Oryx Vol 35 No 3 July 2001 An overview of the status and conservation of the red panda Ailurus fulgens in India, with reference to its global status Anwaruddin Choudhury Abstract The current status and distribution of the on the lowest recorded average density and the total red panda Ailurus fulgens in the wild is poorly known. area of potential habitat suggests that the global popu- The subspecies fulgens is found in the Himalaya in lation of red pandas is about 16,000-20,000. Habitat loss Nepal, India, Bhutan, northern Myanmar and south- and poaching, in that order, are the major threats. In this west China, and the subspecies styani occurs further to paper the distribution, status and conservation prob- the east in south-central China. The red panda is an lems of the red panda, especially in India, are reviewed, animal of subtropical and temperate forests, with the and appropriate conservation measures recommended, exception of Meghalaya in India, where it is also found including the protection of named areas and the exten- in tropical forests. In the wild, red pandas take a largely sion of some existing protected areas. vegetarian diet consisting chiefly of bamboo. The extent of occurrence of the red panda in India is about Keywords Ailurus fulgens, Himalaya, India, Megha- 170,000 sq km, although its area of occupancy within laya, red panda. this may only be about 25,000 sq km. An estimate based variation indicate that there are at least three red panda Introduction haplotypes, one of subspecies styani and two of subspe- The red or lesser panda Ailurus fulgens F. Cuvier (1825) cies fulgens (Glenn, pers. comm. in Sarich, 1976; Roberts, is one of only two species of pandas, the other being the 1996). giant panda Ailuropoda melanoleuca David (1869) found In the wild, red pandas have a largely vegetarian diet only in China. Despite their popular names the two consisting of young leaves and shoots of bamboo (their species are not closely related, and the red panda is now staple diet), fruits, roots, succulent grasses, acorns and generally placed in the monotypic family Ailuridae lichens, and occasionally bird eggs, insects and grubs. (Glatston, 1994), although it has also been placed in the Captive animals have shown particular interest in sweet- family Procyonidae. Compared with the giant panda, ened food and readily eat meat. The genera of bamboo the red panda is smaller, has a longer tail and a different that are most widely consumed include Arundinaria, body colour, and the soles of its feet are covered in a Phyllostachys, Thamnocalamus, Chimonobambusa, Semiarun- dense mat of wool. Although this attractive mammal is dinaria, Pseudostachyum, and Qiongzhuea (Kockef al., 1989; well known to zoo visitors, its status and distribution in Warnell et al, 1989; A. Choudhury, pers. obs.). the wild are poorly known. The 2000 IUCN Red List (Hilton-Taylor, 2000) There are two subspecies, the nominate A, f. fulgens, categorizes the red panda as endangered on the basis which occurs in the Himalaya in Nepal, India, Bhutan, of criteria C2a; i.e. that the population is estimated to northern Myanmar and China (southern Tibet and be <2500 mature individuals (C), and that there is a western Yunnan), and A. f. styani, which is found continuing decline in numbers and population struc- further east in south-central China (Sichuan and Yun- ture (2), with severe fragmentation, and with no nan). The Salween (Nu Jiang) river probably separates subpopulation estimated to contain >250 mature indi- the two subspecies. The subspecies styani is distinguish- viduals (a). However, there has been no comprehen- able by its longer winter coat, darker body colour, larger sive review of the status and conservation of the red skull, and more robust teeth (Ellerman & Morrison- panda. In this paper, I review the species' distribution, Scott, 1966; Corbet & Hill, 1992; Wei et al, 1998). status and conservation problems, with particular Mitochondrial DNA studies examining levels of allelic reference to India, and make recommendations for appropriate conservation measures. Information obtained from published and unpublished sources and Anwaruddin Choudhury T-he Rhino Foundation, c/o The Assam Co. Ltd, personal communications is referenced as appropriate, G. Bordoloi Path, Bamunimaidam, Guwahati 781021, Assam, India. and all other information provided is a result of the E-mail: [email protected] surveys described below. Revised manuscript accepted for publication 15 March 2001 250 ) 2001 FFI, Oryx, 35(3), 250-259 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.35.93, on 24 Sep 2021 at 21:50:45, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.2001.00181.x The red panda in India 251 The presence or absence of the red panda in an area Surveys was ascertained by sightings (nine occasions in Aruna- Review of the red panda's status in India is based on an chal Pradesh), droppings (at four sites in Arunachal extensive programme of field surveys in potential Pradesh), examination of preserved skins (five in habitat (as part of a broader survey of wildlife in Arunachal Pradesh and two in Meghalaya) and a stuffed general), examination of preserved specimens, and specimen (from Bhutan), and live specimens (seven in interviews with villagers, hunters, graziers and forest Arunachal Pradesh) in captivity in villages. Surveys officials. I conducted surveys in Arunachal Pradesh in were made both during the day and continuing after 1990 (April, July), 1991 (March), 1992 (September, dusk, on foot along paths and trails, and sometimes also December), 1993 (January-March, May, June, August, by vehicle along roads and motorable tracks. It should December), 1994 (January-April, October, November), be noted that the shy and secretive nature of the red 1995 (April), 1997 (November), 1998 (April, July, panda, and its largely nocturnal habits, make observa- August, November), 1999 (April, July, October, Decem- tions difficult. Daytime observations were made with ber) and 2000 (May, October), in Meghalaya in 1995 the aid of binoculars and 10 x 50 and 10 x 46 telescopes. (October), 1996 (April), 1997 (April), 1998 (August) and 2000 (December), in northern West Bengal in 1995 (June, July, October, November), 1996 (August, September, Distribution December), and 1999 (May), and on the borders with The red panda is found in the Himalaya in Nepal, India, Sikkim in 1995 (July), making a total of 147 days in the Bhutan, Myanmar and southern China, with a disjunct field. Data for areas outside India were obtained mostly population on the Meghalaya Plateau of north-eastern from published sources, supplemented by short visits. I India (Fig. 1). Its westernmost occurrence is in Mugu conducted surveys, totalling 16 days, in Bhutan in 1985 District, western Nepal (82°E), and its easternmost in the (October), 1986 (March), 1996 (January, March, April, Minshan Mountains and upper Min Valley of Sichuan November) and 2000 (May, June, September), in Nepal Province, south-central China (104°E). The north-south in 1996 (February, December), and in northern Myan- extent of its distribution is narrower, from southern mar in 1994 (February). parts of the Gaoligong Shan on the Myanmar-China i I •-.....-- -.90 100 110 0 400 km -v TIBET SICHUAN .--"' 30- CHINA ., INDIA i " ' (BANGLADESH/ 1 Sf YUNNAN ' •-; Tropic of Cancer _ _ _ -20 \ MYANMAR VA_ '^^X ""j^ 20- \ r N 90 ) { U^V> 100 l\\ 11° t Fig. 1 The global distribution (shaded area) of the red panda Ailurus fulgens. © 2001 FFI, Oryx, 35(3), 250-259 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.35.93, on 24 Sep 2021 at 21:50:45, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.2001.00181.x 252 A. Choudhury border (25°N) to Minshan Mountains and upper Min Although formerly distributed widely in central and Valley, Sichuan (33°N) (Ellerman & Morrison-Scott, south-central China, including western Sichuan and 1966; Macdonald, 1984; Corbet & Hill, 1992; Choudhury, Yunnan, southern Shanxi and Gansu, northern Guizhou, 1997). and in south-west Tibet and Qinghai Provinces, the In Nepal it is found in eight out of the country's 14 species is today confined to parts of Sichuan, Yunnan Zones: Karnali, Dhaulagiri, Gandaki, Bagmati, Janakpur, and Tibet (Feng et al, 1986; Wei et al, 1998). In India, the Sagarmatha, Kosi and Mechi. It might also occur in two red panda is confined to the north-east in Sikkim, more zones, Bheri and Rapati (Department of National northern West Bengal and Arunachal Pradesh, with an Parks & Wildlife Conservation, Nepal). In Bhutan it is isolated population in Meghalaya (Fig. 2) (Finn, 1929; found all along the Middle Himalaya and the slopes of Prater, 1948; Gee, 1964; Choudhury, 1996, 1997). Its the Greater Himalaya. There are recent sightings from distribution range in individual states is as follows: Jigme Dorji and Thrumshing La National Parks (U. Lhendup, pers. comm.), and I examined a stuffed specimen from Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary. In Myanmar Sikkim the species is restricted to the northern mountains The red panda is found in all districts. In protected areas bordering India and China, especially Gaoligong Shan it has been recorded by the Forest Department in and areas north of Putao (Rabinowitz & Khaing, 1998). Kangchendzonga National Park, and Fambong Lho, CHINA MYANMAR (BURMA) Fig. 2 The distribution (shaded area) of the red panda Ailurus fulgens in India. © 2001 FFI, Oryx, 35(3), 250-259 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.35.93, on 24 Sep 2021 at 21:50:45, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms.