Vol. 43, No. 3: 94–102 Plant Protect. Sci.

Influence of Baculovirus AdorGV on the Mortality of Larvae and Pupae of Summer Fruit Tortrix orana in Laboratory Conditions

Karel Pepperný

Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague-Suchdol and Crop Research Institute, Prague-Ruzyně, Czech Republic

Abstract

Pepperný K. (2007): Influence of baculovirus AdorGV on the mortality of larvae and pupae of summer fruit tortrix in laboratory conditions. Plant Protect. Sci., 43: 94–102.

The mortality of larvae and pupae of Adoxophyes orana was examined by keeping larvae of each larval instar (L1–L5) on an artificial diet in laboratory conditions. Larvae were infected by using an artificial diet contain- ® ing AdorGV-based CAPEX 2. Samples of uninfected larvae from each instar served as controls. The mortality of larvae infected in the 1st instar was 100%, compared to a mortality of 68% in the control. In both, the larvae died before the 5th larval instar. With larvae infected in subsequent instars the mortality rate declined gradually (96%–72%–40%–12%) and death occurred predominantly in the 5th larval instar. The mortality of larvae in the controls was low (12%–12%–0%–0%). The mortality of pupae from larvae infected in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th instar was high (100%–86%–93%), and the mortality of larvae and pupae combined was close to 100%. Mortality of pupae developed from larvae infected in the 5th instar was 27% and that of larvae and pupae combined was 36%. The mortality of pupae developed from uninfected larvae in all controls was low (max. 8%). These results demonstrated the high efficacy of AdorGV to cause high mortality of larvae and pupae of Adoxophyes orana in laboratory conditions.

Keywords: summer fruit tortrix; Adoxophyes orana; AdorGV; mortality; larvae; pupae

The summer fruit tortrix Adoxophyes orana ripening fruits, hereby producing the superficial (Fischer von Röslerstamm, 1834) is a serious pest damage typical for this species. The 2nd genera- in orchards in the Czech Republic and in tion of that appears in August deposits many other European countries. It has two gen- its eggs on leaves and on fruits. The larvae feed erations per year. Females of the 1st generation lay mainly on fruits before hibernating in silk cocoons up to 150 eggs from which larvae emerge within in crevices in the bark. They reappear in March a few days. The larvae feed close to the main vein or early April to feed 1st on the developing buds of leaves in a protective silk mesh. Later they and later on the flowers. In the middle of May, spin leaves together and feed from here mostly the caterpillars pupate to emerge as moths in on the tips of shoots. Older larvae also feed on May/June (Andermatt 2005). Although damage

Suported by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic, Project No. MZe 0002700603 and by the Minist- ry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic, Project No. MSM 6046070901.

94 Plant Protect. Sci. Vol. 43, No. 3: 94–102 to fruit is not great, it enables fungal pathogens in the surviving population is high (Cun- to attack, causing a decrease in the quality of the ningham et al. 1991). fruit. Consequently, the economic threshold of this AdorGV was 1st detected in 1960 by Aizawa pest is low and its population must be monitored and Nakazato (1963) from diseased larvae of and regulated exactly (Morgan 1991). Geest and Adoxophyes orana and was described as a pathogen Evenhuis (1991) state that summer fruit tortrix of the summer fruit tortrix. It was reisolated from became the most important pest in apple orchards its larvae in 1967 (Asano 2005) and its influence in many regions of Holland, Austria, southern on the larvae mortality and effectiveness as a pos- Switzerland, Germany, the Balkan countries and sible biological agent against Adoxophyes orana Eastern Europe. Also, according to Sekita (1996), was demonstrated in laboratory conditions and this insect is one of the most important pests in in apple orchards in 1970 and 1971 (Shiga et al. many countries due to damage done to leaves and 1973; Yamada & Oho 1973). fruit on trees and to its acquired resistance AdorGV is a granulovirus with a slow effect to chemical insecticides. Kocourek et al. (2007) so that infected larvae die only in the last instar state that significant damage caused by A. orana regardless of the time when they were infected has been observed in apple orchards in Eastern by the virus (Winstanley & O’Reilly 1999). and Central Bohemia since 1999. Also, according to Oho (1975), the virus has very Baculoviruses are the most numerous as well slow-acting pathogenity and newly hatched lar- as the most studied group of entomopathogenic vae infected by AdorGV die only in the 5th instar. viruses. They are divided into two groups: Nucleo- Geest and Evenhuis (1991) state that infected polyhedroviruses and Granuloviruses. They attack larvae dying at the end of the last instar change only invertebrates (most commonly ). colour from dark green to milk yellow. Yamada All the Granuloviruses have been isolated only and Oho (1973) reported that summer fruit tor- from lepidopterous worldwide thus far trix larvae are highly susceptible to infection with (Asano 2005). Baculoviruses do not show any nega- AdorGV during early larval instars, but that sus- tive effect on the health of plants and vertebrates ceptibility decreases remarkably after the 4th and (Blissard & Rohrmann 1990). Biopesticides 5th instars. based on baculoviruses are safe and have a very Stará et al. (2007) state that AdorGV is char- selective mechanism. They mostly attack only one acterised by strong persistence in surviving larvae host species and there are no known occurrences after direct treatment with AdorGV in apple or- of resistance being developed (Moscardi 1999). chards causing high mortality of larvae in subse- The insect (in most cases a Lepidoptera larva) is quent generations. According to Ito et al. (1977), infected during feeding on plants or by parasitoids. spraying of the virus against the first generation The insect’s body disintegrates when it dies and larvae in a large area can reduce the number of the virus contaminates the surrounding vegetation individuals of A. orana in subsequent generations from which it is spread by wind, birds and insects as well as their damage to the fruits to a very low (Boucias et al. 1987; Fuxa 1987; Rohrmann level. Spraying of chemical insecticides is not so 1992). The post-larval effect of baculovirus infec- effective in reducing the population density of tion can cause a smaller size of pupa and imago and subsequent generations. Similarly, Shiga et al. consequently reduce their ability to reproduce and (1973) reported that artificial dissemination of their lifespan (Moscardi 1999). Various species a granulosis virus of A. orana (apple race) had a of baculoviruses have different efficacy. Kundu marked effect in raising larval mortality not only et al. (2003) discovered that the persistence of in the generations sprayed (74% mortality), but Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) among also in the subsequent two generations (37.3% the surviving population of C. pomonella is low, mortality in the 2nd and 50.7% mortality in the whereas the mortality of larvae of C. pomonella 3rd generation). Among generations of A. orana caused by this virus is high. Consequently, this the virus AdorGV can persist in shady places in virus is effective in reducing the insect popula- the orchard, from where it can infect larvae of tion density in fruit orchards. On the other hand, the subsequent generations and multiply in them Lymantria dispar nucleopolyhedrovirus (LdMNPV) (Charmilot 1992). ® causes low mortality of infected L. dispar larvae, In 1989, a preparation called CAPEX based whereas the frequency of the virus persistence on AdorGV was registered in Switzerland (An-

95 Vol. 43, No. 3: 94–102 Plant Protect. Sci. dermatt 1991). Of primary importance in the diet as described by Ankersmit et al. (1977) in ® use of such products is correct timing. CAPEX laboratory conditions (three generations). The must be sprayed while the larvae are still small egg masses were obtained by caging males and (L1–L3). The advantage of a virus application over females in a plastic container composed from two conventional chemical pesticides is that this virus connected 250 ml plastic cups. Egg masses were preparation is very specific and only acts against cut from the wall of these cups and sterilised in the summer fruit tortrix. It is non-toxic to other 10% formaldehyde. tortricids. Even naturally occurring parasites can Virus. For the experiment, AdorGV as a compo- ® develop on virus-infected larvae. There is no danger nent of CAPEX 2 (0.01 ml/40 ml H2O containing whatsoever for warm-blooded . Infected 5 × 1010 granules/ml) (Andermatt Biocontrol AG, larvae will not die before the last instar. Therefore, Grossdietwil, Switzerland) was used. The virus was ® only applications of CAPEX against the young applied by immersing the 2 × 1 × 0.5 cm shreds ® overwintering larvae reduce fruit damage. Applica- of artificial diet into a solution of CAPEX 2 for tions against the young larvae of the summer- and a short time. The shreds of the diet were then autumn-generation do not reduce the damage by put on filter paper to let excess water evaporate. the treated generation, but the population density Larvae were fed on the artificial diet containing of the following generation (Andermatt 2005). AdorGV and thus infected. ® To make CAPEX , AdorGV is produced in vivo Bioassay. The experiment was carried out in from infected summer fruit tortrix larvae in a laboratory conditions (a constant temperature laboratory colony. But despite its high efficacy of 20°C and photoperiods 14 h of light and 10 h ® and high specific action the use of CAPEX is of darkness) at the Research Institute of Crop limited by its high production costs (Charmilot Production in 2004. Twenty-five larvae from the 1992). Luisier and Benz (1994) state three main 1st (0 day old), 2nd (13 days old), 3rd (20 days old), problems in using AdorGV for protection against 4th (27 days old) and 5th (33 days old) instar were summer fruit tortrix. The 1st are the high treat- infected with the AdorGV virus, and the same ment costs, the 2nd is the short persistence of the number of uninfected larvae from each instar virus caused by its susceptibility to UV radiation, served as control. That a larva had reached the and the 3rd is the fact that infected larvae do not next instar was determined by using a microscope ® die before the last instar. At present, CAPEX is and on the basis of changes in size, colour and registered in Austria, Belgium, Germany, Greece, morphology compared to larvae of the previous Italy, Spain, Slovenia and Switzerland (Andermatt instar. The 25 larvae from each infected and control ® 2005; Kabaluk & Gazdik 2005) and CAPEX 2 set were subdivided into groups of five individu- is registered in Germany (Kabaluk & Gazdik als and these placed in 50 ml plastic cups with 2005). In the Czech Republic, the registration of artificial diet. The number of surviving and dead ® CAPEX 2 is planned. larvae as well as the number of pupae and adults The aim of this paper is to ascertain the influence in each treatment and control was counted in of the baculovirus AdorGV on the mortality of 2 days intervals. From the data of each treatment summer fruit tortrix larvae and pupae compared and control the mortality rate of larvae and pupae to an uninfected control. was evaluated. In the case of larvae, mortality in the 5th instar compared to total larvae mortality MATERIAL AND METHODS was also evaluated. Statistical analyses were per- formed using the paired t-test. Insect. Adoxophyes orana larvae from a labora- tory colony were used for the experiment. The RESULTS AND DISCUSSION colony had been established in spring 2004 from hibernating A. orana larvae collected in the or- Mortality of larvae chard of the Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology at Holovousy. The larvae were kept on a The mortality rate of larvae infected by AdorGV st nd natural diet (leaves) until October 2004 (approxi- in the 1 and 2 instar was 100% and 96 %, re- mately five generations) in laboratory conditions. spectively. The mortality of larvae infected in From October until the start of the experiment subsequent instars decreased considerably; with rd in January 2005, they were kept on an artificial those infected in the 3 instar it was 72%, in the

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120 Figure 1. Mortality (%) of Adoxo- 100 96 phyes orana larvae infected with 100 AdorGV in each instar and mor- 72 tality (%) of uninfected larvae in 80 68 (%) ȱ each control 60 40

Mortality 40 ȱ 12 12 12 20 0 0 0 infected infected infected infected infected ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ uninfected uninfected uninfected uninfected uninfected

11stst 2 2ndnd 3rd 3rd4th 4th 5th5th Larvalȱinstar

4th instar 40% and in the 5th instar 12% (Figure 1). yet adapted to the artificial diet (short time to In the controls, the mortality rate of uninfected adapt to artificial diet for all populations – only larvae of the 1st instar was high (68%), whereas three generations). that of uninfected larvae from subsequent instars All the larvae infected in the 1st instar and half was low (max. 12%). Statistical analysis showed of the larvae infected in the 2nd instar died even highly significant differences between the num- before reaching the 5th larval instar (they all died bers of pupae developed from larvae infected in during the instar in which they were infected). the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th instar and the numbers of Statistical analysis shows highly significant dif- pupae developed from uninfected larvae in the ferences between numbers of larvae which died controls. When we look at the numbers of pupae in the same instar in which they were infected developed from larvae that were infected in the in case of the 1st and 2nd instar and numbers of 5th instar and from uninfected larvae in the con- larvae which died in the controls. No significant trol the differences are insignificant (Table 2). A differences were found between these numbers in possible explanation for the high mortality rate subsequent instars (Table 4). of uninfected larvae of the 1st instar could be that This does not agree with reports from several the newly hatched larvae in the 1st instar had not authors, e.g. Winstanley and O’Reilly (1999),

120 100 86 93 100

80 (%) ȱ 60 27

Mortality 40 ȱ 8 20 0 5 0 0 0

Figure 2. Mortality (%) of pupae of infected infected infected infected infected

uninfected uninfected uninfected uninfected uninfected Adoxophyes orana developed from st nd rd th th surviving larvae infected in each 1st1 2 2nd3 3rd4 4th5 5th instar with AdorGV or from unin- Larvalȱinstar fected larvae of each control

97 Vol. 43, No. 3: 94–102 Plant Protect. Sci.

Table 1. Proportion of the mortality of Adoxophyes orana larvae in the 5th instar from total mortality of larvae infected with AdorGV in each instar and from the uninfected larvae in each control

Larvae mortality (%) Instar Variant in total 5th instar from total larvae mortality

1st infected larvae 100 0 uninfected larvae 68 0

2nd infected larvae 96 50 uninfected larvae 12 0

3th infected larvae 72 89 uninfected larvae 12 67

4th infected larvae 40 90 uninfected larvae 0 0

5th infected larvae 12 100 uninfected larvae 0 0

Oho (1975), Geest and Evenhuis (1991) and weakened the young larvae, thereby increasing Andermatt (2005) who stated that larvae in- their sensitivity to less suitable conditions (in fected with AdorGV died only in the last (5th) this case the unnatural feed). Therefore, the ap- instar regardless when they had been infected. plication of virus against larvae in early instars Andermatt (2005) stated that infected larvae could reduce the damage of the treated genera- will not die before the last instar and, therefore, tion. Larvae infected in subsequent instars died ® only applications of CAPEX against the young predominantly in the 5th instar (Table 1). Dead over-wintering larvae might reduce fruit damage. larvae of the 5th instar infected with AdorGV did In the present study, a possible explanation for not change dark green to milk yellow as described the high mortality rate of larvae in early instars by Geest and Evenhuis (1991), but became even shortly after infection could be that the virus had darker (Figure 4).

Table 2. Comparison of the number of pupae of Adoxophyes orana developed from surviving larvae infected with AdorGV in each instar and from uninfected larvae in each control, and a comparison of the number of adults of Adoxophyes orana hatched from these pupae

Number of pupae developed from Number of adults hatched from Instar surviving larvae – in each cup (total) Difference surviving pupae – in each cup (total) Difference infected uninfected control infected uninfected control 1st 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 (0) 2, 1, 1, 2, 2 (8) ++ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 (0) 2, 1, 1, 2, 2 (8) ++ 2nd 0, 0, 0, 0, 1 (1) 5, 4, 4, 5, 4 (22) ++ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 (0) 5, 3, 4, 5, 4 (21) ++ 3th 1, 3, 1, 1, 1 (7) 5, 4, 4, 5, 4 (22) ++ 0, 1, 0, 0, 0 (1) 5, 4, 4, 5, 4 (22) ++ 4th 2, 3, 4, 3, 3 (15) 5, 5, 5, 5, 5 (25) ++ 0, 0, 0, 0, 1 (1) 5, 5, 4, 5, 4 (23) ++ 5th 5, 4, 5, 5, 3 (22) 5, 5, 5, 5, 5 (25) – 2, 2, 4, 5, 3 (16) 5, 5, 5, 5, 5 (25) +

– insignificant difference (α = 0.05); + moderately significant difference (α = 0.05); ++ highly significant difference (α = 0.01)

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Table 3. Comparison between the relative number of adults of Adoxophyes orana hatched from survived pupae which developed from larvae infected in each instar and the number of adults from uninfected larvae of each control

RN of adults hatched from pupae (5 = 100%) in each cup (total) Instar Difference infected uninfected control 1st / 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 (5) NT 2nd / 1, 0.75, 1, 1, 1 (4.75) NT 3th 0, 0.33, 0, 0, 0 (0.33) 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 (5) ++ 4th 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.33 (0.33) 1, 1, 0.8, 1, 0.8 (4.6) ++ 5th 0.4, 0.5, 0.8, 1, 1 (3.7) 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 (5) –

RN – relative number; NT – not tested; / low number of adults; – insignificant difference (α = 0.05); + moderately sig- nificant difference (α = 0.05); ++ highly significant difference (α = 0.01)

Mortality of pupae The high mortality of pupae developed from infected larvae in this study indicate a much higher The mortality of pupae developed from infected potential of AdorGV for decreasing the popula- larvae was high. With pupae developed from lar- tion density of A. orana than the authors cited nd vae infected in the 2 instar it was 100%, in the earlier had reasoned from investigating only the rd th 3 instar 86%, in the 4 instar 93% and in the effect of AdorGV on the mortality of the larval th 5 instar 27%. The mortality of pupae developed stadium. from uninfected larvae was low (max. 8%) in each control (Figure 2). Statistical analysis shows highly Total mortality significant differences between the relative number of adults developed from pupated larvae infected The combined mortality rates of larvae and pupae rd th in the 3 and 4 instar and adults hatched from after infection of larvae with AdorGV in the 1st and pupated larvae in the controls. If we compare the 2nd instar were 100%, in the 3rd and 4th instar it was relative numbers of adults hatched from pupated 96% and in the 5th instar 36% (Figure 3). Statisti- th larvae infected in the 5 instar and that of adults cal analyses found highly significant differences hatched from pupated larvae in the control, the between the numbers of adults developed from differences are insignificant (Table 3). pupated larvae infected in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and

120 100 100 96 96 100 68

(%) 80 ȱ 60 36 40 Mortality 16 12 8 20 0 0 Figure 3. Combined mortality (%) of larvae and pupae of Adoxophyes infected infected infected infected infected ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ uninfected uninfected uninfected uninfected uninfected orana after infection of larvae with ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ AdorGV in each instar and of unin- st nd rd th th 11st2 2nd3 3rd4 4th5 5th fected larvae and pupae from each Larvalȱinstar instar

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subsequently died as pupae. The susceptibility decreased markedly only in the 5th instar. As was reviewed by Yamada and Oho (1973), summer fruit tortrix larvae are highly susceptible to infec- tion with AdorGV in early instars and that sus- ceptibility decreased remarkably after the 4th and 5th instars. As well as showing the high efficacy of CpGV-ba- sed preparation in reducing the Cydia pomonella population density (the persistence of CpGV among the C. pomonella individuals surviving CpGV treat- ment is low) in fruit orchards (Kundu et al. 2003), the high mortality of Adoxophyes orana larvae and pupae in laboratory conditions demonstrated the high efficacy of the virus used. That corresponds with results obtained by Kocourek et al. (2007) who investigated the efficacy of AdorGV in apple orchards in the Czech Republic in comparison with Figure 4. Dead Adoxophyes orana larva of the 5th instar chemical insecticides; they found that AdorGV infected by AdorGV had a high efficacy similar to the most effective chemical insecticide Cascade 5 EC. On the other hand, e.g. in the case of Lymantria dispar infected 4th instar and the numbers of adults developed with Lymantria dispar nucleopolyhedrovirus (Ld- from pupated uninfected larvae in the controls. MNPV), the mortality of larvae was low, whereas Significant differences were recorded between the frequency of virus persistence in the surviv- the numbers of adults developed from pupated ing insect population was high (Cunningham larvae infected in the 5th instar and those of adults et al. 1991). Whether AdorGV causes mortality hatched from pupated uninfected larvae in the in infected larvae or continues into subsequent control (Table 2). generations probably depends on the quantity This implies that the susceptibility of larvae to of the virus administered and of course on the the virus did not decrease from the 1st to the 4th in- larval instar which became infected. Stará et al. star (only mortality rates in the larvae decreased) (2007) discovered a strong persistence of AdorGV because if individuals did not die as larvae, they in surviving larvae after direct treatment with

Table 4. Comparison between the number of larvae that died in the same instar in which they were infected by virus AdorGV and the number of larvae that died in that instar of each control

Infected Uninfected control proportion from total larvae proportion from total number of number of dead mortality (%) of larvae that larvae mortality (%) of Difference Instar dead larvae in larvae in each died in the same instar in larvae that died in the same each cup (total) cup (total) which they were infected instar in the control variant 1st 5, 5, 5, 5, 5 (25) 100 3, 3, 4, 4, 3 (17) 100 ++ 2nd 2, 3, 3, 2, 2 (12) 50 0, 1, 1, 0, 1 (3) 100 ++ 3th 0, 1, 0, 0, 1 (2) 11 0, 0, 1, 0, 0 (0) 33 – 4th 0, 1, 0, 0, 0 (1) 10 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 (0) 0 – 5th 1, 1, 0, 1, 0 (3) 100 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 (0) 0 –

– insignificant difference (α = 0.05); + moderately significant difference (α = 0.05); ++ highly significant difference (α = 0.01)

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AdorGV in apple orchards, causing high mortality Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica, of larvae in subsequent generations (after the 2nd 27: 165–176. or 3rd year of AdorGV treatment, the population Cunningham J.C., Knaupp W.J., Howse G.M. (1991): density of A. orana was reduced to zero in each Development of nuclear polyhedrosis virus for control of three treated orchards). of gypsy (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in Ontario. The results of this study imply that the effect of I. Aerial spray trials in 1998. Canadian Entomologist, AdorGV on reducing the population of Adoxophyes 123: 601–609. orana among subsequent generations is greater Geest V.D., Evenhuis H.H. (1991): Tortricid Pests, than published up to now. In addition to the virus their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control. Elsevier causing high mortality rates in larvae infected in Science Publisher, Amsterdam. the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th instar, it also causes high Fuxa J.R. (1987): Ecological considerations for the use mortality rates in pupae developed from surviving of entomopathogens in IPM. Annual Review of Ento- larvae. Furthermore, results of this study show mology, 32: 225–251. that the virus increases the sensitivity of newly Ito Y., Shiga M., Oho N., Nakazawa H. (1977): A hatched larvae and larvae of the 1st and 2nd instar granulosis virus, possible biological agent for control (with decreasing effectiveness) to unfavourable of Adoxophyes orana (Lepidoptera, ) in conditions and thus reduces their vitality. apple orchards. III. A preliminary model for popula- tion management. Researches on Population Ecology, Acknowledgements. I would like to thank František 19: 33–50. Kocourek for creating optimal working conditions at Kabaluk T., Gazdik K. (2005): Directory of microbial the Department of Entomology of the Crop Research pesticides for agricultural crops in OECD Countries. Institute, Prague-Ruzyně. Available at http://www.agr.gc.ca/env/pdf/cat_e.pdf Kocourek F., Pultar O., Stará J. (2007): Comparison References of the efficacy of AdorGV and chemical insecticides against summer fruit tortrix (Adoxophyes orana) in Aizawa K., Nakazato Y. (1963): Diagnosis of diseases commercial apple orchards in the Czech Republic. in insects: 1959–1962. Musei, 37: 155–158. OILB/WPRS Bulletin, 30: 171–176. Andermatt M. (1991): Field efficacy and environmen- Kundu J.K., Stará J., Kocourek F., Pultar O. (2003): tal persistence of the granulosis viruses of summer Polymerase chain reaction assay for Cydia pomonella fruit tortrix, Adoxophyes orana. IOBC/WPRS Bulletin, granulovirus detection in Cydia pomonella popula- 14: 73–74. tion. Acta Virologica, 47: 153–157. Andermatt M. (2005): Available at http://www.biocon- Luisier N., Benz G. (1994): Improving the efficiency trol.ch/images/CAPEX®%20leaflet.pdf of the granulosis virus of Adoxophyes orana F. v. R. Ankersmit G.W., Rabbinge R., Dijkman H. (1977): for microbiological control. OILB/SROP Bulletin, Studies on the sterile-male technique as a means of 17: 273. control of Adoxophyes orana (Lepidoptera, Tortrici- Morgan D. (1991): The sensitivity of simulation models dae). 4. Technical and economic aspects of mass-rear- to temperature changes. OEPP/EPPO Bulletin, 21: ing. Netherland Journal of Pathology, 83: 27–39. 393–397. Asano S. (2005): Ultraviolet protection of granulovirus Moscardi F. (1999): Assessment of the application product using iron oxide. Applied Entomology and of baculoviruses for control of Lepidoptera. Annual Zoology, 40: 359–364. Review of Entomology, 44: 257–289. Blissard G.W., Rohrmann G.F. (1990): Baculovirus Oho N. (1975): Possible utilization of a granolosis virus diversity and molecular biology. Annual Review of for control of Adoxophyes orana Fischer von Roesler- Entomology, 35: 127–155. stamm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in apple orchards. Boucias D.G., Abbas M.S.T., Rathbone L., Hostetler JIBP Synthesis (Tokio), 7: 61–68. N. (1987): Predators as potential dispersal agents of Rohrmann G.F. (1992): Baculovirus structural proteins. the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Anticarsia gem- Journal of General Virology, 73: 749–761. matalis (Lep.: Noctuidae) in soybean. Entomophaga, Sekita N. (1996): A granulosis virus as a control agent of 32: 97–108. Adoxophyes orana fasciata Walshingam (Lepidoptera: Charmilot P.J. (1992): Progress and prospects for selec- Tortricidae) in apple orchards. FFTC Book Series, 47: tive means of controlling tortricid pests of orchards. 125–130.

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Shiga M., Yamada H., Oho N., Nakazawa H., Ito Y. Winstanley D., O’Reilly D.R. (1999): Granuloviruses. (1973): A granulosis virus, possible biological agent In: Webster R., Granoff A. (eds): The Encyclopedia for control of Adoxophyes orana (Lepidoptera: Tort- of Virology. Vol. 1. 2nd Ed. Academic Press, London: ricidae) in apple orchards. II. Semipersistent effect of 140–146. artificial dissemination into an apple orchard. Journal Yamada H., Oho N. (1973): A granulosis virus, possi- of Invertebrate Pathology, 21: 149–157. ble biological agent for control of Adoxophyes orana Stará J., Bohdanecká D., Kocourek F., Pultar O., (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in apple orchards. I. Mass Kundu J.K. (2007): Evaluation of biological efficacy production. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 21: of Adoxophyes orana granulovirus on the reduction 144–148. of Adoxophyes orana population by PCR detection. Received for publication February 15, 2006 OILB/WPRS Bulletin 30: 177–180. Accepted after corrections August 27, 2007 For colour figures see http://www.journals.uzpi.cz/web/PPS

Corresponding author: Ing. Karel Pepperný, Ministerstvo zemědělství, odbor potravinářské výroby a legislativy, Těšnov 17, 117 05 Praha 1, Česká republika tel.: + 420 221 812 254, fax: + 420 222 314 117, e-mail: [email protected]

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