Developing Infrastructure to Charge Plug-In Electric Vehicles

Consumers and fleets considering plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and all-electric vehicles (EVs) benefit from access to charging stations, also known as EVSE ( supply equipment). For most drivers, this starts with charging at home or at fleet facilities. Charging stations at workplaces and public destinations may also bolster market acceptance. Community leaders can find out more about getting ready for plug-in vehicles from Clean Cities PEV vehicle community readiness projects or by conducting PEV readiness planning. The EVI-Pro Lite tool is also available to estimate the quantity and type of electric vehicle charging infrastructure necessary to support regional adoption of electric vehicles by state or city/urban area

Charging Equipment Charging equipment for plug-in electric vehicles (PHEVs or EVs) is classified by the rate at which the batteries are charged. Charging times vary based on how depleted the battery is, how much energy it holds, the type of battery, and the type of charging equipment. The charging time can range from less than 20 minutes to 20 hours or more, depending on these factors.

Future AC Charging Options An additional standard (SAE J3068) is under development for higher rates of AC charging using three- phase power, which is common at commercial and industrial locations in the United States. Some components of the standard will be adapted from the European three-phase charging standards and specified for North American AC grid voltages and requirements. In the U.S., the common three-phase voltages are typically 208/120 V, 480/277 V. The standard will target power levels between 6kW and 130kW. In addition, the Department of Energy’s (DOE) Vehicle Technologies Office is pursuing research that will bridge the technology gaps associated with implementing an extreme fast charging network in the United States

Inductive Charging equipment, which uses an electromagnetic field to transfer electricity to a PEV without a cord, has been recently introduced commercially for installation as an aftermarket add-on. Currently available wireless charging stations operate at power levels comparable to AC Level 2, though this technology has been used in other countries at higher power levels for mass transit operations.

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AC Level 1 Charging AC Level 2 Charging DC Fast Charging

2 to 5 miles of range per 10 to 20 miles of range per 60 to 80 miles of range per 1 hour of charging 1 hour of charging 20 minutes of charging

J1772 combo

J1772 charge port J1772 charge port AC Level 1 equipment (often referred to AC Level 2 equipment (often referred to simply as Level 1) provides charging simply as Level 2) offers charging through a 120 volt (V) AC plug. Most, if through 240V (typical in residential not all, plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) applications) or 208V (typical in CHAdeMO will come with an AC Level 1 cordset, commercial applications) electrical so no additional charging equipment is service. Most homes have 240V service Tesla required. On one end of the cord is a available, and because AC Level 2 combo standard NEMA connector, (for equipment can charge a typical EV example, a NEMA 5-15, which is a battery overnight, it will commonly be common three-prong household plug) installed at EV owners' homes for home and on the other end is an SAE J1772 charging. Level 2 equipment is also standard connector. The SAE J1772 commonly used for public charging. connector plugs in to the car’s J1772 This charging option can operate at up charge port, and the NEMA connector to 80 amperes and 19.2 kW. However, plugs in to a standard NEMAwall outlet. most residential AC Level 2 equipment Direct-current (DC) fast charging operates at lower power. Many of these equipment, sometimes called DC Level AC Level 1 is typically used for units operate at up to 30 amperes, 2 (typically 208/480V AC three-phase charging when there is only a 120V delivering 7.2 kW of power. These units input), enables rapid charging along outlet available but can easily provide require a dedicated 40-amp circuit. heavy traffic corridors at installed charging for all of a driver's needs. For stations. There are three types of DC example, 8 hours of charging at 120V AC Level 2 equipment uses the same fast charging systems, depending on can replenish about 40 miles of electric SAE J1772 connector and charge port the type of charge port on the vehicle: a range for a mid-size PEV. that Level 1 equipment uses. All J1772 combo, CHAdeMO, or Tesla. commercially available PEVs have the

ability to charge using AC Level 1 and The J1772 combo (also known as the AC Level 2 charging equipment. or CCS) Although Tesla vehicles do not have a connector is used by Chevrolet and J1772 charge port, Tesla does sell an BMW and is unique because a driver adapter. can use the same charge port when

charging with Level 1, 2, or DC Fast equipment. The only difference is that

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the DC Fast Charge connector has two additional bottom pins.

The CHAdeMO connector is the most common of the three connector types and is used by , Mitsubishi, and .

Tesla vehicles have a unique charge port and connector that works for all their charging options including their fast charging option, called a supercharger.

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