The Quakers of County Tipperary 1655-1924
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•11111111 NUI MAYNOOTH THE QUAKERS OF COUNTY TIPPERARY 1655~1924 by MICHAEL AHERN THESIS FOR THE DEGREE OF M.LITT./PH.D. DEPARTMENT OF MODERN IDSTORY NATIO NAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND MAYNOOTH HEAD OF DEPARTMENT: Professor R. V. Comerford Supervisor of Research: Professor J. Hill March, 2003 Contents page Acknowledgements V Abbreviations Vl List of Maps vn List of Tables Vlll List of Appendices X Introduction 1 Chapter 1 Quakerism and its evolution in County Tipperary 1655-1719 14 Chapter2 Demography and distribution 1655-1924 42 Demography 42 The Fennell and Grubb families - a demographic micro-study 62 Distribution 72 i:1655-1700 72 ii:1701-1756 92 iii:1757-1860 95 iv: 1861-1924 102 The marriage contact fields of Tipperary Quakers 105 Chapter3 Tipperary Quakers and agriculture 1655-1906 112 i:c.1655-c. l 740 112 ii:1740s-c.1815 131 iii:c.1815-1906 137 The Fennells - a case study 148 Chapter4 Tipperary Quakers in milling and textiles 169 Quakers: business ethics and values 169 The impact of the Quakers on the industrial life of Tipperary 184 Quakers in milling and textiles c.1655-1814 187 Woollen indu stry c.1655 - 1814 188 Cotton industry 1788-c. l 795 194 Com milling c. 1772-1814 195 Quakers in milling and textiles 1815-184 6 211 Corn milling 1815-1846 212 Cotton industry 1825-1846 218 Linen industry 1826-c.1830 219 Quakers in milling and textiles 184 7-1913 220 Corn milling 184 7-1913 220 Cotton indust ry 1847-1877 225 The Quaker industrial legacy in Tipperary 225 Chapter 5 Tipperary Quakers: other commercial ventures 230 Businesses derived from agricultu re 231 The provision trade 238 Iron and brass foundries 240 The Suir Steam Navigation Company 242 Banking 244 Insurance 247 Annuity companies 250 River transport and shipping 253 Railways 256 Gas 258 Other interests 259 The Quaker family business 261 ii The Malcomson family 268 The Quaker contribution to the commercial life of County Tipperary 272 Commercial differences among various Quaker communities 273 Chapter6 Pacifism, public life and philanthropy 179 The shift to pacifism 279 Public life 297 Philanthropy 314 Chapter 7 The Quaker way of life 338 Introduction 338 Education 340 Apprenticeship 350 Employment 353 Marriage 355 Clothes 361 Houses and furnishing 364 Birth and family names 370 Leisure 372 Leaving home 381 Burial 382 A changing world 383 Some prominent Tipperary female members 385 Contrasting lifestyles 392 111 Chapters The fluctuating fortunes of the Tipperary Quaker community 1655-1924 397 Conclusion 424 Bibliography 435 iv Acknowledgements I would like to thank the following who helped me in a variety of ways: Eanna Condon, Richard Harrison, Nicholas Grubb, Peter Lamb , Margaret O'Connor, Liam 6 Duibhlr and Carmel Quinlan. I would also like to thank Mary Shackleton (curator ), Belinda Jacob , Verity Murdock and Betty Pearson of the Friends' Historical Libraiy, Dublin. I am particularly grateful to my wife, Deirdre, for her encouragement , and for her company on my many travels. Above all, I am indebted to my supervisor, Dr. J. Hill who made this undertaking such a rewarding experience. V Abbreviations ClonmelAdvertiser C.A. Cionmel Chronicle c.c. Clonmel Gazette C.G. Clonmel Herald C.H. Clonmel Nationalist C.N. Friends' Historical Library, Dublin F.H.L.D . Journal of the Cork Historical and Archaeological Society J.C.H.A.S. Journal of the Friend's Historical Society J.J,:H.S. Journal of the Irish House of Commons Commons'jn. (Jre.) National Archives N.A. National Library N.L.l. Records of the Dublin Meeting R.D.M. Records of the Mountmellick Meeting R.M.M. Records of the Tipperary Meeting R.T.M. Records of the Waterford Meeting R.W.M. Registry of Deeds R.D. 'J'ipperaryConstitution 1:c. Tipperary Free Press T.FP. Tippera,y Historical Journal T.H.J. V1 Maps 1:1 Provision of graveyards and meeting houses in County Tipperary, 1661-1866 34 2:1 Distribution of the Quaker community in County Tipperary in 1700 86 3: 1 Fennell lands in south Tippera1y 151 4:1 Quaker mills in Clonmel and district 1752-1912 198 4:2 Quaker mills in Clogheen and district c.1784-c.1889 203 4:3 Quaker mills in Cahir and district 1772-1876 205 4:4 Quaker mills in Roscrea 1785-early l 800s 208 vu Tables 1:1 Clonmel meeting house subscription list, 1699 35 1:2 Tipperary town meeting house subscription list, 1708 36 2:1 Identifiable number of births and deaths for Tipperary Quakers and neighbouring meetings, 1650-1925 47 2:2a Estimated Quaker population in County Tipperary for selected years, 1700-185 l 50 2:2b The recorded Quaker population in Tipperary for selected years, 1861-1922 51 2:3 Identifiable number of County Tipperary Quakers who married 55 2:4 Identifiable number of County Tipperary Quakers who remained unmarried 54 2:5 Identifiable marriage age of Quakers (first marriages) 55 2:6 Average completed family size of identifiable County Tipperary Quakers 57 2:7 Infant mortality (death before age of one) 58 2:8 Identifiable ages of death of County Tipperary Quakers 60 2:9 Births and deaths of Fennells and Grubbs 64 2:10 Number of Fennells and Grubbs who married or remained unmarried 66 2: 1J Average marriage ages ofFennells and Grubbs 67 2:12 Average completed family size ofFennells and Grubbs 68 2:13 Infant mortality of Fennells and Gmbbs 69 2:14 Ages of death of Fennells and Grubbs 70 2:15 Identifiable origins of County Tipperary Quakers coming directly from England, 1650-1880 77 2:16 Identifiable number of Quaker families coming to County Tipperary from other parts of Ireland, 1660s- l 870s 83 2:17 Settlement areas for Irish Quakers families in County Tipperary, 1650-1899 90 Vlll 2:18 Value of tithes exacted from County Tipperary Quakers and the Irish Quaker community, 1700-1705 92 2:19 Garryroan meeting house subscription list, 1787 98 2:20 Cahlr meeting house subscription list, 1833 99 2:21 Identifiable origins of County Tipperary Quaker spouses, 1657-1908 106 3: 1 Lands held by Tipperary Quakers according to Griffith valuation c. 1850 143 3:2 Tipperary Quaker landowners, 1878 147 3:3 The Fennell family of County Tipperary - a select male genealogy 149 IX Appendices 3: 1 List of sufferings 1704 163 3:2 List of sufferings 1787 165 3:3 List of sufferings 1788 167 X The Quakers of County Tipperary 1655-1924 Introduction The Quaker connection with County Tipperary lasted from their arrival shortly after the middle of the seventeenth century to the closure of their last meeting houses in Carrick-on-Suir and Clonmel in 1924. This thesis examines their history and attempts to evaluate the contribution they made to their adopted county. George Bancroft (1800- 89), an American historian, has stated that 'the rise of the people called Quakers is one of the memorable events in the history of man'. 1 However extravagant this claim, Voltaire, to whom religion meant leading a good and useful life, observed of the Quakers 'the doctrines and history of such unusual people were worthy of the curiosity of a reasonable man'. 2 Although he mocked their quaint speech and comical clothing, he was attracted to their plain lifestyle and to their simple moral and spiritual values. Previous studies of Irish Quakers have focused on communities that were either exclusively urban or rural. However, the Tipperary Quakers throughout their history always consisted of both fanners and traders. Hence this thesis, which examines that community, marks a new departure in Irish Quaker studies. There have been many studies of Irish Quaker urban communities, including Harrison's study of 'Dublin Quakers' 3 and Lovett's 'Limerick's Quakers'. 4 Two books, one by Harrison 5 and the other co-ordinated by O'Keeffe, 6 deal with the Cork and Mountmellick urban communities respectively. The major work on a rural community is 1 cited in D. Elton Trueblood. 1he people called Quakers (New York, 1966), p. 1 2 Leonard Tancock (trans.) of Francis Voltaire, Letters on England (London, 1980), p. 23. 3 Richard Harrison, 'Dublin Quakers in business 1800-1850' unpublished M.Litt. thesis (TCD, 1988). 4 M. P. Lovett, 'The Quakers of Limerick 1655-1900', unpublished MA thesis (University of Limerick, 1999). 5 Richard Harrison, Cork city Quakers: a brief history 1655-1939 (Published privately, 1991). 6 Regina O'Keeffe ( co-ordinator), The Quakers C?fMountmellick (Mountmellick, 1994). a thesis by O'Haire 7 on the Carlow Quakers. There are also a number of articles on various Quaker communities. These include two by Bennis8 on Waterford and Limerick Quakers and a further two by Harrison, one on the Quaker settlement in Charleville, and the other dealing with Bandon and west Cork. 9 Lunham concentrates on the early Cork Quaker community. 10 Comerford traces the fortunes of the Kilkenny Quakers, 11 while Goodbody focuses on the Quakers in Wexford. 12 These articles do little more than trace the Quaker connection with the area in question; no effort is made to assess their contribution to or their impact on their chosen community. The Quakers differed from other dissenting groups of the Reformation in having no dogma, hierarchy, sacraments or professional clergy. The care of their membership, their egalitarian treatment ofwome~ their maintenance of certain so"called 'testimonies' against tithes, oaths and military service, contributed towards the unique character of Quakerism. Their distinctive way of life, marked by peculiarities of speech and dress, further distinguished them from their contemporaries. They set up a system of meetings for worship and for church affairs based on democratic principles, which oftered the widest scope for personal liberty.