MOLECULAR BREEDING OF FORAGE AND TURF Developments in Plant Breeding VOLUME 11 The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume. Molecular Breeding of Forage and Turf Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium, Molecular Breeding of Forage and Turf, Dallas, Texas, and Ardmore, Oklahoma, U.S.A., May, 18–22, 2003 Edited by ANDREW HOPKINS ZENG-YU WANG ROUF MIAN MARY SLEDGE Forage Improvement Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma, U.S.A. and REED E. BARKER USDA-ARS, Narional, Forage Seed Production Center, Corvallis, Oregon, U.S.A. KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS NEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW eBook ISBN: 1-4020-2591-2 Print ISBN: 1-4020-1867-3 ©2004 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc. Print ©2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht All rights reserved No part of this eBook may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher Created in the United States of America Visit Springer's eBookstore at: http://www.ebooks.kluweronline.com and the Springer Global Website Online at: http://www.springeronline.com Samuel Roberts NOBLE Foundation This page intentionally left blank TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface xi Overview of Forage and Turf Biotechnology Molecular Improvement of Forages − from Genomics to GMOs 1 R. A. Dixon Tolerance to Biotic Stress Molecular Breeding and Functional Genomics for Tolerance to Biotic Stress 21 M. Fujimori, K. Hayashi, M. Hirata, S. Ikeda, Y.Takahashi, Y. Mano, H. Sato, T. Takamizo, K. Mizuno, T. Fujiwara and S. Sugita QTL Mapping of Gray Leaf Spot Resistance in Ryegrass, and Synteny-based Comparison with Rice Blast Resistance Genes in Rice 37 J. Curley, S. C. Sim, G. Jung, S. Leong, S. Warnke and R. E. Barker Differential Gene Expression in Bermudagrass Associated with Resistance to a Fungal Pathogen 47 A. C. Guenzi and Y. Zhang Genetic Diversity and Pathogenicity of the Grass Pathogen Xanthomonas translucens pv. Graminis 53 R. Kölliker, R. Krähenbühl, F. X. Schubiger and F. Widmer Tolerance to Abiotic Stress Molecular Breeding and Functional Genomics for Tolerance to Abiotic Stress 61 M. W. Humphreys, J. Humphreys, I. Donnison, I. P. King, H. M. Thomas, M. Ghesquière, J-L. Durand, O. A. Rognli, Z. Zwierzykowski and M. Rapacz vii viii Application of AFLP and GISH Techniques for Identification of Festuca Chromosome Segments Conferring Winter Hardiness in a Lolium perenne x Festuca pratensis Population 81 S. Grønnerød, S. Fjellheim, M. W. Humphreys, L. Østrem, P. H. Canter, Z. Grieg, Ø. Jørgensen, A. Larsen and O. A. Rognli A Functional Genomics Approach for Identification of Heat Tolerance Genes in Tall Fescue 87 Y. Zhang, J. C. Zwonitzer, K. Chekhovskiy, G. D. May and M. A. R. Mian Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping of Winter Hardiness Metabolites in Autotetraploid Alfalfa (M. sativa) 97 B. Alarcón Zúñiga, P. Scott, K. J. Moore, D. Luth and E. C. Brummer Flowering and Reproductive Development Molecular Genetics and Modification of Flowering and Reproductive Development 105 D. Rosellini Identification and Mapping of Self-incompatibility Related Genes in Lolium perenne 127 I. Van Daele, E. Van Bockstaele and I. Roldán-Ruiz Genomics of Plant-Symbiont Relations Functional Analysis of the Perennial Ryegrass − Epichloë Endophyte Interaction 133 B. Scott Gene Discovery and Microarray-Based Transcriptome Analysis in Grass Endophytes 145 S. Felitti, K. Shields, M. Ramsperger, T. Webster, B. Ong, T. Sawbridge and G. Spangenberg Genetic Diversity in the Perennial Ryegrass Fungal Endophyte Neotyphodium lolii 155 E. Van Zijll de Jong, N. R. Bannan, J. Batley, K. M. Guthridge, G. C. Spangenberg, K. F. Smith and J. W. Forster ix Improvement for Animal, Human and Environmental Welfare Molecular Breeding for Animal, Human and Environmental Welfare 165 M. O. Humphreys and M. T. Abberton Improving Forage Quality of Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea) by Genetic Manipulation of Lignin Biosynthesis 181 L. Chen, C. K. Auh, P. Dowling, J. Bell and Z. Y. Wang Cloning of Red Clover and Alfalfa Polyphenol Oxidase Genes and Expression of Active Enzymes in Transgenic Alfalfa 189 M. Sullivan, S. Thoma, D. Samac and R. Hatfield Development and Application of Molecular Technologies in Forage and Turf Improvement Molecular Marker-Based Genetic Analysis of Pasture and Turf Grasses 197 J. W. Forster, E. S. Jones, J. Batley and K. F. Smith EST-SSRs for Genetic Mapping in Alfalfa 239 M. Sledge, I. Ray and M. A. R. Mian Controlling Transgene Escape in Genetically Modified Grasses 245 H. Luo, Q. Hu, K. Nelson, C. Longo and A. P. Kausch Comparison of Transgene Expression Stability after Agrobacterium- mediated or Biolistic Gene Transfer into Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) 255 F. Altpeter, Y. D. Fang, J. P. Xu and X. R. Ma Bioinformatics Bioinformatics: Bringing Data to a Usable Form for Breeders 261 H. J. Ougham and L. S. Huang Data Integration and Target Selection for Medicago Genomics 275 L. Wang and Y. Zhang Population and Quantitative Genetics Population and Quantitative Genetic Aspects of Molecular Breeding 289 J. W. Dudley x AFLP-marker Analyses of Genetic Structure in Nordic Meadow Fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.) – Tracing the Origin of Norwegian Cultivars and Local Populations 303 S. Fjellheim, Z. Grieg and O. A. Rognli Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis of Genetic Structure Within White Clover Populations 309 D. L. Gustine Dissection of Heterosis in Alfalfa Hybrids 315 H. Riday and E. C. Brummer Functional Genomics and Genome Sequencing of Medicago truncatula From Models to Crops: Integrated Medicago Genomics for Alfalfa Improvement 325 G. D. May Sequencing Gene Rich Regions of Medicago truncatula, a Model Legume 333 B. A. Roe and D. M. Kupfer Field Test, Risk Assessment and Biosafety Agricultural Biotechnology and Environmental Risks: A Program Perspective 345 D. L. Sheely Field Evaluation of Transgenic White Clover with AMV Immunity and Development of Elite Transgenic Germplasm 359 M. Emmerling, P. Chu, K. Smith, R. Kalla and G. Spangenberg Field Evaluation and Risk Assessment of Transgenic Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea) Plants 367 Z. Y. Wang, A. Hopkins, R. Lawrence, J. Bell and M. Scott Intellectual Property Rights Protecting Plant Inventions 381 R. Hanson and S. Highlander Preface Forage grasses and forage legumes are critical to livestock industries throughout the world. They play a major role in providing high quality roughage for the economical production of meat, milk and fiber products, and are important in soil conservation and environmental protection. Besides being used as forage, some of the grasses are grown specifically for turf or amenity purposes on sports fields, golf courses, parks, lawns and roadsides. Turf grasses contribute considerably to our environment by adding beauty to the surroundings, providing a safe playing surface for sports and recreation, and preventing erosion. Genetic improvement is one of the most effective ways to increase productivity of forage and turf. Due to the biological complexity of forage and turf species and the associated difficulties encountered by traditional breeding methods, the potential of molecular breeding for the development of improved cultivars is evident. The joint efforts of molecular biologists, plant breeders and scientists in related disciplines will make the available biotechnological methods useful for accelerating forage and turf improvement. The 3rd International Symposium on Molecular Breeding of Forage and Turf was held May 18-22, 2003, in Dallas, Texas and Ardmore, Oklahoma. The Conference was hosted by The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation in cooperation with Texas A&M University. Attendees included breeders, molecular biologists, geneticists, agronomists and biochemists from sixteen countries. The program featured plenary addresses from leading international speakers, selected oral presentations, volunteered poster presentations, as well as tours of the Noble Foundation in Ardmore, Oklahoma, and the Texas A&M Agricultural Research and Extension Center in Dallas. This book includes papers from the plenary lectures and selected oral presentations of the Conference. A wide variety of themes are included and a collection of authoritative reports provided on the recent progress and understanding of molecular technologies and their application in plant improvement. Almost all relevant areas in molecular breeding of forage and turf, from gene discovery to the development of improved cultivars, are discussed in the proceedings. The 3rd International Symposium on Molecular Breeding of Forage and Turf and the publication of this volume, Molecular Breeding of Forage and Turf, have been supported by the Noble Foundation, Texas A&M University, National Science Foundation, USDA-ARS, U.S. Golf Association, Texas xi xii Turfgrass Association, Controlled Environments Ltd. (Conviron), PhytoTechnology Laboratories L.L.C., The Scotts Co., Qiagen Inc., Monsanto Co., Forage and Grassland Foundation, Grass Breeders Conference, American Forage and Grassland Council, Crop Science Society of America and North American Alfalfa Improvement Conference. We express our sincere thanks for their sponsorship and support. We thank Mervyn Humphreys, Odd Arne Rognli, German Spangenberg and Hotoshi Nakagawa of the International Organizing Committee, as well as Milt Engelke, Mark Hussey, Shan Ingram, LIoyd Sumner and Brian Unruh of the Local Organizing Committee for their contributions to the success of the conference. We are also