile methods, for the identification of spreaded in the Yalam, Guba, Devechi forests microorganizms and diseace caused by them is germinat when the relative humidity of the were used according determinations(11,10). air is 60-85%, the temperature above 150. The spread of fungi occurs in June-August in less- Results and Discussion nutrient soils(5). As a result of research was identified species Durind study the bioecological properties of composition of pest and pathogens in tinder fungus spread in the forests of Samur- condition of ex situ and in situ of studied Davachi was noted that, more quantitie of plants. Obtained results was shown in Table fungi was observed on the live oak and 1. It has been established that some pests are hornbeam, less amount on the live widely spread and damage many species of Pytherocarpa. The live hawthorn bushes were plant species. Some pest such as field very resistant to the impact of tinder fungus silkworm (Ocneria dispar L.), maple and not observed contagion with any fungi(2). mealybug (Phenacoccus aceris Sign.), false acacia (Parthenolecanium corni Bouche.),

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Oyster-shell scale (Quadraspidiotus is olive-gray, the edges are light-colored. At ostreaeformis Curt.), San Jose scale the end of May, early June, they puts eggs. (Quadraspidiotus perniciosus Comst.) meets on the trunk, branches and leaves and causes As seen from the table Chionaspis salicis L., to the drying trunk and falling leaves. These Quadraspidiotus pyri Licht., Operophthera pests are found in plants end of May, early brumata L. relates to the pests widely spread June. on the studied plants.

Ocneria dispar L. Quadraspidiotus pyri Licht

Male of this butterfly in open form is 5cm in Larvas and females are found in the trunks size and dark colored. The female is 7 cm in and branches. From the effects of pest, the size, white, with black dots on his wings. bark of plants gradually is crumbles, Early spring when the shoots of trees are branches, even whole plant dries up. The opened caterpillars getting out of the eggs are shield of the famales is dark-gray, roundly, fed by buds, flowers and leaves. Caterpillars 2,5 mm in diameter. İt is one of the dangerous are covered with hairs. The caterpillars have 3 pest. thin yellowish lines on the back, the first 5 joint are blue-colored and in the nexts meets Operophthera brumata L red-colored warts. This is a pest end of April, early May when Phenacoccus aceris Sign the leaf forms on plants they formed from eggs laid on the shell of the internode of trees. Male and female pests are found in shoot, Caterpillars are smooth, dark-green, brown- branches, trunks and leaves. The body of the headed, dark red-brown in the back section, 3 mature female is covered with powdery, white or yellowish stripes from the side. rounded, greenish - yellow, length is 4 mm, width is 2 mm. Larvae are wintering under the Chionaspis salicis L shells of the trunk and branches, in summer months grows on leafs, green woody shoots. Larvas and females are damaging the branches. Pest covers trunks and branches in Parthenolecanium corni Bouch the form of bark. Dried out branches, prevents growth, even causing completely dry or Larvas and females are spread on thin destroy of plant. branches, leaves, rarely in thick branches, in the trunks. Females are round, dark-yellow or The same pest that spreads on many species red-brown, bright, with a length of 3,5 mm. of plant and impacts to the plants with vary Mass formation occurs at the end of May, degrees becomes more dangerous for some early June. It is dangerous for many breeds. plants. As a result of the observations became clear that, part of the pests, like as, Phyllaphis Quadraspidiotus ost reaeformis Curt fagi L., Cryptococcus fagisuga Lndgr. spreaded on the eastern beech and Unaspis The larvae and the females are damaging in evonymi Comst spreaded on the European the trunks, branches and shoots and causing guelder rose are damaged only the species of them to dry. The shield of the females is one genus. round, 2-2,3 mm in diameter, the center part

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Table.1 Pests and diseases of the studied plants

№ Pests Plant species which were observed pest on Pathogens Plant species which were them observed pathogens on them 1. Ocneria dispar L. Quercus iberica, Q. pedunculiflora, Fagus Microsphaera Quercus pedunculiflora, orientalis, Carpinus caucasica, Betula alphitoides Q.iberica pendula, Ulmus carpinifolia, Tilia Griff. et Maubl. begoniifolia, T.cordata, Fraxinus excelsior, Populus hybrida, P.nigra, P. tremula. 2. Operophthera brumata L. Fraxinus exselsior, Ulmus carpinifolia, U. Septoria carpinea Davis Carpinus caucasica glabra, Quercus pedunculiflora, Tilia begoniifolia, T.cordata. 3. Malacosoma neustria L. Ulmus carpinifolia, U.glabra, Quercus Ascochyta faqi Wr. Fagus orientalis iberica, Q.pedunculiflora, Corylus avellana 4. Phenacoccus aceris Sign. Quercus pedunculiflora, Q.iberica, Betula Oxyporus populinus Fraxinus excelsior, Alnus pendula, B.raddeana, Alnus incana, Populus (Fr.) Donk. incana, Ulmus carpinifolia, hybrida, P. tremula Carpinus caucasica, U.glabra, Betula pendula, Acer Lonicera xylosteum, L.caucasica, Acer campestre, Acer velutinum, A. campestre, A.laetum, A.platanoides, Trautvetteri. Sorbus caucasica, Crataegus curvisepala, C.pentagyna Quercus pedunculiflora 5. Parthenolecanium persicae Corylus avellana, Fraxinus excelsior, Acer Evonymus mosaic virus Euonymus europaea F. velutinum, A.campestre, A.laetum 6. Parthenolecanium rufulum Carpinus caucasica, Corylus avellana, Ascochyta quercus Sacc. Quercus iberica, Q.peduncu- Ckll. Quercus pedunculiflora et Speg. liflora 7. Chionaspis salicis L. Alnus incana, A.barbata, Fraxinus excelsior, İnonotus obliquus Alnus incana, Fagus orientalis, Acer campestre, A. trautvetteri, Populus (Pers.) Pil. Ulmus glabra, Quercus hybrida, P.nigra, P. tremula, Tilia pedunculiflora, Populus begoniifolia hybrida 8. Eriocampa ovata L. Alnus barbata, A.incana Pseudomonas quercus Quercus iberica, Q.peduncu- Schem. liflora 9. Parthenolecanium corni Carpinus caucasica, Alnus incana, Betula Fomes fomentarius Gill. Betula pendula, Fraxinus Bouche. pendula, Fagus orientalis, Corylus avellana, excelsior, Populus nigra,

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Acer laetum, A. campeste, Quercus P.hybrida, Quercus pedun- peduncuflora, Fraxinus excelsior, Lonicera culiflora, Fagus orientalis, xylosteum, Populus hybrida, P.nigra, P. Carpinus caucasica, Almus tremula, Ligustrun vulgare, Crataegus incana, Tilia begoniifolia, pentagyna, Euony-mus europaea, E.latifolia T.cordata, Salix arbuscula 10. Agrilus angustulus Tll. Quercus pedunculiflora, Q.iberica Polyporus hispidus F. Fraxinus excelsior 11. Phyllaphis fagi L. Fagus orientalis Cytospora decorticans Carpinus caucasica Sacc. 12. Targionia vitis Sign. Fagus orientalis, Quercus pedunculiflora, Phyllosticta agrifolia Fagus orientalis Q.iberica Ell. et ev. 13. Unaspis evonymi Comst. Euonymus europaea Cytospora quercella Quercus macranthera Brum. 14. Quadraspidiotus pyri Licht. Carpinus caucasica, Crataegus pentagyna, İnonotus hispidus Fraxinus excelsior Fraxinus excelsior, Malus orientalis, Pyrus (Bull.ex.Fr.) caucasica 15. Tortrix viridana L. Tilia begoniifolia, Quercus peduncu-liflora, Phyllactinia suffulta Pterocarya pterocarpa. Acer campestre, A.laetum Sacc. Fraxinus excelsior, Loni-cera xylosteum L.caucasica 16. Quadraspidiotus Corylus avellana, Acer campestre, Grataegus Uncinula aceris Sacc. Acer laetum, A.campestre ostreaeformis Curt. pentagyna, Pyrus caucasica, Populus tremula 17. Cryptococcus fagisuga Fagus orientalis Daedalea quercina (L.) Quercus pedunculiflora, Lndgr. Fr. Q.iberica 18. Quadraspidiotus gigas Th. et Alnus incana, Salix caucasica, Populus Phyllosticta quercus Quercus iberica Gern. tremula, P.alba Sacc.et Speg. 19. Quadraspidiotus perniciosus Euonymus europaea, Betula pendula, Phoma hariotiana Wint. Fagus orientalis Comst. Ligustrum vulgare, Fraxinus excelsior, Pyrus caucasica, Acer laetum, A.campestre, A.velutinum, Populus hybrida, Populus tremula

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Phyllaphis fagi L According to the results of the study the pests damage the weakly developed plants. Due to Folding leaves of eastern beech in the lower lack of agrotechnical service in the natural part gets covered with long white waxly hair. environment, some plants are left out of In summer, in June are form wingless development and are damaged by pests. females, winged men, in August, their numbers speedily droppes, in September form Some of the investigated species of trees and again. shrubs more resistant to the effects of pests and pathogens. Cryptococcus fagisuga Lndgr. The studied tree and shrubs may be widely Larvae and females forming a thick colony on used on greening. the trunk of the eastern beech damage it. The female are very small, 1 mm in diameter, References yellow, covered white pile of wax. They put eggs in July. 1. Bandin A.P. 1954. Oak forests of the Azerbaijan SSR, Baku, Azerbaijan SSR Unaspis evonymi Comst EA, 158 2. Ganbarov Kh.G., Kerimov V.M. 2011. The larvae and females of this pest are living Eco-biological characteristics of bazidial on the European guelder rose causing great fungi causing wooden decay spreaded in damage to the trunks and leaves. Causes loss the Samur-Davachi lowland forests, 128 leaves and drying of the plant. The shield of 3. Pests and diseases of field-protective female is dark-brown, rough and visible forest plantations and their control. 1951. robust. The shield of male is white, lengthy M.-L. State Ed. Agricultural. Literature, with 2 holes. 324. 4. Pests of forest. 1955. М.; L. Ed. AN During carried out of research was found USSR. 1-2:421. widely spread pathogenic fungi on the studied 5. Guseynov E.S. 1985. Conditions for the trees and shrubs. These fungus damage development of powdery mildew of oak trunks, branches, leaves, and cause the plant in Azerbaijan. News of the Academy of to death. Pathogenic fungi such as Fomes Sciences of Azerbaijan. SSR, series of fomentarius Gill., İnonotus obliquus (Pers.) biological sciences, 3:124-127 Pil., Oxyporus populinus (Fr.) Donk. causes 6. Guseynov E.S. 1987. Pycnidial fungi of disease in many species of plant. These the main forest-forming species of pathogenic microorganisms causes white, Azerbaijan.News of the Academy of brown, and velvety decay on the studies trees Sciences of Azerbaijan. SSR, series of and shrubs. biological sciences, 1:94-100. 7. İskender E.O., Khaciyeva S.A. The results of the carried out of researchers Gakhramanova A.Y. 2009. Pests and was show that the pests in the conditions of in pathogens of rare and endangered woody situ on plants meets more. In the condition of plants of Azerbaijan under ex situ and in in situ plants more undergo to the diseases of situ conditions. Scientific works:İnstitute pathogenic fungi. This difference can be of Microbiology of the NASA, 7:206- correlated with environmental factors and 216. lack of agrotechnical service in the conditions 8. Korchagin V.А. Protect the garden from of in situ. 335

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How to cite this article:

Mammadova, K.A. 2019. Pests and Pathogens of Trees and Shrubs Spreading in the North- Eastern Part of the Greater Caucasus (Azerbaijan). Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 8(03): 330- 336. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.803.041

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