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Guidelines for the Surveillance of Native Mosquitoes in Europe

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Guidelines for the Surveillance of Native Mosquitoes in Europe TECHNICAL REPORT Guidelines for the surveillance of native mosquitoes in Europe www.ecdc.europa.eu ECDC TECHNICAL REPORT Guidelines for the surveillance of native mosquitoes in Europe This report was commissioned by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), coordinated by Laurence Marrama, and produced by Francis Schaffner, Avia-GIS bvba, Agro-Veterinary Information and Analysis, Zoersel, Belgium Veerle Versteirt, Avia-GIS bvba, Agro-Veterinary Information and Analysis, Zoersel, Belgium Jolyon Medlock, Public Health England, Emergency Response Department, Porton Down, United Kingdom Acknowledgements We are grateful to all experts who contributed to the elaboration of these guidelines, by sharing experience and information about surveillance systems, or by contributing within the reviewing process. Suggested citation: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Guidelines for the surveillance of native mosquitoes in Europe. Stockholm: ECDC; 2014. Stockholm, November 2014 ISBN 978-92-9193-599-4 doi 10.2900/37227 Catalogue number TQ-06-14-071-EN-N © European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2014 Reproduction is authorised, provided the source is acknowledged ii TECHNICAL REPORT Guidelines for the surveillance of native mosquitoes in Europe Contents Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................................... vi Glossary ...................................................................................................................................................... vii Executive summary ........................................................................................................................................1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................3 1 Decision-making process and rapid risk assessment ..................................................................................... 12 2 Operational processes ............................................................................................................................... 23 3 Cost and evaluation ................................................................................................................................... 45 Annex 1: Systematic reviews on existing surveillance guidelines and sampling and identification methods for native mosquito species ......................................................................................................................................... 49 Annex 2: Basic information on the biology of mosquitoes and transmission of MBD pathogens ............................ 53 Annex 3: Prioritisation levels for the surveillance of native mosquitoes .............................................................. 59 Annex 4: Collecting native mosquitoes ........................................................................................................... 65 Annex 5: Methods for identification of native mosquitoes ................................................................................ 79 Annex 6: Principles and detailed methodologies for determination of mosquito population parameters ................ 86 Annex 7: Methods for pathogen screening in field-collected mosquitoes ............................................................ 94 Annex 8: Measuring environmental parameters .............................................................................................. 99 Annex 9: Data management and analysis ..................................................................................................... 105 Annex 10: Methods of dissemination of surveillance results ........................................................................... 109 iii Guidelines for the surveillance of native mosquitoes in Europe TECHNICAL REPORT Figures Figure 1. Reported autochthonous cases of malaria and West Nile fever in Europe and neighbouring countries, 2010–2013 ....................................................................................................................................................2 Figure 2. Native mosquito species ...................................................................................................................4 Figure 3. Potential vector role of European mosquito species for eight arboviruses (Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, Rift Valley fever virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus, Sindbis virus, Usutu virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, and West Nile virus) and Dirofilaria spp. and Plasmodium spp. .................... 6 Figure 4. Flowchart of the procedures and main issues of mosquito vectors and MBD surveillance......................... 8 Figure 5. Decision diagram for the implementation of surveillance of NMS, in relation to the assessment of risk from mosquito-borne disease ........................................................................................................................ 10 Figure 6. Flow chart summary of the procedures to be developed for the surveillance of NMS ............................ 11 Figure 7. Decision diagram of the decision-making process for the assessment of risk from mosquito-borne diseases ...................................................................................................................................................... 13 Figure 8a. Algorithm diagrams for risk assessments with corresponding surveillance procedures; Scenario 1, pre- disease stage: threat levels 1A ‘initial assessment’ (left) and 1B ‘preparedness’ (right, dashed frame).................. 18 Figure 8b. Algorithm diagrams for risk assessments with corresponding surveillance procedures; Scenario 2, disease stage: threat levels 2A ‘occasional cases’ (top) and 2B ‘recurrent cases’ (bottom, dashed frame) ............. 19 Figure 9. Diagram of surveillance procedures for native mosquito species, according to the identified risk and the two defined diseases stages .......................................................................................................................... 23 Figure 10a. Collecting population parameters of native mosquito species: desired output and related key and optional procedures; pre-disease stage .......................................................................................................... 30 Figure 10b. Collecting population parameters of native mosquito species: desired output and related key and optional procedures; disease stage ................................................................................................................ 31 Figure 11. Decision tree for screening of virus/parasite (V/P) pathogens in native mosquito species, showing procedures, datasets, and their expected outcomes (pre-disease and disease stages) ........................................ 34 Figure 12. Surveillance procedures and data collection for environmental parameters and their related datasets; pre-disease (top) and disease stages (bottom) ............................................................................................... 37 Figure 13. Native mosquito species surveillance: dissemination/communication of outcomes and effects ............. 42 Figure 14. Flowchart for the assessment of surveillance procedures and data .................................................... 48 Figure A1-A. Prisma flow chart: paper selection and inclusion/exclusion process for SR A (existing guidelines), SR B (sampling methods), and SR C (native mosquito species identification)* ........................................................... 50 Figure A2-A: Biological cycle of a mosquito (subfamily Culicinae) ..................................................................... 54 Figure A3-A. Flyer for the ‘i Moustique’ project, France (left); website for ‘Mückenatlas’, Germany (right) ............ 62 Figure A3-B. Project AtrapaelTigre.com, Spain: Tigatrapp App screenshots (left), web site screenshot (right) ....... 63 Figure A3-C. Project ‘Muggenradar’, the Netherlands: website screenshot (left); project ‘Mosquito Recording Scheme’, UK: reporting form (right) ............................................................................................................... 64 Figure A4-A. Larval sampling: dipping (top left); netting (top right); sampling with a 1l plastic tray (bottom left), and with a small net and a tray (bottom right)................................................................................................ 67 Figure A4-B: Adult sampling/trapping; backpack aspirator (top left), bird-baited trap (top right); dog- and chicken- baited traps (bottom left); horse-baited trap (bottom right) ............................................................................. 70 Figure A4-C. Habitats unsuitable for native mosquito species; adults (top) and larvae (bottom) .......................... 73 Figure A4-D. Proper placement of mosquito traps. Top: CO2-baited CDC miniature light trap in a wetland; bottom left: CO2-baited CDC miniature light trap (next to a black-light trap for biting midges); bottom right: gravid trap .. 74 Figure A4-E: Habitats suitable for native mosquito species ............................................................................... 74 Figure A4-F. Example of an operational surveillance plan ................................................................................. 75 Figure
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