Open Letter to Protect Vulnerable Populations During the 2020 Elections

As of June 2020, more than 1.4 million Americans have already been infected by the COVID-19 virus and more than 100,000 have died, with the death toll continuing to rise each day. We have not seen a challenge of this magnitude to our society in modern times, and our entire nation has been thrown into turmoil as we struggle to contain the spread and impact of the virus. Though states are slowly beginning to ease protections and restrictions, as public health experts and scientists, we know that this pandemic is far from over and will continue to impact our lives for months and years to come. One thing that is particularly concerning is the undeniable fact that COVID-19 will impact the upcoming fall elections in the United States, unless we prepare now.

If more than half of the 150 million plus voters initially expected to turnout in 2020 cast their votes in-person on Election Day, a self-inflicted spike in COVID-19 cases could overwhelm our healthcare system capacity. To mitigate this risk, we will need to ensure that voters have a range of options to cast their ballot that avoids lines and crowding on Election Day. We must encourage as many people as possible to voting absentee while creating as many in-person voting options as possible that are safe and compliant with Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines in order to reduce the likelihood of lines and crowding on Election Day.

SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus that causes symptoms ranging from cough, chills, and fever, to breathing difficulties, muscle pain, and loss of taste and smell. Scientists often measure the contagiousness or transmissibility of infectious disease using an epidemiologic metric known as the basic reproduction rate (R0). The value of R0 for COVID-19 has been shown to be associated with physical distancing. Coronaviruses spread mainly through respiratory droplets, and is effective at "community spread" where people may be infected in public spaces, including in and around polling places.

While there are many models predicting the progression of the pandemic, there is no doubt that COVID-19 will continue to fundamentally affect our economy and society until a reliable vaccine is developed and safely administered to millions of people nationwide. The CDC projects that death rates in several regions of the country will continue to increase at least into June, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases warns about the possibility of multiple future resurgences.

The timeline for COVID-19 vaccine development is uncertain and there is no guarantee that vaccines currently in development will make it through Phase III clinical trials. While multiple governments and private companies are currently pursuing promising potential formulas, clinical trials alone could take 12-18 months. Once the vaccine has been approved, administering it to millions of people will be a monumental task that will take many months.

In the meantime, there are significant portions of the US population that will continue to be at higher risk of infection. Older adults, who are more likely to be recruited as poll workers during elections, experience higher rates of severe illness and death. Spatial clusters of cases are found disproportionately in counties with greater non-white, uninsured, and high-poverty populations, compounding the problem. These same populations are more likely to still need in-person voting, illustrating the risk that the virus poses to the integrity of our election.

The accumulation of available science points to a triple threat to our health, our democracy, and the economy this November: vulnerable populations will need multiple options to participate in the election, and need to be encouraged to vote by mail when possible. Vote by mail also can reduce the risk of mild and asymptomatic spreaders interacting with other voters and elections workers on Election Day, further reducing the potential for more outbreaks. Without a substantial upgrade in the nation's capacity to conduct elections vote-by-mail, we risk a spike in transmission of the disease, which could require another round health and economic impacts, as well as potential shelter-at-home orders.

By expanding access to absentee ballots, we can ensure that voters, especially those at highest risk, can cast their ballots safely without leaving their homes. Colorado, Oregon, Utah, and Washington have years of experience running near universal vote-by-mail elections, and their best practices should be adopted across the country. Recently, states such as Alaska and Kansas have shown that moving to vote-by-mail can overcome disruptions experienced by other states during the primary elections.

Unless states offer voters a range of options through which to submit completed ballots, many voters—particularly people of color, Native Americans, people with disabilities, limited-English proficient citizens, students, and other historically marginalized citizens—simply will not have equal access to the ballot box.

In addition, millions of Americans, due to disability, lack of residential mail access, language access barriers, or other needs still need to vote in-person on or before Election Day. So we must expand access to early voting locations, days, and hours so that in-person voters can spread out across many locations and times and avoid high-risk scenarios such as crowded polling places. All of those in-person voting locations must be accessible and operated in compliance with the CDC's safety protocols for polling places. The federal Election Assistance Commission and data from the recent national election in South Korea also provide important guidelines on how we can optimize emergency resources.

The Brennan Center for Justice estimates that the average cost per voter to scale up vote-by-mail capacity ranges from $12-$14. Even using 2016 national voter registration estimates, the minimal cost for scaling up vote-by-mail ranges from $1.9 billion to $2.2 billion. This estimate includes costs for features that facilitate the vote-by-mail option, including secure absentee ballot request technology and improved absentee ballot processing, ballot tracking, secure drop boxes, and additional ballot processing facilities and staff. In order to advance progress, Congress must provide at least an additional $3.6 billion in 2020 to help states adapt their voting systems for the current pandemic environment to ensure that we are able to safely and securely conduct our elections.

The Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, Elections Infrastructure Government Coordinating Council, and Sector Coordinating Council's Joint COVID Working Group has developed a timeline to guide states in the many stages of preparation and recommend that election officials start getting ready now in order to be prepared for November. The National Association of State Election Directors has collected these and many state and local government resources to aid election officials in the transition.

We know how to meet this challenge and can do so. We also know that states cannot move forward without adequate resources. Congress must now exercise its authority to empower state and local governments with the funding and guidance needed to ensure a safe and secure election, and states must immediately begin operationalizing the necessary changes as soon as possible to be prepared for the November elections.

Respectfully yours,

Georges C. Benjamin, MD, MACP, FACEP(E), FNAPA, Hon FRSPH, Hon FFPH Executive Director, American Public Health Association

Ross Brownson, PhD, Epidemiology Lipstein Distinguished Professor and Director of Prevention Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis Past President, American College of Epidemiology

Michael Latner, PhD, Political Science Senior Fellow, Center for Science and Democracy, Union of Concerned Scientists Professor of Political Science, California Polytechnic State University

Donna E. Levin, JD, Public Health Law National Director and on behalf of the staff at the Network for Public Health Law

Trevor Potter, JD, Election Law President and Founder, Campaign Legal Center Former Chair, Federal Election Commission

Kathleen Rest, PhD, Health Policy Executive Director, Union of Concerned Scientists Former Acting Director, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Rogers Smith, PhD, Political Science Christopher H. Browne Distinguished Professor of Political Science, University of Pennsylvania Past President, American Political Science Association, 2018-2019

and 557 signatories. Marc Dumas Lesa Hollen Fairbanks, AK Anchorage, AK MD, Medicine/Medical Research MA/MS, Biology

Marsha Sousa Shoshanah Stone University of Alaska, emerita Anchorage, AK Fairbanks, AK MA/MS, Medicine/Medical Research PhD, Biology

April Warwick Stephen Hunt Anchorage, AK Birmingham, AL MA/MS, Social Sciences MA/MS, Nursing

Omar Sims Jan R. Atwood Birmingham, AL Universities of Arizona and Nebraska PhD, Public Health Oro Valley, AZ PhD, Public Health

Kathryn Carbone Louis Casillas Scottsdale, AZ Chandler, AZ MD, Medicine/Medical Research DDS, Biology

Leland J. From Joyce Hospodar Phoenix, AZ Arizona Center for Rural Health MD, Medicine/Medical Research Tucson, AZ MBA, Health Care

Michael Mallozzi Frank Mele University of Arizona University of California, Berkeley Tucson, AZ Tucson, AZ PhD, Life Science MPH, Public Health

Pat Penn Marsha Presley Tucson, AZ A.T. Still University PhD, Public Health Tempe, AZ PhD, Public Health

Eve Shapiro Jack Tuber Tucson, AZ Paradise Valley, AZ MD, Medicine/Medical Research DO, Medicine/Medical Research

Barbara Warren Bruktaweit Addis Physicians for Social Responsibility San Francisco, CA Tucson, AZ MPH, Public Health MD, Public Health

Allison Bakamjian Wilma Bass Oakland, CA San Francisco, CA MPH, Public Health MA/MS, Social Sciences

David Bergman Rachel Berkowitz Rancho Santa Fe, CA University of California, Berkeley MD, Medicine/Medical Research San Jose, CA DrPH, Public Health

Jessica Bolton Kate Boswell University of California, Irvine Los Angeles, CA San Diego, CA MA/MS, Social Sciences Post doc, Life Science

Paula Braveman Miranda Brillante Center for Health Equity; University of California, Berkeley, CA San Francisco School of Medicine MPH, Public Health San Francisco, CA MD, Public Health

Meg Buckwalter Stephanie Caldwell San Francisco, CA Marina Del Rey, CA MA/MS, Medicine/Medical Research MPH, Public Health

Julie Cederbaum Joanne Chan University of Southern California San Gabriel, CA Los Angeles, CA MPH, Public Health PhD, Social Sciences

Marie Coignet Katherine Daiss Oakland, CA Johns Hopkins University PhD, Public Health Albany, CA MPH, Education

Sarah De Guia James Diamond Oakland, CA Berkeley, CA JD, Public Health MD, Medicine/Medical Research

Jessica Dodge Rebecca Eiseman University of Southern California San Francisco, CA Los Angeles, CA MPH, Public Health MPH, Social Sciences

Peter Fairley Sarah Ferrell Kings Beach, CA University of California, Berkeley MA/MS, Biology Berkeley, CA MPH candidate, Public Health

Jessica Fielden Cheri Forrester Oakland, CA University of California, San Fransisco MD, Medicine/Medical Research Mill Valley, CA MD, Medicine/Medical Research

Emily Galpern Alvaro Garza Berkeley, CA Modesto, CA MPH, Public Health MD, Public Health

Judith Gendreau Sandeep Gill Poway, CA Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health MD, Medicine/Medical Research Belmont, CA MPH, Public Health

Nayvin Gordon Eugene Gottfried Oakland, CA University of California, San Francisco, emeritus MD, Medicine/Medical Research Orinda, CA MD, Medicine/Medical Research

Solange Gould J. Barry Gurdin Human Impact Partners San Francisco, CA Berkeley, CA PhD, Social Sciences DrPH, Public Health

James Hanson David Harrington Oakland, CA Berkeley, CA MD, Medicine/Medical Research MPH, Public Health

Leonard Hayflick Ashleigh Herrera University of California, San Francisco University of California, Los Angeles The Sea Ranch, CA Long Beach, CA PhD, Medicine/Medical Research PhD, Social Sciences

Ward Hinds Anna Hing Concord, CA University of California, Los Angeles MD, Public Health Los Angeles, CA MPH, Public Health

Savannah Hunter Richard Jackson University of California, Davis University of California, Los Angeles Davis, CA Berkeley, CA PhD candidate, Social Sciences MD, Public Health

Jim Jacobs Karlon Johnson Berkeley, CA Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science PhD, Social Sciences Los Angeles, CA MPH, Public Health

Beth Katz Thomas Knecht Berkeley, CA Nipomo, CA Post doc, Public Health MD, Medicine/Medical Research

J. Morgan Kousser Thad Kousser California Institute of Technology University of Califoronia, San Diego Altadena, CA La Jolla, CA PhD, Social Sciences PhD, Social Sciences

Karel Kretzschmar Gary Lapid San Francisco, CA University of California, Berkeley; University of MD, Medicine/Medical Research Pennsylvania Mountain View, CA MD, Medicine/Medical Research

Alex Madonik Michael Maiman Peralta Community College Adventist Health Sonora Berkeley, CA Sonora, CA PhD, Chemistry MD, Medicine/Medical Research

Kristen Marchi Jes Milberg-Haydu University of California, San Francisco Columbia University San Francisco, CA Pacific Palisades, CA MPH, Public Health MPH, Public Health

Mario Milch Bertha Mo Los Angeles, CA San Francisco, CA MD, Medicine/Medical Research PhD, Public Health

Xavier Morales Heather Mui The Praxis Project Stanford University Oakland, CA Redwood City, CA PhD, Public Health MPH, Public Health

Rena Orenstein Carol Patton University of California, Los Angeles Kensington, CA Sherman Oaks, CA MA/MS, Public Health MPH, Public Health

Janet Perlman Nancy Piotrowski Berkeley, CA Capella University; University of California, Berkeley MD, Medicine/Medical Research Vallejo, CA Post doc, Social Sciences

Bonnie Price Rebecca Reno Spring Valley, CA Berkeley, CA PhD, Social Sciences PhD, Social Sciences

Roshan Reporter Kevin Riley Los Angeles, CA University of California, Los Angeles MD, Public Health Los Angeles, CA PhD, Social Sciences

Michelle Saint-Germain Robert Salinger Carlsbad, CA Claremont, CA PhD, Social Sciences MD, Medicine/Medical Research

Emma Sanchez-Vaznaugh Timothy Sankary San Francisco State University American Public Health Association San Francisco, CA Santee, CA PhD, Public Health MD, Public Health

David Saperia Fredrick Seil Santa Monica, CA Berkeley, CA MD, Medicine/Medical Research MD, Medicine/Medical Research

Sophia Simon-Ortiz Britt Skaathun Oakland, CA University of California, San Diego MPH, Public Health San Diego, CA PhD, Public Health

Grace Song Robert Spensley Los Angeles, CA UC Davis School of Medicine MPH, Public Health Fair Oaks, CA MD, Medicine/Medical Research

Ogie Strogatz Mark Swoiskin Walnut Creek, CA University of California, San Francisco MA/MS, Public Health Greenbrae, CA MD, Medicine/Medical Research

Peggy Wall Mel Werbach Nevada City, CA Tarzana, CA DDS, Public Health MD, Medicine/Medical Research

Patricia Whelehan Donna Williams SUNY-Potsdam, emerita Santa Barbara, CA San Francisco, CA BA/BS, Medicine/Medical Research Post doc, Social Sciences

Marilyn Williams Raina Yusufova Berkeley, CA Palo Alto, CA MA/MS, Medicine/Medical Research BA/BS, Public Health

Thaddeus Zajdowicz Velma Campbell Altadena, CA Pueblo, CO MD, Medicine/Medical Research MD, Medicine/Medical Research

Kathryn Cochran Kelly Dougherty Denver, CO Denver, CO MPH candidate, Public Health MPH, Public Health

Beverly Goodman Maryanne Jerome Denver, CO Boulder, CO MD, Medicine/Medical Research MD, Medicine/Medical Research

Mark Mountford Randolph Reims Grand Junction, CO Lafayette, CO MD, Medicine/Medical Research MD, Medicine/Medical Research

Cecile Rose Austen Stone Denver, CO Fort Collins, CO MD, Medicine/Medical Research MPH, Public Health

Laurie Weiss Christine Caruso Littleton, CO University of Saint Joseph PhD, Social Sciences West Hartford, CT PhD, Social Sciences

Robert Heimer Diana Lippi Yale School of Public Health Sandy Hook, CT New Haven, CT MD, Medicine/Medical Research PhD, Medicine/Medical Research

Walter Myers Miles Rapoport New Hartford, CT Ash Center of the Harvard Kennedy School; Former PhD, Life Science Secretary of the State of Connecticut West Hartford, CT BA/BS, Social Sciences

Lawrence Rizzolo Elizabeth Vitale Yale University West Hartford, CT Guilford, CT PhD, Medicine/Medical Research PhD, Life Science

Elizabeth Borkowski Mark Brissette Washington, DC Washington, DC MPH, Public Health MD, Medicine/Medical Research

Susan Buckenmaier Susan Coleman Washington, DC Georgetown University MPH, Public Health Washington, DC MPH, Public Health

W. Douglas Evans William Hausdorff The George Washington University PATH Washington, DC Washington, DC PhD, Social Sciences PhD, Biology

Ranit Mishori Christopher Rea Georgetown University School of Medicine Washington, DC Washington, DC PhD, Public Health MD, Medicine/Medical Research

Rebecca Rehr Sarah Reinhardt Washington, DC Washington, DC MPH, Public Health MPH, Public Health

Lee Taylor-Penn Mary Conrad Lo Washington, DC Wilmington, DE MPH, Public Health MD, Medicine/Medical Research

Bola Adeshina Ankush Bansal Wesley Chapel, FL West Palm Beach, FL BA/BS, Public Health MD, Medicine/Medical Research

Bill Cumming Cathey Falvo University of Florida Department of Health, Palm Beach County Gainesville, FL Delray Beach, FL MD, Medicine/Medical Research MD, Public Health

Kendra Hermans Matilda Johnson Naples, FL Bethune-Cookman University PhD, Engineering Daytona Beach, FL PhD, Public Health

Tabitha Johnson Victoria Martinez Bradenton, FL Niceville, FL MPH candidate, Public Health MA/MS, Mathematics

Capt Thomas J. Mason John McReynolds University of South Florida Tampa Apopka, FL Lutz, FL MD, Medicine/Medical Research PhD, Public Health

Ralph Milliken Harold Mork Hobe Sound, FL Mount Dora, FL MD, Medicine/Medical Research MD, Medicine/Medical Research

Allison Nguyen Boris Ovodenko Brandon, FL Sunny Isles Beach, FL MPH, Public Health MD, Medicine/Medical Research

Peter Sigmann Dennis Sklar Port Orange, FL Lake Worth, FL MD, Medicine/Medical Research PhD, Medicine/Medical Research

Ruth Steiner Nicholas Thomas University of Florida University of South Florida Gainesville, FL Tampa, FL PhD, Public Health PhD, Public Health

Nataliya Yakovleva Kenneth Castro Largo, FL Rollins School of Public Heath, Emory University MD, Medicine/Medical Research Atlanta, GA MD, Medicine/Medical Research

Dabney Evans Jim Lavery Emory University Emory University Decatur, GA Avondale Estates, GA PhD, Public Health PhD, Public Health

Mary Mowrey-McKee Ellyn Musser Alpharetta, GA Atlanta, GA PhD, Biology MD, Medicine/Medical Research

Roger Rochat Elizabeth Sablon Emory University Emory University Atlanta, GA Atlanta, GA MD, Public Health MPH, Public Health

Sydney Spangler Ethan Allen Emory University Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies Woodstock, GA Honolulu, HI PhD, Public Health PhD, Biology

Ilene Bellerue Jo Jeffries Kula, HI Naalehu, HI DrPH, Medicine/Medical Research MA/MS, Medicine/Medical Research

Michele Nihipali Robert Blount Hauula, HI University of Iowa MPH, Public Health Iowa City, IA MD, Medicine/Medical Research

Patricia Fuller James Merchant Council Bluffs, IA University of Iowa MA/MS, Nursing Coralville, IA DrPH, Public Health

Rita Million Robert Railey Griswold, IA Des Moines, IA PhD, Medicine/Medical Research MD, Medicine/Medical Research

Martha Bibb Kathryn Atherton Hailey, ID Boston University DDS, Dentistry Lemont, IL PhD candidate, Biology

Gloria E. Barrera Sharon Burke Orland Park, IL University of Chicago MA/MS, Nursing Chicago, IL MD, Medicine/Medical Research

John Leonard Burke Kendall Burton Homewood, IL Chicago, IL MPH, Public Health MPH candidate, Public Health

Paula Enstrom Joe Feinglass Charleston, IL Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine MPH, Public Health Evanston, IL PhD, Medicine/Medical Research

Tessa Fischer Ysabel Beatrice Floresca Deerfield, IL University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign MD, Medicine/Medical Research Naperville, IL BA/BS, Public Health

M Christine Holden Thelma Hoogland Cook County Health Oak Forest, IL Chicago, IL MA/MS, Medicine/Medical Research MPH, Public Health

Theodore Jackanicz Jyotsna Jagai Chicago, IL Downers Grove, IL PhD, Medicine/Medical Research PhD, Public Health

Constantine Kanakis Adam Kovac Loyola University Medical Center Chicago, IL Chicago, IL MD, Medicine/Medical Research MD, Medicine/Medical Research

Pamela Levin Kathy Mason Chicago, IL Evanston, IL PhD, Public Health PhD, Social Sciences

Paul Maurizio Ralph Pifer University of Chicago Late of Sauk Valley Community College Chicago, IL Dixon, IL Post doc, Life Science PhD, Social Sciences

Holly Rosencranz Wilmer Rutt Champaign, IL Chicago, IL MD, Medicine/Medical Research MD, Medicine/Medical Research

Ashley Sipocz Scott Treiber Chicago, IL Lincolnshire, IL MPH, Public Health PhD, Biology

Marshall Anderson Rudy Banerjee Indiana University School of Medicine, emeritus Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Crown Point, IN Indianapolis, IN PhD, Life Science PhD, Health Mapping

Lyn Berling Linda Evinger National Association of Social Workers Evansville, IN Indianapolis, IN MA/MS, Nursing MA/MS, Social Sciences

Cynthia Heckman-Davis Bruce Hlodnicki Walkerton, IN Indianapolis, IN MD, Medicine/Medical Research MD, Medicine/Medical Research

Heather Walter-McCabe Judith Abel Indiana University School of Social Work McLouth, KS Noblesville, IN PhD, Social Sciences JD, Public Health

Tom Herman Katlyn McGraw Louisville, KY University of Louisville MA/MS, Engineering Louisville, KY PhD candidate, Public Health

John Morawetz David Blask Erlanger, KY Tulane University MA/MS, Environmental Science New Orleans, LA MD, Medicine/Medical Research

Sidney Halperen Daniel Howard Tulane Medical School; University of Texas Slidell, LA Southwestern Medical School, Baylor Dental PhD candidate, Mathematics New Orleans, LA Post doc, Medicine/Medical Research

Charmaine Venters Astraea Augsberger Baton Rouge, LA Boston University MD, Medicine/Medical Research Boston, MA PhD, Social Sciences

Edward Baker Julie Bernstein University of North Carolina School of Global Public Dover, MA Health; Harvard School of Public Health DrPH, Biology Cambridge, MA MD, Public Health

Kelly Blanchard Elliott Blass Ibis Reproductive Health Newton Center, MA Somerville, MA PhD, Life Science MA/MS, Public Health

Hannah Carliner Pietra Check Cambridge, MA Arlington, MA PhD, Public Health PhD candidate, Public Health

Eric Chivian David Christiani Harvard Medical School Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Boston, MA Watertown, MA MD, Environmental Health MD, Medicine/Medical Research

Richard Clapp Richard Clapp Jamaica Plain, MA Jamaica Plain, MA DSc, Public Health PhD, Public Health

Ivelisse Cruz Torres Robert Cserr Worcester, MA North Dighton, MA Post doc, Biology MD, Medicine/Medical Research

Kathy Downey David Egilman Mattapoisett, MA Attleboro, MA PhD, Nursing MD, Medicine/Medical Research

Allyson Gittens Bonnie Gorman Dorchester Center, MA Quincy, MA MPH, Public Health MA/MS, Medicine/Medical Research

Beverly Hector-Smith Randi Kotlar Natick, MA Cambridge, MA MA/MS, Public Health PhD, Medicine/Medical Research

Nancy Krieger Philip Landrigan Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Schiller Institute for Integrated Science and Society, Boston, MA Boston College PhD, Public Health Chestnut Hill, MA MD, Public Health

Bridget Lee Charles Levenstein Metrowest Emergency Physicians University of Massachusetts Lowell, emiritus Jamaica Plain, MA Brookline, MA MD, Medicine/Medical Research PhD, Economics

Roger Luckmann Nilah M. MacDonald UMass Medical School Scituate, MA Natick, MA MA/MS, Medicine/Medical Research MD, Medicine/Medical Research

Christine Oliver Robert Petersen. Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Boston Childrens Hospital Toronto Cambridge, MA Brookline, MA MD, Medicine/Medical Research MD, Medicine/Medical Research

Richard Rabin Jean Rabovsky Arlington, MA Bedford, MA MA/MS, Public Health PhD, Life Science

Deepali Ravel Rebekah Rollston Harvard Medical School Newton, MA Cambridge, MA MD, Medicine/Medical Research PhD, Biology

Beth Rosenberg Stephanie Seller Tufts University School of Medicine Roxbury, MA Somerville, MA MPH, Public Health PhD, Public Health

Craig Slatin Kathleen Vandiver University of Massachussets Lowell, emeritus Massachusetts Institute of Technology Medford, MA Lexington, MA MA/MS, Public Health PhD, Biology

Gregory Wagner Deborah Walker Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Cambridge, MA Boston, MA EdD, Health Education MD, Public Health

David Wegman Jennifer Weuve University of Massachusetts Lowell; Harvard TH Boston University School of Public Health Chan School of Public Health Boston, MA Cambridge, MA PhD, Public Health MD, Public Health

Peggy Wiesenberg John Wooding Access to Justice University of Massachusetts, Lowell, emeritus Jamaica Plain, MA Medford, MA JD, Public Health PhD, Social Sciences

Laura Allen Janice Allotey University of Maryland School of Nursing Baltimore, MD Silver Spring, MD MPH, Public Health MA/MS, Public Health

Sima Bakalian Sarah Bradley Rockville, MD Bethesda, MD MD, Medicine/Medical Research PhD, Public Health

Barbara Carr Robyn Gilden Kingsville, MD University of Maryland School of Nursing MA/MS, Public Health Westminster, MD PhD, Nursing

Carlos Gonzalez Emily Hennessee Clarksburg, MD Mount Rainier, MD Post doc, Biology MPH, Public Health

Kathleen Hoke Tariq Husain University of Maryland Carey School of Law North Potomac, MD Baltimore, MD PhD candidate, Environmental Science JD, Public Health Law

Jacky Jennings Jennifer Liebreich Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Garrett Park, MD Baltimore, MD MPH, Public Health PhD, Public Health

Edward Maibach David Marker George Mason University Columbia, MD Potomac, MD PhD, Public Health PhD, Public Health

Katie McElroy Donald McNellis Baltimore, MD The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child PhD, Nursing Health and Human Development, NIH, retired Bethesda, MD MD, Medicine/Medical Research

David Michaels Andrew Monjan George Washington University School of Public Columbia, MD Health PhD, Life Science Bethesda, MD PhD, Public Health

Richard Norling Martin Rosenberg Darlington, MD Annapolis, MD MA/MS, Social Sciences MD, Medicine/Medical Research

Ebony Russ John Sadler Bethesda, MD University of Maryland PhD candidate, Medicine/Medical Research Reisterstown, MD MD, Medicine/Medical Research

Darius Sivin Rosemary Sokas Takoma Park, MD Georgetown University PhD, Public Health Silver Spring, MD MD, Public Health

Jeffrey Soulen Stephen Weber Ellicott City, MD Johns Hopkins University MD, Medicine/Medical Research Silver Spring, MD MD, Medicine/Medical Research

Elizabeth Wieand Kathryn Bourgoin Silver Spring, MD Orono, ME MA/MS, Public Health MD, Medicine/Medical Research

Robert Dodge Kelly King Falmouth, ME Portland, ME PhD, Biology MD, Medicine/Medical Research

James Klick Janis Petzel South Freeport, ME Islesboro, ME MD, Medicine/Medical Research MD, Medicine/Medical Research

Rebecca Cheezum Kristen Cheney Royal Oak, MI Lake Orion, MI PhD, Public Health PhD, Social Sciences

Mary Coffey Chris Coombe Northville, MI Ann Arbor, MI PhD, Biostatistics PhD, Public Health

Connie Currier Barbara Daoust-Westbrooks University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI East Lansing, MI MPH, Public Health DrPH, Public Health

Georgia Griffin Geoffrey Guttmann Chesterfield, MI Central Michigan University College of Medicine DO, Medicine/Medical Research Detroit, MI PhD, Medicine/Medical Research

Joseph Hess Richard Lee East Lansing, MI West Bloomfield, MI MD, Medicine/Medical Research PhD, Life Science

Frank Lorch Jed Maker Grandville, MI Beulah, MI MD, Medicine/Medical Research MD, Medicine/Medical Research

Deborah Margules Brittany Mastenbrook Norton Shores, MI Grand Rapids, MI MD, Medicine/Medical Research BA/BS, Social Sciences

Megan Mullins Michael Nusbaumer Ann Arbor, MI Indiana University, emeritus PhD, Public Health Freeland, MI PhD, Social Sciences

D.M. Raymond John Renfrew Plymouth, MI Northern Michigan University, emeritus PhD, Public Health Marquette, MI Post doc, Life Science

Natalie Sampson Pnina Tranen University of Michigan-Dearborn Ann Arbor, MI Ypsilanti, MI MPH, Public Health PhD, Public Health

Sarah Walsh Raiza Beltran Eastern Michigan University University of California Los Angeles Ypsilanti, MI New Brighton, MN PhD, Public Health Post doc, Social Sciences

Doug Blanke Annie Halland Executive Director, Public Health Law Center Saint Paul, MN Saint Paul, MN MPH, Public Health JD, Public Health

Alan Hoffman Bruce Sielaff Mayo Clinic Rochester, retired Minneapolis, MN Rochester, MN PhD, Medicine/Medical Research MD, Medicine/Medical Research

Edward K. Weir Jenna Yeakle Wayzata, MN University of Minnesota MD, Medicine/Medical Research Duluth, MN MPH candidate, Public Health

Robert Blake Mary Chaudet University of Missouri Saint Louis, MO Columbia, MO MA/MS candidate, Medicine/Medical Research MD, Medicine/Medical Research

Christine Garhart John Kissel University of Missouri - St. Louis, emirita Saint Louis, MO Saint Louis, MO MD, Medicine/Medical Research PhD, Medicine/Medical Research

A.J.C. Lenox Robert Mecker Saint Louis, MO Washington, MO MA/MS, Medicine/Medical Research MD, Medicine/Medical Research

Phil Monroe Brynne Musser Springfield, MO Kansas City, MO MD, Medicine/Medical Research MPH, Public Health

Margie Sable Sheldon Weisgrau Columbia, MO Saint Louis, MO DrPH, Public Health MHS, Health Policy

Shanita Gibson Richard Ashton Jackson, MS Pinehurst, NC MA/MS candidate, Public Health JD, Public Health and Law

Trude Bennett Mary Brown Durham, NC Durham, NC Post doc, Public Health MA/MS, Women's Health

Kata Chillag Ronald Dobbin Davidson College National Institutes of Health, formerly Davidson, NC Chapel Hill, NC PhD, Social Sciences MA/MS, Public Health

Ronald Dobbin Daniel Graham Society for Occupational and Environmental Health North Carolina State University Chapel Hill, NC Chapel Hill, NC MA/MS, Public Health PhD, Social Sciences

Adam Hege Beth Juliar Blowing Rock, NC Asheville, NC PhD, Public Health MA/MS, Mathematics

Elizabeth Kamai Shawn Kneipp University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Carrboro, NC Chapel Hill, NC PhD candidate, Public Health PhD, Public Health

Cheryl Kovar Jane Laping Raleigh, NC University of Texas School of Public Health PhD, Public Health Asheville, NC MPH, Public Health

Sohail Mahmood Aimee McHale Independent Political Analyst University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC Chapel Hill, NC PhD, Social Sciences JD, Public Health

Jennifer Mundt Sean O'Connell Raleigh, NC Western Carolina University MPH, Environmental Science Sylva, NC PhD, Biology

Sonda Oppewal Elizabeth Steinberger Chapel Hill, NC Chapel Hill, NC PhD, Medicine/Medical Research PhD candidate, Public Health

Alison Woomert Kyana Young Chapel Hill, NC Wake Forest University PhD, Social Sciences Winston Salem, NC PhD, Engineering

Marjorie McCullagh David Corbin University of Michigan University of Nebraska Omaha Fargo, ND Omaha, NE PhD, Public Health PhD, Public Health

Christopher Wenzel Christine Kuhlman Morrill, NE North Sutton, NH PhD candidate, Ecology ND, Medicine/Medical Research

Robert Leese John Walter Amherst, NH Keene, NH MD, Medicine/Medical Research MD, Medicine/Medical Research

Amanda Birnbaum Cynthia Golembeski Montclair, NJ Rutgers University PhD, Public Health Newark, NJ MPH, Public Health

Cheryl Harding Judith Klotz Stanton, NJ Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University PhD, Medicine/Medical Research Lawrenceville, NJ DrPH, Environmental Science

Robert Laumbach Lisa Roche Rutgers School of Public Health Lawrence Township, NJ Fanwood, NJ PhD, Public Health MD, Public Health

Dein Shapiro Robin Simon Hunterdon Medical Center Wake Forest University Stockton, NJ Princeton, NJ MD, Medicine/Medical Research PhD, Social Sciences

Susan Terris Rebecca Bak Red Bank, NJ Zuni, NM MD, Medicine/Medical Research MD, Medicine/Medical Research

John Booker Marie Brown-Wagner Las Vegas, NM Presbyterian Medical Center Post doc, Public Health Albuquerque, NM MD, Medicine/Medical Research

Tania Chavez Jessica Goodkind Santa Fe, NM University of New Mexico MA/MS, Medicine/Medical Research Albuquerque, NM PhD, Social Sciences

Deborah Klaus Nathan Nielsen Albuquerque, NM Placitas, NM PhD, Public Health MD, Medicine/Medical Research

Martha Novak Nina Wallerstein Albuquerque, NM University of New Mexico PhD, Life Science Albuquerque, NM DrPH, Public Health

Tom Crowther Arthur Goldsmith Reno, NV Henderson, NV DPT, Public Health PhD, Biology

Korie Hickel Robert Murray Reno, NV Reno, NV MPH, Public Health PhD, Life Science

Adesola Adewale Angela Aidala City University of New York Columbia University Jamaica, NY New York, NY MA/MS, Life Science PhD, Social Sciences

Sameena Azhar Stu Blechner Fordham University Graduate School of Social Oakland Gardens, NY Service DDS, Medicine/Medical Research New York, NY PhD, Public Health

Christine Bratton Norma And Carl Braun Brooklyn, NY Mt. Sinai Health Systems MA/MS, Medicine/Medical Research Thornwood, NY MD, Medicine/Medical Research

Joan Budd Dena Cox Childrenís Hospital at Montefiore Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health Pleasantville, NY Brooklyn, NY MD, Medicine/Medical Research MPH, Public Health

Christina Curell Cathie Currie Columbia University Mailman School of Public New York, NY Health PhD, Social Sciences New York, NY MPH, Public Health

Lam-Ha Dang Victoria Frye Columbia University City University of New York School of Medicine New York, NY New York, NY PhD candidate, Public Health DrPH, Public Health

Alyshia Galvez Carol Garber Lehman College and the Graduate Center of the City Teachers College, Columbia University University of New York New York, NY New York, NY PhD, Public Health PhD, Social Sciences

Andrew Goldstein Timothy P. Higgins New York University Capella University New York, NY Franklin Square, NY MD, Medicine/Medical Research MA/MS, Nursing

Siu-Hong Ho Susie Hoffman Elmhurst, NY Brooklyn, NY PhD, Biology DrPH, Public Health

Kimberly Hudson Christine Hunt Fordham University Columbia University New York, NY Astoria, NY PhD, Social Sciences MA/MS, Public Health

Christian Ibekwe Joanna Jacob Medical University of South Carolina Brooklyn, NY Albany, NY MPH, Public Health Post doc, Medicine/Medical Research

Julia Kim Betty Wder Levin Brooklyn, NY CUNY Graduate School of Public Health & Health MPH, Public Health Policy New York, NY PhD, Public Health

Molly Lieber Catherine Machalaba Brooklyn, NY New York, NY MPH, Public Health PhD, Public Health

Meredith Manze Jack David Marcus New York, NY New York, NY PhD, Public Health MPH, Public Health

Cheryl Merzel Peter Miller New York University School of Global Public Health Brennan Center for Justice at New York University Law New York, NY School DrPH, Public Health New York, NY PhD, Social Sciences

Jennifer Morone Jean Naples University of Pennsylvania Suffern, NY Delmar, NY Post doc, Medicine/Medical Research PhD candidate, Public Health

Philomena Ostapchuk Sheila Palevsky Stony Brook University, emirita New York, NY Setauket, NY MD, Medicine/Medical Research PhD, Epidemiology

Janet Pan Denise Patel Columbia University Brooklyn, NY New York, NY MPH, Public Health MPH, Public Health

Jennifer Phan Abigail Ross Plattsburgh, NY Fordham University Graduate School of Social Service MPH, Public Health New York, NY PhD, Social Sciences

Marta Schaaf Susan M. Seibold-Simpson Brooklyn, NY Binghamton, NY DrPH, Public Health PhD, Nursing

Pamela Stanley Burton Thelander Albert Einstein College Medicine The Joint Commission New York, NY Godeffroy, NY PhD, Biology MA/MS, Medicine/Medical Research

Tarlise Townsend Nichole Vivion New York University School of Medicine Woodside, NY New York, NY MPH, Public Health PhD, Public Health

Jenny Walker Deborah Wallace New York, NY Bronx, NY MD, Medicine/Medical Research PhD, Public Health

Mark Brotman Sandra Curry Burton, OH Case Western Reserve University Schools of MPH, Environmental Science Psychological Sciences and Medicine Shaker Heights, OH PhD, Medicine/Medical Research

Gurpinder Deol Michael Dover Strongsville, OH Cleveland State University MPH, Public Health Bratenahl, OH PhD, Social Sciences

David Greenfield William Katzin Cincinnati, OH Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine MD, Medicine/Medical Research Cleveland Heights, OH MD, Medicine/Medical Research

James Lucot Hannah MacDowell Beavercreek, OH Columbus, OH Post doc, Medicine/Medical Research MPH, Public Health

Sean McDermott Jeanne McKinley Cincinnati, OH Cuyahoga Falls, OH MD, Medicine/Medical Research MPH, Public Health

Karen Mulloy Theresa Pretlow Case Western Reserve University Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Chagrin Falls, OH Cleveland, OH DO, Medicine/Medical Research PhD, Medicine/Medical Research

Theresa Pretlow Julia Radwany Case Western Reserve University School of Akron, OH Medicine MD, Medicine/Medical Research Cleveland, OH PhD, Medicine/Medical Research

Susan Righi Paul Robinson New Marshfield, OH Mansfield, OH MD, Medicine/Medical Research PhD, Social Sciences

Denise Ruby Molly Malany Sayre Chillicothe, OH University of Dayton MA/MS, Nursing Cincinnati, OH PhD, Social Sciences

Antonio Bruno Marilia Coutinho US Navy Medical Ronin Institute Oklahoma City, OK Oklahoma City, OK MA/MS, Life Science PhD, Social Sciences

J. Sunshine Cowan Andrew Frost Edmond, OK Norman, OK PhD, Environmental Science PhD, Medicine/Medical Research

Robert John Stephen Bachhuber University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Portland, OR Norman, OK MD, Medicine/Medical Research PhD, Social Sciences

Nola Becket Patricia Contreras Oregon Health Sciences University Portland, OR Portland, OR MPH, Public Health MA/MS, Nursing

Ellen Hall-Chave Saskia Hostetler Lippy Banks, OR Portland, OR MD, Medicine/Medical Research MD, Medicine/Medical Research

Sandra Joos Frank Lippy Portland, OR Portland, OR PhD, Public Health MD, Medicine/Medical Research

Carrie Pierce Roger Sabbadini Oregon Health And Science University; Cascades San Diego State University East Family Medicine Bend, OR Klamath Falls, OR PhD, Biology MD, Medicine/Medical Research

Dennis Sweeney John Toner Portland, OR University of Oregon MD, Medicine/Medical Research Eugene, OR PhD, Physical Science

Anais Tuepker Jeannie Williams Oregon Health and Science University Lincoln City, OR Portland, OR BA/BS, Nursing PhD, Social Sciences

Eddy Bresnitz Scott Burris Bala Cynwyd, PA Center for Public Health Law Research, Temple Law MD, Medicine/Medical Research School Philadelphia, PA JD, Public Health

Meagan Cusack Jerry Fagliano Philadelphia, PA Philadelphia, PA MA/MS, Social Sciences PhD, Public Health

James Foskett Bernard Goldstein Ardmore, PA Pittsburgh, PA PhD, Medicine/Medical Research MD, Public Health

Harry Hochheiser Sidney Kahn University of Pittsburgh Wyncote, PA Pittsburgh, PA MD, Medicine/Medical Research PhD, Computer Science

Felicia Lewis Ruth McDermott-Levy Philadelphia, PA Villanova University MD, Medicine/Medical Research Berwyn, PA PhD, Public Health

Virginia O'Connell Alan Peterson Moravian College Willow Street, PA Swarthmore, PA MD, Medicine/Medical Research PhD, Social Sciences

Erin Reagan Martha Riggle University of Pennsylvania Mercersburg, PA Morgantown, PA MD, Public Health PhD candidate, Medicine/Medical Research

Sharon Starr John Tooker Philadelphia Department of Public Health, Division American College of Physicians of Maternal, Child and Family Health Mechanicsburg, PA Ambler, PA MD, Medicine/Medical Research MA/MS, Public Health

E.K. Worthington Victor Figueroa-Melendez Greencastle, PA Lajas, PR MD, Medicine/Medical Research MD, Medicine/Medical Research

Mary Byrd Monica Hanson Rhode Island College Wakefield, RI Narragansett, RI PhD, Nursing PhD, Nursing

Sylvianne Shurman Nancy St Germain Alpert Medical School Warwick, RI Providence, RI PhD candidate, Social Sciences MD candidate, Medicine/Medical Research

Jessica Stensrud Ronald Blustein Carnegie Mellon University Greenville, SC Pawtucket, RI MD, Medicine/Medical Research MA/MS, Biology

James Burch Katie Carpenter Chapin, SC Columbia, SC PhD, Public Health MSPH, Public Health

Christopher Brooks Richard Crume Knoxville, TN Nashville, TN MD, Medicine/Medical Research MA/MS, Engineering

Sekou Franklin Elizabeth M Fulton Middle Tennessee State University Erlanger Medical Center Nashville, TN Chattanooga, TN PhD, Social Sciences MA/MS, Medicine/Medical Research

Tony Marion Kellie Mitchell Cordova, TN Memphis, TN PhD, Medicine/Medical Research MPH, Social Sciences

Jacob Ruden Lauren Samuels Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN Nashville, TN PhD, Biostatistics PhD candidate, Life Science

Jack Wong Lisa Campbell Nashville, TN Alamo Heights, TX MPH, Public Health DNP, Public Health

Kevin Grice Ruth Grubesic Houston, TX Bandera, TX MA/MS, Public Health DrPH, Public Health

Lisa Hughes Celeste Monforton Galveston, TX Texas State University DrPH, Public Health San Marcos, TX DrPH, Public Health

Stephanie Nutt Melissa Prinz Austin, TX Austin, TX MA/MS, Public Health AD/AS, Nursing

Melody Tan Raphael Travis Rice University Texas State University Houston, TX Austin, TX PhD candidate, Engineering DrPH, Public Health

Richard Kanner Deborah Passey Salt Lake City, UT University of Utah MD, Medicine/Medical Research Bountiful, UT PhD, Public Health

William White Louis Bailey University of Utah, Veterans Affairs - Western Walden University Institute for Biomedical Research Fredericksburg, VA Salt Lake City, UT MPH, Public Health PhD candidate, Medicine/Medical Research

Louis Bailey Cynthia Z. F. Clark Walden University Iowa State University Fredericksburg, VA Mc Lean, VA MA/MS, Public Health PhD, Statistics

Kelley Dennings Quentin Fischer University of South Florida Roanoke, VA Arlington, VA PhD, Medicine/Medical Research MPH, Social Sciences

Jen Fleisher Marie-Louise Hammarskjold University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University of Virginia Charlottesville, VA Charlottesville, VA MPH, Public Health PhD, Medicine/Medical Research

Samuel Jett Josephine Lannigan Cross Junction, VA Alexandria, VA MD, Medicine/Medical Research PhD, Medicine/Medical Research

Susan Miller Lindsay Nielson Richmond, VA Fors Marsh Group MD, Medicine/Medical Research Arlington, VA PhD, Social Sciences

Jerome Paulson Lauren Powell Alexandria, VA Richmond, VA MD, Medicine/Medical Research PhD, Public Health

Anna Ricklin Richard Sears Fairfax County Health Department Winchester, VA Fairfax, VA MD, Medicine/Medical Research MA/MS, Public Health

Tricia Smith Leon Vinci Virginia Commonwealth University Roanoke, VA North Chesterfield, VA DrPH, Public Health Post doc, Medicine/Medical Research

Richard Jackson Adina Roskies Shelburne, VT Dartmouth College MD, Medicine/Medical Research Post Mills, VT PhD, History/Philosophy of Science

Sarah Andrea Susan Botarelli University of Washington School of Public Health Seattle, WA Seattle, WA MA/MS, Medicine/Medical Research PhD, Public Health

John Butler Erica Chavez Santos Lake Forest Park, WA University of Washington MD, Medicine/Medical Research Seattle, WA MPH, Public Health

Lyndsay Cutler Mary DeVany Joint Base Lewis McChord, WA DeVany Industrial Consultants A.D./A.S., Medicine/Medical Research Vancouver, WA MA/MS, Environmental Science

David Edwards Antoinette S Emch Olympia, WA Vancouver, WA MD, Medicine/Medical Research PhD, History/Philosophy of Science

David Hogness Emily Hops Indianola, WA University of Washington MD, Medicine/Medical Research Seattle, WA MPH candidate, Public Health

Angeline Johnson Kathleen Johnson Seattle, WA Everett, WA PhD candidate, Public Health DNP, Public Health

Alison Kirby Liat Kriegel Walla Walla, WA Spokane, WA MD, Medicine/Medical Research PhD, Social Sciences

Wendy Larson Susan Loomis Bellingham, WA Swedish Medical Center - Seattle MA/MS, Biology Renton, WA MA/MS, Nursing

Rebecca Nimmons Adina Parsley Bellevue, WA Stanwood, WA MA/MS, Medicine/Medical Research MD, Medicine/Medical Research

John Potter Eric Rasmussen Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA Seattle MD, Medicine/Medical Research Bainbridge Island, WA MD, Public Health

Douglas Shearer Torney Smith Granger, WA Spokane Regional Health District, retired MD, Medicine/Medical Research Spokane, WA MA/MS, Public Health

Jeffrey Teoh Charles Treser Seattle, WA University of Washington DrPH, Medicine/Medical Research Seattle, WA MPH, Public Health

Maryjo Wilkins Yonit Yogev Kennewick, WA Olympia, WA MA/MS, Nursing MA/MS, Environmental Science

Marissa Abbott Ann Behrmann University of Wisconsin-Madison University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Madison, WI Health PhD candidate, Social Sciences Madison, WI MD, Medicine/Medical Research

Ann Behrmann David Canon Madison, WI University of Wisconsin - Madison MD, Medicine/Medical Research Madison, WI PhD, Social Sciences

David Henning Edward Hubbard Marshfield, WI University of Wisconsin - Madison MA/MS, Pharmacy Madison, WI PhD, Social Sciences

David And Betty Knutzen Glenn Krakower Waunakee, WI Milwaukee, WI MD, Medicine/Medical Research PhD, Medicine/Medical Research

Bruce Krawisz Jennifer McKnight-Lupes Marshfield, WI Blair, WI MD, Medicine/Medical Research Post doc, Medicine/Medical Research

Diane J Meyer Stacey Schaefer Marshfield Clinic University of Wisconsin - Madison Chippewa Falls, WI Madison, WI MD, Medicine/Medical Research PhD, Social Sciences

Susan Stickels James Culberson Shorewood, WI West Virginia University, emeritus MD, Medicine/Medical Research Morgantown, WV PhD, Medicine/Medical Research

Robert Griffith Megan Rose West Virginia University University of Wyoming Morgantown, WV Laramie, WY PhD, Medicine/Medical Research MA/MS, Social Sciences

Carl Stapler John Glenn College of Public Affairs Evanston, WY MA/MS, Social Sciences