Founding Father. Feb/97. Fatherhood has always been a mysterious and complicated position in family & society. It may only seem so to us in these waning days of the century and the millen• nium, but from :the most anci~!1t of texts we read .that the deeds & relatshps of fathers to mothers and children are complicate~onfusing. We hear much in our time of the increasing number of fath -ers who disappear f·rom the family, and of some of them who dutifully pay child support, which is a sadly inadequate a~tivity. Others escape thei~u.2~!igations by not marrying the mothers of their children, permitting those who take their place~~ commit deeds of domestic violence which are repulsive to us all. For all the difficulties, fatherhood remains a fundamental of a sound soci• ety, and it does not come easily into our skills. It is the result of moral traininK in personal resp~sibility~and an act of will to complete the_ assignmt that biological paternity pl~ces upon us. f The tit·le· Founding F 8ther is even more undefinable and complicated. We hi_storians like to speak of founding fathe~ in the pluralr, as if our land and its political and social unde rpdri• nings were created by ~tire generation. Yet to·those who lived in the generation from 1760 to 1800, the fonnative years of independence and the national republic, knew on]g on~ Father. He was, and theyknew him to be, The Founding Father. In fact, the title was applied in 1776, six months before d:r'awn.'1 His fo.rce, a~ways-1 inferio.r to. the professional regiments of the British Army and the'"WV .-.. of the Royal Navy, could win by no other strategy. At Saratoga in 1717, the year of the 3 sevens, an ill-advised and seriously marred-campaign by the British brought 1000s of prisoners to ,, the colonials; it also· brough~ the French into·the battle, hoping to avenge their defeat in. 1763, and to recover their' American Empire. Thereafter, Washington 1 s problems arose from malcontents in his own Anny, and the difficulties of working with allies who had their own agenda and purposes. Thelllr mo~ed southward, where the British anticipated strong local suppor;t1J at King's Mountain, ·'-'at Guilford,- and- at Yorktown, a combined force of French and American troops, and the £u11· force of the French Navy, received the surrender of" the' last British !orce~~still :Lntact. · In 17 83 the peace sett.lament, .appropriately written in Paris, won independence for A.mericans, and a homeland south of the great lakes and east of the Missis·sippi Ri That same year, a few months l:;lefore he resigned his commission,he 'Wrote a Circular to t e Stat • It was his firs.i Farewell Address, .Superior in some ways tha't( was· his more familiar message n leaving the Presidency, in part at least because. Alex Hamilton did not add his editorial a dments .• , In it Washington· reviewed, in .'long, . rolling clauses, the rescurces available to citi ns in a richly'!'..endowed continent, and " the enlightened political· institutions that provide.lib y tor human·. enterprise· in developicg those ~sources. Then, like the crack of~whip, after t o sentences that contained about 200 words each, came 30 words, one sentence, that put the issue s clearly as it has ever been put. With these reseurces, and these liberties, in this auspic -us time, if the citizens are not oorJtpletely fre·e and happy, the faul:t will be entirely their o The reverberations th.at that whip-lash roll doWn the years to us, in· this place, on this ay •. It was a warning so blun~ that it was al• most a rebuke. With so many blessings, how coul he American experiment fail? The answer was easy; only if human greed and s ell!shness rende individual liberties unsafe, only tf more and more laws must be imposed to protect the weak, e poor, the ill; only if the idea of the republic --the publi.c thingi -tut .government is the ob ation of all citiiens, not· just the few who run for offiee and write the rules--only if tha dea dies, can the experiment. fail, so goodly are the prospects for success, and comfortable 1 ing, and enduring.: happiness in°l'\human lif'es. What Washington wrote in that ·first Fa.re.well Add a, written while· he was still in unifom,- still the military chie~aan of a new-born nation, is ne of the most thought-provoking moments is all of American writing. Washington said·, in 1183, t the moment of triumph, that America's political sy-stem~1Was at risk, its future problematie was at that moment that George Washington's posi- tion as Father of his .Country became area y; his military ldrshp, his tact and diplomacy in maintaining the resistance, all contributed to.'the result. But as he looked out over the co~ try, he understood that what the warfare had made possible was fragile., its· prognosis uncertai. · Human rights are grounded in- our nature; as J.efferson put it, we .are e.ndowed by the Creator wi. ~s; among them life, liberty, and the j:llrsuit of happiness. We claim them not as a gift of a_~., vernor or a legislature; they come to us in our genes, as we are born into the1-iworld. But k:eepin them, , however natural they are~ is never easy; it is not necessarily even possible. The urge to omin- ate others, to take~ the weaker or the less cunning the fruits of their labor and the at of their 'browf /is all but uncontrollable; the effort to write the tax cod.es to put the b urd s of the public's needs .upon other shoulders than our own., 18-~continuing and it is d estru.ctive f com- mllni:ty. All that//George Washington lcnew; all .thatl/he warned about, i:n his first Farewell the ·c,ountry his person, his mind, his will, made possible. For the American republic was, an re• mains, an experiaetlt, at the mel'cy of ttery. selfish whim, of every wind of political doctr ne that would appeal to the grasping thievery within us all. That Washington knew :that, and wrot s he did, makes him F.ather ·of his· country. . But that departure from office- was only temporary• His people needed his wisdom, and his judgmt, iii writittg the documents that would make~ bit tm1re cer• tain that the emperiment would succeed. Those ldr~·who saw the need'"to undo a port1on of the Rev• olutionary philosophy in order to preserve its central core, moved to provide.· a strong government at the center of the Un1on--the same entity and idea that the London Parliament. repr&sented in the 20 years before the Declaration of Independenee, and of the Cauees of taking up Arms. Founding Father, 2 They knew that however superior their formal education was, or how competently they could write an English sentence, without Washington, many of their fellow citisens would not trust their ef• fort. It was not difficult to convince the retired General at Mt. Vernon, busy with the work of the plantation, and with proposals tor a Potomac canal that would open the trans-mountain West to his own friendly river. He loved uniforms, and parades, and three-cornered hats with colorful. plumes floating over them; he al.so understood that the weak confederation of independ~tates, which had appeared so ideal, so perfec~, a short decade earlier, now stood,apparentl7 helpless to preserve the union that the battle -cries of warfanr:. had created. So off he went, to Philadel• phia, to preside over the convention which wrote the Constitution of 178T, and to sit in the chair --which still stands in that room, along with the quill pens and inkwells, and desks and chairs, of that pivotal event--when I visited it, and breathed the air, and saw the setting, it brought tears to my eyes. On that chair, you will remember, was engraYed a sun, with rays reaching out to the edges of it.. BenFran\clln, a wise old man whose eyes might have been weak, but which never missed anything, said that as the convention did its work, he wondered whether that were a rising, or a setting, sun. Now, he said, we know it to be a rising sun, opening a new and bright tomorrow Washington's skills as peacemaker between opposing factions made the Constitution possible, and his association with it, and his letters to the influential in the states, contributed to the ratification of the new root for the American states. As expected, he was unanimously chosen to be first president of the u. s. under the Constitution, and he served his two terms with the com- petence and good will that was his character~ sec term was a disappointment; hist rusted friend and cabinet-member Edmund R8ndolph was with\.gre - st aught in a scandal, party positions solidified and became harsh, the pres~dent could '~~~~ ~nd .tll the press, f~e under the first amendment, said things about him t at'h"e di i"\tii\le~)l'In 1797 he retired~e aga"'io>with a: t'WlttP Farewell Address, about which we most of us know only what was NoT in it, abou~tangllng alliances. Public acceptance of Washington as Father of his country was undiminished in the thJree years that were left to him. At 6T, he was old for his family; he lived 18 yrs longer than his father, he outlived all his siblings, and all his stepchildren. He went riding in a December storm, and returned with an acute sore throat, .from which he did not re• cover. He died just before midnight on Dea 14, 1799. Four days later, he was buried, without a funeral oration, as he had directed. The tributes were uttered in other settings; the Senate hon• ored his reputation, understanding it jlst as he had himself, as a prectous p:>ssession t.o be guard• ed at all times. "The scene is closed," the words Wl!tnt; "we are no longer anxious lest misfortune should sully his glory; he has travelled to the end of his Journey, and carried with him an in• creasing weight of honor; he has deposited it safely wher~ misfortune can not tarnish it; where malice can not blast it.it A member of Congress put it like this: Our WASl{INGTON is no more! hero ••• lives now only in his own great actions, and in the hearts of an affectionate and af ted people. n After the eulogy the House passed resolutions written by Henry Lee, who had bee one of Washington's cavalry officers; they conclude with the title Washington had earned~ his life, and leadership;0 ••• to th~mory of th~ MlM, first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen. 11,Ji'ha't childless ~rginian is now Father or his Country, the Founding Father of the Unit~d States of America, in whose patrimony- we live, and to whom we give thanks Valentine. Civitans. Feb/97. M;y dearly beloved, ladies and gentlemen, you do me great honor to invite me to share this occas• ion with you, this lovely, this love-filled time. Ah, love, that makes the K>rld go around, or is itjlst dizziness that makes the world SE~ to.spin about our heads, while it pursues its un• eventful journey around the sky? This week we celebrate a special day, set aside for lovers, and ~o love, and to all things beautiful. And, let us be frank, this special time brings to mind some of the fun in what we call the Mating Game. Young man, shy, fearful of speaking to the friend of his heart, so that the young lady despaired of ever seeing him on her doorstep. But then, one happy day, there he stood, hair slicked back, a bouquet of flowers in his hand. So thrilled was she to see them, that she threw her arms around him and kissed him on the cheek. He put down his' flower-offering, and turned to walk away. Oh, said the young lady, have I of• fended you? No, he said; I'm going for more flowers. Another young man, also shy and fearful, called his secret love on the telephone. Is th~s Annie,he asked; Yes, she said. Annie, I love you, will you marry me? Yes, she said again. 1hen: who1s calling, please? And one like that, only frightening in its truth: cartoon sRowed young man on one knee, before a lovely young thing seated en the couch. He says, I love you, J ennli:e; will you marry me for a year or tW0? Still another young man, shy, stole a kiss from his girlfriend, only his aim was bad, and he kissed heral the point of her chin. Oh, Rodney, she said, Heaven's above. A young couple came to the praache r.t s house at 6 one Sunday evening. We want to get married, they said; we have license & blood t~sts. I will conduct the 93rvice, the preacher said, but I am on the way to evening ves• pers. 1,;ome along; at the close of the service I will marry you. So they went, and sang a hymn, and heard an evening prayer, and a sermon o~ nine minutes they thought 8~ minutes too long; and then the benediction. The preacher then said, will those who wish to be married please come forward. Seven women and four men filedd:>wn the aisle. And, to celebrate the eternLty of love that is still possible among us: a couple celebrated1heir Soth anniversary, with fruit-cake and punch, and friends old and new, and children and grandchildren. At last they all left the happy pair alone. TheJ' went to bed, and the woman asked, do· you remember how it was, 50 yrs ago to• night, how you rubbed my back? Yes, he said. Please do it again, she asked; and he did. Then: do you remember how it was, SO yrs ago tonight, how you touched my hair? Yes, he said. Please do it again, she asked; and he did. Then: do you remember how it was, 50 yrs a go, how you nib• bled on llzy" ear? Yes, he said. Please do it again, she asked; and he got out of bed. Oh, she asked, have I offended you? No, he said; I'm going for llzy" teeth. Love; what would we do without it. On a sundial at UVa there are engraved these words: Time is too slow for those who wai.t, too swift for those ~o fear; too long for those who grieve; too short for those who rejoice; but for those who love, time is eternity. Hours fly, flowers die, New days, new ways, Pass by. Love stays. It is that which makes the giving of hearts & flowers so much a part of our 1ives. Valentine's Day is of an uncertain origin, but the emotion that fills it lives in millions of minds & hearts. There was a large n UJ'l}ber of ancient Romans whose name was Valentinus; it derives from the Latin verb valere, to be strong, pwrfl, to have value. On an early list of the saints of the Xn Ch there were more than SO whose name was Valen• tine. One was imPTisoned & tortured for his faith in a.d. 269; he miraculously healed the blind da~hter of his persecutor. After a long persecution he was beheaded and buried outside the city, near a gate that until recently was known as Valentine's Gate. The traditional date of his execution in 270 was Febrnary 14. About that Valentine a number of stories have clustered, having to do with his power to win the affections of one's true-love. In time, he became the patron saint of lovers, and engaged couples, and of friendship. It is a pleasant occasion, and has been known to result in life-long romantic and familial relatshps. In the name of human love many a love-struck man or woman wrote poems to theirtaloveds. I want to share afuw of my favorites with you. The poet~ •• J. Bailey-- Ask not of me, love, wmat is love? Ask what is good of God rocwe--Ask of the great run what is Jight--Ask what is darkness of the night--Ask sin of what must be f orgiven--Ask what is happiness of Heaven--Ask what is folly of the crowd--Ask what is fashion of the shroud--Ask wmat is sweetness of thy kiss--Ask of thyself what beauty is. Mistress (~ich however changed inIJBaning over the years,is the original of our abbrevia• tion Mrs.) Anne Dudley Bradstreet, born in E r.gl in 1612, came to America 1630 with the Puritan migration,a published poet. To Her Dear & Loving Husband. If ever two were one, then surely we. If ever man were loved by wife, then thee. If ever wife was happy in a man, Compare with me, ye women, if youc-can , I prize thy love more than whole mines of gold Or all the:-tiches that the East doth hold. My love is such that rivers cannot quench, Nor aught but 1 ove from thee, give recompense. Thy love is such I can no way repay, The heavensreward thee manifold, I ?ray. Then while we 1 ive, in love let's so perseve r , Than when we live no more, we may live ever. William Butler Yeats Had I the heavens 1 embroidered c laths, Enwrought with golden and silver light, The blue and "tthe dim and the dark cloths 0 night and light and the half light, I would f:Pread the cloths un• der your feet: But I, being poor, have only my dreams; I have~read my dreams under your feet: Tread softly because you tread on my dreams. Justin Huntly McCarthy If I were king--ah, love, if I were king--Whattributary nations would I bring to stoop before your sceptre and to swear allegiance to your lips and eyes and hair; Beneath your feet what treasures I would fling: --The stars should be your pearls upon a string. · The world a ruby .for your finger ring. And you should rhave the sun and moon to wear., If I were king. Let these wild creams and wilder -w:>rds take w Lng , Deep in the woods I hear a shepherd sing a simple ballad, to a sylvan air, O.love that ever finds your face more fair;·r could not give you any goodlier thing If I were king. And from Eliz Barrett 0rowning, Sonnets from the Portuguese. , If thou must love me, let it be for naught ••• How do I love thee? Let me coun~ the ways. William Shakespeare, whose sonnets contain the longest, and mosttaautiful, of tributes ~o love, that exist in the Engl language, or, perh~ps, in ANY language. I read my favorite. .. ; Tokai Commencement, March 1997. We have had such fun together. We all suffered the indignity of eating lousy spaghetti; we had sticky fingers from eating pizaa and sweet rolls; we overate in deep contentment of the foods you served at your party; we laughed and we learned, I about you and your language and your homeland, you about my highschool nickname--keep lips zipped!--anrd about my country. I cannot thank you enough for giving me all that fun, and for letting me know you. I shall miss you. In the set of children's poems and stories that my mother got for me when I was very young, there is a nursery poem about a little maid of far Japan. Little maid upon my fan, did you coma from far Japan? What a tiny oval face! Do you like this other place? Do you miss the cherry trees Where you know the little breeze, Where you heard the cuckoo sing In the spring? Now you live upon my fan, Little maid of far Japan, Still, you have a merry face--Do you like this other place? We meet here today to celebrate, and to remember, your visit to us, face to face, and not on a fan, or a Cho-kin plate. It is something the,ef~ect of which no eye can see, nor mind comprehend. Because you have come here for these short months, to learn, and to teach us, and tol:righten our lives, we know that you are not just a pretty face on a fan; we know also ~hatwhat we have in common is stronger and more enduring than the differences in our speech, and in what we have forbreakfast. So I thank you for the great gift you brought me, of yourselves, and of your inquiTing minds. May you remember, as I shall. Domo arrigato, go kuro-san, ai shite imasu, sayonara. 0 jee yee. Memorial Day, Salem Cemetery, April 199T. My dearly beloved, we are gathered here today, in this portion of hallowed ground, to remember, and to pay tribute, and to renew our love for, those who gave their lives in a causeenhat was los!ffeut was the heroes' response to their states• call to dutyf~hat was more important than life itself. If wef'brget those whose deeds of unselfish suffering gave us this day, and this life, we have failed to keep sturdy & vibrant thel:ridge between what was yesterday, and what shall be tomorrow. TheBib• lical Psalmist, in captivity in Babylon, far from home and its sacred hill, said, "If I fbrget thee, O Jerusalem., let my right hand wither, let my tongue cleave to the roof of my mouth.". That is the,, way we all feel about our past & our own small measure of cherished ground. It is so easy to forget, to live only for the moment; let the dead past bury the dead, we sayJ away with those shadows, those curious buttons and fading ribbons, those rusting swords, and spurs that mo longer jingle, mementoes of along-forgotten campaign, scars of battles the world prefers to forget. Remembering means keep• ing fresh the actions and deeds of those who went before. Our Confederate ancestors knew the impulse to self-control and dedication._.a&d '!oth of my grandfathers were in gray unitonna, and in battle, in 1862 and 1863. They had so little, and they suffered so much, but they kept faith with theirbetter selves. Over a quarter of a million of them died in battle, including over 70 generals. Another large nwnber of them were wounded• ~less and armless and scarred, they lived out their lives in the bright 1ight of their sacrifices. In defeat they wanted to be remembered. In one of his stories the Virginia writer Thomas Nelson Page told of the first Copfederate memorial. It was a list of an artillery battery's dead, stuffed into the mouth of the cannon, before~as pushed into the river. With that listing went the proud recounting of honor. "We fought the best we could in 119 battles in four years and never lost a gun. Now we're going home. We ain't surrendered; just disbanded; and we pledge ourselves to teach our children to love the South and General Lee; and to come when we •re called anywhere and any time." The guns were fired one last time, as author Page told the story, and then they were rolled into deep water. Itlrings tears to our eyes to read of it. They made a memorial; can you and I do any less than to remember them, to remember wrrH them,and how,fi.th heads held high, and hot tears fl.owing down their cheeks, they went home, proud of their part in a Cause that mattered to them, proud that they had never surrendered. They have all gone home now, to rest with the heroes,and with those who stayed at home, and worried, and prayed, for them. In the unforgettablew:>rds of Confederate commander and poet Theodore 01Hara: Their shivered swords are red with rust: _Rest on, embalmed and sainted cead ! Their plumed heads are bowed; Dear as the blood ye gave, Their haughty banner, trailed in dust, No impious footstep here shall tread Is now their martial shroud. The herbage of your grave; And plenteous funeral tears have washed Nor shall your- story be forgot, · The red stains from each brow, While Fame her record keeps, And the proud forms, by battle gashed, Or Honor points the hallowed spot Are free from anguish now. Where Valor proudly sleeps. 5- ~ff~~; Telephone Pioneers. April 1991. €.11j" J fMtl/""l;,~- ) 1 'h..... Y'-~~J....;,..,J:._ ~"'-~l.e_-- ~o:J William Barksdale. Sertoma, June 1997. My dearly beloved, ladies and gentlemen, I thank you for the honor and pleasure of visiting with you on this occasion. For 41 yrs I was a professional historian, meeting classes, speaking, and writing on the significance of the past upon the present. Now I have been invited to speak to you about one individual, and one instance, in that war of the 1860s, fought on both sides by Am• ericans, related often by blood, and always by heritage, whose disagreemt about the nature of the American Union of Statesffproduced in the mud and blood and thunder of battle ~American Nation, indivisible, under God. I am a native Mississippian, nurtured upon the milk and pa~um of the Jeff Davis tradit~~.!1' before I was old enough to understand, ·by survivors of that sad con• 1taugtJt flict, how it had been with ·tl'fem, and what it meant to me and to my generation. Both of my grand• father~ fought in Confederate regiments, in Virginia, and one of them lost a leg at Fredericks• burg at €he age of 21, hobbled home to south Mississippi, and lived to be 80, fathering 10 child• ren,,one of them my parent. I want-to talk to you today about one of Mississippi's finest, one who did not survive·the 2d Day at Gettysburg, but who wrote his name, and his state's name, high among the military traditions of our common country. His name was William Barksdale, born almost exactly a century before my own bii''bh, mine in Mar/1921, his in Al.lf',ust /.l.821, in TN. Barksdale moved to Columbus, MS, where he was admitted to the bar, but made his career in journalism, edit• ing and writing for newspapers, and always in defense of his sectionls, and his state 'sUrights. In the war with Mexico in 1847 he was commissioned captain. Upon his return the folwg yr he con• tinued to edit a newspaper, and in 1852 was elected to represent his district in Congress. His voice became a bugle-call for separation from the Union nearly a decade before it occurred. When it dadfhe was appointed QMGen of the Armies of the Republic of Miss, whose Comdr was another Mis• sissippian and Mex-War Vet, Jefferson Dav-is. Later in 1861 Barksdale was promoted to Col Comdg 13 Miss Regt., and saw action at 1st Manassas in July of that year,~ Jn the months of training and drill that folwdqhe emerged as a competent regtl comdr. A yr later Robt E. Leeswrote a report on 7h.fi Army of N. Va;. 'bur Army would be invincible if it could be properly oz-gani.sad & officered. There never was such men in an Army before. They will go anywhere and do anything if properly led. But theee is the difficulty, 11 Lee wrote; "proper comdrs--where can they be obtained?" Wil• liam Barksdale was a proper comdr, as the record of his Regt amply illustrated. In the ~eninsu• lar Campaign of 1862 his troops won the highest commendation of the commanders, and at Malvern Hill on Jul 1162, the last of the 1 Days' Battles, and aflll one of the bloodiest engagemts of the war, Lee singled out Barksdale for heroism. "Seizing the colors himself and advancing under a terr:i:fic fire of artillery and infantry," he displayed"}h%_j:}~gbest qualities of the soldier." He was promoted to Brig Gen, and by Pres D(Y'is "s order~conf!clb\~,...6nl; Miss troops, the 13th, Barks• da Le.ts Regt, and the 17th, 18th, and 21st regts.,.__maeeru~"tiigs§.. Those soldiers ~the tallest, the leanest, the most pwrfl men in Lee's conunand; many were over 6 ft at a ti'll0 when men were much smaller. They regarded combabt.as a great pleasure. Among them were bear-hunters from the cRne brakes of the deep South, squirrel-hunters able to hit a dancing animal between the eyes at 60 yards--anywhere else and you must pick lead from between your teeth ~hen you eat the critter. So accurate was their rif~e fire that their opponents took them to be picked snipers, not just plain privates. But it was at Gettysburgiere Barksdale1s Brigade advanced furthest on Day Two, where they came just that closel{to breakin eade 1s army, almost to victory. William Faulkner, Miss's Nobel novelist, declared that in e breast~(.Of every southern bby, it is, eter• nally, still not yet two o 1cl.ock on that July afternoon in 1863. Come with me, in your imagin• ations, floating in the air, jlst beyond the reach of cannon-ball and musket-round, to see what happened there, whose effects are still felt in all the land on this June day 134 years later, give or take a few weeks. Barksdale 's Mississippians wro·te their names into the records of the immortals, with an attack that drove nearly 2 miles into Federal lines, cut up and drove off every force that stood to oppose them, captured cannon by killing the horses that moved them. They attacked .wl the Federal center,,, , from Pitzer's Woods, across open fields to the Emmits• burg road, and to the Peach Orchard beside the Wheatfield Road. J~seph Kershaw's brigade, of 6 s.c. Regts, was on the right. The messenger who delivered to Barksda Le the order.,, to attacklfsaw the general's face "radiant w/joy," and Barksdale, on his prancing horse, was, like its rider, eager to begin. He gave the command, Attn, Mississippians! Battalions, Forward." Then, as remem• bered by the second-dn-comd , Ben Humphries--later to be elected Gov of Miss--"1400 rifles were grasped w/firm hands, and as the line officers repeated the Comd 'Forward, March' the men sprang forward, and 1400 voices raised the famous 'Rebel Yell,' which told the next brigade, Wilco~'s Alabamians, that the Mississippians were in motion." Barksdale led them, hat off, his wispy white hair shining in the sun. He was 41 yrs old,/land as was true of his troops, all of his life had been a preparation for that day's action. The moving line came to a fence that was quickly broken down; behind it was the first ~ederal line. The first volley from Barksdale1s men blew it away. Next'ltBs a Regt of red-legged zouaves--a popular uniform worn by both sid~s, the name is north African, a unit in the French colonial sevice--it was Union Gen Charles K. Uraham's main defense line. The Mississippians remembered sweeping them away, as one said, like chaff before the wind. Now they were in the Union rear,where artillery units stood, all but defenseless. Two Penna regts, with a NY Regt, Ill)Ved to intercept them, but before they could forin a line the Mississippians came, out of the smoke, yelling like banshees, to blow away the straggling blue• clad force. Now Kershaw's brigade moved up beside them on the right, and in a tightly-closed, well-formed line, they advanced on a front of 8 Regtsl{on the prowl and howling. William Wofford 's Georgians arrived to support the attack into the Peach Orchard,,and toward Ceme~ery Ridge,bowling over the disorganized defenders and putting cannon out of action. 71,72,73 NY Regs melted before the charging Rebels; one officer remembered that~ fought "like devils incarnate ." Later ef• forts to compose an orderly account of Barksdale~oops proved impossil:ie. It was wild, the soldiers caught up in the emotion of battle, shouting, shooting, shattering blue f onnations as they advanced. "Crowd. them," their comdr shouted;"~e have them on..the run. Move your regiments." Barksdale held high his sword, pointed to the front, and shouted,"Brave Mississippians, one more charge and the day is ours." But they had reached the end of the if strength. F atigue--and there ~no h~.f1acttvity so fatiguing as battle--and hhirst,and the dead and wounded, combined to 8 ow, an en ° stop them. The loss of their comdr took what was left of their spirit. Pvt Joe Lloyd, of C Company, 13 Miss, ran through the wheatfield, and felt a blow strike his arm. H~ had been hit by a ball., A comrade made a sling for his wounded arm, and sent him to the rear. A short distance away h~ found Genl Barksdale lying on the ground, grievously wounded and alone, no staff aide with him, He had lost a foot,which bled profusely, and there was a large open wound in his chest. The soldier gave the general a drink of water, and noticed that it seeped out.of the chest. He left Barksdale there, where a Federal pal!J'ty found him and took him to an aid-station. There he was identified, everything al:x>ut him cut off by Federal troops as souvenirs of thatl'.a • In the night he died, and was buried in a temporary grave. In 1866 a Penna private took~ rs. barksdale in Miss a bit of gold braid and a general's button, memen• toes of her hero hus d. It was a mighty attack, part of the u.s. ArlT\'f~S tradition of valor, and in accord with the state motto of Mississippi, Vi et armis, by virtue and by arms. Yet, as we sit here today, we may be excused a short SJ.rayer of thattksgiving that it was not the end of the battle; there was a third day, with fr~shtroops delivered to the battlefield on a spur railroad lin&, so that at 2 p.m. on July 3, 1862, Lee's best attack failed. The Union survived. c Comenius. July 1997. Primary. "\tr fa~ beloved, boys & girls. My name is John Amos Comenius, and I am the oldest person here this evening. I was born on.Ma1!ch 28, 1.592, in a small town in the Province of Mor• avia, in the country that is today known as the Czech Republic. r-o, of course I am not Pastor Comenius, but just for a few minutes let us imagine that I am, so we can learn something about at reat leader of the Church, and the believers, to which you belong, in which we meet here. people were sturdy seekers after freedom to wbrship God as we thought correct, Christians who wat\'te My_,...dearly beloved, ·boys & s , ~ e is John Amo7!om?tlius, and I am the old st person hi}F.e thj..s evening. I was born OJ' bh 2 592', ·n: a s ll: town in Moravia, in the coun try th t we knpW today as the Czach R~bl,,:ic. , ceurs r am not Pastor Comeniu.s, bu.t, just for few minutes let us imagine tha:t"'I a!n, so"you c n some-thing about that great l~acter he Church, and the believers to which you belon~ I was a servant of my Lord Xr, so that I taught of truth of His teaching, along with numbers words and ideas about this wo:hld. All should learn to know the truth; to love good and not to be misled by whst is false, or evil; and to talk wisely about everything with everybody when there is need, and ~o deal with-things, with people, ~nd with God reasonably,,always to be happy. All of us should be educated to be as near as possible to the image of God, in which we were c re• ated, to be active and spirited, to be moral and honorable, to be pious and holy, to be blessed, both here and in eternity. Universal education must be about this world, and about our minds & bodies and souls, and that means that itmlst also be about the world that is to come. Education is a highway for spreading the light of knowledge over the thoughts & the deeds of all people-• young and old, boys and girls, rich and poor, for we are all children of God,rnmade in His image. ~very garden is more productive under a wise and experienced gardener, every talent is better when practiced by a trained craftsman or woman, every family is better with parents who know&& love their children, and each other. Let us all make it our goal in this world, to teach all people so to lovethis present life so much that we all want it to last forever, to be eternal ••• so to love this life that we look with eager anticipation what will come arter •• so that it will be life eternal,and not death~ Now hear my prayer for you words written 360 years ago: ~arn also from Amos Comenius the secret of the happy life; it is to seeb _e_y_o_n_d-~ troubles and woes of this present age, the rule of God in all things. In 1618 in the land where h~ lived, a war began that lasted for a lifetime, 30 years, or invasions, and killings, and steali~s of food so carefully grown by a wise and learned farmer people. The land was made a desert, people were cruelly put to death, or lived in hiding for fear of their lives. In that time of terror Comenius found a faith that endured, and which supported him. Only a sincere faith can sutvive such conditions; ~e found consolation in prayer and Bible study; his family, his wife and daughters, were killed, or died in the plague that folwd the invaders, his library of books burned~ In such a time he produced not a cry of pain and hopelessness, but a book that remains today a classic of human literature; out of his pain there came comfort that has aided many a reader, and outoof fear and confusion there came certainty and peace. It was written in 1623, when the Moravian and Bohemian forces had been defeated by their Austrian enemies, when there seemed little hope in the human, and earthly sense. It is the story of one called Pilgrim., travelling through~the world in search of happiness. In his journey Pilgrim found, not sincer• ity and trilth, but sham and falsehood. It was better to die, Pilgrim. thought, than to rmmain here where such things are possible and to continue to see evil and wrong in control. But then he heard a small voice calling upon him to return to the temple of his soul. There, in spiri• tual union with Christ, whose life was also one of pain and agony and death that triumphed in the :esurrection, he found the.happinass & pesce that passes all understandin~. The ~dm of Uod is within you, said Xr our Savior. Turn thee therefore with all thy heart to God, and thy soul will find great inward peace, and rest. In a time when all goodness seemed to have died, Co~en• Lus hag liarnedirthe o nlv thing that really matters in life. As he put it, in a famous line, Uod 15 aw ee ? a c cle, the center of which is everywhere, and the circumfeTance, the rim, of which, is nowhere. He could be of good cheer, for the Lord of his life had overcome the world. igunandytihcian tkhnowt' by faith1 the life that is stronger that this world, §tronger a an ng a can come to us. Now hear my prayer for you, written 360 yrs a go: Davis Daughters. UDC, Sept 1997. In one of her novels the American writer Willa Cather wrote that "Artistic growth is, more than it is anything else, a refining of the sense of truthfulness. The stupid believe that to be truthful is easy; only the artist, the great artist, knows how difficult it is." TRuth is the rock uBon which all of us must build if our lives are to be rich & full & meaningful. To take Willa ather seriously is to declare that among Americans very few have matched Jefferson Davia in the truth, and the richness, er his character and personality. He was a man of both strong will and tender compassion, to endure what he had to endure and yet emerge personallJr victorieus eYen as his dreams and his world Yanished into memories and tears. 1 large part of what made Jeff Davis the man and~he symbol that he became, is the instruction and the example of the women who surrounded him, and supported him, and nurtured him. Jane Ceok Davis was his mother. I Kentucky she gave him life, and a noble heritage of family and tradition, and in Mississippi she raised him to respect the truth, and to be a leader of men. Inte her Bos, when she could no l•nger leave her ehair, Jane Davis was interested and attractive to all who knew he~. Mer hair was a soft brown, turning whites her complexion as clear and white as a child's, as a fam• ily member described her. 'l'here was also Davis's sister, Anna Davis Smith, a spirited and in• telligent woman, who was Jeff's second mother, who brought him up from infancy, since for some time after his llni.rth mother Jane was seriously ill. Another sister .was Lucinda Davis 3tamps, gentle, quiet, and smart. But the women who meant mest to him in. the trials and "tribulations that lay ahead in his life were the two he married,· and the daughters he adored. ~omeoM wiser, and perbaps bolder, than I, has said that behind eYery successfu.l man there is a loyal wife and a profoundly surprised mother-in-law. In Jeff ,Davis•s household the firstwi!~, and the first father-in-law, were loyal and astounded. "resh from the militar.r acadel!IY' at West Point, new Lt. Davis was a3signed to an al'1111' outpos$ at Prairie du Chienlin Wisconsin commanded by rough & ready :Zachary Taylor, largely unschooled, but a born soldier. There Davis ut and fell in love with the commander•s daughter, Knox Tayler. Tayler opposed the match, in part because he wanted none of his daughters to suffer the hardships that went with ~rmy ser'fice on the Indian frontier in the 1830s. 5o Dn'is resigned his commission, and fol~wd !Cnex to her autlt ts home in lCen• tuclcy where the two were married. The newly-weds went ~rbo Mississippi, where DaYis •s brother Joe provided'?.othem a plantation at Brierfield. But enly three""months after the wedding, on a visit to Louisiana to '(iSil;\a Davis relative, both caught malaria, and Sarah Knox Taylor Davis died. It was a grief f~ich Jefferson Davis barely survived. Fer the next seven years he lived in Yirtual seclusion, fleeing the company of compani•ns 'to seek: solace in solitude. itter that sabbatical of mourning, brother Joe planned a Christmas party that might pull Jefferson back into the land of the living. One ef those ~nvited was Varina Anne Howell, 17 yrs old, in the .first bloom of emerging y uth, who lived in hearby Natches. Davis was,'.18 years older than she, in fact only 2 years younger than her mother. It was a swift and irrevocable plunge into a deep and lasting love between two people of exceptional personal and mental ability. Varina was a complex and spontaneous person, as contradietory and shifting in mood and opinion as Jeff Davis was simple and consistent. Her wit was polished Irish, sometimes barbed but always hilar~ous. Would you believe it, she wrote her mother after meeting and spending some hours with Mr. Davis, he is the first pere•n I've ever met who is refined and cultivated although he 2s a Baptist and a member or the Democratic Party. Varina was chatmiing, warm, and gl.owing.. She possessed a will as strong as steel; no one could control her, or dominate her. It was said that she could stand up to the Devil himself--strong praise among a people who believed in the seductive powers of the Tempter. Nor did Varina dominate Jefferson;it was common talk in the family that she would abide the company of no man she could dominate.7/she wasnnamed for her other but was affection- ately known as Winnie....J/t~.no:ther ~man · Varina ~n11-..--c>0rn i1~1 t \; ed · · , on Ju 27, l 64) Less ha a ye r after her b r'ibh he1 father wa capt red & mpriso d in ortre s Mon• roe. The c d ved th her otbe acros the compo nd fr, m the asemat that as Da s's cell , and ddl a in the da & h d pr son like brig bird f ~oy. th t e gua ds a. nd the gua d de ighte in her comp ny,and recounted tori of he wins0 ways and p ecocious intelli ence. Litt Winnie was he cha er; Pie, er m her ca ed he • Her ather constructed house of w den b cks for her, and re · ted from emo and in n. an rtific ·ally road Scots dial dt his a vor e poems Win ie hel d him th darlc t nel a d espa r, t new hope and conf dence n the others e of it. L ter, in 86, en Win e was 22, at ave rans' rally in A lanta to ma the 25 ann versa , after a viw to Mo gome forte an versary of her fatherts i ugu las Co eder e Pre ident, he wa hailed s the aught r of he Confederacy. It was first at est Poi t, Ga and t ereafter for he remainder of her life (1898). At her side on that o asion w Let tia Ty er who in 1861 had run up the first CQnfederate .flag; n.w she pinned a white rose n the lapel f D~vis's coat, and the band ~yed The Bonnie~lue Flag, while those who stood around shed ho1i tears of sorrow and of love. he other woman in Davis's life was his other daughter, Margaret Davis Hayes. She wasl:X>rn Feb 2, 1855, in Washington while her father was .:>ec-War in the cabinet of Pres. Franklin Pierce, and was the only child to marry and their only survivor. The Davises and the Pierces were close friends, and to the end of his li.f'e Fran\clin Pierce would remember Maggie as "the little girl who bit t:qe dog." One day, when Maggie was alone with him, her dog hurt her feelings by snapping at her. ~he la down be• side the dog until he was asleep, and then bit him)on the nose. Pierce never tired recount• ing the incident, for it said something a tout the indomitable personality of the chi d the .family lcnew as Pollie. In 1857 Vairina wrote her father, "Little Maggie is the pet & pride of the house --she is very like Ma and exceedingly pretty and smart." Her father Jefferson added a line-- 11Maggie is quite healthy and has many speculations about thee vent of meeting her gran~and grandpa. She is very smart and talk:s plainly. 11 In another letter Davis reported that ~often reported in quaint fashion of her relatives, and had a"1ch greater ease at making friends than did her parents. She would stand at the gate until sh'e saw feet on the pavement, when she would call out to them to open the gate, for she was too small to reach the latch. As soon as the gate was ope~~d, awilY she went to some neiE!hl:Dr.'s house where she was welcomed as a bright ray of sun• shine. Her rather was so tender-hearted that he could not punish the children for misconduct. Once Maggie said, I wish I could see my father; he would let me be bad. JPHIJll grew up in Lon- Winni• Two other women in Davis's life were his daughters, Margaret and Varina Anne. Margaret was the older, but because she is the subject of this nnneting we shall give her the closing spot. V a!Eina Anne was born in Richmond, in the Confederate President' s mansion, on June 27 /6t. Less than a year after her birth her father was captured and imprisoned at i'ortress Monroe in Virginia. 'J:he child lived with her mother across the compound from thecasemate that was Davis• cell. She toddled into the'idark ~ humid prison like a bright bird of Joy. Both the guards & the guarded re~oiced in her company, and recounted many stories of her winsome ways and preco• cious intelligence. Little Winnie was the channer, Pie, mer mother called her. When she vis• ited, her father constructed houses of wooden bloc\cs for her, and recited from memory, and in an artificially broad Scots accent his favorite poems, many by Sir Walter Scott. Winnie helped her father thru the dark tunnel of despair, to new hope and confidence on the brighter world on the other side of the tunnel. Later, in 1886, when Winnie was 22, a rally of war veterans was planned for Atlanta to mark the 2$th anniYersary of Jefferson Davis's inauguration as ~on• federate president. On the way, at Montgomery there was a gathering at the spot where he took the oath of office (today bronse footprints mark the spot, and I have stoom there, my shoes covering the metal markers, to raise~ right hand and swear my allegiance to the cause for which both my grandfathers fought.) ~arther along that ~ourney, at West Point, Ga., Winnie was greeted by Letitia Tyler, who inlB61 had run up the first Confederate flag, t•1the cheers of the crowd. Letitia 'l'yler pinned a white rose on the Lapel of Davis's coat while the band played the Bonnie Blue Flag, while those who stood a round shed hot tears of sorrow and of love. At that meeting, Winnie was for the first time called the Daughter of the Confederacy. For the remainder of her life,she lived into 1898, that was her title, one now worn with honor by 1000s of women, in groups like this one. The other daughter born to Jefferson and Varina Da~is was Margaret Davis Hayes. She was born Feb 25, 1855, in Washington, while her father was Sec• War in the Cabinet of Pres. Franklin Pierce. Maggie, or Pdllie, as she was known, was the only child to marry, and the only survivor of the family. (Winnie was courted by a northern suitor, who asked the father for permission to wed her, only to be refused; a decision to which the dut• iful daughter complied without argument.) Maggie thus had a childhood and memories that reached into the pre-war, ante-bellum,,world. The D~vises and Pierces were close personal friends-• both men were officers in the Army that invaded hexico--and to the end of his life Pierce would remember Maggie as the "little girl who bit the dog." One day, when Maggie was alone with the president, her dog hurt her feelings by snapping at her. She lay down beside the ldog until he fell asleep. Then she bit him on the nose. Pierce never tired of recounting the incident,~ for it said something about the indomitable personality of the child. In 1857 Varina wrote to her father in Mississippi, 11Little Maggie is the pet & pride of the house--she is very like Ma and exceedingly pretty & smart." Father Jefferson added a line--"Maggie is quite healthy (an important fact, since other Davis children died in early childhood) and has many speculations about the event of meeting her grandma and grandpa. She is very smart and tallcs plainly." In another letter Davis reported that Maggie often stood at the gate to the yard until she saw feet on the pavement, when she would call out to the passerby to open ;,the gate, for she was too small to reach the latch. When the gate was opened, away she flew to some neighbor's house, where she was welcomed;as a bright ray of sunshine. Her father was too tenderhearted to pun• ish the children for misconduct. Onee Maggie said, I wish I could see my father; he would let me be bad. On Jan l, 1876 She married Joel Addison tlayes in Memphis where he was a banlcer. Their first child was born in March 1877, named for his grandfather, Jefferson Davis ftayes, and died in the yellow fever epidemic in October 1878 /iThe next year the family moved to the healthier atmosphere of Colorado Springs. (Ane~ha'it·lon was born in Memphis Oct 1, 1884, and soon thereafter, in 1888 I I -. In 1889, while Jefferson D ~Y-is' s body lay in state, the Gov of Miss asked Maggie and Joel to allow their son Jefferson Davis Hayes to be re-named Jeffer• son Hayes Uav~s. Thus there was a lineal, and also a named, descendant of the great man. Ffaggie survived the other members of her family, passing a way in 1909. with The women in Jefferson Davis's life made him a happy man despite the sorrows/which he lived. They protected him from many strains & stresses, they iidolised one lonely man who for li years bore the weight of half the continent upon his thin shoulders. Mother, wife, and daughters, are remembered as the first, and the closest, of those women who were in that gal• lant band in wartim9, and of those who in later years kept fresh the memories. Varina once wrote that when her husband read criticisms of his ldrship he would say to hert "God keep & bless the women o:f the South; THEY have never shot an arrow at me ," Winnie, who was the fi.Iist of her!J)nder to be called Daughter of the Confederacy, and Maggie, known as the Daughter of the South, were strong supports, and comforts, for their overburdened father. This is the refine• ment of truth, of which Willa Cather wrote, that is part of artistic living. And so !-'say with 1d:ll President Uavis, God keep & bless the women of the South, for they do not forget. don and Paris and in Karlsruhe, in Germany, in the Duchy of Baden. When she retnrned to the family she was fiuent in both French:1and Gennan. Margaret Howell Davis, Maggie/Pollie, married Joel Addison Hayes in Memphis on Jan L, 1876. Their;.'first child, a son, was named for his grand• father, Jefferson Davis Hayes, the following MarchJ the infant died :»l\IDiX~X Oct 16, 1878. Another son, also named Jefferson Davis rtayes, was born in Memphis Oct l, 188k,,and soon there• after, in 1888 the family moved to the healthier atmosphere of Colorado Springs. In 1889, while Jefferson Davis's body lay in state, the Governor of Mississippi asked Maggie/Pollie to allow her son Jefferson Davis Hayes to be legally named Jefferson Hayes Davis, so there would be not only a lineal, but a named, descendant of the great man. Winnie died in Sept 1898 in Rhode Is• land, where she and her mother spent their summers; her body was borne in state by seven uni• 11 formed veterans of the Gr-and Arnv of the Republic; one of them said, ••• with us, old soldiers and citisens of the North, the sectional feeling between those who wore the blue and the gray is wiped out. tt She was buried baide her father in Hollywood Cemetery in H.ichmond. Follie survived the others of her family, dying_ on July 19, 1909, and joined her relatives in that same burial ground. 'lhe women in Jeff Davis's life made him a happy man despite the sorrows with which he lived. They insulated hiln from many strains i;nd stresses, they idolised one lonely man who for 4 )rears had the weight of half the continent on his thin shoulders. They are remembered as the first, and the closest, of those women who were in that magic band in wartime, and of those who ~eep fresh their memories. In her memoir of her life with Jeff Davis, Varina wrote that when her husband read criticism of his leadership he would say, "God keep and bless the women of the South; they have never shot an arrow at me." Winnie,_ who was first called Da~hter of the Con• feeeracy, and Pollie, known as the Daughter of the South, were s~rong supports for their over• burdened father. This is the refinement ·of the sense oft ruthfulness. And so ls ay with )d:m :e.esident Davis, God keep and blesstthe women of t~e south. South _ -sfricun lniiunive r}V ~:('?6 ~ P . 0 ' B{,./.,\...... ;.- . Winston-Salem. _ VC ]-; 109 (910) i59-501-I I 0 Sept.ogram SISTERS VARINA ANNE (WINNIE) DAVIS: DAUGHTER OF THE CONFEDERACY & MARGARET DAVIS HAYES: DAUGHTER OF THE SOUTH BY TOMMIE PHILLIPS LACAVERA, HISTORIAN GENERAL hen the name "Winanne," and finally Jefferson Davis "Winnie" like her mother. Wis mentioned, Varina Anne died Sep• many immediately think tember 18, 1898, at 34. of the President of the One only has to read the Confederate States of letters between Jefferson America-a man bur• and Varina and their chil• dened with the responsi• dren to appreciate their bility of leading a nation love for each other. This against impossible odds. article is about the Davis' Few think of Jefferson, or daughters, Winnie and "Banny" as his wife often Maggie, and how they called him, as the warm brightened the lives of and loving husband and their parents before, dur• father that he was. ing, and after the War Jefferson F. Davis Margaret Davis Hayes Varina Anne (Winnie) Davis Between the States. and Varina Banks Howell were married on February 26, During Jefferson's term as Secretary of War, the 1845-the same year he was elected to the Congress. It Pierce and Davis families became very close. The men was seven years before Varina, one of eleven children, admired and respected each other, and Varina under• and Jefferson, one of ten children, had their first child. stood Mrs. Pierce's withdrawal from society following Samuel Emory Davis was born July 30, 1852, and died the death of her son. The Pierces often visited the June 30, 1854. Davises at their country place, and, to the end of his life, Margaret Howell Davis, named for Varina's mother, President Pierce would always remember Maggie as the was born February 25, 1855. Although generally called "little girl who bit the dog." One day, when Maggie was "Maggie," she was most often called "Pollie" by her father alone with him, her dog hurt her feelings by snapping at in memory of his sister Mary. She was a source of pride and her. Holding back her tears, she lay down beside the ani• pleasure to her father, and it was a "sore cross" to him that mal until he was asleep and then bit him on the nose. Ten he was not able to shield her from the horror of his cap• years later, when visiting Jefferson in prison, Pierce told ture. Born in Washington while her father was Secretary him of the incident. of War under President Franklin Pierce, Margaret was Varina wrote her the couple's only child to marry and to survive them. father in 1857: "Little Jefferson Davis, Jr., was born January 16, 1857. From Maggie is the pet and the day of his birth, Varina viewed him as the "friend of pride of the house• [~rgaret] found my bosom, the balm of my life," and she prayed regular• she is very like Ma ly that she might rear him to adulthood. He was the only and exceeding pretty no distinction half so one of her sons whom she did see grow up; although he and smart." Jefferson died at the age of 21 on October 16, 1878. also wrote, "Maggie precious as the esteem of Joseph Evan Davis was born April 18, 1859. On April is quite healthy and 30, 1864, the five-year-old Joe, as he was called, was has many specula• playing on the Piazza outside the servants' quarters at tions about the event the Confederate veterans ... the White House of the Confederacy in Richmond and of meeting her grand- fell to the brick pavement below. He died a few minutes ma and grandpa. She after his parents reached him. is very smart and talks plainly." Truly, little Maggie William Howell Davis was born December 16, 1861, in brought a ray of sunshine into the home. the White House of the Confederacy in Richmond and died In 1859, Jefferson was at the family home in Miss• of diphtheria October 16, 1872. In later years, Varina would issippi because of the threat of a flood when he wrote his remember him as a "perfect model of statuesque beauty." mother-in-law: Varina Anne Davis, also born in the White House of the Confederacy in Richmond, was born on June 27, 1864. As Maggie wanted to come with me to keep house a child she was often called "Pie Cake" or "Li' Pie," then for me at the "Blierfeel" [Brierfield] and if I could UDC Magazine AUGUST 1997 D 9 Sept~~ogram have hoped she would be as good all the time as please send us your picture and some of your hair. .. I she was at the start I would have brought her with have a ribbon for good behaveiour .. .1 remain your most 1 me. She is very smart and very pretty, she talks a affectionate little Pollie." great deal about you all, and we hear occasionally When permission was granted allowing Varina to of quaint descriptions she gives of her relations leave Georgia, but not to see her husband, she joined her when she goes out visiting. She has a much greater children in Montreal. A few days after her arrival, a facility in forming acquaintances than her parents, rumor came that President Davis was dying and she and watches at the yard gate until she sees some• immediately telegraphed President Johnson, "Is it possi• body's feet on the pavement, when she calls out to ble that you will keep me from my dying husband? Can them to open the gate for her, stating that she is not I come to see him?" Upon receiving permission to visit tall enough to reach the latch; as soon as the gate her husband, Varina, with baby Winnie and her nurse, is open, away she goes to some house where she hurried to Fortress Monroe for an emotional reunion. is always welcome ... After Varina received permission to live at Fortress Monroe, Winnie became a pet to everyone there. She In Jefferson Davis: A Memoir by His Wife, Varina played with her father and was his chief comfort. He could wrote that Jefferson was so tenderhearted that it was dif• often be found sitting on the floor, building blocks with ficult to keep order with the children or servants. If the her or reciting his favorite Walter Scott poems for her. children were sent from the table for misconduct, After his release from prison, Jefferson took the fam• Jefferson would call them to kiss him before they went. ily to England, and Maggie was placed in school at the As soon as she could talk, Maggie would say, "I wish I Convent of the Assumption near Paris, France. Her father could see my father, he would let me be bad." wrote her in May, 1869: "My dear Pollie, If anything Varina told of leaving Richmond with Winnie (then could entirely console me for your absence, it would be nine months old), Maggie, William, and Jeff, Jr. When her found in your cheerful brave resolution to avail yourself of father was captured, Maggie received a shock which present advantages to acquire the means of future useful• would influence her life. Near Macon, as the family was ness ... I cannot express my gratitude to ... for their good• surrounded by crowds of jeering men, Maggie's arms ness to you, in the hour of your desolation, at least what were around his neck while he whispered the Psalms of would have been desolate if they had left you to brood David to her. She seemed to have no thought but for him. over all from which you had been so lately separated ... " Being so young, Winnie hardly knew her father before the Maggie's homesickness was so great, however, that retreat from Richmond; but in the dark days of the future, her health failed. In October, she returned to London, and she was to be the light of his life. a governess was hired for her and Winnie. In November, she wrote her father, who had returned to Memphis in he summer of 1865 was like a nightmare for search of employment: "We are living very quietly now Varina, who was kept virtually a prisoner in and see very few visitors, but my studies are so interest• TSavannah, Winnie had caught whooping cough, ing and fill up the time so nicely I do not mind. Winnie, and for hours on end Varina sat by her, fanning her hot at five, can tell you any place on the European map and brow, shuddering over the coughs that racked her little is learning to write and read ... Your little Pollie." body. She wondered how she could stand it if she lost a Jefferson secured a job in Memphis and soon returned to third child. Fearing for her children's safety in England to escort the family home. At Christmas in 1871, Savannah, Varina sent them to Montreal with her moth• the family was together again. It was in Memphis that er, where a number of Confederate families had taken Maggie met her future husband, Addison Hayes. She later refuge. She kept only Winnie with her. stated her first sight of him was at a church where he took Newspaper accounts of her husband's health brought up the offering. On her return home, she told her mother Varina close to a breakdown. Near the end of July she that she had seen the man she felt sure she would marry. was permitted to leave the hotel in Savannah to go to the On January 1, 1876, Margaret Howell Davis married home of a friend, Mr. Schley, who lived about five miles Joel Addison Hayes at St. Lazarus Episcopal Church in outside Augusta. There, her health improved, and she Memphis. Jefferson, who adored his "sweet little wrote her husband that Winnie had grown "fat and rosy Pollie," was not altogether happy at losing her to anoth• as the 'Glory of France,' [a rose which grew near the er man's "authority." On January 19, 1876, he wrote: gate of their home] ... she was taking hominy and drink• "My dear daughter, it is quite strange to me as it can be ing fresh milk, she grew in 'grace and weight,' was talk• to you, to think of any authority having come between ing a little and was a great pet to everyone." From his us." But Jefferson would grow to admire his son-in-law cell in Fortress Monroe, Virginia, in November of 1865, more with each passing year and to love him as a son. Davis wrote his wife, "Kiss dear little Winnie for me, Immediately after the wedding, business required a and as she grows, teach her how her father loved her trip abroad, and the Davises, Winnie, and Pinnie Mere• when she was too young to remember." dith, the daughter of a dear friend, set sail for England. In Montreal, Maggie was enrolled in school at the Things did not go as planned, however. Davis soon real• Convent of the Sacred Heart. She wrote her father, "All ized that his business plans were doomed to fail, and I want in this convent is you and mother and sweet little with this final blow, Varina collapsed and remained Pie Cake, for I am treated so kind .. .If you are allowed, painfully ill for weeks. Winnie and Pinnie were placed 10 0 AUGUST 1997 UDC Magazine Sept~~ogram~;f1,, in the exclusive Friedlander girls' school in Carlsruhe, in three installments. At her death, Jefferson learned Germany, which was under the patronage of the Grand that, in her will, Mrs. Dorsey had left him the property. Duchess Luise of Baden. Winnie would remain at the In fact, she had bequeathed "all my property, real, per• school for the next five years. sonal and fixed ... without hindrance or qualification, to Because of Varina's nervous breakdown and her hus• my most honored and esteemed friend, Jefferson Davis, band's necessary nursing, Jefferson had to let the girls go ex President of the Confederate States." The property to Carlsruhe in the care of a friend and say goodbye at the was bequeathed in tum to Winnie. London railway station. On September 21, 1876, he After finishing school at Carlsruhe, Winnie went to wrote Winnie: Paris where she studied French for a few months. When she came to live at home in 1881, she spoke German and I yet see your sad little face as you sat crouch• French more fluently than English. She had developed ing in the comer of the R.R. carriage, too absorbed into a charming girl-slim and graceful, with light brown in your grief to notice my last salutation. The house hair curled close to her head and eyes that ranged from seemed funeral when we no longer heard the voic• gray to blue. Her health was delicate, her manner pensive, es of our little ones, and your Mother said she was and there was a certain melancholy about her. She became ever expecting one of you to come in. It is true, but her father's constant companion. not pleasant, that duty demands self-sacrifice.. .I Jefferson Davis Hayes was born in Memphis on hope the pain of separation from you will be October 1, 1884. In 1886, Maggie and the three children rewarded by the fulfillment of our anxious and were visiting her parents and Jefferson wrote his son-in• ambitious hopes, the one for your physical and the law: "My dear Addison ... The boy is very well-grow• other for your intellectual development. .. ing in strength and flesh and grace of many kinds ... the girls are well. .. my daughter is certainly better than A few weeks later, Jefferson visited Carlsruhe and when she came to us ... " wrote Varina: "The children are both well and heavier than when they left us ... Winnie has come to give me a DAUGHTER OF THE CONFEDERACY morning kiss and says give my love to mother. .. " In the meantime, Maggie and Addison had made their n 1886, Winnie traveled with her father to Mont• home in Memphis, where he would become very promi• gomery, Alabama, to speak at the dedication of a nent in the banking circles. It was there that their first IConfederate monument. Initially he refused, but his child, Jefferson Davis Hayes, was born on March 22, resistance broke when old comrades suggested the trip 1877. On June 9, Maggie wrote her mother that the baby would be a chance for Winnie to see and appreciate was very thin when he was born. "Everyone discouraged "how her father was loved and honored by the Southern me about him," she wrote. " ... Now I have nursed him people." From Montgomery, the two traveled by special into a pretty fat little baby everyone admires ... " train to Atlanta for the unveiling of a statue of Benjamin Jefferson, who was then living at Beauvoir, went to Hill, former Confederate Congressman. It was during a Memphis to see his new namesake and wrote Varina on train stop at West Point, Georgia, that Winnie was intro• June 11: "Our Grandson is a bright and beautiful child. Is duced as "The Daughter of the Confederacy," a name getting as plump as a partridge ... " The infant died on she was to carry for the rest of her life. June 24, and Varina, who was staying with Maggie in The Hayes family moved to Colorado Springs in Memphis, wrote Winnie the following month, "to 18 88 after Addison became ill during the cholera epi• announce our loss in the death of our grandson," and that demic of the 1880s. Another son was born in June, 1889, Maggie and Addison were visiting Beauvoir. The Hayes' after their move to Colorado. William Davis Hayes was next two children were daughters, named for their grand• named after Maggie's beloved brother Billy. mothers, Varina Howell Hayes and Lucy White Hayes. Maggie became involved in the charities of Colorado In September, 1878, Varina joined Jefferson at Beau• Springs. Whenever an invalid was lonely and in need of voir and all was going well for the Davises when yellow kindness, she was always ready and never refused an fever broke out in New Orleans and began spreading appeal for help. She found no distinction half so pre• north and east. Jefferson, Jr., was stricken with the fever cious as the esteem of the Confederate veterans and trea• and died on October 16, 1878. Jefferson could not bring sured every mark of their favor as a priceless gift. himself to write Winnie of the loss until late November. Maggie visited her parents frequently, for they depend• He wrote, "My dear child, I long for your bright loving ed on her greatly and were devoted to their grandchildren. face. In my bereavement it seems doubly hard to be sep• In 1889,Jefferson, Jr., then four-and-a-half, sent his grand• arated from you. Yet I remember your stoical heroism father a "letter," and his grandfather wrote to him: "My when you started from London, or rather when we were darling son Jeff. .. This place seems very dull without the deliberating as to your going, and try to feel as you gay voices of my children and the loving embraces you all spoke that 'the necessity for education had to be met.'" habitually gave me ... There is no one now to play 'Johnnie During Winnie's stay at the school, Jefferson had Arcoley' with me, or to put the soldiers in line of battle, so moved to Beauvoir and began writing The Rise and Fall the early evening brings the sad remembrance that my boy of the ConfederateGovernm ent. Mrs. Sarah Anne Dorsey has gone away. . .I am lovingly your 'Papa.?' sold Beauvoir to Jefferson in 1879 for $5,500, to be paid Winnie's first and only love was Alfred Wilkinson, Jr., UDC Magazine AUGUST 1997 D 11 a 28-year-old patent attorney from Syracuse, New York. endeared with special tenderness in the hearts of the old He was well-educated, handsome and refined, but he was soldiers throughout the South. They loved her with more the grandson of a prominent abolitionist. Jefferson liked than ordinary affection-not only for the sake of her father, Wilkinson, but finally said no to his request to marry but for her own sake. She returned the devotion of the old Winnie, and she accepted, without question, her father's soldiers, and, though she instinctively shrank from the decision. Following this traumatic decision, Winnie's ordeal of mixing with large crowds, nothing ever gave her health declined so seriously that her father assented to more happiness than meeting face to face with the old men. the marriage. The announcement of her engagement to a In July, 1898, she took her mother's place at a camp "Yankee" was met with such shocked disapproval from gathering of the Confederate Veterans' Eighth Annual friends, veterans, and complete strangers that Winnie broke Reunion in Atlanta, Georgia. It was there that she made her engagement. Neither she nor Wilkinson ever married. her last public appearance. The reception for Winnie in When Varina realized the seriousness of Jefferson's Atlanta was "one of those events which is seldom seen illness in 1889, she wanted to send for Maggie and and which awakens a strange feeling in the hearts of both Winnie, but he stopped her, saying, "Let our darlings be young and old ... Shouts and cheers were heard when she happy while they can; I may yet get well." Maggie, passed down the aisle ... the veterans rose as one reading of his illness in the papers, set off at once, but mass ... and looks of happiness overspread hardened fea• did not arrive before her father died. Winnie, who was tures as the veterans recognized the daughter of their dead in Europe at the time, was forbidden to return by her chieftain... Each one of them knew and loved her ... " father's request as "she was then pronounced by her Immediately after her visit to Atlanta, Winnie physician too feeble for the journey." became ill and died on September 18, 1898, in Nar• While her father lay in state, the Governor of Miss• raganset Pier, Rhode Island, where she and her mother issippi and other state officials approached Maggie and spent their summers. The Commander of the Sedgewick begged that she allow her son, Jefferson Davis Hayes, to Post No. 7, Grand Army Republic, said, after seven drop the "Hayes" and only carry the name Jefferson members of the camp escorted her remains from the Davis so that the name might not die out. Maggie said Rockingham Hotel to the railroad station, " ... with us, that the child was old enough to decide for himself and old soldiers and citizens of the North, the sectional feel• she would agree to his decision. When the child agreed, ing between those who wore the blue and the gray is the Governor took him in his arms, and, standing beside wiped out." Winnie was buried beside her father in the dead chieftain and lifting the corner of the Con• Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond, Virginia. federate flag from the coffin, he wrapped the boy in it as he said, "I name you Jefferson Davis." An Act of the DAUGHTER OF THE SOUTH Mississippi Legislature in 1890 confirmed the change from Jefferson Davis Hayes to Jefferson Hayes Davis. ollowing Winnie's death, S.A. Cunningham, edi• After her father's death, Winnie and Varina remained tor of Confederate Veteran Magazine, wrote: at Beauvoir for a year or so, but then moved to New F York. Varina could not live at Beauvoir because of her Since the day that General Gordon presented health, and the War had consumed the family's private Miss Winnie Davis as "The Daughter of the Con• fortune. The two were left with no livelihood and could federacy," there has been a sentiment even among not afford to keep up the place. Work was then a neces• fairly well-informed people that she was the only sity, and in New York they were able to secure enough daughter of President Davis. To those who knew literary work to support themselves. Few of their friends both, equally attractive, equally gifted and patriotic, knew of their financial difficulties, for both were too it has been painful to observe that the older, proud to make much of their poverty. Margaret, has been so overlooked because of the Born during the last years of the War, Winnie was distinction given her sister as "The Daughter of the Confederacy." As daughter, as wife, as mother and friend, as Southern woman, SARAH ELIZABETH GEORGE is a senior at the College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio. She will Margaret Davis Hayes richly deserves receive a BA in Chemistry, December, 1997. Miss George is presi• the devotion of all who honor her illus• dent of the Student Alumni Association and Secretary of Wooster trious family, and henceforth, she shall Christian Fellowship. She is the 1994 recipient of the Dow Chemical be known through the Veteran as the Scholarship and has been named to the Dean's List each semester. "Daughter of the South." A 1994 graduate of The Baylor School, Chattanooga, TN, Miss George was salutatorian of her class, and received both the Math Maggie was never strong after her and Science Achievement Awards. She was also a National Merit mother died October 16, 1906. She grad• Finalist and Girl Scout Gold Award recipient. ually wasted away, and, on July 19, The daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Robert Lee George, Cleveland, TN, 1909, the last child of Jefferson and Miss George is the great-niece of Mrs. Herbert F. (Elizabeth) Varina Davis died. Maggie's ashes were Disney, Past President of Rose Greenhow Chapter 2484, Palm interred beside her family in ceremonies Springs, CA. Miss George is the recipient of the Flo Edwards Griggs on October 30, 1909, in Hollywood Scholarship of the Rose Greenhow Chapter 1996 and 1997. Cemetery, Richmond, Virginia. o 12 0 AUGUST 1997 UDC Magazine DAR--Sept 199T. The date was May 25, 1787, 266 and 10 yrs ago, plus a few months, and the scene was the Pennsyl• vania State House in Philadelphia, the same building, and the same r11om, in which the Declarat or Indep had been adopted and signed only 13 eventf:Ul years earlier. On that date a majority of the American States were represented, and called to order; ·by unanimous vote George Washington of Vir~nia was chosen as presiding officer. He took his seat in a large chair that stood be• hind a long table, and on t~e back of that~chair there was carved a large sun, whose rays exten• ded to the edges of the chair. They·agreed that all voting would be by states, and that a ma~or• ity of the states present would be sufficient. to decide any question that confronted them. Had they not chosen to vote by states instead of :by individuals, the meeting would have broken up by thos~ states represented by fewer people than were other states. W~thout the second agreement little could have been accomplished. With only brief interruptions the convention met daily thru a long, hot summer, with some delegates leaving, and others · arriving, in those months. In all, 5~ men contributed and attended the:'meeting. It was a talented and accomplished group of indiv• iduals; some have speculated that nowhere else in all the world at that time could a comparable company Qf ·intellect and experience have been assembled. All had read the classic writings on the different""forms of·goverrunent, and lcnew their strengths and weaknesses; all 'had been part of the effort to justify revolution and secession from the British Empire, and most of them served in one or another office of leadership. Thay were in general agreemt about the government they wanted for their newly-formed country; they wanted it to be republican in form, by which they understood that all would be citisens, participating in the public Thing, possessing a vote in all decisions of public policy. In the world's governments of their time, people were sub~ects, not citisens;"they had little if any influence upon the law-making and the taxation that ruled their lives. They were also in agreemt that the confederation that bound the. '.States into a loose and unenforceable league was not representative of the nation that independence had made possible to them. Most of them wanted a central government with power to legislate and to control commerc but there were differences of opinion about how, and how'much, power that central government should exercise. One of the first decisions the group reached was that their meetings would be strictly secret, with no'Ueak:s or discussions outside the chamber. That was not completely obey• ed, but it did encourage free and open discussion of dissenting opinions •• A few of the members kept notes of the sessions, and there was an official journal that was not published until this present century; it was a bare outline of who spoke, but almost nothing abo\lt what was said. The best record the the convention, therefore, was the notebook of James Madison of Virginia. He was a political and economic realist,and he ~ew that most political disagreemts ard)se from eco• nomic differences, and he saw that the ma~or tas~ of government was regulating and compromising the clashing interests of rich & poor, of urban and rural, of creditors & debtors, of merchants & banlcers & manufacturers & planters. He also opposed the dOlllinance of the few over the many, but unlike the le~ellers and socialists of the past two centuries, he also rejected any plan for the dominance of the many over the few. The delegates debated differing proposals for the frame• work of a new union, and almost came to failure over the dispute between the "large" and the nsmall" states{P.•er the method of counting votes in the proposed legislature. Tempers grew short as the outside temperature rose, until wise old Ben Franklin proposed that each session begin with prayer; it was never put to a vote, for Alexander Hamilton said tm t if the word got out that the delegates needed outside assistance to do their work, they would be ridiculed. But Franklin's proposal had its effect; a cool front blew away the excessive humidity, and sober 2d thoughts cooled the rhetoric. In the end they compromised to provide a goverrunent that was part• federal, and partly national. The Senate would preserve the equality of the statee, regardless of their populations; the House would giYe control to the states with more people. A census each decade would change the voting strengths as population shifted, and slaves, who were property, would be counted as three free inhabitants for each five bondsmen. They also providedfJll. that the goY't of the nation cannot take office without consulting the statesJ House members represent distriets wi.thin statesJ Senators represent states and were elected by state legislaturess the President was elected by electors whose nwnbers represented the population of the states.~ min• ority in the popular yote could, and,has in the past, produceft a majority of the Electoral Col• lege. States are essential to beginni g the legislative and executive and ~udic~al actions of ~be government. BUT ••• when the House organises and chooses a Speaker, when the Senate comes to order under the gavel of the V-Pres, and when the President has taken his oath of office, THEN it is a, national government, with power to act without restraint by the Btates. That compromise -worked well in the early years of the republic; it could be either federal or national, but not both, when the speed of commerce increased 'beyond the power of winds and muscles. When the ~on• stitution had reached the age or fifty there were excited debates about the extent of its powers. Some saw as uppermost the rights of the states, to choose representatives and to elect the Pres• ident.;. it was a federal union of sovere.ilgn people who acted through their states, they said; it was written by a convention that voted by states, it was ratit~d in stat~ conventions, so that anyillleasure t_hat any me)1lper state oppose? could be nul)4.fied or ignored within its bounds. Other eIT_iphasiaed the strength of ~he general gp"l'r~nt,. to tax, to legislate, to regulate, and to gov• ern• its preamble declared its purpose to f'o:nna MORE PERFECT union than the league of states that it replacedJ to quote AndrewJackson's proclamation on nu11ification, it was nincompati~le with the existe.nce of the Union, con(hradic~d exp:r:essly by the letter of the_ Constitution, un• authorised by its spirit, inconsistept with every,principle on ~hich it was tounded, and destruc• ~i~e of• the great ob~ect for which it was fo:rn,te~." So, who was right in the great inter,nal.0con• flict that followed? Both were right, and both were wrong, depend~ng upon which 3ide of tne equation we put!first~ But in securing the -blessings of liberty to their generation, and to thei poster.l.ty--which means us--they did one of the very small nUJ11bertlof achievements by human beings in all-tthe record of our history. @remain.e the envy of the world for its balance between or• der and freedom, and for its recognition that gov~rnment•s function is to regulate the many com• peting interests and opinions of its constituents. It was, a~nent Englishman put it, the most wonderful work ever struck off at a giYen time by the briin ~ pur,p~se of man. It was signed by all the~delegatesf(except thre.0-who were pres~nt, on Sept 17, 1789.'f'"rhis week, and every week, we pause !or a few moments, to C!?()nsider the giflt that those illustrious patriots inade to us, and for the republic, with liberty & justice to all, ~hat it provided to us. "'?\Before they adJourned, to go to their home states to .campatgn for the ratifica• tion of their frame of gov~rmnent, Ben-_,amin Franklin arose to speak. Mr. President, he said, each day that-we have i:ret in this place I have seen the sun that is carved into the back of your chair, and I hav• wondered whether it were a rising or a setting sun. Now that our work here is completed, I lcnow that it is a_ rising sun, and means· a brighter tomorrow for the country. - • r, Academic Freedom, Oct 1, 1997. Of all the gifts that Mother Britain bequeathed to her rebellious chil.dren--breakfast with sub• stance to stick to a personls ribs, and our marvellous native tongue.,-among others--the most val• uable is the Bill of Rights, without which no one can be a human being. What is sad, and may convince the doubters among us, is that the struggle to defend human rights has so often, and so easily become, a war against those rights; the list of intole-rant actions taken in defense of toleration is a long and te~r-spotted page in the archives. Freedom is a candle in a high wind, always at risk of being snuffed out, if·: not by the violent edict of a tyrant, then by the nibble• and-soothe depredations ove~ decades of neglect. You can all remember that quotation about eter• nal vigiianee, so I need not repeat it here. In the profession to V"lich most of us here have dedicated our time and talents, at the core of human liberty shilms the ideal of academic free• dom. To the reductionist it means that no one may be preventedt" .. 8?i>unished: for,statements made in a student-teacher confrontation, in a classroom. More broadly put, it means that if there be any subject, of any kind, that may not be freely and openly discussed on a university campus, then that ~signation falls; it is no longer a university. I am well aware that to_ apply that statement lo any institution of higher yearning, anywhere, would likely mean that the idea of the university does not exist, and never did exist. Still, like the parlor in homes a century ago, rooms that were entered only for ... weddings and funerals, academic freedom is something we like to havearound, to talk about, and revere, even if we never enter inte its limitless presence. So it is appropriate that we meet occasionally, not to bury academic freedom, not even to count its pulse and take its temperature, or to diagnose it as moribund, but to praise it, and if possible to take it off its pedestal and begin to use it, and work for it, in all that we do. ADD-- To start a discussion~ere are some things I 1d l i\ce to say about freedom in the class- room and on campus. First, a instance• of my own e~eeptionally happy experience ae a ~our- neyman professor. In 19.50,.~when my Lady and I came to North Carolina, to a small college in what was called the Forest of Va"e, I was brash, bumptious, nearly incorrible. I made all the mistakes in •:udgmant that were possible to me. For instance, the first professor I met was I. Beverly Lake, Sr., law professor at thatr,achool. J11st arrived from Wil!lconsin, young and untamed, I began the conversation with the question, Sir, why is it that the two most expensive items in America today are a roof over your head, and 1justice in the courts? He was aghast, but mere than that he was angry. Ke did not accuse me of being coI1DT1unist, but his words and demeanor strongly suggested such a mind-set· for me. And as I began to meet classes with newcomers to college, many from rural and small-town environments, rumblings were heard across the land. Soon I got a call from Harold 'l'ribble, the college president, to visit him in his office. Oh, my, I thought: what have l done now? When I gott;there he showed me a letter he had received; I ha~ forgotten wheth• er it came from a distraught parent, or an offended clergyman, but its message was clear. Do you ll:now, the writer asked, that there is a yeung man in::your history dept who declares that he is God? Now I need to drop a.:f'ootnote here; I often told students that eYery trade has its ha9- ards; painters fall from lad rtl 0 ~~../' Academic freedom is as it always should be in the news this week:. Yesterday CBS 'News reported the death by binge drinking of a fraternity man at MIT named Scott Krueger after a party in the house. Medical commentstor Dean Healy of Ohio State TJniY Med ~chool concluded her remarks by saying, "Academic .freedom should not include drinking yourself to death, or" daring other people to drink themselves to death." And in the current issue of COMMONWEAL, dated Sept 26, 1997, there is an article ab:lut the conflict between the Catholic University presidents in the U.S., and the church magis• terium in Rome. DH. A' statement signed 't:?I' ll presidents declared that "one of the most important values to be protected in an authentic university is academic freedom. If theology istto be granted the same academic integrity of other disciplines, theologians must also enjoy authentic academic freedom." p. 1•. ·I ,,,] r·l i ;1· I< I \ • ·., · · I ·. ( ." fl!, I i ·t l I ! ; [ t. ~ ', f s : //{ \{,lfi11I: ( :., 1f.1/ (.; ,., 1· II', I ~·1·1 i II,!! / ( I; ! ! 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Founding Father. Feb/97. Fatherhood Has Always Been a Mysterious and Complicated Position in Family & Society
